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Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the management of cancer

and diabetes

Article in Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine · December 2020

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RESEARCH ARTICLE
TOPIC

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the management

of cancer and diabetes

Garima Singh, Ajit Kumar Passari, Marcy D Momin, Sakthivel Ravi, Bhim Pratap Singh, Nachimuthu
Senthil Kumar
aa
Garima Singh, Ajit Kumar Passari, Marcy D Momin, traditional practitioners, and cancer and diabetes
Sakthivel Ravi, Bhim Pratap Singh, Nachimuthu Senthil patients. A detailed literature search was carried
Kumar, Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, out using MEDLINE and SCOPUS and available liter-
Aizawl 796004, India
atures were selected and included in the study. The
Garima Singh, Department of Botany, Pachhunga Universi-
ty College, Aizawl 796001, India
use value (UV) of the selected plants was calculat-
Ajit Kumar Passari, Departamento de Biología Molecular y ed based on the number of citations per species
Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Uni- given by informants.
versidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de
Mexico-04510, México RESULTS: Data was obtained for 201 traditional me-
Bhim Pratap Singh, Department of Agriculture & Environ- dicinal plants from Mizoram, Northeast India. These
mental Sciences (AES), National Institute of Food Technolo- plants were from 72 different families and be-
gy Entrepreneurship & Management (NIFTEM), Sonepat, longed to 140 genera. Of these, 103 plants were re-
Haryana, India. ported for the first time as possessing either anti-
Supported by the University Grants Commision (UGC),
cancer or antidiabetic potential, and 105 plants
New Delhi for providing fellowship under Rajiv Gandhi Na-
tional Fellowship (F1- 17.1/2015-16/RGNF-2015-17-SC-UTT-
were identified that were used for the treatment of
9023) both diseases. Three plants (Phlogacanthus thysifor-
Correspondence to: Prof. Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, De- mis, Solanum gilo and Lobelia angulata) with antidi-
partment of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aiza- abetic potential, and six plants (Dillenia scabrella,
wl-796004, Mizoram. nskmzu@gmail.com; Bhim Pratap Circium sinesis, Eupatorium nodiflorum, Pratia be-
Singh, Agriculture & Environmental Sciences (AES), National gonifolia, Vernonia teres and Plantago erosa) with
Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship & Manage- both as anticancer and antidiabetic potential were
ment (NIFTEM), Sonepat, Haryana, India. bhimpratap@gmail.
documented for the first time.
com
Telephone: +91-9436352574; +91-9436353807
CONCLUSION: In this study, we documented sever-
Accepted: January 19, 2019
al explored and unexplored medicinal plants that
may be useful for the management of cancer and
diabetes. This study suggests that there is a broad
scope fordeveloping potent anticancer and antidia-
Abstract betic agent from the flora of Mizoram, Northeast
India.
OBJECTIVE: To conduct an ethnobotanical survey
and document the traditional anticancer and antidi-
abetic plants used by the local tribes of Mizoram, © 2020 JTCM. All rights reserved.
Northeast India.
Keywords: Plants, medicinal; Antineoplastic
METHODS: A systematic survey was conducted in agents; Hypoglycemic agents; Ethanobotanical sur-
rural and urban areas of Mizoram by interviewing vey; Traditional knowledge

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 1007 December 15, 2020 | Volume 40 | Issue 6 |
 G Singh et al. / Research Article

INTRODUCTION fused water) are the common habits of the Mizo peo-
ple, may be associated with the increased prevalence of
The use of traditional medicinal plants for the manage- certain cancers in thisregion.13
ment and treatment of disease has a long history, and Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery are the
plant-based herbal medicines are contributing to a most common treatment strategies for cancer. Among
plethora of natural therapeutic agents.1 India, which is these, chemotherapy is the major treatment modality
recognized as the "botanical garden of the world", has used to control advanced stages of cancer, but it is ex-
used traditional herbal medicines for several decades to tremely toxic to normal tissues. In the past two de-
cure various diseases. It has been reported that plants cades, cancer treatment strategies have evolved from
growing in high-altitude regions area potential resource the use of nonspecific cytotoxic to selective mecha-
for improving the health and general well being of the nism-based therapeutics. Conventional chemotherapeu-
local populace and have inherent potential to cure dis- tic agents remain the backbone of current cancer treat-
eases.2,3 Many drugs used for the treatment of devastat- ment, but they are associated with lethality, acquired re-
ing diseases are natural products that are derived from sistance and narrow therapeutic indices.14 Therefore,
plants. As a result, in recent years, traditional medici- there is great demand for potent bioactive agents
nal plants have been of particular interest for the dis- against cancer that have no side effects.
covery of novel therapeutic agents. In response to envi- Recently, we reported the anticancer potential of
ronmental stress, plants produce various bioactive sec- twelve medicinal plantscollected from Mizoram: Abro-
ondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpe- ma augusta (Linn.), Albizia chinensis (Osbeck), Albizia
noids, cardiac glycosides, tannins and phenolic com- lebbeck (L.) Benth, Bombax ceiba (Linn.), Callicarpa
pounds. Among these, alkaloids, phenolics and ter- arborea Roxb., Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon), Clero-
penes are attracting particular interest due to their dendrum colebrookianum Walp., Costus speciosus
plant defense properties and their unique pharmacoph- koen ex., Dillenia indica (L.), Gynura conyza Cass., Hi-
ores. Recently, we evaluated the antioxidant, antimicro- biscus sabdariffa (Linn.) and Momordica charantia. We
bial and cytotoxicity potential of a few of these plants found that most of these plants had significant cytotox-
and found that pharmacological potential exists among icity to human hepato carcinoma (HepG2) cells, dem-
the documented plants from this region.4-6 onstrating that select medicinal plants can be potent
bioactive agents for treating cancer.6
Cancer: an overview
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide Diabetes: an overview
after cardiovascular disease.7 According to the Ameri- Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that occurs ei-
can Cancer Society (ACS) and International Agency ther when the body is unable to utilize insulin or the
for research on Cancer (IARC), 14.1 million new can- pancreas is unable to produce sufficient insulin. Diabe-
cer cases were diagnosed in 2012 and 8.2 million can- tes was first described in India in the ancient texts of
cer deaths were reported. Moreover, 21.7 million new Charaka and Sushrata (1500 BCE). Since then, this dis-
cancer cases and 13 million cancer deaths are predicted ease has gradually evolved into a major public health
by 2030. In India, about 1 million new cancer cases problem. It has a high prevalence, morbidity and mor-
and about 6-7 hundred thousand deaths occur every tality worldwide, and it is listed as the third "major kill-
year due to cancer, and this rate is expected to double er" disease after cardiovascular disease and cancer.7 Ac-
within the next 20 years.8 India has 7.8% of the global cording to the 2014 global census, 422 million adults
cancer burden and 8.33% of global cancer deaths, with were living with diabetes indicating that the global
high prevalence of oral and throat cancers.9 prevalence of diabetes has doubled in the adult popula-
Genetic factors, exposure to radiation, hazardous envi- tion from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014.15
ronmental chemicals and carcinogens are the most Diabetes can increase the overall risk of premature
common causes of cancer.10, 11 In addition to these death by causing complications in many parts of the
causes, external factors (unhealthy lifestyle, smoking, body. Some common complications include nerve dam-
consumption of tobacco and infectious microbes) and age, vision loss, heart attacks, stroke, kidney failure and
internal factors (inherited mutations, hormones and ulcers that require limb amputation. Poorly controlled
immune conditions) play major roles in cancer develop- diabetes during pregnancy can increase the risk of fetal
ment. It has been reported that the incidence of stom- death and other complications. Lalrohlui et al 16 report-
ach cancer varies around the world depending upon ed that lifestyle changes associated with economic tran-
the dietary pattern.12 Stomach cancer is the most com- sition, industrialization and globalization are among
mon type of cancer in Mizoram, followed by lung and the major risk factors for the rising incidence of diabe-
throat cancers, which may reflect the unique pattern of tes. In Northeast India, the diets and lifestyles of the
tobacco consumption and dietary habits of the local Mizo people are different from other parts of the coun-
peoples in this region.13 Moreover, consumption of mei- try. Many uncommon foods are consumed; including
zol (a local cigarette) and tuibur (tobacco smoke-in- smoked, sundried and salted meat and fish, as well as

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 1008 December 15, 2020 | Volume 40 | Issue 6 |
 G Singh et al. / Research Article

soda (alkali) and traditional fermented foods.16 There Of the 201 documented plants, three plants (Phloga-
are several measures available to control blood sugar canthus thysiformis, Solanum gilo, Lobelia angulata)
and prevent the worsening of diabetes. Insulin and oth- were reported for the first time as having antidiabetic
er hypoglycemic agents are effective drugs that are cur- potential, andsix plants, (Dillenia scabrella, Plantago
rently used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, but erosa, Cirsium sinensis, Eupatorium nodiflorum, Pra-
it they have no long-term effects on diabetes-related tia begonifolia and Vernonia teres) had never previous-
complications and they also have various adverse ef- ly been reported as being used for the treatment of dia-
fects. Hence, there is a need to find effective drugs to betes and cancer.
treat diabetes that have fewer adverse side effects.17 To our knowledge, this is the first ethnobotanical sur-
It has been reported that traditional plant-based reme- vey ofthe medicinal plants of Mizoram that have anti-
dies and herbal formulations play vital roles in the cancer and antidiabetic properties. The information ob-
treatment of hyperglycaemic conditions all around the tained in this survey could contribute to the develop-
world.18, 19 Recently, Bahmani et al 17 found that 30 me- ment of numerous novel drugs from plant sources.
dicinal plants collected from north western Iran had
potent antidiabetic properties. Patel et al 20 also report-
ed that the bioactive drugs isolated from plants such as
MATERIALS AND METHODS
epigallocatechin gallate, roseoside, beta-pyrazol-1-ylala- Study area
nine, cinchonain-Ib, leucocyandin 3-O-beta-d-galacto-
syl cellobioside, leucopelargonidin-3-O-alpha-L rham- A field survey was conducted and all of the study was
noside, strictinin, glycyrrhetinic acid, dehydrotramet- carried out in Mizoram (210.58': 240.35'N and 920.15':
enolic acid, isostrictinin, pedunculagin, christinin-A 930.26'E longitude) [Figure 1]. This area has dense
and epicatechin have potent antidiabetic activities and rainforest with a diverse range of species and an exten-
also have significant insulinomimetic potential. sive variety of medicinal plants.21 According to the For-
Although several medicinal plants have been document- est Survey of India census 2011, Mizoram has the third
ed, still there may be few medicinal plants that have be- highest forest cover (90.68%) in India.
come extinct without proper documentation. Mizoram
Ethanobotanical data collection
state is enriched with several types of medicinal plants
with wide ranges of pharmacological activities; indeed, The field survey was conducted via personal interviews
most of the Mizo people rely on medicinal plants for and a questionnaire from January 2014 to December
management of their health problems. The primary ob- 2015. We qualitatively identified the medicinal plants
jective of this study was to identify and document the with the help of traditional healers. The survey was
available anticancer and antidiabetic medicinal plants conducted with traditional healers, diabetes and cancer
that have been used for decades by the local Mizoram patients in all eight districts of Mizoram. In the inter-
tribes. In this review, we documented 201 traditional view, we discussed and recorded various plant details,
medicinal plants from 72 families and 140 genera. Of including its habitat and local name, the plant parts
these, 105 plants from Mizoram were reported for the used, storage conditions, methods of preparation, dos-
first time as having anticancer or antidiabetic potential. age, effectiveness and the routes of administration.

W L

S
Figure 1 Mizoram state in Northeast India (study area)

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 1009 December 15, 2020 | Volume 40 | Issue 6 |
 G Singh et al. / Research Article

Samples were also obtained from traditional healers and S2). Of the 98 known plants, 10 plants [Aloe bar-
and were identified with the help of the standard tex- badensis (L.) Burm.f., Artocarpus heterophyllus
tavailable.22, 23 (Lam.), Azadirachta indica (A. Juss), Carica papaya
(L.), Clerodendrum colebrookianum (Walp.), Curcu-
Data analysis ma longa (L.), Embilica officinalis (L.), Mangifera indi-
The data was analyzed based on their use value (UV). ca (L.), Mimosa pudica (L.) and Mormordica charantia
UV is an important parameter to determine the signifi- (L.)] were selected based on their high UV value to re-
cance of medicinal use as well as the reliability and view their reported therapeutic potential. These plants
pharmaceutical features of the plant.24 The use value contain various bioactive compounds with anticancer,
(UV) was calculated as UV = U/N ×100, where U and antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, insecticid-
N represent the number of citations per species and al and antimicrobial activities, further supporting their
the number of informants, respectively.25 traditional medicinal uses by the local tribes of North-
east India (Table S1).
Ethical policy
Not applicable.
DISCUSSION
RESULTS The value of natural substances in traditional medici-
nal plants is recognized both scientifically and locally
During this field survey, most of the invited partici- for the treatment of several ailments. Lack of access to
pants responded and provided detailed information. A modern medical treat mentshas forced the Mizoram
total of 73 interviews were conducted and 56 individu- people to instead look for curative substances in na-
als participated. Among the participants, 34 belonged ture. The present review revealed the medicinal value
to the 60-75 years age group, 18 belonged to the 30-59 of 201 plant species belonging to 72 families and 140
age group, and 4 were below 30 years of age. The ma- genera that are being used by the Mizoram people for
jority of respondents (67%) solely depended on the use the management of various diseases, including cancer
of ethno-medicinal plants as traditional medicine over and diabetes. The tribes of Northeast India are still us-
the past 20 years. ing herbal medicines to cure a variety of diseases and
From our survey, we identified 201 known and un- disorders. Moreover, some of the medicinal plants they
known medicinal plants used for the treatment of vari- use are also part of their regular diet and have been rec-
ous types of cancer and diabetes (Tables S1 and S2). In ognized as essential sources of vitamins and minerals.
total 140 genera belonging to 72 families were identi- Previous records of the medicinal plants of Mizoram
fied (Figure 2). The most common plant families iden- identified 83 plants with potential pharmacological ac-
tified were: Fabaceae (n = 14), Asteraceae (n = 10), Eu- tivities that are mainly used to treat various health is-
phorbiaceae (n = 9), Moraceae (n = 8), Zingiberaceae sues. The antidiabetic potential of 31 plants (Abel-
(n = 8), Cucurbitaceae (n = 7 ), Euphorbiaceae (n = 7), moschus moschatus L., Aegle marmelos L., Chonemor-
Malvaceae (n = 7), Solanaceae (n = 7), Zingiberanaceae pha fragrans, Cinnamomum tamala, Cinnamomum
(n = 7), Asteraceae (n = 6), Acanthaceae (n = 5), Ama- verum, Emblica officinalis, Ficus religiosa, Ficus semi-
ranthaceae (n = 5), Brassicaceae (n = 5), Myrtaceae cordata, Juglans regia, Justicia adhatoda, Scoparia dul-
(n = 5), Poaceae (n = 5), Verbenaceae (n = 5), Apiaceae cis, Solanum nigrum, Alstonia scholaris, Ammona
(n = 4), Apocynaceae (n = 4), Araceae (n = 4), Caesal- squamosa, Anthocephalus chinensis, Bombax ceiba,
pinaceae (n = 4), Dilleniaceae (n = 4), Lilliaceae (n = Clerodendrum viscosum, Dysoxylum gobara, Eugenia
4), Rubiaceae (n = 4), Rutaceae (n = 4), Meliaceae (n = jambolana, Mangifera indica, Parkia roxburghii, Pis-
4), Convolvulaceae (n = 3), Meliaceae (n = 3) and Plan- crasma javanica, Psidium guajava and Tamarindus indi-
taginaceae (n = 3). Among the 201 plants, 72 were ca, Ardisia colorata, kaempferia rotunda, Leucaena leu-
trees (35.8% ), 68 herbs (33.8% ), 34 shrubs (16.9% ), cocephala, Litsea monopetala, Pentaneura khasiana,
13 climbers (6.46%), 10 small trees (4.97%), 2grasses Quercus serrata and Schima wallichii) have been docu-
(0.99% ) and 2 plants were unidentified. Overall, we mented for the first time in this review from Mizoram,
found that the leaves, roots and barks of the selected Northeast India. Previously, Rai and Lalramnghinglova,26
plants were mostly used to prepare the herbal medi- Sharma et al,27 Lalmuanpuii et al 28 and Shankar et al.29
cines. Leaves, roots, bark and fruits were used from the reported that various parts of these plants (root, seed,
trees, while entire plants were used to prepare medi- leaf, fruit, rhizome and bark) are taken orally for the
cines from the smaller herbaceous plants. The plant treatment of throat pain, digestive problems, rheumat-
parts were boiled and taken orally as a tea or a decoc- ic disease, diarrhea, gonorrhea, spasms, parasitic worm
tion for the treatment of diabetes and cancer. infections, piles, hypertension and malaria. Moreover,
Among the medicinal plants reported, 105 plants had several plants, including Albizzia chinensis (Osbeck),
both anticancer and antidiabetic potential (Tables S1 Aloe barbadensis L., Ananas comosus L., Anthocepha-

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 1010 December 15, 2020 | Volume 40 | Issue 6 |
 Table 1 A list of bioactive compounds produced by the selected medicinal plants with high use value (UV)
Plant name with
Biological compound Medicinal use
family
Aloe barbadensis (L.) Useful for the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. These compounds were evaluated
Lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol, 24-ethyl-lophenol, cycloartanol and
Burm.f. for their anti-hyperglycemic effects in type-2 diabetic BKS.Cg-m+/+Leprdb/J (db/db)
24-methylene-cycloartanol.
(Liliaceae) mice.32
Aloe barbadensis contains 8-C-glusoly-(2'-O-cinnamoly), -7-O-methlyaloediol A,
8-C-glucosyl-7-O-methylaloediol A, acetylated glucomannan, glucogalactomannan Anti-inflammatory activity.33
compound.
Used as strong anti-neoplastic agent to inhibit MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell growth
and increase the therapeutic efficacy. It was observed that aloe vera methanol extract
Drugs like cispolatin.

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com

(ACE) decreased the growth of MCF7 and HeLa cells and controlled the cell cycle
regulationand apoptosis.34
AE (1, 8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthracenedione) is an herbal Aloe vera derivative showed that antiproliferation effects on different types of cancer
anthracenedione derivative isolated from Aloe vera leaves. such as cells, lung, squamous, glioma, and neuroectodermal cancer cells.35,36
The methanolic extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus showed excellent cytotoxicity
Artocarpus
activity on A549, HeLa, HEK-293 and MCF-7 cell lines using MTT assay. Artocarpus
heterophyllus (Lam.) No compound reported by previous researchers.
heterophyllus was found highest cytotoxic activity against A549 and HeLa cell lines
(Moraceae)
with 9.70 and 27.90 µg/mL respectively.37
These isoprenoid-substituted flavonoids compounds have been considered as potential
The methanolic extract of A. heterophyllus was isolated nine flavonoids compounds, candidates for chemotherapy based on cytotoxicity activity against B16 melanoma cells.
including artocarpin, cudraflavone C, 6-prenylapigenin, kuwanon C, norartocarpin, Botta et al .38 reported that isolated isoprenoid-substituted flavonoids compounds enter

1011
albanin A, cudraflavone B, brosimone I and artocarpanone. into cells by passive diffusion across the membrane. The ability of these compounds to
penetrate the cell membrane may relate to their lipophilicity and affinity properties.39
Observed to be effective in inhibiting the iron-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain
The compounds cycloheterophyllin, artonins A and artonins B was isolated from leaves
homogenate, scavenged the DPPH, peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals. These compounds
of A. heterophyllus.
having powerful antioxidant effects against lipids peroxidation.40,41
Ethanolic extracts of fruits of Artocarpus heterophyllus has isolated some phenolic
G Singh et al. / Research Article

These compounds were determined their inhibitory effects on the production of pro
compounds artocarpesin [5,7,2,4-tetrahydroxy-6-(3-methylbut-3-enyl) flavone],
inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 murine
norartocarpetin (5,7,2_,4_-tetrahydroxyflavone), and oxyresveratrol [trans-2,4,3,5-
macrophage cells. These three compounds showed potent anti-inflammatory activity.42
tetrahydroxystilbene].
Ethylacetate fraction of A. heterophyllus leaves in a Streptozotocin induced diabetic rat
No compound reported by previous researchers. model resulted decreasing of serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It can be
developed for the treatment of diabetes specially associated with hyperlipidemic effects.43
Azadirachta indica
(A. Juss) Nimbolide compound has been isolated from Azadirachta indica. Antimalarial activity by inhibiting the growth of Plasmodiumfalciparum.44,45
(Meliaceae)
Strong antifeedant, insecticidal and antimicrobial activity. Azadirachtin compound was
killed in near about 550 insect species, mostly in orders Coleoptera (beetles and
weevils); Dictyoptera (cockroaches and mantids); Diptera (flies); Heteroptera (true
Azadirachtin, an active compound extracted from the seedof Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
bugs); Homoptera (aphids, leaf hoppers and ants); Isoptera (termites); Lepidoptera
(moths and butterflies); Orthoptera (grasshoppers, katydids); Siphonaptera (fleas); and
Thysanoptera (thrips).44, 46,47

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 Table 1 A list of bioactive compounds produced by the selected medicinal plants with high use value (UV)（continued)
Plant name with
Biological compound Medicinal use
family
A. indica chloroform extract showed a good oral glucose tolerance and significantly
No compound reported by previous researchers. reduced the intestinal glucosidase activity. Interestingly, A. indica chloroform extracts
showed significant increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and hepatic,
skeletal muscle glycogen content after 21 d of treatment.48
Polyphenolic compounds (2, 3- (S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-(α/β)-D-glucopyranose, Antioxidant activity and evaluate the cytotoxicity activity against HCT116, MCF7 and
Avicularin and Castalagin) isolated from ethanol extract of the leaves of A. indica. Hep-G2 cell lines with IC50 value 72.29, 61.86 and 128.7µg/ ml respectively.49
Aqueous extract of Carica papaya showed significant inhibitory effect on breast cancer
cell line (MCF-7) and decreased in 50% cell viability. Aqueous extract of C.

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com

Carica papaya (L.) papayaexhibited anticancer effect on stomach cancer cell line (AGS), pancreatic cancer
No compound reported by previous researchers.
(Caricaceae) cell line (Capan-1), colon cancer cell line (DLD-1), ovarian cancer cell line (Dov-13),
Lymphoma cell line (Karpas) and uterine cancer cell line (HeLa) and suppressed DNA
synthesis by suppressing the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. It can inhibit the
proliferative responses of both haematopoietic cell lines and solid tumor cell lines.50-52
Ethyl acetate extract of Carica papaya was reported P-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic
Strong antioxidant activities.53
acid compounds.
Compound namely Dimethyl-flubendazole, Clausamine G,
1-(2'-Amino-5'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)-5,6,7-trimethyloxy, 4-dihydroisoquinoline,
Leaf extract of Carica papaya produced anticancerous, antimicrobial, antihelminthic,
6-Bromohexanoic acid, heptadecyl ester, Ibogamine, 1-Piperazinepropanamide,
immunomodulatory and insecticidal compounds using GC-MS analysis.54
N-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-methyl, Methyl[2,4-Di-t-butyl-6-(phenyloxymethylphenyl]
phosphinate was reported to have secondary metabolites activity.

1012
Methanolic leaf extract of Clerodendrum colebrookianum has been detected phenolic
Clerodendrum compounds i.e. luteolin-7-glucoside, baicalin, rutin and luteolin by Antioxidant activities.6
colebrookianum HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF.
(Walp.) Methanolic extract of C. colebrookianum showed strong cytotoxicity activity on
G Singh et al. / Research Article

(Verbenaceae) No compound reported by previous researchers. HepG2 cells (IC50 values 63.04 µg/mL) and a significant decrease in cell viability was
observed at low concentrations.6
Curcuma longa (L.) Curcuma longa showed anticancer activity against leukemic (THP-7) and MCF-7cell
No compound reported by previous researchers.
(Zingiberaceae) lines and used for to check the cytotoxicity activity of cells with the help of IC50 value.55
Ethanolic extract of rhizome of Curcuma longa has produced some active compounds i.
In vitro antidiabetic activity in mice.56
e. curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, ar-turmerone.

Produced antioxidant compounds i.e. Tetrahydroxycurcumin, calebin-A,

5-hydroxyl-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,6-heptadiene-3-one,
1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-heptene-3,5-dione, 3-hydroxy-1,
Antioxidant activities.57-59
7-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-heptene-1,5-dione, 1,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis
(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,6-heptadiene-3-one,
4"-(4"'-hydroxyphenyl-3-methoxy)-2"-oxo-3"-butenyl-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-propenoate.

In vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials in China and USA suggest thatcurcumin
might be one of the most promising compoundsfor the development of Alzheimer's
Producing curcumin compound.
disease therapies. Moreover, it was found that curcumin and demethoxycurcumin can
reduce lead-induced memory deficits in rates.58-59

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 Table 1 A list of bioactive compounds produced by the selected medicinal plants with high use value (UV)（continued)
Plant name with
Biological compound Medicinal use
family
Anticancer activity and found to be highly effective in suppressing cancer cell colony
Producing another derived compound, β-sesquiphellandrene (SQP). formation and inducing apoptosis, as shown by assays of intracellular esterase activity,
plasma membrane integrity, and cell cycle phase.60
Fresh juice and hydroalcoholic extract of E. officinalis fruits showed potential
Embilica officinalis anti-diabetic activitiy in Streptozotocin (STZ) induce type 1 diabetic rat. In
No compound reported by previous researchers.
(L.) (Euphorbiaceae) Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats, there was significant decrease in serum insulin levels
and AUC insulin associated with significant increase in fasting BSL and AUC glucose.61
The cytotoxic effects of aqueous extract of E. officinalis were investigated on a

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com

transplantable mouse thymic lymphoma (barcl-95) and human breast cancer cell line
No compound reported by previous researchers. (MCF-7). The differential response of normal cells and tumour cells to E. officinalis in
vitro and the substantial regression of transplanted tumour in mice fed with E.
officinalis indicate its potential use as an anticancer drug for clinical treatment.62
Ethanolic extract of E. officinalis has produced some polyphenolic compounds i.e.
Strong antioxidant activity.63
L-ascorbic acid, gallic acid, corilagin, ellagic acid and phyllanthin.
Ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica showed cytotoxicity effects to HeLa cells with an
IC50 value of <10 µg/mL. The significant cytotoxic activities of mango are also found
Mangifera indica (L.) against the breast cancer cell lines MCF 7, MDA-MB-435, MDA-N; colon cancer cell
No compound reported by previous researchers.
(Anacardiaceae) line (SW-620); renal cancer cell line (786-0) and K562 leukemia cells. M. indica juice
extracts exhibited anticancer activity in HL-60 cells and it's resulted in an inhibition of

1013
the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase.64-67
68
Bhowmik et al found that single oral administration of a dose of 250 mg/ kg body
weight produces a potent and strong hypoglycemic effect in Type-2 diabetes on rats.
No compound reported by previous researchers.
Wadood et al 69 found the anti-diabetic effects of alcoholic extract of the leaves of
Mangifera indica at doses of 50, 100,150 and 200 mg/kg body weight in rabbits.69
G Singh et al. / Research Article

The major phenolic compounds quantified by HPLC–DAD in M. indica were

Mangiferin, isomangiferin, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside,
Antioxidant activities.70-71
quercetin 3-O-xyloside, quercetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside, quercetin
3-O-arabinofuranoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside.
Mimosa pudica (L.) The aqueous extract of Mimosa pudica at 200 and 400 mg/kg was showed antiulcer
(Mimosaceae) No compound reported by previous researchers. activity. There was a significant (P < 0.01) dose-dependent decrease in the ulcerative
lesion index in rat’ s models as compared to the standard drug lansoprazole.72
Produced phytochemical compounds i.e. mimosine, tyrosine 3, 4-dihydroxypiridine,
Antioxidant activity.72
mimosinamine, mimosinic acid.
Flavonoids isolated from Mimosa pudica showed cytotoxicity activity against human
No compound reported by previous researchers. breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and the inhibitory concentration at 50% growth
(IC50) was found to Mimosa pudica [IC50 = (35.52±0.50) µg/mL].73
Ethanolic extract of roots of Mimosa pudica showed antidiabetic effect in the alloxan
induced diabetic adult albino rabbits. Root powder of M. pudica at dose rate of 6 mg/
No compound reported by previous researchers.
kg body weight significantly decreased blood glucose level in the diabetic rabbits at
different time intervals of sampling on different days.74

December 15, 2020 | Volume 40 | Issue 6 |

 G Singh et al. / Research Article

lus cadamba Roxb., Artocarphus heterophyllus Lam.,

Methanol extract of M. charantia (MEMC) was used to assess the cytotoxic activity on
It was tested for its hypoglycemic activity. In fasting rabbits, it gradually lowered blood
Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Bauhinia vareigta L., Calli-

sugar within one to four hours and recovered slowly to initial level. At an oral dose of
50 mg/kg, blood sugar level was declined by 42% at the 4th hour. The average blood
concentration of 10 and 25 µg/mL. These compounds have hypoglycemic activity in

carcinoma cells. M. charantia showed cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines with
adenocarcinoma cells, HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma cells, and CL1-0 lung adeno
four human cancer cell lines, Hone-1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, AGS gastric

the approximate IC50 ranging from 0.25 to 0.35 mg/mL at 24 h. M. charantia also
Both compounds showed significant insulin releasing activity in MIN6 β-cells at carpa arborea Roxb., Camellia sinensis L., Centella asi-
atica L., Costus speciosus J.Koenig., Gmelina arborea

induced cell death in a time dependent manner in these cells.78,79

Roxb., Gynocardia odorata R.Br., Lantana camara L.,
Melastoma malabathricum L., Melia azedarach L., Mi-
mosa pudica L., Nicotiana tabacum L., Raphanus sati-
vus L. and Zanonia indicahavepotent anticancer activi-
both diabetic animals and humans.75,76

ties, and are consumed directly as a vegetable or by pre-

sugar fall during 5 h was 28%.77

paring decoctions and chutney.26-29 Jatropha curcas L.,

Antioxidant activities.78
Momordica charantia L., Oroxyllum indicum vent.,
Medicinal use

Terminalia chebula, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Dille-

nia pentagyna Roxb., Clerodendrum colebrookianum
Walp., Catharanthus roseus L., Cassia fistula L., Carica
papaya L., Capsicum frutescens L., Aeschynanthus sik-
kimensis Stapf, Adhatoda zeylanica Nees and Adhatoda
vasica Nees were used for the treatment of cancer and
diabetes and also for various other ailments, including
jaundice, liver disorders, skin diseases, dysentery, asth-
ma, hypertension, kidney stones, insect bites, as well as
for wound healing.30,31 In addition, 103 candidate plant
species were reported for the first time that might have
potent pharmacological activity against cancer and dia-
Table 1 A list of bioactive compounds produced by the selected medicinal plants with high use value (UV)（continued)

betes (Table S2). To the best of our knowledge, this is

the first report of nine plants (Phlogacanthus thysifor-
mis, Solanum gilo, Lobelia angulata, Dillenia scabrella,
Momordicine II and 3-hydroxycucurbita-5, 24-dien-19-al-7, 23-di-O-β-glucopyranoside

Plantago erosa, Cirsium sinensis, Eupatorium nodiflo-

Methanolic leaf extract of M. charantia has been detected phenolic compounds i.e.

rum, Pratia begonifolia and Vernonia teres) used for

the treatment of diabetes and cancer by local tribes in-
Mizoram, Northeast India.
In conclusion, in this study, we describe 201 plant spe-
Charantin compound isolated from fruits of M. charantia.

luteolin-7-glucoside and rutin by HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF.

cies that are currently being used by the Mizoram

No compound reported by previous researchers.

tribes of Northeast India for the treatment of several

were isolated as saponins from M. charantia.

diseases. Nine of these plants that are used for the treat-
ment of cancer and diabetes are reported for the first
time. Urgent attention is required to conserve these vi-
Biological compound

tal plant resources to allow continued sustainable living

by these people. At the same time, there is also a need
for traditional healers to disseminate knowledge about
the medicinal values of these plants to the local people
to maintain their continued use. Detailed investiga-
tions of the anticancer and antidiabetic potentials of
these plants, including their phytochemical and biologi-
cal activities, should be undertaken to appraise their
suitability for drug development and treatment of sev-
eral diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors greatly appreciate the assistance of the Bio-
informatics Infrastructural Facility and DBT-eLibrary
consortium (DeLCON) facility provided by the De-
partment of Biotechnology, Government of India,
Plant name with

(Cucurbitaceae)

New Delhi. We would also like to thank the people

charantia (L.)
Mormordica

from the villages in different districts of Mizoram who

provided us with plentiful information about medici-
family

nal plants. We also thank Shelley Robison, PhD, from

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 1014 December 15, 2020 | Volume 40 | Issue 6 |
 G Singh et al. / Research Article

Number of plants in each family

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Families of selected plants

Figure 2 Medicinal plants used in Mizoram for the treatment of cancer and diabetes

Liwen Bianji, Edanz Group China (www.liwenbianji. 72polymorphism interactions with dietary and tobacco re-
cn/ac), for editing the English text of a draft of this lated habits and risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India.
manuscript. Asian Pac. J Cancer Prev 2014; 15(2): 717-723.
13 Ghatak S, Yadav RP, Lalrohlui F, et al. Xenobiotic path-
Electronic Supplementary Material: supplementary way gene polymorphisms associated with gastric cancer in
materials (appendixes) are available in the online ver- high risk mizo mongoloid population, northeast India. He-
sion of this article at http://www.journaltcm.com licobacter 2016; 21(6): 523-535.
14 Vanneman M, Dranoff G. Combining immunotherapy
and targeted therapies in cancer treatment. Nat Rev Can-
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