WRITING

Exercises 5&6

2024/2025
ENGLISH AS A SECONG LANGAUGE
Cambridge Board

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 I. CONTENT

Points to consider:

 Organization:
coverage of all key aspects of the genre’s layout (introduction, body paragraphs
and conclusion)

 Development of ideas:
(coherence considering the genre’s conventions- idea elaboration)

 Good sense of audience:

(consider the target reader to keep him/her engaged)

 Good sense of purpose:

(idea relevance- supporting your opinion with insightful ideas)

 Proper register:
(the degree of formality: informal/ semi-formal or formal style)

Boast your Ideas!

Purpose
1-Email shares a funny or scary story/ gives news /asks for / gives advice/describes
an event, place or a person etc.

2-Article (persuade/ argue) get your reader on your side of the argument
concerning a debatable topic.

3-Review (informs and evaluates) provides detailed information about a

film/book/course...etc. and highlights the positive and negative aspects

4-Report (informs and evaluates) provide information and suggests some

recommendations to improve
 Register
Register is the type of language used in
a particular writing context, the degree
of formality you keep when addressing
your reader.
 You would keep an informal
register when writing your friendly
email whereas you would use a
formal/semi-formal register in your
article/report/review

Formal Register Checklist:

1- Complex sentences
2- Polysyllabic vocabulary
3- Inversion
4- Passive voice
5- Advanced Punctuation ( : ; - )
6- Tentative language
(it is likely/ probable • tends to • appears to • suggests that….)
7- Modal verbs
8- Eliminating personal pronouns ( I/ we/you)
9- Avoid phrasal verbs and idioms
10- Formal linking words/phrases (furthermore, however)
Spell out numbers less than one hundred

Informal Register Checklist:

1- Contractions (I’m / They’re/ She’s / can’t….)

2- Personal pronouns ( I / we/ you )
3- Phrasal verbs
4- Idioms
5- Punctuation (!/ ?)
6- Chatty style
7- Informal
8-Fillers (basically/ well/ actually…..)
Rewrite each sentence in the correct formal register.

1. The results won’t be released until they‘ve been verified.

_________________________________________________________________

2. I completed the experiment as I was told.

____________________________________________________________________

3. The sudden rise in taxes freaked out many business men and they decided to cut
down on investments.
_________________________________________________________________

4. Large supermarkets show loads of awesome stuff that make shoppers buy what
they want and not what they need.
_________________________________________________________________

5. China makes a lot of steel and sells it to countries around the world.
_________________________________________________________________

Rewrite the following sentence using the register given.

1. I may find it difficult to spot the answer. (formal)

_______________________________________________________________
2. Scientists only understand bits and pieces about human cloning. (formal)
________________________________________________________________
3. Initially, the results were disappointing. (informal)
_________________________________________________________________
4. As stated above it was not possible to reach a compromise. (informal)
________________________________________________________________
5. It is advisable that one should allocate a percentage of his salary for
emergencies. (informal)
_______________________________________________________________
 Informal Vs. Formal Vocabulary

Commonly Less commonly used Commonly Less commonly used

Used Used

See perceive Ask Enquire

Tell inform book (v.) Reserve

Make manufacture Get Receive

hopeless futile help Assist/assistance

Skillful efficient want desire

Super-common pervasive Say sorry apologize

Speed up accelerate Stop cease

Show/prove indicate improve revamp

Build construct lively vivacious

Hide conceal understand comprehend

So consequently expect anticipate

Way method Good for beneficial

Enough sufficient worried concerned

Replace the underlined word to change the register:

1. Playing video games is pervasive among children nowadays.

2. My friends and I constructed a really big tree house in my backyard.
3. Cycling is super good for health and the environment, so we should take it up
as an alternative to driving.
4. The wedding can‘t commence until my father arrives.
5. Mercedes-Benz cars are made in many countries, for example Algeria and India.
6. I can‘t understand why Liza frowned at me.
7. Many schools are revamping discipline policies and endorsing a new approach
to students‘
punishment.
8. We rarely audit the time we spend on social media. It’s really weird how
time flies when you’re under its spell.

Transform the following sentences from informal to formal English.

9. We are not going to renew the sole representative agreement again because you
haven’t produced enough business for us.
_______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
10. We’re too busy to go to London for the meeting in this period. Can you come over
here?
_______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
11. Your client didn’t complete the documents properly. Please get him to do it and
then send them back to us as soon as possible.
_______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
 Exercise 6

Article

Report

Review
 Report Writing
 A report is a text that gives information and
suggestions to the reader. It is very important that
you have a clear idea of the purpose of the report
(why are you writing it) and the audience for whom you are producing it (who
will read it) .

 The register of the report should be formal.

 Your main concern is to communicate the main points directly and without
any unnecessary details or digressions. Therefore, you should focus on
fulfilling the task of the exam question and develop them in appropriate
length.

 When you make recommendation as a result of the report, they should be

clearly based on details in the report and be practicable, manageable and
positive.

How to write a report?

Title/heading: The title of the report you are writing about. It should be brief and
relevant.
For example, “Report: School Trip to a Recycling Centre”, “A Visit to a Recycling
Centre”, etc.
First Paragraph: Introduction
Body paragraph(s): Findings (organized according to the requirements of the report
asked for in the question), for example, what you enjoyed about the trip, what you
learned, etc.
Final paragraph: Conclusion and Recommendations

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Introduction
The purpose of the introduction is to provide a background and an overview of the
report. It should include:
 The 7 WHs (of which 3 are absolutely necessary): Who (e.g. your
class), What (e.g. a day spent at a science exhibition), When (e.g. last week),
Where (e.g. in the town), Why (e.g. to learn about recycling), (written by)
Whom (yourself), to Whom (e.g. your teacher, organizers of the event, etc.).
 The purpose of the report (what it will cover): This is mentioned in the
question, e.g. things that students enjoyed about the trip, suggestions for
improvements if it’s repeated next year, etc.

Here are some example phrases to mention the purpose of the report:
 The report aims to highlight/present/investigate …
 The report contains relevant information regarding …
 The (aim/intention/purpose) of this report is to
(present/discuss/outline/detail/highlight) … based on (my
observations/feedback from students, etc.).

How you collected the information you have based your report on (e.g.
observation, feedback from students, from a survey, interviewed classmates,
etc.). This is optional, so you may or may not include it.

 Here are some examples of effective report introductions (the 3 necessary

Whs have been underlined):
* Last week, our class spent the day at a science exhibition in the town. This
report aims to detail what we learned from the visit and provide
recommendations for improvement if it is repeated next year.
* As requested, I have prepared a report about a sports festival my
class attended last week. I have interviewed my classmates, and my findings
are presented below.
* As requested by my teacher, I have compiled a detailed assessment of
the work experience week that my class participated in on the 1st of March.
This report aims to outline what was learnt by students and provide
suggestions to enhance the experience next time.
* Last week, our school had the opportunity to visit The National Museum of
Egyptian Civilization (NMEC). The purpose of this report is to provide an
account of our visit and offer suggestions for improvements based on my
observations and feedback from students.

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Body
The body of the report generally includes your findings, which are the positive
and/or negative things you and other people have noticed.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The conclusion should include:
1- Your opinion about the whole experience or on the facts that you
have discovered.
For example, “To conclude, the visit was an exceptional learning experience and a
success overall”.
Here are some concluding phrases you could use:
 To conclude
 On the whole
 All things considered
 It can be concluded that …

2- Your recommendations, solutions, or suggestions + Reason/ your prediction

on what will happen if the recommendation is followed

For example: “I recommend extending the duration of the visit and prohibiting the
use of mobile phones to maximize the learning experience.”
Here are some example phrases you could use for giving recommendations,
solutions or suggestions:
 I suggest/recommend/propose …
 I would like to suggest …
 A solution to this issue might be …

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 Survey Report Model
The Local Underground Railway System
Purpose
The aim of this report is to analyse the results of a surveyin which 500 residents
were questioned about the local underground railway system and whether or not
they were satisfiedwith it.

Convenience
Many people do not find the system convenient. This is illustrated by the fact that
more than fifty per cent complained that stations are too far from their homes and
that there are not enough trains. There were also complaints that the system can
only be used to reach a few areas of the city, forcing many customers to use other
means of public transport to complete their journeys.

Cost
Seventy per cent of those questioned had no complaints about the cost of the
service. This shows that the majorityof passengers consider the cost reasonable,
and that a slight increase would be considered acceptable.

Comfort
A large number of people who participated in the survey stated that they felt the
trains are insufficiently heated in cold weather. There were also comments on the
hardness of the seats and that trains are not always as clean as they might be. This
indicates that passengers are not entirely satisfied as far as comfort is concerned

Recommendation
All points considered, some improvements evidently need to be made if passengers
are to be satisfied with theservice. Perhaps a slight increase in the fare would make
it possible for the service to be improved in the areas mentioned in this report.

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May/June 2022 variant 3
You and your class recently spent the day at a science exhibition, and now your teacher
has asked you to write a report about it.
In your report, say what you learned from the trip and how it could be improved if it is
repeated next year.

Write a report for your teacher, giving your views.

The comments above may give you some ideas, and you can also use some ideas of your own.

A Visit to the Science Exhibition

Introduction
Last week, our class spent the day at a science exhibition in the town. This report
aims to detail what we learned from the visit and provide recommendations for
improvement if it is repeated next year.

The Learning Experience

Most students have stated that they gained a deep insight into various scientific
topics such as human and plant biology. We were especially fascinated with the
interactive simulations, which showed bizarre and unusual natural phenomena such
as volcanic eruptions. Additionally, an in-depth knowledge of how it happens and its
detrimental effects on people and the environment was also gained. Moreover, the
interactive question and answer session with the marine biology expert proved to
be extremely beneficial as many students noted. We gained a lot of interesting new
information that will significantly help us in our upcoming school projects.
For example, despite occupying just 1% of the seabed, coral reefs, which are
one of the most biodiverse ecosystems, support more than a quarter of all
marine life!

Conclusion
The trip was ultimately a success; however, I recommend splitting the visit over two
days to enhance the educational experience. Consequently, pupils can explore more
and satisfy their curiosity about science, which is unquestionably a favourable
outcome. In addition, I suggest incorporating a wider range of interactive
experiences to make students more captivated, and thus contribute to the long-
term retention of learned concepts.

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510/13/M/J/19
In your report, say what you and your classmates learned during the week, and
suggest how the experience could be improved if it is repeated next year.
Report on the Work Experience

Introduction:
This report presents the outcome of the work experience week, held by ILS
seniors during spring break. It clarifies what my friends and I have learnt from this
opportunity in addition to revamping it next year.
What I learnt:
My job included feeding, bathing and grooming hospitalized pets. Besides, filling
admissions and check out applications was required. This taught me commitment
towards the animals as I had to follow a specific time table. Precision while doing
the paper work was also enhanced.
What my friends learnt:
As for the rest of the students, they learnt different skills ranging from punctuality
and responsibility to time management. Students were asked to arrive on time
and meet deadlines, which they accomplished. Regarding mental skills, seniors
improved clear and logical thinking as well as paying attention to details.
Recommendation:
Limited job opportunities were allowed for the seniors to choose from. However,
if more options were given, it would encourage other young adults to join this
experience. Moreover, the week given was not sufficient as the students needed
to learn more about every job. It is suggested to expand the duration for two
weeks next year in addition to offer variable work alternatives to choose from.

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Feb/March 2019
You recently went on a school trip. Your teacher has asked you to write a report
about the trip and make suggestions for next year.
Here are two comments from your classmates:

Write a report for your teacher, giving your views.

The comments above may give you some ideas, and you can also use some ideas of
your own.

Report: School Trip to the NMEC

Introduction
Last week, our school had the opportunity to visit the National Museum of Egyptian
Civilization (NMEC). The purpose of this report is to provide an account of our visit
and offer suggestions for improvements based on my observation and feedback
from students.

Summary
Upon arrival, the manager welcomed us warmly, provided us with information
packs and briefed us on the stringent rules that must be followed during the tour,
such as not touching any artifact. From there, we continued with a guide who first
gave us a highly informative talk about the importance of museums and how they
preserve the history of civilizations. As we walked through the museum, the guide
shared the story behind every exhibited relic in an intriguing way. Students
articulated that this part of the trip was the most interesting.

Findings
An issue that bothered many, however, was that we were unable to visit every
section of the museum due to the tightly packed schedule. Moreover, some
students were so busy and distracted taking selfies and photos that they were not
able to focus on the activities at hand.

Conclusion
To conclude, the visit was an exceptional learning experience and a success overall;
however, I recommend extending the duration of the visit and prohibiting the use
of mobile phones to maximize the learning experience.
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 Report Exercises

Exercise 1
Read the model below and insert the following words and phrases in the
appropriate spaces.
also, especially, furthermore, However, In addition,
On the other hand, particularly, To sum up, therefore

A local sports team in your town needs new facilities where they will tain for national competitions.
As assistant coach of the team, you have been asked to visit a new sports centre and to write a
report assessing the suitability of the centre. Write your report.

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to assess the suitability of Rotheroe Sports Centre as a possible future
training base for the Dersley Swimming Club.

LOCATION AND ACCESS

Rotheroe Sports Centre is conveniently located just off the Ring Road to the south of Dersley, next to
the Marston Industrial Estate. It is (1)………………………….. easily accessible by private transport from
most parts of the city and has ample free parking. Buses run between the sports centre and the city
centre every 15 minutes from 6 am to 11 pm (2) …………………………. direct services from other areas may
be limited, (3) …………………….... early in the morning or late at night.

FACILITIES
The Rotheroe Centre offers an excellent range of facilities. The swimming pool is of Olympic size and is
fully heated. It has a large spectator area and changing rooms with ample locker space and showers.
(4)…………………………..,the Centre has a large, well-equipped gym. (5)……………………………………, there is no
cafeteria; (6) …………….., there are no restaurants within walking distance of the centre, which means
that team members would have to bring packed lunches.

AVATLABILITY AND COST

The pool could be available for sole use by the club on weekday mornings from 7 to 8 am or on
Monday and Wednesday nights after 9 pm. There is (7) ………………………… the possibility of booking the
pool for galas on occasional Saturday evenings. The gym is available from 8 am to 10 pm every day. The
cost of hiring the pool at special club rates would be £40 per hour, compared to the £30 currently paid
by the club
for the City Baths.

RECOMMENDATION
(8)…………………………….. Rotheroe Sports Centre would be able to provide the facilities necessary for the
Dersley Swimming Club to train. Most importantly, it has an excellent 50-metre pool of the type used
in top-level competitions. The slight increase in the cost of hiring the pool is acceptable,
(9)…………………………….. in view of the fact that charges at the City Baths are due for revision in a
month's time.
____________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 2
As supervisor of a children's summer camp, you have been asked by the managing director to
Write an assessment of one of the group leaders who being considered for promotion to
group coordinator.

Write your report, describing the employee and saying whether you would recommend him/her
or the position, and add the subtitles.

A…………………………………………………………………….
As requested, this report is an assessment of the suitability of Victoria Collins for promotion to
group coordinator. The report summarises her personal qualities, leadership qualities and
work-related achievements, on the basis of which her suitability depends.

B……………………………………………………………………..
Victoria is a very enthusiastic member of staff who is always pleasant and considerate and
whose punctuality record is commendable. She has proved herself to be reliable and helpful
with a positive attitude towards all aspects of her work. For this she is admired and respected
by her colleagues. (1) in addition/As Well as she has a wonderful rapport with children. (2)
Nevertheless/Despite the tact that she has a tendency towards timidity, this does not seem to
have affected the quality of her work.

C………………………………………………………………………..
(3) Besides this/Although Victoria has only been employed here for a short time, she has
already demonstrated good leadership qualities. (4) In spite/Moreover her shyness, she has (5)
despite/nonetheless shown that she possesses the ability to assert herself over her group in a
constructive way whenever the need arises. Her organisational skills are outstanding; (6) to
sum up/furthermore, she is able to work in a calm and methodical manner to achieve the
desired results quickly and efficiently, even under pressure.

D …………………………………………………………………….
Over the course of this summer, Victoria has voluntarily taken on many extra responsibilities
involving the planning and organisation of new entertainment. (7) For instance/Therefore, she
recently helped to plan a series of new activities Which proved extremely successful and also
very popular with the children. (8) For example/Moreover, many of her innovative ideas have
been added to our existing programme, (9) despite/thus providing group leaders and camp
guests With a much wider variety of activity options to choose from.

E………………………………………………………………………..
(10) Additionally/In conclusion, I strongly recommend that Victoria should be Promoted to the
position of group coordinator. I feel she is an excellent candidate for the job and would be a
valuable addition to the team.

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Exercise 3
Read the text on an excursion to a museum. Use the words in brackets to form a new
word that fits into each blank.

A Report on the History Museum Trip

Introduction
Last week, we went on a fantastic trip to the Museum of __________ (NATURE) History,
which is _____________ (LOCATE) only a few blocks away from our school.
On _____________ (ARRIVE) our guide was waiting for us and told us what we were
going to see.

The Significant Part

The most exciting part of the museum was the section on _____________
(HISTORY) animals. We stared in __________ (AMAZE) at all the skeletons of species
that became extinct millions of years ago. There was a special ____________
(EXHIBIT) on dinosaurs, creatures that have fascinated us for a long time. The guide
gave us some interesting facts about these ______________ (GIANT) creatures. The
Tyrannosaurus Rex, for example, reached a _____________ (HIGH) of over 6 metres.
The Seismosaurus was probably the longest dinosaur with an
estimated _____________(LENGTH) of up to 40 metres.

The Inconvenience
The only ______________ (ADVANTAGE) of the trip was that there was not enough
time to see all the interesting things the museum offered. Towards the end it got
very _______________ (CROWD) and our guide informed us that it would be better if
we came during the morning hours.

Conclusion
At the end of the tour, she thanked us for our _______________ (PATIENT) and
attention and asked for feedback. She gave us a sheet of paper on which we could write
down _______ (SUGGEST) and (_______________(IMPROVE) for future school
groups. After two hours in one of the most incredible buildings I have ever seen we
went back to school

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Exercise 4
In this example, your teacher has asked you to write a report about a trip to a large
recycling centre.

safe- experience -friendly-systems--sorting-waste-briefing-school -manager

The School Visit to the Recycle Centre

Introduction

The recent trip to the recycling centre was a very useful (1) __________ as it helped our
IGCSE class with their course work. The main aim of the visit was to find out about the
(2) ________________ put in place to recycle waste in a large city.

The Trip Events

The presentation at the beginning by the centre (3) ___________ and the video
afterwards helped us get a better understanding of how (4)____________ are processed
at the centre. It was interesting to find out that the centre operates 24 hours a day all
year round. However, it was surprising to learn that the centre only collects 50% of (5)
as a lot of it is used as landfill.

The best part of the trip was when we visited the (6) _________ room. There was an
important safety (7) _____________, and we were told to put on a bright orange jacket
and wear a safety helmet at all times. It took a while, but everyone understood the
importance of remaining (8) __________________
.
Conclusion
Overall the trip was very well organised, and I have a better understanding of how
different materials are sorted. The manager was very (9) _____________ , and I wish we
had had more time to ask him questions. I would suggest that the video is shown at
(10) _______________,which would give more time at the centre next year

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 Review Writing
So, what’s a review?

* The main purpose of a review is to give your opinion about

something. The review needs to engage the audience from the beginning to the
end.
* The tone and register of a review can be personal and semi-formal but should
avoid language that is too idiomatic and colloquial.

Review writing could be for:

- Books, Movies, Magazines or TV shows
- Places such as hotels, restaurants, cafés, cinemas, amusement, etc.
- Events such as concerts, festivals, exhibitions, trips, etc.
- Digital or physical products or services such as apps, games (video games, board
games, etc.), websites, courses, products (such as electronics or appliances)

The format of a review

Title
The title should include the name of what is being reviewed. Here are some examples:
- Discover Your Talent — A Course Review
- Samsung Galaxy S24 Review
- Fitness Time: The Best Gym in Riyadh?
- Book Review: The Alchemist
Don’t stress too much on the title as you can simply write the name of what you’re
reviewing without any other details. For example: “VOX cinema”.

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 Introduction
The main components of an effective introduction are:
* Something to engage the reader from the beginning right away such as a rhetorical
question highlighting a unique aspect of what you’re reviewing.
* General information about what is being reviewed (5Ws) and a quick overall
opinion, which hints to the reader whether the rest of your review is overall
positive or negative.
Here is an example of an effective introduction:
“Do you love superfast rollercoasters and other exhilarating rides that make your hair
stand on end? If so, then Sky Zone Amusement Park is a must-visit. My friends and I visited
it recently, and we were blown away!”

Body1/2
Mention your personal opinion (what you liked and/or disliked), while providing
evidence, reasons or examples. You can write entirely positively, entirely negatively
or have a balanced approach

Conclusion
The purpose of the conclusion is to give your overall opinion and recommendation.
* In the conclusion, make sure to say whether you recommend/ don’t recommend
this movie/book/product/service, etc. and to whom, stating why.

Here are some examples of useful concluding phrases:

- In a nutshell, you should definitely read/watch/use …
- All in all, I strongly/highly recommend …
- On the whole, I wouldn’t recommend it (in view of the fact that … / because …)
- Overall, it’s worth seeing/reading/using …
- I strongly advise you (not) to …
+
It’s more suited for … / It will change the way you see… / Don’t miss it! / It’s absolutely
worth a visit! / If you like …, then (the name of the movie/restaurant/course, etc.) is
definitely for you! / If you’re looking for a …, don’t give it a second thought!

Here is an example of an effective conclusion.

“I strongly recommend Sky Zone Park to anyone who wants to have an unforgettable experience
whether alone, with friends or family – it is a felicitous choice for all ages. It’s absolutely worth a visit!”

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 Special types of review writing

A) Book review
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Paragraph 2: Summary of the book
Paragraph 3: What you liked OR disliked
Paragraph 4: Overall opinion and recommendation

In the introduction,
 Start with a rhetorical question or an attractive statement about something bold
in this book that makes the reader want to know more.
 Summarize the main background information of the book, for example, the book
title, its genre (fiction, non-fiction, sci-fi, fantasy, mystery, etc.) and author’s
name.

Here is an example
“Have you ever been so inspired by a book that it completely changes your perception
of life? If not, then I suggest you read “The Alchemist” by Paulo Coelho.”

Body
In the 1st body paragraph, write an outline of the story (do not describe the whole
story, especially the ending). Use the present tense.

Here are some useful phrases for this part of the review:
 The plot focuses on/revolves around/involves …
 Set in …, this marvelous story explains …
 This is an enchanting story of …

In the 2nd body paragraph, mention what you liked and/or disliked and state why,
giving examples if possible.
You could write about:
 The plot (captivating, entertaining, fascinating, thrilling, predictable, confusing,
implausible, etc.)
 The author’s writing style ( Does it suit the book’s genre?). You can write, for
example, “The writer does a fantastic job in combining … with … // The writer
skilfully combines … with …” // With the author’s visionary blend of … and …, the
book … // The writer attempts to …, but fails miserably …)

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  What you learned
 How the book made you feel? Were you satisfied by the book’s ending? Note:
don’t mention the ending itself; just how it made you feel (e.g. The book was
heart-touching// The book had me hypnotised! // It kept me absorbed from the
beginning to the end! // I couldn’t stop reading it until the end! // I was impressed
by… // What struck me most was….)

Conclusion
In the final paragraph, give your overall opinion and recommendation (whether you
recommend it or not, and if yes, to whom and why? If not, why not?).

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 B) Film Review
Paragraph

1: Introduction
Paragraph 2: Setting of the film and main plot
Paragraph 3: What you liked OR disliked.
Paragraph 4: Overall opinion and recommendation

In the introduction
 Start with a rhetorical question or an attractive statement about something bold
in this movie that makes the reader want to know more.
 Mention general information about the movie, for example, the movie’s title, its
genre (sci-fi, comedy, thriller, horror, etc.) and the director’s name.

Here is an example of an effective film review introduction:

“Are you looking for an intriguing action-packed film where you can turn off your brain
and enjoy the ride? If so, then “London Has Fallen”, directed by Babak Najafi is the film
for you!”

Body
In the 1st body paragraph, mention the setting of the film (place and time) and
an overview of the plot, including the main character(s) and plot twists (if any).
Don’t describe the full story, especially the ending. Use the present tense.

 Here are some useful phrases for this part of the review.
 The plot focuses on/revolves around/involves …
 Set in (time and place), the movie …
 … provides the setting for …
 As the film opens, …

In the 2nd body paragraph), mention what you liked and/or disliked about the film and
state why, giving examples if possible. For example, you could write about:

 The plot (captivating, entertaining, thrilling, fast-paced, predictable, confusing,

implausible, etc.)
 The acting (excellent/exceptional/remarkable/awful/unconvincing/weak, etc.)
 The script (e.g. the script is dull/exciting/clever/witty, etc.)
 The special effects (realistic, brilliant, spectacular, breathtaking, mediocre,
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 terrible, etc.)
 The characters are appealing and true to life

 How the movie made you feel (the film literally brought tears to my eyes// The
film was heart-touching// The film was heart-pounding // I was on the edge of my
seat the whole time// I didn’t want to miss a scene! // I was impressed by… //
What struck me most was… // By the final scene I was already half-asleep, etc.)

Conclusion
In the final paragraph, give your overall opinion and recommendation (whether you
recommend it or not, and if yes, to whom and why? If not, why not? Is it suitable
families? Why?).

 Here are some useful expressions for describing a movie:

 The film combines (suspense) with (horror) …
 a must-see
 a box-office success/failure
 a blockbuster
 a masterpiece
 well-worth seeing
 not to be missed

Important points to keep in mind

Include film-related vocabulary in your review, e.g. lead role, actors, director, plot,
script, special effects, etc.
* Any expression you use should be consistent with your opinion of the film. For example, if you’re
writing positively about the film, it’s not appropriate to write “By the final scene I was already
half-asleep”!

25
 c) Place Review
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Paragraph 2: What you liked (mention 2 points)
Paragraph 3: What you liked and/OR disliked (mention another 2 points)
Paragraph 4: Overall opinion and recommendation

In the introduction,
* Start with something to engage the reader such as a rhetorical question
* Mention general information about the restaurant, for example, its name, its
location, when it opened, why you visited it, and with whom you visited it (if
any).
Note that you don’t have to mention all these details and that some of them, such as its location or
when it opened, can be included in the 2nd paragraph.

Body
In the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs, mention what you liked and/or disliked
You can write about:

 Location (the city? close to/far from? Is it easily accessible?)

 Its physical features (if any striking one, e.g. extreme size, unusual architectural
shape, etc.)
 The food: type of food (fast-food, fine dining), food options (varied, limited), taste
(delicious, mouth-watering, lip-smacking, scrumptious, appetizing // awful,
overcooked, salty, etc.)// portion size
 Staff (polite, helpful, friendly, amiable // awful, rude, unskilled, careless, slow,
etc.)
 Setting: décor (modern, contemporary, magnificent, etc.), atmosphere (lively,
soothing // dull, crowded, noisy, etc.)
 Cleanliness (immaculate, spotless, tidy // filthy, dirty, untidy, etc.)
 Price (expensive, exorbitant, overpriced // inexpensive, affordable, reasonable,
low-priced, etc.)
 Facilities (depends on the place you’re reviewing. For example, in a gym review,
you could write about the variety of gym equipment available and whether
there’s personal coaching; and in a shopping centre, you could write about the
variety of shops available and whether there’s a children’s play area.)
 Reservation (always fully booked/ book in advance)

26
Here are some useful phrases for this part of the review:
 Located in …, this (sumptuous, luxurious, sophisticated, impeccable, exceptional,
or any other suitable adjective) restaurant offers …
 As you enter the place, you …
 Just as you step in, …
 The ambience of the ________ was …
 The menu offers …
 What I particularly enjoyed was …
 I was pleasantly surprised by …
 The best thing about it is …
 However, I disliked …
 I was disappointed by …
 I was extremely dissatisfied by …
 What you may find unfavourable is …

 Describe the restaurant in the present tense and describe your experience in the past tense.
Remember to write about the important parts of the experience, not every detail.

Conclusion
In the final paragraph, mention your overall opinion and recommendation (Do you
recommend it or not? If yes, to whom and why? If not, why not? Is it suitable for
families?).

27
 D) Event Review
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Paragraph 2: What you liked OR disliked (mention 2 points)
Paragraph 3: What you liked and/ OR disliked (mention another 2 points)
Paragraph 4: Overall opinion and recommendation

In the introduction,
Start with something to engage the reader such as a rhetorical question
Mention general information about the event, for example, its name, location, when
it’s held, why you visited it, and with whom you visited it.
Body
In the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs, mention what you liked and/or disliked
You can write about:
 Location (the city? close to/far from? Is it easily accessible?)
 The programme of the event (For example, what band will be playing in the
concert? What’s their album name? What will be displayed in the exhibition?)
 The performance, including the stage lightening and the musicians’ attire (if it’s a
concert or a festival)
 Atmosphere and sounds (lively, boisterous // dull, crowded, noisy, etc.)
 How did it make you and the audience feel? (fascinated, excited, mesmerized,
captivated, enthusiastic// didn’t live up to my expectations, dull, etc.)
 Ticket price (expensive, exorbitant, overpriced // inexpensive, affordable,
reasonable, low-priced, etc.)
Conclusion
In the conclusion, mention your overall opinion and recommendation (Do you
recommend attending this event or not? If yes, to whom and why? If not, why not?)

28
 E) Product Review
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Paragraph 2: Positive aspects of the product
Paragraph 3: Negative aspects of the product
Paragraph 4: Overall opinion and recommendation

In the introduction,
 Start with something to engage the reader such as a rhetorical question about
something unique in this product that makes the reader want to know more.
 Mention general information about the product, for example, its name, the
brand name, and its release date.
You could also include when you bought it, why you bought it and your first impression.

Body
In the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs, mention the positive and/or negative aspects of the
product.
You can write about:
 The product’s core features and your comment on them
 The benefits and uses of the product
 Any notable improvements or changes to previous versions (if applicable), and
your comment on them (Are they useful? Not many? Disappointing?)
 Price (mention its price and comment on it: expensive, exorbitant, overpriced //
inexpensive, affordable, reasonable, low-priced, etc.)

Conclusion
In the conclusion, mention your overall opinion and recommendation (Is it worth
buying? Why? Why not? Who are the target users?).

29
Feb/March 2022
You and your friends recently visited an amusement park where people can do lots of
different outdoor activities.
You have decided to write a review about it for your school magazine.
Here are two comments from your friends:

Write a review for your school magazine, giving your views.

The comments above may give you some ideas, and you can also use some ideas of your own.

Sky Zone Amusement Park

Do you love superfast rollercoasters and other exhilarating rides that make your hair
stand on end? If so, then Sky Zone is a must see. My friends and I visited it recently, and
we were blown away!
Located in the bustling streets of Cairo, it is easily accessible from the city center.
The first thing that will grab your attention is its enormous size! As you enter, you’ll be
warmly welcomed by the amiable staff, who will guide you to the front desk and provide
you with the pricing details. From my experience, they are very polite and informative;
they’ll make you fall in love with the place immediately.

My friends and I were especially fascinated by the wide variety of rides this park
offers: from more common ones such as rollercoasters and carousels to bizarre ones
such as infinity falls, there is a ride for everyone. All the rides (including the adrenaline
inducing ones) have the highest safety standards and are well-maintained. In addition,
cafes, restaurants and food stalls are all over the place, so you can enjoy
mouth- watering food after a tiring day. However, I must warn you: the place is
absolutely a hive of commotion! It’s extremely bustling, especially at the weekends.

I strongly recommend Sky Zone Park to anyone who wants to have an unforgettable
experience whether alone, with friends or family. It is absolutely worth a visit.

30
May/June 2019 v2
In your school holidays, you attended a course to learn singing, dancing and acting. Your
teacher has asked you to write a review of the course for the school magazine.
Here are two comments from other young people who attended the course:

Write a review for the school magazine, giving your opinions.

The comments above may give you some ideas, and you can also use some ideas of your own .

Discover Your Talent — A Course Review

Are you looking for a course that will act as your entrance to the world of singing,
dancing, and acting and help you unleash your untapped potential? If so, then look no
further; the Discover Your Talent Course has it all. I enrolled in it during the last school
holidays, and it was truly life-changing.

The course is given by professional instructors who are not only experts in their
fields but also friendly and approachable. From my experience, they were patient
enough to answer all the attendees’ questions and provided individual attention to each
one; consequently, each student could learn at their own pace and gain confidence in
their abilities.

In addition, the course covers a wide range of topics, including different genres of
music, various dance forms, and acting techniques. What I loved most about this course
was the opportunity to perform on stage, which gave me a hands-on experience.
Towards the end of the course, you’ll have the invaluable opportunity to showcase the
skills you learnt in front of friends and family. Personally, performing on stage and
seeing how far I had come in just a few weeks was just beyond amazing.

I highly recommend this course to anyone looking to dive into the world of
singing, dancing, and acting but doesn’t know where to start. It’s definitely worth every
penny.

31
Place Review Model
A new sports centre has recently opened in your town. Last week, you went there with a
group of your friends. You have decided to write a review of the sports centre for your
school magazine.

‘Physis’ Sports Centre

The new sports centre ‘Physis’ is unique quite a sight to behold. It has an
impressive structure. With the criteria of innovation, affordability and convenience in
mind ‘Physis’ sports centre seems to be a decent contestant that deserves our
attention.
The centre is situated in a striking two-storey building with ample parking space. The
reception desk is disproportionately small compared to the spacious rooms with gym
equipment. The halls, stores, and locker rooms are beautiful and well placed. The
lively upbeat music that welcome to the variety of activities such as spinning, cross
training and TRX.

It should be noted that the centre has two courts that can be used for several
sports, such as volleyball, futsal, and basketball. I think the food that is served should be
worked on more to make it more enjoyable. In case you feel hungry and tired after
exercising, the centre has a large café where you can relax while grabbing a bite. The
food options are not, however, as diverse as the sports.

All the above- m e n t i o n e d luxury and expertise comes with a staggering 40%
discount for students! The working hours stretch from 10:00’ am to 11:00’ pm
which might not be convenient if you want to go in the early morning.

All in all, “Physis’ is conveniently situated that young people would definitely find
interesting and most importantly its fees are in tune with students’ tight budgets. I
would wholeheartedly recommend it.

32
Film Review

You recently saw a film. You have now decided to write a review of
the film for the school magazine.
Write a review of the film giving your views.

(1)Mission Impossible

Do you love action packed films which keep you gripped to your seat? If so,
you should put Mission Impossible Fallout on the top of your must-see film list.
It is the lasts installment of the mission impossible franchise which is
directed by Christopher Macquarie. Some of the greatest scenes take place in
Paris, however, throughout the film you are transported to various eye-catching
locations across the globe.
Ethan Hunt, played by Tom Cruise, is the lead role who is assigned to
retrieve stolen plutonium from Eastern European underworld. As the title
suggest, the team finds themselves in a race against time, hunted by assassins,
while trying to prevent a worldwide catastrophe.
The film combines lots of suspense and action as Hunt takes you on a
journey of intense vehicle chases, deadly fights and near fatal escape scenes. The
quality of the film is outstanding from the death-defying stunts to the acting of
this amazing cast.
This is a film for the big screen, so do not miss out when it hits your
nearest cinema. It is more suited for teenagers and adults due to the strong
language and brutal fight scenes.
(191 words)

33
 Book Review

Jane Eyre
The book is beautifully written, with poetic descriptions and excellent dialogue.
The writer has created a dramatic, gripping plot with well-developed, very believable
characters, letting us see into the soul of a sensitive but strong young woman.

This book's fascinating plot is guaranteed to keep the reader absorbed from
beginning to end. Don't miss your chance to read this classic masterpiece. Once you have
read it, you will never forget it.

Jane Eyre, the main character of the novel, is an orphan who has a very unhappy
childhood. Despite this, she becomes a strong-willed young woman. When she leaves
the orphanage, she becomes the governess at Thornfield Hall, Mr Rochester's mansion.
Strange things begin to happen there, and when a mysterious secret is revealed, Jane's
life is changed forever

If you are looking for a romantic but mysterious story about a lonely woman
who, after many strange experiences, finds lasting love,you should definitely read Jane
Eve by Charlotte B

34
Concert Review

Nostalgic for the Present

The ‘nostalgic for the present’ tour is one of the most popular and remarkable
concerts ever made in the history of pop. Performed by the renowned Australian singer
and songwriter Sia, she succeeded to attract the world’s attention to pop music world.

The singer gave an outstanding live performance of her hit songs from her most
popular albums “1000 Forms of Fear” and “This is Acting”. She appeared with her iconic
head wear on, which is a wig with long bangs covering her eyes and a unique giant bow
on her head. Not only was Sia’s performance amazing, but also multiple dancing shows
by professional choreographers included were mind-blowing. However, the one that
stood out the most was the phenomenal choreography for the song “Diamonds” as it
genuinely demonstrated the lyrics’ theme.

Some of the miner criticisms that Sia received was because she didn’t reveal her
face or interact enough with the roaring crowds. Others claimed that this is her unique
style thatmakes her different and it is admired by all her fans. Finally, all the criticisms
were overshadowed with her mesmerizing high notes and her raspy cathartic voice.

Overall, the gig was not far from perfect due to Sia’s distinctive rendition
staging powerfully and energetically. It was all a day to remember and an experience
that plates one to a feeling out of this world.

35
 Restaurant Review

Krishna’s Fish Head Restaurant is a little

neighbourhood joint near China town in Kuala Lumpur. This unique place is mainly
known for its exotic Indian seafood. Since it has reasonable prices and is only several
blocks from the financial center, it is popular with the business lunch crowd.

Krishna’s offers several set menu choices every day in addition to its regular menu
featuring fish or vegetarian cuisine. Some of the popular dishes of this restaurant are
fish head curry, masala, peas kurma and other Indian dishes. The curries are
exquisite, and the fish is always fresh. Although the portions are ample, you may want
to leave room for some Indian pastries for dessert.

One of the other main attractions of this restaurant is the traditional Indian
décor and soft background music that provide a perfect ambience for an enjoyable
meal. It is this ambience that has helped make Krishna’s not just a lunchtime hit,
but also a hot spot for couples in the evening. The staff always greet you with a smile
and are helpful when describing the dishes on the menu. You can expect the special
treatment every time, but you have to expect to pay too much.

All in all, Krishna’s Fish Head Restaurant is a fantastic place to enjoy not-so spicy
Indian cuisine. Your meal will be both healthy and hearty. Krishna’s gets an “A” in every
category and a “big thumbs up” for the delicious food.

36
 The Green House

The Green House is a restaurant situated in the heart of semi-urban area

close to the mountainous area near Green valley. It is the favourite hangout
place for nature lovers.

As you step your foot into the restaurant, you are welcomed by the magnificent
setting and the restful ambiance, a beautiful combination of greenery view and an
immense luxury of modernity. Every table gives you a clear view of the chef working
in the kitchen. Those, with no prior reservation, are welcomed to wait in the lounge
with comfortable armchairs.

The menu offers a wide variety of delicious and mouth-watering starters followed
by the main course. I had smoked salmon with cream. The main course included steak
with French fries and creamy lasagna, but the French fries were too unpalatable to
finish. The portion sizes of the first two dishes kept me from being able to sample
them. It was all followed by savory apple pie and scoop of chocolate ice cream for
dessert_ they were exquisite. By and large, the overall menu was on budget price.

The workers give a due care to the place hygiene. The easy accessibility of the place;
the special privacy of the well- set rounded tables; and the superb coffee brewers with
their excellent ratings have always made the place a convenient choice. In contrast,
the service was not of very high quality. You can only see dead expressions on the
waiters’ faces. However, the owner is full of warmth and thoughtful of his guests. He is
always around ready to hear all types of experiences from you and the rest of the
guests.

Because of the brilliant atmosphere and delicious food service, I would overlook
the dead expression of waiters and recommend going to the Moto House restaurant
especially suited for adults and couples to enjoy the place special nature.

37
Write a review of a restaurant.
The following are some guidelines for writing a review:

Begin with a general statement that mentions the restaurant’s

name and
location.
It is also possible to begin with a “hook” and then provide specifics about
the restaurant. (A hook is the first sentence of a review. The purpose
of a hook is to grab the reader’s attention.)
Food – Describe the food on the menu in detail. You can mention a
particular dish that you have had there, if you think it is appropriate.
Atmosphere – Discuss the exterior and interior décor. Also mention the
ambience, background music and special features of the restaurant.
Service – Some reviews may give details about the service from the first
moment a customer enters the restaurant until the customer has finished the
meal and leaves. It is okay to mention the name of a server or chef that is
exceptionally friendly, helpful or talented.
Clientele – Mention what type of people like to go there. Is there a dress
code?
Price – It is important to mention the general price range; however,
specifics are not necessary. A “hint” about whether the place is expensive
or cheap may be adequate.
Location – Is the restaurant hard to find?
Other details – Do customers need reservations? What are the working hours? Is it
crowded on weekends?
The “Bottom Line” – Overall Conclusion. Make a couple of final
comments and give the restaurant some type of “score” that will help other
people decide whether they want to go there or not.

38
Exercise 1
Thai Restaurant Review
Here is an example of a restaurant review with 12 words missing. Choose one word for
each missing gap.

The Blue Elephant is a new Thai restaurant that opened its doors (1) _________ the
town centre just over a month ago. I went along with a friend to see if they offer a
genuine Thai experience (2) _________ lunch.The place definitely looks the part as I felt
as though I had just walked (3) _________ a restaurant in Bangkok. Even the waitress
looked authentic, as she was wearing a traditional Thai silk outfit.

The menu was fairly limited, so we opted for the lunchtime special (4) _________ a
starter, main course and a dessert. First, we decided to share some spring rolls, which
prove to (5) _________ a good choice. For the main course, we had a Thai green curry
and a large bowl of Jasmine rice. The curry was a little too spicy for me, (6) _________
my friend thought it was spot on. After (7) _________ we ordered a bowl of tasty
mango with sticky rice that finished (8) _________ a memorable lunch.

Considering (9) _________ restaurant has only been open for a short time, it was
great (10) _________ see that it has got off to a great start even though it wasn't busy.
However, I am sure (11) _________ word gets around about the quality of food, it won't
be long (12) _________ they will be taking bookings only.

39
Course Review

You recently participated in a short course to learn photography and videography.

Your teacher has asked you to write a review of the course for the school magazine.

Are you a keen Instagrammer who wants to add some creative touches to your
photos and videos? If affirmative, ‗Behind the Lens‘ is the perfect short-term photo-
videography course for you! I completed the four-week programme last month and loved
every bit of it.

Offered by The Young Photographer Academy, the course is aimed at young

beginners and intermediates who are enamoured of visual arts. The programme teaches
the fundamentals of photography and videography, and includes a hands-on practicum
with interesting add-ons.

Although some participants have reviewed the course as expensive, I am of the

opinion that it is good value for money. Rich theoretical knowledge expounded by expert
instructors, coupled with the opportunity to experiment with creative composition,
camera control and exposure made the course intriguing. For instance, I was enthralled to
learn to create backgrounds using wide apertures which enhanced the image quality. It
was using storytelling technique to capture emotions and experiences that appealed to me
the most.

Whether you are an amateur photographer or an ambitious cinematographer, who

aspires to pursue a career in film making or digital marketing, ‗Behind the Lens‘ is not to
be missed. Art stream students who wish to master photo editing skills using computer
software will find this programme particularly fascinating.

40
 Article writing
So, what is an article?

The purpose of an article is often to inform and persuade the reader.

Articles give information about a certain topic and can either persuade
the reader that a certain viewpoint is correct (one-sided article; also
called opinion article) or provide a balanced argument that lets the
reader make up their own mind about the topic (two-sided article). You
have the option to choose between writing a one-sided article or a two-sided article.

The format of a one-sided article

Paragraph 1: Introduction (including your opinion)
Paragraph 2: First point supporting your opinion with an explanation
Paragraph 3: Second point supporting your opinion with an explanation
Paragraph 4(optional): State a counterargument (an idea from the opposing
viewpoint) and counter the counterargument (i.e., explain why this
counterargument is invalid). In other words, state a point made by people who
have a different opinion from yours and explain why they are wrong.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion (including your opinion again but in different words)

The format of a two-sided article

Paragraph 1: Introduction (without your opinion)
Paragraph 2: One side of the issue either in favour or against
Paragraph 3: The other side of the issue either in favour or against
Paragraph 4: Conclusion (including your opinion)

41
Introduction

The main components of an effective introduction are:

Topic sentence
Start your article with a topic sentence that introduces the topic to the reader and
explains its importance in today’s world.

To write an effective topic sentence, you might use adverbial time

phrases and generalizations. Here are some examples of each.

a. Adverbial time phrases (time fixers)

 Nowadays/these days/currently
 1Every day/week/year
 Recently/for many years/decades/ Until now
 In the past/ Since + specific time + noun
 10 years ago
 In the last (few/five) (days/weeks/months/years/decades)
b. Generalisation
 Almost all
 The vast majority of
 A large number of
 Scores of
 Hardly any
 Not many
 In almost all cases
 Several
 In the majority of the cases

2.Rhetorical question(s)

Use rhetorical questions (questions that don’t require an answer but make your reader
think) to get the reader interested in the topic and encourage them to read on. For
example:

42
  How would you feel if you had two hours of homework every night?
 How much longer do animals have to suffer?
 Could you live with yourself if you missed out on this opportunity?
 How could we possibly stand the …?
 What would happen if …?
 Could your conscience cope with …?
 Is it really worth …?
 Do you want to be part of …?
 Have you ever thought about the positive impact you could have on the
world by becoming vegetarian?
 Am I the only one thinking that ………………………………….?
 Is it just me or do you ………………………………………………?

3. Your opinion (if it is a one-sided article)

 If you are writing a two-sided article, DO NOT give your opinion in the
introduction.
 If you are writing a one-sided article, give your opinion (whether you support or
oppose the viewpoint expressed in the statement).

Here are some opinion phrases to express your opinion.

 In my opinion/ In my view
 It seems to me that
 I am in favour of
 I am against the idea of/I am strongly opposed to
 I firmly / vehemently / strongly believe…
 It is my strong belief that…
 It is my unwavering contention / conviction that …
 As far as I am concerned, ….

 You may also kill two birds with one stone and begin your article with a rhetorical
question that introduces the topic to the reader, thus acting as a topic sentence.

Here is an example: “Have you ever thought how school life would be if the
school day started later? In my perspective, this will have countless benefits.”

43
 The inverted pyramid style:

Music has a significant impact on our life as we

are highly emotional beings. While this impact is
endearing for some, it is exasperating for others,
which makes music a point of disagreement. Personally, I
believe that music is an infinite and indispensable source of
inspiration, euphoria and relief.

Body
The structure if you are writing a one-sided article:

Body paragraph 1: First idea supporting your opinion with an explanation

Body paragraph 2: Second idea supporting your opinion with an explanation

(should be different from the first idea)

Body paragraph 3: State a counterargument (an idea from the opposing

viewpoint) AND counter the counterargument (i.e., explain why this
counterargument is invalid). In other words, state a point made by people
who have a different opinion from yours and explain why they are wrong.

When introducing the opposing argument in the 3rd body paragraph, use any of the following
phrases.
 Opponents of this idea claim/assert/argue that …
 A common counterargument is that …
 It can be argued that …

When countering the opposing argument in the 3rd body paragraph, use any of the following
phrases depending on the context.
 While this may be true to some extent, …
 While it is true that …, it is important to consider…
While some may believe that … recent studies have shown that …

44
The structure if you are writing a two-sided article:

Body paragraph 1: One side of the issue either in favour or against (mention 2 different
ideas)

Body paragraph 2: The other side of the issue either in favour or against (mention 2
different ideas)

In the conclusion:
1- Sum up your main points concisely using concluding phrases:
 To conclude
 To sum up
 All things considered
 After weighing the benefits and drawbacks
 It can be concluded that …
2- Give your final opinion (regardless of whether it’s a one-sided or a two-
sided article) and any solution or suggestion if applicable.

For example, “In conclusion, it is evident that fast food is a double-edged sword; thus, I
strongly believe we should strike a balance between eating fast food and incorporating
other healthier options in our diet to mitigate its negative effects.”

3- Use the opinion phrases stated earlier in the Introduction section to

express your opinion, and if it’s a one-sided article, make sure to use
different words from those used in the introduction.

 Include your audience by any of the following ways:

 Using pronouns like we, us, and you (this is the easiest). Notice how this was used
in the previously mentioned conclusion example (bold and underlined)
 Using rhetorical question(s).
For example, “To conclude, I wholeheartedly believe that everyone should pursue
higher education. Why not embrace this invaluable opportunity to fast-track your
career, build your confidence, and broaden your social circle?”.
 Leaving the reader with something to think about.
For example: “After weighing the benefits and the drawbacks, it is apparent that
convenience food, while palatable, may negatively impact other areas of your life.
Think about this before you reach for your next snack!”.

45
 When presenting the first point The main argument in favour of/against is
 The first point/reason
 First of all
 First and foremost
 On the one hand (used only when writing a two-sided article)

 When adding more points

 In addition,
 Furthermore,
 Additionally,
 Moreover,
 Not only … but also…
 Another noteworthy point is …

 When contrasting ideas (used in the 2nd body paragraph of a two-sided article)
 However
 On the other hand
 On the contrary
 By contrast
 Alternatively
 Another option could be

 When giving examples

 For example
 For instance
 One clear example is
 Such as
 To illustrate
 In other words

 When reasoning:
 Results and consequences: as a result, consequently, therefore, thus, hence, for this
reason, as a result (of), which means that, etc.
 Reasons and causes: owing to, because (of), on account of, due to, since, as, etc.

 When highlighting and stressing

 Particularly
 Especially
 Obviously

46
Model 1

It has been suggested that the times of the school day should be changed, to start and
finish one hour later
Write an article to the school magazine giving views

The Early Bird Catches the Worm

These days,(time fixer) many students (generalistaion)are coming to school late for their
morning lessons. When was the last time you slept before 9PM? (rhetorical
question)Don’t you think it is good practice for the school to start early in the morning?(
rubric paraphrase) In my opinion, (opinion phrase) I don’t think the school’s schedule
should be moved 1 hour later.

To begin with, (introducing point) the most obvious reason we should stick to this
morning school routine is because it allows us students to get used to waking up early.
(claim) This is because (explain) when we grow up, many of us may work in competitive
businesses that require us to get to work on time.(result)

Next, another reason (joining point for addition) why school hours shouldn’t be delayed
is because it may stop students from participating in after school activities (claim )for
example, sports such as golf which requires a few hours for a full round. (example)
Without this valuable time, school athletes will have less training and may not be able to
compete with other schools.(result)

On the other hand, (joining point for contrast) many people (generalistaion) say that
students are tired in the morning and find it difficult to focus in class. Counter argument
This may be true so we will have to ensure we get enough sleep the previous night in
order to get to school on time full of energy. Poke wholes

In conclusion, (concluding phrase) I strongly believe(opinion) our school time

shouldn’t be changed and (suggestion)it is important everyone should be given tips on
how to have enough energy and get to school on time.

47
Model 2

Zoos as Harborage

Nowadays, (a time fixer) a significant number (generalisation) of naturalists (who?)

have been campaigning against zoos (explain what is the problem) arguing that (views &
arguments) it is cruel to keep wild animals in cages, away from their natural habitat.
However, (joining point /contrast) like many other people, (generalistaion) I believe that
(opinion) zoos have a positive role to play.

First of all, (introductory point) many species (generalistaion) of animals are in

danger of extinction (CLAIM) because their natural preservatives are disappearing, due to
deforestation (EXPLAIN). For example, elephants are hunted for their ivory or the tiger
for their skin. Therefore, if animals are kept in captivity, they can breed in safety, which
will prevent the species from dying out. (RESULT)

Another reason (joining points/ addition) for keeping animals in captivity is that it
gives many of us a chance to have a close look to animals from all round the world
without having to travel. (CLAIM) A trip to the zoo is a simple example way to spend a
day out in a nature preserve. (EXPLAIN) Consequently, zoos could be considered as a
jaunt and place to learn about animals as well. (RESULT)

To sum up, (introducing point) in my opinion (restating opinion) zoos should not be
closed down (suggestion) because they are beneficial both to humans and animals.
(support). Have you ever thought about many animals are zoos their only shelter?

48
Structure of an Opinion Article

How to generate ideas for your opinion article?

Do you suffer from ―blank page syndrome‖ or what many

students call ―writer‘s block‖? Do you find it difficult to start
writing and produce quality material without feeling that time is
your enemy?
O/N 2016 variant 3

Some people think that having sports lessons at school is a waste of time.
Write an article for your school newspaper giving your views.

Brain storming + WH question words

 Draw two columns with the headings positive ( advantages) and
negative (disadvantages)
 Make a list of all the ideas you can think of about your topic and
write it in the correct column.
 Don’t write complete sentences, just words and phrases

Positive Negative

- Medium to create friendships - Exercising is a leisure activity and not

- Affect personality school related.
- Ss exercise and relax in the middle - Many students are not interested in
of a sports/

grueling school day less capable in sports isolated, feel

unworthy and embarrassed,
- Find future sports stars targeted by
Bullies

49
 b. WH question words:
To develop the points that you have listed during brainstorming, for each point ask
yourself the WH question words: where, who, why, when, and How.
Positive Negative

- Medium to create friendships - Exercising is a leisure activity and not

How? Team sports- common interest school related.
Why? Focus on core subjects and
When? Training, matches and schools computer

Tournaments skills meet university requirements

Who? Shy –reason to fit into a group Where? Ss practise in clubs and youth
- Affect personality Organizations
- not interested/less capable SS

* Let’s write the first point in the form of a paragraph (follow the CER structure)
Sports lessons offer an excellent medium to form friendship bonds (claim). Students
spend countless hours on a practice field or in game situations, and they share those
experiences with their teammates. Furthermore, the amount of time they all spend
together when traveling to tournaments or sitting on the sidelines between games help
those students identify similar qualities and interests in each other, which strengthen
those friendships (Explain of the claim). Undeniably, the biggest winners are the shy
students who struggle to fit into a group, and thus having sports lessons at school will
indeed create the perfect and right setting for them to feel that they belong to the
school community (result related to the idea of the paragraph)

50
* Let’s write the second paragraph of your article:

Moreover, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* Let’s write the opposite opinion and counterargument:

However, opponents of sports lessons argue that schools should focus on teaching
academic subjects only to help students meet the rigorous requirement of universities
and modern job market. Although ---------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

51
May/June 2019 variant 1
In class you have been discussing whether it is important for all students to have music
lessons at school.
Here are two comments from your classmates:

Write an article for your teacher, giving your views.

The comments above may give you some ideas, and you can also use some ideas of your
own.

Music Miracles
Nowadays, many schools have started incorporating music lessons into their
curricula, but is it a wise choice? In my opinion, music lessons are indispensable.

Firstly, music lessons can improve students’ emotional well-being and enjoyment at
school because it helps them to relax and relieve stress caused by other tedious
academic subjects. Not only does music provide a social outlet for students, which
allows them to connect with their peers who share similar interests, but it also helps
them discover hidden potential and talent.

Moreover, music lessons can help develop essential life skills such as teamwork, self-
discipline, and ingenuity. In a music class, pupils learn to work together to create a
harmonious sound and practice daily, which requires discipline and dedication; thus,
students will inevitably develop an unflinching determination in the long run, which is
essential for success in school and in life generally.

While some may believe that music is less important than other subjects, recent
studies have shown that students who listen to music regularly get higher grades
overall, exhibit more focus and increased creativity, and demonstrate improved
cognitive abilities. Therefore, music can enhance students’ performance in other
subjects, and hence essential.

In brief, I vehemently believe that integrating music lessons into schools’

educational programs is imperative due to its numerous benefits. Do you not reckon so?

52
May/June 2022 variant 2
Your class recently held a discussion about whether reading stories in books is better
than listening to stories on the radio or online. You have decided to write an article for
your school magazine.
Here are two comments from your classmates:

Write an article for your school magazine, giving your views.

The comments above may give you some ideas, and you can also use some ideas of your
own.
Books vs. Digital Media
Nowadays, we can read on a screen or even listen to audio books. But does this
mean reading in books is inferior to its digital counterpart?

The main argument in favor of listening to stories on the radio or online is that it
allows you to listen to stories even while doing other activities, such as helping your
parents in household chores or even on the way to school. This allows us to avail from
time otherwise not exploited to the maximum, hence being more productive. Moreover,
it is significantly cheaper than buying physical books, which saves a lot of money in the
long run, especially for voracious readers.

On the other hand, reading develops your critical thinking more as you can think in
depth about what has been written. Consequently, you can harness your imagination,
and so the quality of experience is considerably superior and more enjoyable. In
addition, some people find it extremely difficult to keep up with audio books; therefore,
they prefer to read physical books at their own pace. These are the ones who also keep
the books they read in a gigantic library out of the love of
possession and to give them a more tangible sense of accomplishment.

In conclusion, both options have pros and cons. I strongly believe that the optimal
choice is the one that fits your circumstances and preferences.

53
Oct/Nov 2018 variant 1
There is a proposal to close the swimming pool in your town and build a supermarket
there instead. Here are two comments from young people in your town:

A Town Divided: Swimming Pool or Supermarket?

The proposal to substitute our town swimming pool with a supermarket has
ignited a contentious debate among residents.With the ardent conviction of both
sides, the issue seems irresolvable. Do you think there is a way to reconcile the
conflicting concerns of our community?
On the one hand, advocates of this plan affirm that havinga supermarket in the
town can bring substantial benefits; it provides job opportunities, creating a livelihood
for unemployed individuals. Furthermore, not only will it reduce the efforts and time
taken by residents to go shopping, thus being more convenient, but it also means that
less money will be spent on fuel for cars as long car journeys to supermarkets will not
be necessary.

But do these benefits outweigh the potential negative impacts of losing a

communal space for recreation and socialization? As one of our town’s main tourist
attractions,some people believe the swimming pool is indispensable. Moreover, a
swimming pool provides a vital outlet for physicalexercise, particularly for young people.
It has also been there for so long that older residents think it is a part of our town’s
history!

To state it concisely, the best solution will require careful consideration of all
factors involved and a willingness to cooperate. I believe that building the
supermarket on a nearby vacant site while preserving the swimming pool will be a
mutually acceptable resolution.

54
Oct/Nov 2018 variant 2
Some people think that the world would be a better place if everyone became
vegetarian.
Here are two comments from your friends:

Write an article for your school magazine, giving your views.

Become a Vegan!
Have you ever thought about the positive impact you could have on the world by
becoming vegetarian? If not, read on to gain a glimpse of the countless benefits of
vegetarianism!

First and foremost, a vegetarian diet is far healthier. By adopting a vegetarian

lifestyle, your cholesterol level may decrease, ultimately leading to a lower risk of
diseases such as diabetes and heart attacks. In addition, there is an increasing
amount of evidence that the use of antibiotics and hormones in livestock can pose a risk
to humans; by adhering to a vegetarian diet, you avoid this risk.

Moreover, by becoming vegetarian you take a stand against the cruel treatment of
cattle during their rearing and their subsequent barbaric slaughter that no one’s
conscience could cope with. If enough people become vegetarian, the demand for meat
could decrease significantly to the point that these unacceptable practices finally come
to an end.

Some people argue that the protein we get from meat is indispensable. While it is
true that meat is a good source of protein, according to recent research, a vegetarian
diet can provide all the essential proteins and nutrients. In fact, plant-based sources
such as soybeans have almost as much protein as meat!

In brief , I firmly believe that vegetarianism is a better choice than a meat-based

diet as it offers numerous benefits for both personal health and the well-being of
animals, among others.

55
May/June 2018 variant 2
In your English class, you have had a discussion about the way that using technology can
affect your social life.
Here are two comments from students in your class:

Write an article for your school magazine, giving your views.

The comments above may give you some ideas, and you should try to use some ideas
of your own.
Technology and Socialites
Technology has started a novel epoch of communication, onethat is drastically
different from our ancestors and where connection with anyone in the world is just a
few clicks away. But how has this affected our social life? And is this change for the
better or the worse?
One of the significant benefits of technology is that it allows us to connect
instantly with our friends and loved ones who live faraway. This undoubtedly enriches
our lives and helps us to maintainexisting relationships that might have faded away
otherwise. Moreover, we can form global connections with people from entirely
different backgrounds and cultures and learn from their experiences and perspectives,
which can broaden our horizons, foster empathy, and assist us in comprehending the
world better.
On the other hand, social interactions on social media are not as fulfilling and
authentic as real-life ones, sometimes even superficial and devoid of genuine
emotions. Have you ever wondered whether your online “friends” are genuine friends
or justdigital acquaintances? Unsurprisingly, it is more often the latter than the former.
Additionally, our excessive use of technology has limited our participation in social
events and face-to-face communication with individuals in our immediate
surroundings, such as family members living in the same house.
In a nutshell, technology is a mixed blessing; therefore, I wholeheartedly believe
that we must balance our online and in- person interactions and use technology
mindfully to enhance ourrelationships and social interactions.

56
 Review vs. Report vs. Article
Period of comparison Report Review Article
Purpose Give information in a Give your opinion about Convince the reader
specific and brief way an object/ place through with my opinion using
about an experience/ a personal experience well-built arguments
event or a topic of supporting with and also by refuting the
discussion. evidence and examples opposite opinion.
Audience Teacher /school Students/ teachers/ Students/ teachers/
principal/ city council parents and admins parents and admins

Register Formal (similar to the Semi-formal Semi-formal

semi-formal except no
emotive language)
Introduction We paraphrase the What I am reviewing/ General info. About the
exam question after location/ reason for topic of discussion+
inserting the choosing it. This is highlight that the topic
introductory phrase: preceded with an is controversial + your
The purpose of this attention-grabbing opinion. All of this must
report ...../if it is an sentence. be written in an
event, so I have to attention-grabbing
include the date and style.
time

Body I must have subtitle. Two paras including Two supporting ideas
Number of paras what I like about the using the TEE structure+
depends on my reviewed place/ item + opposite opinion with
analysis of the one para about what I its relevant
question. dislike. In case of a book counterargument.
Apply the CER or documentary, two
structure paras are enough)
Apply the CER E
structure
Conclusion If I have a Recommendation to Restate my opinion:
recommendation para, whom? And why? 1. Set of three
I will not write a 2. Call for action
conclusion. 3. Rhetorical question
The conclusion is an
overall assessment of
the item or place.

57
Language section
Target to hit the 9 marks

58
 SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

A verb agrees with its subject in number.

- Linda begins her vacation today.
- New families move into our neighborhood frequently.

Hints for subject-verb agreement:

I. (A) Cross out all prepositional phrases.
Examples: Every one of the students try/tries hard.
The windows in the house stick/sticks easily.

(B) Cross out word groups within commas.

Examples: The doctor, as well as the nurses, work/works hard.
The girls, along with their dogs, walk/walks daily.

(C) Cross out word groups beginning with either...or and neither..nor.
Examples: Either the vase or the dish was/were a gift.
Neither the teacher nor his students was/were here.

Practice sentences:
1. One of the students ( is/are ) studying algebra.
2. The exhibit of the artist’s paintings ( was/were ) very interesting.
3. Mrs. Andrews, along with Mr. Stone, ( do/does ) volunteer work.
4. All of the salesmen, including Mr. Stone, ( was/were ) at the meeting.
5. Every one of the girls ( do/does ) her shorthand homework.

(D) If a relative pronoun (WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE) refers to only one,
use a singular verb.
Examples: It is the only one of the stores that has / have shoes.
This is the only one of the trees that bloom / blooms.
If a relative pronoun refers to a plural noun, use a plural verb.
Examples: She is one of the best students who attend / attends.
He is one of those people who never grow / grows up.

E. Indefinite Pronouns
The following common words are singular: each, either, neither, one, everyone,
everybody,
no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody.

Examples: Anyone (without tickets) is asked to see Mrs. Harris.

Each (of the newcomers) was welcomed (to the city.)
No one understands a person who mumbles.

59
F. The following common words are plural: both, few, many, several.
Examples: Few (of my neighbors) have parakeets.
Many (of them) keep dogs as pets.

Exercise 1: Notice that both singular and plural pronouns are tested.
1. Many of our group (has, have) had flu shots.
2. Everyone in the surrounding towns (was, were) warned about the epidemic.
3. Of the new cases, few (is, are) serious.
4. Neither of those paths (leads, lead) home.
5. Each of the stores (gives, give) gifts to our graduates.

Special Problems in Agreement

A. Collective Nouns
Some nouns that are singular in form name a group of people or things: class, family,
team, group, flock,
for example. These nouns are called collective nouns.

Examples: The jury was dismissed by the judge.

The class has decided to have a science table in the room.
The family is coming for dinner.

B. Sentences beginning with HERE, THERE, or WHERE

Introductory words, such as here, there, and where are never subjects of sentences. In
these
sentences, the subject usually follows the verb.
Examples: Here (come, comes) Stephanie and her brother.

C. Words Stating Amount

Some words that are plural in form may be singular in meaning if they mean an amount
of something.

Examples: Thirty-five cents is enough for lunch today. (Although thirty-five cents is
plural in
form, it means a single amount of money. It takes a singular verb, is.)
Two weeks never seems long enough for vacation. (Although two weeks is plural, it
is thought of here as a single unit of time. It takes a singular verb, seems.)

60
D. Nouns ending in -ing
Occasionally the -ing form of the verb can be used as a noun and, therefore, as the
subject of a sentence. This -ing subject takes a singular verb.
Examples: Learning to drive is an exciting experience.
Building wooden tables was my dad's favorite hobby.

F. Plural-looking nouns
A few nouns, though plural in form, take a singular verb.
Examples: Mathematics seems easy this year.
Mumps is certainly an uncomfortable disease.
The news was not good.

REVIEW SECTION/ EXERCISE 1:

1. Someone (has, have) to do the work.
2. Steve, along with Jim and Cindy, (was, were) there.
3. Where (is, are) you going?
4. There (go, goes) Emily and Claire.
5. Each of the members (has, have) contributed.
6. Meg and her mother (is, are) in the store.
7. The set of rules (control, controls) the game.
8. Neither the boss nor her assistant (was, were) present.
9. Here (is, are) an old and famous landmark.
10. Ralph, along with his father, (is, are) attending the game.
11. One often (ask, asks) for help from others.
12. Where (has, have) you and Rachel worked during the summer?
13. The leader of the choir (sing, sings) tenor.
14. The helpers, as well as the leader, (has, have) to work well.
15. Everyone (hope, hopes) to find a special friend.
16. A sign of the times (is, are) the fashion in clothes.
17. There (is, are) opportunities for all.
18. The travelers, with their translators, (visit, visits) the museum.
19. The better of the two seats (has, have) been sold.
20. Where (is, are) my hat and coat?

61
 Sentence Forms and Types
Simple Sentences
1. A simple sentence contains a subject and verb and expresses one complete thought.
2. A simple sentence can stand on its own (an independent clause.)
- Subject + Verb: "He runs."
- Subject + Verb + Object: "She reads books."
- Subject + Verb + Complement: "He is tall."
- Subject + Verb + Adverb: "They eat quickly."

compound
sentence
FANBOYS
semi-colon

conjunctive adverbs

Compound sentence:
Simple sentence + (,) FANBOYS + simple sentence = compound sentence

a) FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

• for: The two stopped to eat, for the work had made them hungry.
• And: The afternoon had been long, and hours had gone by since lunch.
• Nor: There was no house nearby, nor did they have any food with them.
• But: They wanted to pick blueberries as a snack, but a bear growled at them from the
berry patch.
• Or: Should they set off for home now, or should they decide to work a little longer?
• Yet: There was still work to do, yet they needed to rest and eat.
• So: They were starving and exhausted, so they went home.

 Note: nor requires unusual grammar structure

(1) I can’t whistle, nor can I sing.
(2) He didn’t study yesterday, nor did he go to school.
(3) They were not wearing heavy clothes, nor were they carrying umbrellas.

62
Complete the sentences using the coordinating conjuctions "and,but,or,for,nor,so"
1. My mother vacuumed the floor _____ I dusted the furniture last weekend.
2. Our maths teacher gave her a punishment ____ she was late for class for the third
time this week.
3. I didn't have enough money to buy the laptop I liked _____ I borrowed some
money from my friend.
4. Samuel really wanted to go to the pop concert _____ he had to study for the
French exam.
5. Abigail neither took a shower _____ she brushed her teeth this morning since she
was very tired.
6. Benjamin fell asleep in a few minutes _____ the book he started reading was quite
boring.
7. People in this small town neither have traffic problems _____ they have
environmental problems.
8. Freddie didn't have enough eggs and sugar for the cake _____ he went to the
supermarket.

Fill in with the most appropriate FANBOYS

1. The boy wanted to go to the park, _______ he had homework to do before he could
go.
2. She doesn't eat cheese, ______ does she drink milk because she is lactose intolerant.
3. He can buy a brand new charger, ______ he can borrow the charger from his sister.
4. Sally studied intensely for her calculus test, _______ she didn’t pass with a C or
higher.
5. Andrew wanted to quit his job, ______ he wanted to travel the world instead.

Notice the Comma Placement

a. Jessica left the deserted station and headed for the next stop.
b. Daniel is excited, and Jonathan is absolutely beside himself
c. Parents must plan for several years, or a child's adoption will be chaotic.
d. Leigh Ann can take the money or risk everything on the next question.

 Note well: A comma always comes before the fanboys when they introduce an independent
clause or a complete thought. However, if the fanboys in a sentence do not connect two complete
ideas, then we do not use a comma in front of them.

63
 b) Semicolon
Simple sentence + ; + simple sentence
(the clause after the semicolon does not begin with a capital letter)

• The two stopped to eat; the work had made them hungry.
• The afternoon had been long; hours had gone by since lunch.
• Jess bought a new car; she couldn’t wait to take it for a spin.

Add the missing semi-colons into the following sentences.

1. Dan was in a filthy mood it was Monday morning and the coffee machine was out
of order.
2. I made some bad decisions yesterday I shouldn’t have had that seventh cream
egg.
3. Zara came into school on crutches an owl had knocked her off her skateboard
again.
4. Katie’s dad got up on stage and sang karaoke she was absolutely mortified.
5. Dylan didn’t get past the first audition they said he had a voice like a wounded
moose
C) Conjunctive adverbs
Simple sentence + ( ; conjunctive adverb, ) + simple sentence

• The work had made them hungry; therefore, they stopped to eat.
• The job was not done; on the other hand, they needed to rest and eat.

64
Choose the correct conjunctive adverb
1. I need to make more money; ________________, (otherwise, instead, moreover) I
won't be able to buy a new car.
2. We wanted to adopt a female dog; ________________, (accordingly, instead,
otherwise) we adopted a male one.
3. Carl hates his job; ________________, (otherwise, instead, nevertheless)
he goes to work every morning.
4. She was running for the bus; ________________, (otherwise, however, namely) it
left early, so she had to get the next one.
5. The CEO was caught embezzling money; ________________, (therefore,
nevertheless, similarly) it came as no surprise that he got fired.
6. She treated him quite badly; ________________, (undoubtedly, still, otherwise) he
loved her very much.
7. My mother is quite short; ________________, (nonetheless, similarly, in contrast)
my father is almost seven feet tall.
8. I'm good at learning languages; ________________, (in contrast, similarly,
nonetheless) my brother has no problem learning a new language quickly.
9. He could have shaken his hand; ________________, (instead, finally, similarly) he
just waved.
10. They always treated her with respect; ________________, (otherwise, moreover,
instead) they used to lend her money when she was broke.

 Remember THAMO
"Therefore," "However," "Also," "Meanwhile," and "Otherwise."

65
Complex sentence:

To form a complex sentence , use “A WHITE BUS”

A – after, although, as
W– when, whenever, where, wherever, while,
H – how
I - if
T – than, though
E – even though, even if
B – because, before
U – unless, until
S – since, so that
EXAMPLES:

 Note

66
Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence is comprised of at least two independent clauses and
one or more dependent clauses.
 After the two soccer players lost their game, they joined their other teammates
for lunch, and they went to the movies
 Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller,
and he enjoyed it very much.
 Laura forgot her friend's birthday, so she sent her a card when she finally
remembered.

In the following compound-complex sentence, find the dependent (subordinate)

clause.
1. I can call my parents, or I can just walk home if you will let me.
A. I can call my parents B. or I can just walk home C. if you will let me

2. As soon as I received the invitation, I replied, and I called my friend.

A. As soon as I received the invitation B. I replied C. and I called my friend

3. I will answer your questions, and I will help you study because you are my best friend.
A. I will answer your questions B. because you are my best friend
C. and I will help you study

4. Even though my pet parakeet is quite loud and talkative, we still love him, and he
makes us laugh.
A. Even though my pet parakeet is quite loud and talkative
B. we still love him C. and he makes us laugh

5. I like listening to records, and I like playing video games whenever my parents let me.
A. I like listening to records B. and I like playing video games
C. whenever my parents let me

2) Identify whether the following sentences are simple, complex, or compound.

1. After the teacher chose groups, John and Sarah were selected as partners for a
project, yet Sarah did most of the work
2. The student wiped the white board that was filthy with last week’s notes.
3. The trendy fashion designer released her new line on Wednesday.
4. Tiana and Montana went to a bar in Hollywood to celebrate their anniversary.
5. Wicked Regina cast a spell on the entire city, so the citizens decided to rebel.

67
 Parallel Structure

Not Parallel Parallel

Mary likes hiking, swimming, Mary likes hiking, swimming,
and to ride a bicycle. and riding a bicycle.

Word level The production manager was The production manager was
asked to write his report asked to write his report
quickly, accurately, and in a quickly, accurately, and
detailed manner. thoroughly.
The teacher said that he was a The teacher said that he was a
Phrase Level poor student because he poor student because he
waited until the last minute to waited until the last minute to
study for the exam, completed study for the exam, completed
his lab problems in a careless his lab problems in a careless
manner, and his motivation manner, and lacked
was low. motivation.

The coach told the players The coach told the players that
Clause Level that they should get a lot of they should get a lot of sleep,
sleep, that they should not that they should not eat too
eat too much, and to do some much, and that they should do
warm-up exercises before the some warm-up exercises
game before the game.

68
PRACTICE 1: Edit these sentences to create parallel structure
1. Mike likes to listen to rock music and reading mystery novels.
2. Julia is in charge of stocking the shelves, writing orders, and to sell computers.
3. My grandfather’s favorite pastime is to eat in trendy restaurants and visiting art
galleries.
4. While in France, my nephew spent his time studying French, working in a
restaurant, and he jogged along the Seine River every morning.
5. Joan decided to paint her office, to add some new curtains, and that the rug needs
dry cleaning.

Practice 2: Complete the sentences with parallel structure.

1. With no job, money or , the student had to drop out of school.
2. Because I used a computer to write my research paper, I could easily correct
spelling errors, move paragraphs and .
3. While I was in college, I worked as a waitress, as a typist, and .
4. The professor walked through the door, looked at the students, and .
5. I was surprised to learn that, in person, the lead singer of 2PM was warm, friendly
and .

Practice 3: Rewrite the sentences and fix non-parallel elements. Combine sentences, if
necessary.
1. He was handsome, brave, and the sort of person who would do anything for you.
2. I was afraid of the river. It had a fast current, big waves and it was cold.
3. That high school has many rules. Students need to wear uniforms, arrive before
8am and they cannot bring their Smartphone to school.
4. The room was beautiful, the service was impeccable, and I've never tasted better
food in my entire life.
5. Being a nurse is a good career because of the high salary, vacations and schedules.
6. It is dangerous to be living in this world today because of war, unemployment and
not enough money.
7. Cooking and eating at home is a good idea for students because it is saves time,
money and it is easy to do.

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 Cohesive Devices
Cohesion means linking your ideas together in your writing.
There are 3 ways to do this:
(a) Pronouns
(b) this/these+ noun
(c) Linking words and phrases

(a) Cohesion with Pronouns

Cohesion is created when a noun in the first sentence is replaced by a pronoun in the
second sentence.
Subject pronouns Object pronouns
I/ you/ he / she / it/ we/ they me/ you/ him /her /it /us/ them

Replace the underlined words with the appropriate pronouns in the box.

she her he him it we us they them

1. I saw Mr. Brown this morning and gave Mr. Brown my homework.
2. John likes computer games but he doesn’t play computer games very often.
3. Penguins don’t live near the North Pole. Penguins live near the South Pole.
4. My aunt lives in Toronto but my aunt often comes to visit my family and me.
5. First, my friend and I went shopping. Later, my friend and I went home.
6. The planet Mars has two moons. The two moons are both very small.
7. I really liked the cake. Unfortunately, I didn’t have time to finish the cake.
8. If you have your ticket, you can give your ticket to that man over there

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Fill in the blanks with the correct pronoun (personal, possessive, reflexive, relative)

Amyr Klink’s incredible journey.

Amyr Klink.................... is a well known adventurer said that ........................ was going
to cross the Atlantic Ocean by....................... in a rowboat. Nobody believed
...................... and some people thought ................... was crazy. Klink said that ................
didn’t plan this by ....................., ..................... had help from scientists and engineers.
On June 10, 1984, Klink left Namibia in .................... rowboat, The Paraty, and headed
for Brazil. ...............was not an easy experience for Klink. .................... rowed his small
boat across the Atlantic for 92 days. ...................... only companions were dolphins,
whales, and a few sharks ..................... amused ...................... by chasing after the boat.
One day ..................... almost hurt ..................... while ..................... was cleaning the
boat. .................... slipped and fell into the water. Fortunately, there were no sharks
around that day. .................... daily routine was very hard. .................... woke up around
5:30, had breakfast, and then rowed for about five hours. ...................... only slept for a
few hours a night. Finally, on September 9, 1984, The Paraty arrived in Salvador, Brazil.
.................... was the end of the journey.

(b) Cohesion with: this/these +noun

Choose this or these + one of the 7 words below:
Financial awards – cities – technology – natural resources – facilities - method
1. Cairo and Damascus are famous for their antiquities. These cities are among the
oldest among the world.
2. We depend on oil, coal and gas for the majority of our energy needs.
However,_____________ will one day run out.
3. Remote and rural areas may initially seem like nice places to live but they often lack
hospitals, shops and schools. Living without easy access to __________________can
make life very difficult indeed.

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4. Governments sometimes try to encourage innovation by offering grants. This isn‘t
always effective because __________________ are very hard to obtain.
5. Some countries like Japan and Germany have a decreasing population which means
there are not enough people to do all the jobs. This has led to an increase in the use of
robots. __________________ has allowed both countries to continue to be very
productive despite the lack of manpower.

Put in the following 13 reference words in the appropriate place in the gaps in the
next paragraph.
The this the those the this other it they this The their the.

In addition to allocation, ownership of economic resources normally involves a

problem of safeguarding and protecting _________ resources from misuse or
misappropriation. _______ becomes particularly important when ________ resources
are entrusted to someone _______ than _______ owner. _________ may occur by way
of loan, or where someone is employed to manage _________ owner's affairs.
_________ also arises when people invest some of _________ funds in a business
venture which ________ are not personally conducting. Sound decisions regarding
resource allocation and protection often depend upon _______ availability of financial
information. It has been to meet _________ need that accounting and some associated
methods of producing financial information have evolved and _______ practice of
financial management has developed.

72
 (c) Cohesion with: linking words and phrases
Linking words and phrases help you to connect your ideas
together in such a way that the reader or listener can better
understand you.
Try to add words or expressions under each of the following headings.
Adding Sequencing contrasting Summing up Giving
information Examples
Firstly,
In addition(to) Secondly however To conclude For example

(A) Complete using the linking words below. There is one word you don’t need.
Also – in addition – sometimes – consequently – during – furthermore –
besides – while

a. A teacher is a career which many students choose------------------- at school.

b. The job of a teacher can very satisfying, but ------------------ it can be very challenging.
c. In your career, you need to continue learning --------------- to teaching, if you want to
develop as a
professional.
d. You are expected to fulfill requirements from your bosses----------------------those of
your class.
e. -------------------------the workload can be stressful and performance can be affected.
f. A good teacher is a dedicated one and ---------one who loves their job.
g. ------------------------------, a teacher is a person who, when asked, will give.

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(b) Read the paragraph below and underline the correct linking word/phrase.

There are many advantages to having children at an early age. 1) To begin

with/In addition to this, when you are young, to have a lot of energy. This means you
can cope easily with the children’s demand for constant care and attention. 2) To
conclude/ Secondly, young parents can relate to their children and 3)
therefore/nevertheless understand them better. 4) Yet/Finally, when you become a
parent at an early age, you are still young enough to enjoy life when your child
becomes independent.

(C) Fill in the gap with these words/phrases:

also – as well – what’s more – besides – too - not only

1. She has been running the company since November. She’s got three children to look
after, ----------.
2. Chinese food is very tasty. It’s quite cheap, --------------------.
3. The problem we were set was extremely difficult to solve. ---------------------, we did not
have much time to do it.
4. The traffic is really heavy at this time of day. The roads are ------------extremely icy, so
be careful.
5. The village is ------------- remote, but totally inaccessible by road.
6. I haven’t got any change on me. --------------. You already owe me money from last
time

(D) Choose the correct connecting word. Sometimes both answers are possible:
1. This coat is so old, despite/but it’s still my favorite.
2. In spite of/Although it was freezing, they went for a bike ride.
3. Nonetheless/ In spite of the fact that he was ill, he went into work.
4. I‘m not hungry. But/However, I will have one of those cakes.
5. He only got 70% in his exam, but/while that’s better than last year.
6. Despite/Although being late, they allowed us into the theatre.

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7. In spite of/Although the weather, we had a great time.
(E) Fill in the gaps using the correct linking word:

For example –furthermore- consequently - even though- finally

1. ___________________ Chloe is afraid of heights; she went bungee jumping
to celebrate her birthday.

2. Distance education is learning that takes place when the student is in a location
apart from the classroom, building, or site; ________________, online courses
and tele courses are distance learning courses.

3. Isabella wanted to become a professional actress, ________________she

moved to New York City

4. She had looked everywhere for a job; _______________, she was called for an
interview.

5. Research has shown that cancers of the lip, tongue and mouth are connected to
cigar smoking. ____________, facts strongly suggest a link between cigar smoking
and cancer of the pancreas.

(F) Choose the best linking word to use in the following sentences:
1. (while/but/whereas) individuals can make a considerable difference to
environmental problems, these issues should be dealt with on a global scale to be
solved effectively.
2. Global worming a prominent issue these days (due to / owing to/because) it has a
direct impact on the climate of countries all over the world.
3. (As a result/ Consequently/ Thus) of global warming, sea levels are rising which
threatens many low lying lands.
4. One of the best ways to reduce global warming is to reduce the emissions of
fossil fuels, (specific/particularly/certainly) from industry.
5. Global warming affects weather patterns and can cause extreme weather , (
for instance/ actually/besides) heat waves ,droughts and floods)

75
 Connectives Quiz
A. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate linking word 6 points

1. [Although/As/As a result] ________ he was in a hurry, he forgot to lock the door.

2. She phoned me [when/as soon as/because] _____________ she had arrived to the
town.
3. I set the alarm for 6.30 in the morning [so as/as/still] _______ not to miss the train.
4. I arrived to school very late, [because/for example/so] __________________I missed
the first class.
5. He insisted on helping me [consequently/besides /although] _________ he was very
tired.
6. He decided to buy a new car [also/despite/due to] ____________ being in debt.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the words given: 10 points

i. Concession & Contrast (3 pts)

1. The little girl is intelligent. She couldn’t answer the question. (however)
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The little girl is intelligent. She couldn’t answer the question. (although)
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The little girl is intelligent. She couldn’t answer the question. (yet)
_____________________________________________________________________

ii. Cause & Effect (4 pts)

1. I lost my mobile phone. I was careless. (because of)
____________________________________________________________________
2. It was cold. The car didn’t start (due to)
____________________________________________________________________
3. He is very old. He won’t get well quickly (owing to)
____________________________________________________________________
4. He paid all his debts. The neighbors helped him. (thanks to)
___________________________________________________________________

iii. Purpose Clauses (3 pts)

1. The baby starts screaming. He wants someone to carry him. (so that)
____________________________________________________________________
2. The baby starts screaming. He wants to draw his mother’s attention. (so as to)
____________________________________________________________________
3. The baby starts screaming. He doesn’t want to be ignored (in order to)

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________________________________________________________________________

Different Ways to Start Your Sentences

1. Infinitive:
a. To improve the quality of your life, you should adopt a positive outlook for life, avoid
toxic people, and eat healthy food.
b. To connect with someone in society today, you have many efficient options at your
fingertips.

2. Adverbs, adverbial phrases

a. Interestingly, a nation’s wealth does not seem to relate to its level of happiness.
b. Almost unbelievably, the team scored a goal in the last minute.
c. Loudly and convincingly, the lady spoke about the advantages of leasing rather than
buying cars.

3. Adjectives, adjectival phrases (write the noun that you are describing right after the
adjective/ adjectives/ adjectival phrase
a. Furious, Bryan stared at his broken laptop.
b. Speechless and furious, Bryan stared at his broken laptop.
c. Full of excitement, Jane celebrated her 15th birthday.

4. Prepositional phrase
a. With his bag flopping on his back, David ran to catch the bus.
b. Before mobile technology, you had to search through a dictionary to understand the
meaning of a word.
c. In the deep seas and oceans, a variety of previously unseen creatures are being
discovered.
d. Every day, two million smart phones are sold around the world.

5. Gerunds
a. Learning how to shop safely online is something that should not be overlooked.
b. Getting in touch with nature has a positive effect on the children’s behaviour.

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6. Subordinate clauses
a. Since there are many new technologies to keep track of, it can be a bit
overwhelming for some people, especially seniors.
b. When teenagers gain useful professional skills and work experience, they become
mature and ready for future work challenges.
c. Despite the multiple benefits of social media platforms, there are many detriments,
which cannot be overlooked.

7. –ing modifier
Original sentences: Steve checked the computer system. He discovered a virus.
Revised sentence: Checking the computer system, Steve discovered a virus.

To connect two sentences using an -ing modifier:

1) add -ing to one of the verbs in the sentences (checking)
2) delete the subject (Steve). Use a comma to separate the modifier from the subject of
the sentence.

Original sentence: Technology has revolutionized our life, and it has created many tools
and resources.
Revised sentence: Creating many tools and resources, technology has revolutionized
our life.

More Examples:
1. Noticing the police car, she shifted gears and slowed down.
2. Barking loudly, the dog ran across the driveway.
3. Calling out loudly, Andy tried to find his lost puppy.

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Dangling Modifiers

A common mistake when combining sentences using the -ing verb form is to misplace
the modifier so that it is not logically connected to the rest of the sentence. This creates
a dangling modifier. What is the difference between A and B?

A. Jogging across the parking lot, my breath grew ragged and shallow.
B. Jogging across the parking lot, I felt my breath grow ragged and shallow.

8. –ed modifier
Some sentences can be combined using an -ed verb form—stopped, finished, played. To
use this method, one of the sentences must contain a form of be as a helping verb in
addition to the -ed verb form. Take a look at the following example:

Original sentences: The Jones family was delayed by a traffic jam. They arrived several
hours after the party started.
Revised sentence: Delayed by a traffic jam, the Jones family arrived several hours after
the party started.
.
To connect two sentences using an -ed modifier:
Drop the helping verb (was) and the subject (the Jones family) from the sentence with
an
-ed verb form. This forms a modifying phrase (delayed by a traffic jam) that can be
added to the beginning of the sentence.

Note:
As with the -ing modifier, be careful to place the word that the phrase modifies
immediately after the phrase in order to avoid a dangling modifier.
Examples:
1. I was angered by the long wait, so I slammed the phone down.
Angered by the long wait, I slammed the phone down.

2. Ali was blinded by the light, so he shielded his eyes with his hands.
Blinded by the light, Ali shielded his eyed with his hands.

3. Many young people are discouraged by the high rate of unemployment in the Egypt,
so they seek a better future in more prosperous countries.
Discouraged by the high rate of unemployment in Egypt, many young people seek a
better future in more prosperous countries.

79
Exercises
a. Link the sentences below starting each sentence with the correct form of the
word(s) in bold.
1. The castle dominates the skyline. It is built of local stone.
2. The museum was opened in 1939. It is visited by thousands of people every day.
3. The temple is surrounded by trees. It is difficult to see from a distance.
4. Greater London covers 610 square miles. It is the largest city in Britain.
5. The monument was erected in 1919. Itis a memorial to those who died in World War
I.
6. Nirvana is haunted by images of starving children, so she gives money to the poor.

b. Correct the following sentences as in the example.

x Sinking behind the mountain, I watched the sun fill the sky with red
 Sinking behind the mountain, the sun filled the sky with red.
 As I watched the sun sinking behind the mountain, it filled the sky with red.

1. Stretching into the distance, we were amazed by the length of the queue.

2. Squeezing your way onto the packed bus, the other passengers press even closer
together to make room for you.

3. Shuffling towards the supermarket's busy tills, heavy baskets hang from the shoppers'
tired arms.

4. Standing squashed among the screaming fans, the roar of the enormous crowd was
deafening.
C Rewrite the following sentences by moving the adverbs to the beginning.
1. The red truck sped furiously past the camper van, blaring its horn.

2. Jeff snatched at the bread hungrily, polishing off three slices in under a minute.

3. Underage drinking typically results from peer pressure and lack of parental
attention.

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 Useful Grammatical Structures

1-Double Comparative Structure

The + comparative 1 + subject + verb + the + comparative 2 + subject + verb

 Comparison and contrast are expressed by the use of the…the… with comparative
adjectives in parallel clauses
Example:
 The older we grow, the wiser we become.
 The higher you climb, the colder it gets.
 The richer one grows, the greater one’s worries.
 The less you spend, the more you save.
 The sooner they go, the better it is.

2) Not only …. but also

 This structure is used to present two related pieces of information.

 He has visited not only all 50 states but also 13 countries.
 The high winds not only downed power lines but also overturned mobile homes..

Inversion is possible

"Not only do you need to study hard, but also apply what you've learned.

 You have to make sure that your sentence is parallel.

X She is not only friendly but also likes to play sports. [connecting an adjective and
a verb phrase]
 She is not only friendly but also athletic. [connecting two adjectives]
 Not only is she friendly, but she also likes to play sports. [connecting two
independent clauses]

Commas with not only … but also

X Waylon not only runs marathons, but also climbs mountains.
 Waylon not only runs marathons but also climbs mountains.
X Not only did Goldman win the race but also he set a world record.
 Not only did Goldman win the race, but also he set a world record.

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3 No sooner …than
The structure is used to talk about something that happens immediately after
something else.
 We had no sooner gone to bed than the phone rang.
Inversion is possible with this structure:
 No sooner has we gone to bed, than the phone rang.
 No sooner had I stepped out, than it started to rain.

4- Inversions are also used after “only + time expressions” Only after/ Only when
The inversion comes in the second part of the sentence

 Only after I'd seen her flat did I understand why she wanted to live there.
 Only when we'd all arrived home did I feel calm.
 Only when there is adequate water can this plant grow well.

5-Sentence + , + participle clause ( ing)

“She slipped, falling to the ground.” (The result of slipping is falling to the ground)

 Diana got selected for the course, having passed the entrance exam.
 Many people do not learn how to cook, resulting them to eat fast food.
 People who travel a lot have got wide range of experiences, leading to positive
changes in their personality.

6-Conditional if + because not only …..but also

 If you depend on fast food, you will put your health at risk because not only is it
full of preservatives, but also it is high in saturated fats and sugar

 If we do not cut down plastic waste, we will end the life of many species on the
planet because not only are we adding trash to landfills, but also we are sending
more toxic gases into the air.

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 Punctuation
commas
1. Use a comma before these joining words when you are constructing a compound
sentence.
(Hint: Remember the word formed downward by the first letters of each joining word.)
For And Nor But Or Yet So
In the examples following, underlined spaces indicate that a comma is needed.
e.g. I want to go _,_ but you want to stay.
He died before she was born _,_ so she never knew him.

2. Put a comma between items in a series.

a The sting of a bee , wasp , or hornet can cause a severe reaction.
b Soon the students will return , the halls will be buzzing , and the studying
will begin.

3. A comma goes after an introductory expression or before an expression that follows the
sentence but is somewhat separated from the rest of the sentence (doesn’t flow easily into the
sentence).
a Well , I haven’t seen anyone yet.
b When the time comes , we will be ready.
c It’s tiring to go to school all day , isn’t it?

5. Put commas around non-essential material.

a The students , who passed with flying colours , headed to La Cantina.
b Cannery Row , a novel by John Steinbeck , is a favourite among English instructors.

Practice/ Insert commas where they belong:

1. Although I liked what you wrote about caring for your pet rat I have a suggestion you might
want to consider.
2. Ever since you asked my opinion about the soccer field battle I’ve been mulling the situation
over trying to determine a logical consequence.
3. I don’t usually give unsolicited advice but this seems to me to be a special case.
4. I wouldn’t ordinarily presume to tell you how to behave but I’m concerned.
5. Check for accuracy spelling and punctuation before sending your e-mail.
6. It was Coach Tom who came up with the idea of recruiting players from other schools.
7. When returning items that don’t fit please remember to return them within 20 days of your
purchase.
8. Melissa bought a new graduation dress and she wore it to the graduation ceremony.

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Semicolons:
There are three situations where a semicolon is the best punctuation choice:

1. Use a semicolon to join two independent (stand-alone) statements which are closely
related.
The statements should be closely related enough that you could use a FANBOYS word (for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, so) instead of a semicolon.
 My daughter was quite sick; I called the doctor right away.

2. Use between independent statements linked with a transitional phrase or word. Put a
comma after the transition word or phrase.
 I am nervous about the test; however, I know I have prepared as well as possible.
 Gary did not want to leave the party; nevertheless, it was getting very late.

Note: If a FANBOYs word (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) connects the two statements, use a
comma instead of a semicolon.
 Gary did not want to leave the party, but it was getting very late.

3. Use between items in a series that contains internal punctuation:

Strategies for staying healthy include eating well, to ensure proper nutrition; exercising
regularly, to maintain heart health; and living a balanced lifestyle, to reduce stress.

In the above, the three different examples contain commas as internal punctuation. Without
the semicolons, the reader could have difficulty sorting out the idea groups.

Practice:
Put in the appropriate semicolons:
1. Eating healthy helps you lose weight staying fit keeps you healthy.
2. I’ll need to do the following today: take out the trash pay my hydro bill water my plants and
shop for groceries.
3. My dog hates dog food he loves eating my dinner.
4. I hate doing math homework I love doing art homework.
5. This summer I’m: going hiking taking a cruise and relaxing!
6. I don’t like orange soda I much prefer a cola.
7. I got an A on my English assignment I really studied hard.
8. I don’t like going to the gym in fact, I cancelled my membership.
9. I had to use my brother’s golf clubs I forgot my clubs at home.
10. Neither of us can speak French we had to get a translator .

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Colons:
1. Use a colon after an independent statement to signal a list:
 He had several chores to do on Saturday: washing the car, picking up groceries, and
paying the bills.

Note: If you introduce the list with “including”, “such as”, or “for example”, do not use a colon.
 He had several jobs to do on Saturday, including washing the car, picking up groceries,
and paying the bills.

Apostrophes:

These punctuation marks are used in two situations:

a) in contractions b) to show ownership

a) in contractions:
A contraction results when two words are combined together to make one word.
have + not = haven’t I + will = I’ll who + is = who’s

Here is a list of commonly used contractions (include the examples above):

I I + am = I’m it + has = it’s I + have = I’ve
I + had = I’d Do + not = don’t Did + not = didn’t
It + is = it’s is + not = isn’t could + not = couldn’t
I + would = I’d they + are = they’rewe + will = we’ll

b) to show ownership:
 the jacket that belongs to Ruth = Ruth’s jacket
 the paws of the dog = the dog’s paws

 When a singular word or name ends in “s”, just add an apostrophe after the “s” to
show possession.
 James’ book Iris’ desk Ferris’ day off

 When a plural word ends in “s”, show possession by adding an apostrophe after the “s”.
 College instructors’ cars are often old.
 Many students’ lockers were raided.
 All of the soldiers’ rations were spoiled.

 Note: Some words are already plural in an unusual form. Add an apostrophe plus “s”.
children’s toys men’s clothes women’s work

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Practice: Add an apostrophe where needed. Write the meaning of the sentence.
1. Weve been working on Davids car for days.
2. Todays leftovers will go to Iris dogs.
3. Most dogs breath is smelly.
4. Theyre ready to clean Phyllis moms bedrooms.
5. Heres a long list of students complaints about Mondays meeting

Correcting Comma Splices

Run-on sentences are sentences that have a punctuation error. A comma splice is a
type of run-on sentence. A comma splice happens when two independent clauses
have been joined together with only a comma. A comma is not “strong” enough to
connect two independent clauses. They need something more powerful.

Example: My mother is a police officer, she loves her job.

The two independent clauses are “My mother is a police officer” and “She loves her
job.”

There are several ways to correct a comma splice.

Rewrite the sentences below. Correct each of the comma splices by using one of the
ways mentioned above.

1. It was a warm day, the children were ready to play outside.

2. She can come with us, she can stay here.
3. If you are ready to go, let’s leave right away, we won’t be late.
4. Rupert ran to the cabin, no one was there.
5. As they walked through the woods, they saw a large deer, it ran away quickly.
6. The dog was keeping guard, it never heard the burglar.

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 Vocabulary
Adjectives
Adjectives are the spice of the language and
without them your writing would be lifeless.

Rewrite these sentences by using powerful adjectives to describe each noun.

1. The lady was sitting in a chair.

The elegant young lady was sitting in a comfortable, velvet chair.
2. My mum had a haircut.
My embarrassed mum had a terrible new haircut.
3. The weather on the beach was blustery.
The awful weather on the local beach was blustery.
4. Lorna got a new puppy.
______________________________________________________
5.The story written by Fred was good.
_______________________________________________________
6. We got on the coach to go on our school trip.
_______________________________________________________
7. Miss Riley always tells jokes.
_______________________________________________________

8. The birds played with their toys inside the cage.

_______________________________________________________

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 Replace the underlined adjectives with others from the list:
1. Exhilarating – picturesque – gleaming - fierce
The San Fermin is a nice July festival held in Pamplona. On the first day young men
dressed in bright white are chased through the nice medieval streets by wild bulls.

2. Spellbound – magical – blinding

Bright lights lit up the stage as the band walked on. The lead singer sang a nice
love song and the audience sat happy until the end, then burst into applause.

3. Dazzling – enthusiastic – traditional

The Festival of Lights was officially opened as the band played old songs. The excited
crowd cheered with exuberance and the sky was illuminated with bright fireworks.

Add a powerful adjective into each gap to describe the noun.

Use the word bank below to help you.
1. The _______________earthquake shook the ground.
2. The people were _____________when the buildings shook.
3. The_______________ island lay in the middle of the ocean.
4. The crowd were_______________ after watching the film.
5. “I’m _____________by what I’ve done,” admitted Cathy.
6. The ____________________winner jumped for joy at the news.
7. The monster’s attempts at hiding were_________________ .
8. Our new neighbours are ______________________.

Word Bank
Terrified menacing shaken astonished
Flabbergasted exquisite marvelous magnificent
Appalled distraught pathetic absurd
Abysmal eccentric delightful

88
 Replacing Words with Synonyms

Synonyms for pretty: beautiful, gorgeous, attractive

below glad ill hilarious present price bright

error thief plump blend clean aqua

Replace each underlined word with a synonym from the word box.

1. His uncle brought a birthday gift wrapped in red paper. ______________

2. The fat cat could barely climb up the tree. ______________
3. My teacher was happy to see me. ______________
4. The painting had brilliant shades of blue. ______________
5. The dog curled up under the table. ______________
6. My dad knows a lot of funny jokes. ______________
7. The burglar stole the diamonds and gold. ______________
8. I went home early because I felt sick. ______________
9. You will need to mix the eggs and flour. ______________
10. The cost of the toy was too high. ______________
11. The fisherman stared out at the blue waters. ______________
12. Max made a mistake on his math test. ______________

Complete the sentences with a suitable adjective from the box.

starving boiling hot enormous fascinating tiny

brilliant exhausted furious essential terrible
gorgeous astonished packed filthy freezing

1.- When will lunch be ready? We ‘re ______________.

2.- Can you close the window? I’m ____________.
3.- My cousins live in an ____________ house. It has got eight bedrooms, three
bathrooms, two living rooms …
4.- Susan looks _____________ in her new dress
5.- We went to the cinema yesterday evening and we watched _____ film.
6.- My parents will be ___________ if we are late again.
7.- The floor was covered in _________ bits of paper.
8.- Wash your hands before dinner. They are _________.
9.- Paul’s been working all day. He looks __________.

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10.- The food in the hotel was ___________. We didn’t have any meal while we stayed
there.
11.- Einstein was a ____________ scientist.
12.- Open the windows, please. I’m ____________.
13.- Computer are nowadays an ___________ part of our lives.
14.- We were _____________ at the extraordinary beauty of the pictures.

EXTREME ADJECTIVES I.- Match each adjective (1- 20) with its extreme (a – t).

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  Sometimes we use more than one adjective in front of a noun:

 He was a nice intelligent young man.

 She had a round black wooden box.

It is very unusual to have more than three adjectives before a noun.

Order of Adjectives

Examples
 a huge old black dog
 an expensive new black cellphone
 a vintage red British car
 a thick new fur coat
 a dozen round pink plastic plates

Put the words in brackets in the correct order.

1. We wanted___________________ (grey / a / metal) table.
2. They bought___________________ (red / a / new) car.
3. She went home and sat on_________________ (comfortable / her /
wooden / old) bed.
4. He bought ____________________(woollen / a / British / fabulous) suit.
5. They have ______________________(Dutch / black) bicycles.
6. He want _________________(some / French / delicious / really) cheese.
7. __________________(young / a / pretty) girl walked into the room.
8. He has _________________(a lot of / old / interesting) books.
9. She bought _______________________(plastic / red / a / new) lunchbox.
10. He is looking for__________________ (leather / stylish / a /black) bag.

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 Adverbs

Complete each sentence with a suitable phrase from the box. There is one more than
you need.

hardly frantically busy dazzlingly exceptionally

recognizable bright interesting
heavily in debt intricately acutely historically
embroidered painful accurate
mentally tiring bitterly cold completely
exhausted

1. Before I went to the dentist my bad tooth was _____________________.

2. I have always liked Anita Desai‘s novels but her latest is _____________________.
3. I was _____________________ last weekend trying to finish all my coursework
in geography and biology.
4. The midday sun shining on the sea was _____________________.
5. Meg lost so much weight during her illness that she was
_____________________.
6. The children put on warm coats, hats and scarves before going out, as the
weather had turned
_____________________.
7. After a long day spent hiking and climbing, they were all
_____________________.
8. I enjoy watching films about the kings and queens who lived long ago, but I
am not sure that they are always _____________________.
9. After losing his money in an unsuccessful business venture, Bernard was
_____________________.
10. Jordi‘s work as a computer programmer is not physically demanding but it is
_____________________.

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Exercise 2

Form adverbs from the adjectives in the box to complete these sentences. Be
careful with the spelling. The first one has been done for you.

Suitable Joyful romantic steady

Extreme Pathetic simple immediate
Responsible Dramatic extraordinary

1. When the ship hit an iceberg, the helmsman was extraordinarily brave.
2. We made sure our first aid box was _______________ equipped with
bandages, antiseptic and plasters.
3. The famous actress‘s name has been _______________ linked with the captain
of a large cruise liner.
4. The winds that blow _______________ towards the Equator are called trade
winds because cargo-carrying sailing ships used to rely on them.
5. After months adrift at sea, the couple were _______________ thin and weak.
6. The Dead Sea is so full of salt that it is said to be _______________ difficult to sink
in it.
7. Natalie reacted so _______________ during the crisis that she was
_______________ promoted to officer rank.
8. The blueness of the Aegean Sea can be _______________ explained by the
amount of sunlight reaching the water‘s surface.
9. The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current which _______________ affects
the climate of Northern Europe.
10. ‗I‘ve just won a place on the training course for navigating officers!‘ exclaimed
Ralph_______________.

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 ADJECTIVES VS ADVERBS
Decide if the words in brackets should be adjectives or adverbs.

Who's there?
It was almost 12 o'clock at night. Everything in the house was______________________
(quiet). Mrs Miller was in her bed upstairs. Suddenly, she heard a ________________
(scary) sound. She listened _______________ (careful), but she only heard the cars
outside in the street. “This doesn't sound __________________________ (right) “, the
woman said to herself. Mrs Miller got __________________________ (nervous).
However, she tried___________________ (hard) to sleep again. Then there was another
sound, and something fell____________________ (loud) onto the floor downstairs.
“There must be somebody in the house“, she cried ______________________ (excited).
Mrs Miller opened her eyes _______________________ (hectic) and got out of bed. She
opened the door ______________________ (slow) and walked _________________
(quiet) downstairs. There she saw a _______________ (bright) light under the kitchen
door. Who's there!

The woman opened the wooden door with energy and saw sausages, tomatoes, bread
and butter on her kitchen table. “This looks _________________________ (familiar) “,
she thought. Then she heard a soft voice: “We couldn't sleep and we were
so________________________ (hungry)! “ This voice sounded very _______________
(familiar), too. She was looking around and noticed that the two children who were
sitting around her table were her daughter Helen and her son John.

“Take one last bite, clean the table and then go back to bed __________________ (fast)!
How could you scare your mother so ________________ (terrible)!

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