- TABLE OF CONTENTS -

Executive Summary 6

I Introduction 9

1.1 Summary 9

1.2 Content 9

1.3 Approach to the study 10

1.4 Abbreviations 10

II Aluminium Dross: Process and Processing Technologies 11

2.1 Aluminium dross: An Overview 11

2.2 Types of aluminium dross 12

2.2.1 White dross 12

2.2.2 Black dross 14

2.3 Aluminium dross processing 15

2.3.1 Importance of aluminium dross and dross recycling 15

2.3.2 Aluminium dross processing technologies 16

2.3.3 Technological evolution of aluminium dross processing 17

2.4 Types of aluminium dross processing 19

2.4.1 On-site processing 19

2.4.2 Off-site processing 22

2.5 Select suppliers of aluminium dross processing technologies 25

2.6 Salt cake (Salt slag) 26

2.6.1 Salt slag treatment 27

III Aluminium Dross Recycling: A Global Perspective 29

3.1 Overview 29

3.1.1 World aluminium industry 29

3.1.2 Dross generation, recovery and recycling 31

3.2 North America 32

3.2.1 Aluminium industry 32

3.2.2 Dross: Generation, recovery and processing 33

3.3 Latin America 34

3.3.1 Aluminium industry 34

3.3.2 Dross: Generation, recovery and processing 35

3.4 Europe 36

3.4.1 Aluminium industry 36

 3.4.2 Dross: Generation, recovery and processing 36

3.5 Asia Pacific 39

3.5.1 Aluminium industry 39

3.5.2 Dross: Generation, recovery and processing 39

3.6 Middle East & Africa 40

3.6.1 Aluminium industry 40

3.6.2 Dross: Generation, recovery and processing 42

3.7 Aluminium dross trade 44

3.7.1 Import of aluminium dross 44

3.7.2 Export of aluminium dross 46

Appendix I List of select suppliers of dross processing technology and related equipment 47

Appendix II Brief profiles of select suppliers of aluminium dross processing technology and related equipment 48

1 ALTEK Europe Ltd., UK 48

2 BEFESA Aluminium, Spain 49

3 DIDION International Inc., USA 50

4 Foshan Brightstar Aluminium Machinery Co., Ltd., China 51

5 Foshan Metech Aluminium Technology Co. Ltd., China 52

6 Foshan Nanhai Nenghong Machinery Factory, China 52

7 GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH, Germany 53

8 Mechatherm International Ltd., UK 54

9 Melting Solutions Ltd., USA 54

10 Mecfor Inc, Canada 55

11 MFS Systems Inc., Canada 56

12 PyroGenesis Inc., Canada 56

13 Pyrotek, USA 57

14 Runsun Metallurgical Equipment Co., China 58

15 Sanwa Corp. (Sanshin Sanwa Group), Japan 58

16 STAS Inc., Canada 59

17 T.T. Tomorrow Technologies spa, Italy 60

18 TAHA International Corporation, Bahrain 60

LIST OF TABLES

E.1 World: Dross generation and recovery, 2016 & 2017 (000 tonnes) 8

2.1 White dross: Aluminium metal content (illustrative) 13

2.2 White dross: Physical and chemical properties (illustrative) 13

 2.3 Black dross: Aluminium metal content (illustrative) 14

2.4 Black dross: Physical and chemical properties (illustrative) 14

2.5 Select suppliers of dross processing technology and related equipment 25

2.6 Composition of salt cake 26

2.7 Salt cake (salt slag) processors: Select companies 28

3.1 World: Dross generation & recovery across region, 2017 (000 tonnes) 32

3.2 North America: Dross generation and recovery, 2016 & 2017 (000 tonnes) 33

3.3 Latin America: Dross generation and recovery, 2016 & 2017 (000 tonnes) 35

3.4 Europe: Dross generation and recovery, 2016 & 2017 (000 tonnes) 37

3.5 Iceland: Dross generation (values in tonnes unless otherwise specified) 38

3.6 Asia Pacific: Dross generation and recovery, 2016 & 2017 (000 tonnes) 40

3.7 Middle East & Africa: Dross generation and recovery, 2016 & 2017 (000 tonnes) 42

3.8 Import of aluminium dross, 2014-2016 (tonnes) 44

3.9 Export of aluminium dross, 2014-2016 (tonnes) 46

LIST OF CASE STUDIES

2.1 On-site aluminium dross processing plant – Bell Bay Aluminium Smelter 21

2.2 Befesa, Bernburg (Germany) offsite dross processing plant 24

3.1 Iceland - Primary aluminium industry, dross generation and processing 38

LIST OF FIGURES

E.1 World: Dross generation, 2017 7

E.2 Summary of world dross recovery in numbers, 2017 (000 tonnes) 8

2.1 Components of dross 11

2.2 Types of aluminium dross 12

2.3 Aluminium dross recycling process 17

2.4 Evolution of dross processing 18

2.5 Steps in on-site aluminium dross processing 20

2.6 Dross collection and storage 22

2.7 Steps in offsite aluminium dross processing 23

3.1 World primary aluminium production trend, 2013 to 2017 (million tonnes) 29

3.2 World primary and recycled aluminium production, 2017 (million tonnes) 30

3.3 Aluminium production across regions, 2017 (%) 30

3.4 Dross generation & recovery across region, 2017 (000 tonnes) 31

3.5 World: Dross generation, dross recovery and aluminium recovery - Sector wise contribution, 2017 (000 tonnes) 31

3.6 North America: Primary aluminium production, 2013 to 2017 (million tonnes) 32

3.7 North America: primary and recycled aluminium production, 2017 (million tonnes) 33

3.8 Dross generation and recovery in North America, 2017 (000 tonnes) 34

3.9 Latin America: Primary aluminium production, 2013 to 2017 (million tonnes) 34

3.10 Latin America: primary and recycled aluminium production, 2017 (million tonnes) 35

3.11 Dross generation vs recovery in Latin America, 2017 (000 tonnes) 35

3.12 Europe: Primary aluminium production, 2013 to 2017 (million tonnes) 36

3.13 Europe: Primary and recycled aluminium production, 2017 (million tonnes) 36

3.14 Dross generation vs recovery in Europe, 2017 (000 tonnes) 37

3.15 Asia Pacific: Primary aluminium production, 2013 to 2017 (million tonnes) 39

3.16 Asia Pacific: Primary and recycled aluminium production, 2017 (million tonnes) 39

3.17 Dross generation vs recovery in Asia Pacific, 2017 (000 tonnes) 40

3.18 Middle East & Africa: Primary aluminium production, 2013 to 2017 (million tonnes) 41

Middle East & Africa: Primary and recycled aluminium production, 2017 42
3.19
(million tonnes) 43

3.20 Dross generation vs recovery in Middle East & Africa, 2017 (000 tonnes) 44

3.21 Trend in import of aluminium dross, 2012 to 2016 (000 tonnes) 45

3.22 Dross: Major importing countries and their sources of imports, 2016 46

3.23 Dross: Major exporting countries and their export destinations, 2016 46