POLITICAL SCIENCE
CLASS -12
PART A :- CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS
1:- GLOBALIZATION
Very short question (1 mark)
Question 1.
Mention the main function of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
Answer:
The main function of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is setting the
rules for the promotion of international trade.
Question 2.
How far is it correct to say that globalisation results in the erosion of state
sovereignty?
Answer:
The globalisation affects the state sovereignty to some extent because
the State Government have to follow the international decisions on
various global issues.
Question 3.
How far is it correct to say that globalisation actually increases the
activities of the state?
Answer:
Globalisation has actually increased the activities of the state in political,
economic and cultural fields.
Question 4.
What is globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has
political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be
adequately distinguished.
2 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Mention any two benefits of globalisation.
Answer:
Two benefits of globalisation are:
It provides job opportunities for the youth.
It provides the exchange of ideas, capital, commodities and
people from one place to another.
Question 2.
Mention any two political consequences of globalisation.
OR
What are the political consequences of there globalisation.
Answer:
Following are the consequences of political globalisation
It has eroded the capacity of the state by reducing the ability of
government to do what they want to do.
The concept of welfare state has been reduced to a more
minimalist state all over the world.
Question 3.
How has technological advancement affected globalisation?
OR
How have technological advancement and recognition of inter-
connectedness affected globalisation?
Answer:
Technology remains an important factor with regard to globalisation. The
technological inventions such as telegraph, telephone and the microchip
has revolutionised communication between various global factors. Hence,
invention of printing laid basis for the creation of nationalism. Thus,
technological advancement and regonition of inter-connectedness
affected globalisation.
Question 4.
What is cultural homogenisation? Give an example to show that its
consequence is not negative. (All India 2012)
Answer:
Globalisation which led to rise of a uniform culture known as cultural
homogenisation. It is intermingling of one culture with another one.
The consequenes are not always negative as jeans can even go well with
khadi kurta. Now-a-days, Americans also wear jeans and kurta.
Question 5.
Does globalisation lead to cultural homogenisation or cultural
heterogenisation or both? Justify. (HOTS; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Globalisation has affected our domestic life, food, drink, dress and ideas. It
has even affected people’s preferences leading to the fear to threatening
world culture. This fear is true upto some extent as globalisation has led
to rise of a uniform culture known as cultural homogenisation.
On the other hand, cultural homogenisation has contrary effects too. It
makes to each culture more distinctive and unique. This process is called
cultural heterogenisation.
Question 6.
What are the economic consequences of globalisation? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Following are the economic consequences of globalisation:
1. It deals with increasing the trade in commodities all around the
world. The restrictions imposed by various states on each
other’s imports have been removed.
2. Globalisation benefits some sections of society while other
sections of society are left deprived. Developed countries gain
more as compared to developing countries.
Question 7.
Define cultural heterogenisation. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
When globalisation leads to each culture becoming more different and
distinctive. It is called cultural heterogenisation.
Question 8.
Mention any one problem created by protectionism. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Protectionism is practiced by states to protect the economic and business
interest of domestic industries, companies, traders etc.
In long-term, protectionism weaken the industry as without competition
there will be no innovation, efficiency which may result in lower quality
and expensive production. This way domestic product can not compete
with foreign product.
Question 9.
What is meant by flows in relation to globalisation?
Answer:
Flows in relation to globalisation refer to movement of ideas, capital,
commodity and people from one part to another parts of world, which
causes the process of globalisation to exist.
Question 10.
What is meant by social safety nets?
Answer:
Social safety nets refer to welfare measures implemented by states to
provide social security to poor and weaker section of society who is at the
receiving end of economic development.
4 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Explain any four economic consequences of globalisation.
OR
Mention any four political consequences of globalisation.
OR
Explain any two economic consequences of globalisation.
OR
Explain any four consequences of globalisation.
OR
What is meant by globalisation? Explain any three cultural consequences
of globalisation.
OR
Describe any two cultural consequences of globalisation.
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
Political consequences The political consequences can be understood
through following points ;
It decreases the role of state. It leads to market state rather
than welfare state.
It leads to the emergence of IMF, World Bank and WTO etc.
Market factors influences the decision-making process of the
governments.
It has affected the traditional concept of state sovereignty.
Economic consequences The economic consequences can be understood
through following points :
It focuses on the development of some elite groups of the
society.
Economic globalisation enhances the disparities among the
different classes of the society.
It also increases the role of WTO, World Bank and IMF.
Economic globalisation leads to consumerism which enhances
the market’s role in society.
Cultural consequences The cultural consequences can be understood
through following points :
It leads to cultural dominance that is the dominance of Western
culture.
It also leads towards the unification of the culture that is
cultural homogenisation.
Due to cultural homogenisation, cultural globalisation leads
towards cultural heterogenisation.
It also leads to cultural colonialism.
Question 2.
Explain any two positive and any two negative effects of globalisation.
Answer:
Positive Impacts of globalisation are (any two):
Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services.
It attracts private foreign capital investment.
It creates new job opportunities.
It raises standard of living.
It increases production, efficiency and healthy competition.
It attracts foreign direct investment also.
Negative impacts of globalisation are (any two) :
Ths foreign companies focus on their profit orientation projects
only in place of social welfare.
It has widened income disparities by making the rich richer and
the poor more poorer.
Globalisation is also a reason for depletion of flora and fauna in
country.
Question 3.
What is globalisation? Highlight any three causes of globalisation,
OR
Explain any four factors responsible for the development of globalisation.
OR
Define globalisation. Explain any three causes of globalisation.
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
The factors responsible for globalisation are :
1. Globalisation is not caused by a single factor. Now-a-days
technology is the most important element. The invention of the
telegraph, the telephone and the microchip has revolutionised
communication between various global factors and hence,
invention of printing laid the basis for the emergence of
nationalism. The technology affects both our personal and
collective lives.
2. The technology has made it easier to exchange ideas, capital,
commodities and people from one place to another. The
transfer of capital and commodities is likely to be wider and
quicker, than the transfer of people across different parts of the
world.
3. It is not just the availability of improved communication which
led to the emergence of globalisation, rather the role of people
in different parts of the world is also significant who recognise
these interconnections with the rest of the world.
4. The events taking place in one part of world have an influence,
on the other part of the world.
Here, we can take an example of bird flu or tsunami, which is
not confined to only one nation. It has affected the world as
whole. Similarly, any major economic event would have an
immediate impact on the local, national or regional
environment at the world level.
Question 4.
How has technology contributed to globalisation? Explain.
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
Technology has contributed to globalisation in the following ways:
1. The technological invention such as telegraph, telephone and
the microchip has revolutionised communication between
various global factors and hence invention of printing laid the
basis for the emergence of nationalism. Thus, technology
influences the way we think of our personal and collective lives.
2. The sharing of ideas, capital, commodities and people
throughout the globe has been made possible only by
technological advancement.
3. The transfer of capital goods and services is likely to be wider
and quicker than the transfer of people across the various parts
of the world.
4. Technological advances has reduced the physical distances
and increased inter connectedness world widely.
Question 5.
Explain any four reasons due to which globalisation is resisted.
OR
What is meant by globalisation? List any two forms of resistance to
globalisation.
Answer:
For meaning of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
The four reasons due to which globalisation is resisted are :
Leftist parties argue that contemporary globalisation
represents a global capitalism that makes the rich richer and
the poor poorer.
Weakening of the state leads to a reduction in the capacity of
the state to protect the interest of its poor.
Rightist parties expresse anxiety over the political economic
and cultural effects.
The cultural globalisation would harm age old values of people
while harming their traditional culture.
Question 6.
“Globalsation has shifted power from nation-states to global consumers.”
Justify the statement.
Answer:
Globalisation has shifted power from nation-states to’global consumers
because of the following points:
Revolution in information technology and electronic media and
development in the field of science and technology.
Collapse of communism and the end of cold war with the
disintegration of Soviet Union.
Advances in the field of transport and communication and
growth of MNCs. These MNCs are the efforts of the developed
nations to make the whole world as one single market.
Rising debts of developing states that have forced the IMF and
World Bank to ask developing states to adopt the path of
disinvestment and globalisation.
Question 7.
Define globalisation. How is it different from internationalisation? (All India
2011)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
It is different from internationalisation on the basis of following points :
1. Internationalisation believes in the integrity of community
whereas globalisation believes in one umbrella concepts and
sharing of ideas between other states.
2. Internationalisation believes in the use of resources of all the
world equally for the benefit of mankind, but globalisation
emphasise on the development of resources for the welfare
and support of community.
3. Internationalisation also believes in the universal brotherhood
and international peace whereas globalisation believes in the
concept of flows of ideas, people and commodities throughout
the globe, it also encourages the richer countries to support
the poorer countries’ economy.
Question 8.
Define globalisation. It is a multi dimensional concept? Justify. (All India
2009)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
Yes, it is multi-dimensional concept because it has political, economic and
cultural manifestations and these are very different to each other. It is
wrong to say that globalisation is purely economic concern and would be
purely cultural phenomena. Globalisation has, affected the globe
unevenly. It is important to avoid drawing general conclusions about the
impact of globalisation.
6 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Explain globalisation. How has technology contributed in promoting
globalisation? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has
political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be
adequately distinguished.
Question 2.
Explain any three reasons for resistance to globalisation.
OR
Explain the concept of globalisation and any two reasons for resistance to
it.
Answer:
For meaning of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
The four reasons due to which globalisation is resisted are :
Leftist parties argue that contemporary globalisation
represents a global capitalism that makes the rich richer and
the poor poorer.
Weakening of the state leads to a reduction in the capacity of
the state to protect the interest of its poor.
Rightist parties expresse anxiety over the political economic
and cultural effects.
The cultural globalisation would harm age old values of people
while harming their traditional culture.
Question 3.
Explain the positive impacts of globalisation on the present day world.
OR
What is meant by globalisation? Highlight any of its two good and two bad
aspects.
Answer:
Positive Impacts of globalisation are (any two) :
Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services.
It attracts private foreign capital investment.
It creates new job opportunities.
It raises standard of living.
It increases production, efficiency and healthy competition.
It attracts foreign direct investment also.
Negative impacts of globalisation are (any two) :
Ths foreign companies focus on their profit orientation projects
only in place of social welfare.
It has widened income disparities by making the rich richer and
the poor more poorer.
Globalisation is also a reason for depletion of flora and fauna in
country.
Question 4.
Describe any three effects of globalisation on the culture of a country. (All
India 2015)
Answer:
The effects of globalisation on the culture of a country are :
1. Cultural globalisation affects our food, clothes and thinking. But
some times external influence simply enlarge our choices and
sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the
traditional norms, e.g. the burger is no substitute for a masala
dosa and therefore does not pose any real challenge.
2. In the same way blue jeans can go well with a homespun khadi
kurta. Here the outcome of outside influences is a new
combination that is unique. This clothing combination has been
exported back to the country that gave us blue jeAnswer:
3. The culture of the politically and economically dominant society
leaves it imprint on a less powerful society, and the world
begins to look more like a dominant power wishes it to be.
4. This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the
whole of humanity for it leads to the shrinking of the rich
cultural heritage of the entire globe.
So we can say that globalisation broadens our cultural outlook
and promotes cultural homogenisation.
Question 5.
Describe any three effects of globalisation on the economy of a country.
(All India 2015)
Answer:
Following are the three effects of globalisation on the economy of a
country
Economic globalisation gives more importance to institutions
like the IMF and the WTO.
It involves greater economic flows among different countries of
the world.
As the restrictions imposed by different countries have been
reduced, so, greater trade in commodities across the globe can
be seen.
It has led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries
through internet and computer.
Economic globalisation has also brought economic ruin for the
weaker countries, especially for the poor within these
countries.
Question 6.
Describe any three factors which are responsible for globalisation,
Answer:
For definition of globalisation
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has
political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be
adequately distinguished.
The factors responsible for globalisation are :
1. Globalisation is not caused by a single factor. Now-a-days
technology is the most important element. The invention of the
telegraph, the telephone and the microchip has revolutionised
communication between various global factors and hence,
invention of printing laid the basis for the emergence of
nationalism. The technology affects both our personal and
collective lives.
2. The technology has made it easier to exchange ideas, capital,
commodities and people from one place to another. The
transfer of capital and commodities is likely to be wider and
quicker, than the transfer of people across different parts of the
world.
3. It is not just the availability of improved communication which
led to the emergence of globalisation, rather the role of people
in different parts of the world is also significant who recognise
these interconnections with the rest of the world.
4. The events taking place in one part of world have an influence,
on the other part of the world.
Here, we can take an example of bird flu or tsunami, which is not confined
to only one nation. It has affected the world as whole. Similarly, any major
economic event would have an immediate impact on the local, national or
regional environment at the world level.
Question 7.
Explain any three benefits of globalisation with examples.
Answer:
The three benefits of globalisation are as follows:
(i) Economic benefits
It involves greater economic flows among various countries.
It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries.
The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have
also been reduced.
This has spread internet and computer related services across
national boundaries.
(ii) Technological benefits Technological equipments as telephone ,
internet, telegraph and microchip have contributed to globalisation by
exchanging ideas, capitals and people to make convenient to move from
one place to another at a fast pace under the process of globalisation.
(iii) Political Benefits
The primary status remains unchallenged basis of political
community.
States have received a boost under globalisation to become
more powerful and strong.
Question 8.
How has globalisation impacted India and how is India impacting
globalisation? (All India to 2008)
Answer:
Globalisation affected India economically, socially and culturally. After
adopting New Economic Policy in 1991, India has removed restrictions on
imports of goods. It also encouraged the investors to invest in India. FDI to
produce goods and services has increased, it also enhanced foreign
exchange reserves.
After adopting globalisation, USA and European culture spread in India.
The food habit and dressing style is changing. Families are converting
from joint to the nuclear. Eating burgers and pizzas and wearing jeans
have brought dramatic change in our lives.
In India, information technology and space technology have been
enhanced after globalisation. India is also involved in trade and commerce
with other nations. Even though at some places India plays a leadership
role. However, in India, resistance to globalisation has come from various
quarters.
These are as follows:
1. Trade unions of industrial workforce, as well as social
movements and farmer agitation against monopoly MNCs, are
also some forms of resistance to globalisation.
2. The patenting of certain plants like Neem by American and
European firms has also generated widespread opposition in
India.
