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Managing Bee Health
A Practical Guide for Beekeepers
Managing Bee Health
A Practical Guide for Beekeepers

JOHN CARR
B.V.Sc., Ph.D., D.P.M., Dipl E.C.P.H.M., M.R.C.V.S
First published 2016, revised reprint 2021
Copyright © John Carr 2016
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without prior permission of the copyright holder.
Published by
5M Books Ltd,
Lings, Great Easton,
Essex CM6 2HH, UK,
Tel: +44 (0)330 1333 580
www.5mbooks.com
A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-910455-03-6
Book layout by
Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton
Printed by Short Run Press, Exeter
Photos by John Carr unless otherwise credited
 Contents

Acknowledgements vii
Image credits ix
Note to the reader xi
Author’s biography xiii
Dedication xv

1 INTRODUCTION AND ANATOMY OF BEES 1

Anatomy of the bee – The anatomy of the adult (imago) worker honey bee –
Other bees

2 MANAGING THE HEALTH OF BEES – NUTRITION 66

To provide suffcient nutrition how much space is required for each hive? –
Major components of nutrition – Measuring the quality of honey: from a human
perspective – Monitoring hive health and food resources

3 UNDERSTANDING HEALTH AND DISEASE 96

Defnition of health – The causes of disease – Infectious agents – How infectious
agents are spread – Understanding cleaning – Possible sources of pathogen entry
into your apiary and what you should consider in order to prevent it – Reducing
the pathogen load in a hive – Workshop – Killing bees

4 TREATING SICK AND COMPROMISED HIVES 136

Legal requirements – How medicines are prescribed – Understanding dosage
levels – Controlling and storing medicines – Antibacterial medicines and their uses
vi Contents

5 MANAGING THE HEALTH OF THE BROOD 154

Normal brood – Disorders of the brood

6 MANAGING THE HEALTH OF THE ADULT BEE 188

The life cycle of the honey bee – The life cycle of the bumblebee – Ageing bees –
Disorders of the adult bee

7 MANAGING THE HEALTH OF THE HIVE AS A WHOLE 224

The normal honey bee hive – Man-made bee hives – Where to place the hive –
Wild Apis hives – Disorders of the hive and nest

8 OIE AND INTERNATIONAL BEE HEALTH 262

OIE list of honey bee pathogens, 2015 – Global situation – Different countries –
Reporting a suspected notifable condition

9 POISONING OF BEES 269

Toxic chemicals – Natural poisons – Physical problems – Action if you believe your
bees have been poisoned – Treatment options

10 BEES AS NEIGHBOURS 278

Being a good neighbour – Managing a sting – Bees as deterrents – Best time to
examine the hive – Neighbours can be good to you

11 MAINTAINING HEALTH 284

Integrated pest management (IPM) – Maintenance of hive health – How to examine
the hive on a normal day – Basic hive examination when nothing is suspected as a
problem – How to clinically examine the hive in detail – The hive through the year

12 TECHNIQUES 316
Conversion tables – Reviewing the health of the hive – Feeding the hive – Properties
of honey – Examination of pollen – Manipulating the queen – Integrated pest
management – Collecting honey – Miscellaneous

Further reading 362

Index 364
 Acknowledgements

Writing a book is never achieved without considerable help from friends and colleagues.
I would like to acknowledge the help of Professor C. L. Scudamore, Royal Veterinary College
London and Iain MacMillan, Glasgow University, Dr Ke-Jein Chen, the staff at the Animal
Technology Research Institute Taiwan in particular Professor Shih Ping Chen and Dr Chuan
Hsing Chang for the preparation of the stained bee sections.
To the Nakasongola Apiculture Training Centre, Gulu Road, Nakasongola, Uganda for
their very generous help with their bees; they could not do enough to help me with this and
other projects. If any enthusiast is passing please call in and visit the institute.
To Jakob Hoffer, Starlite Colony, Manitoba for lending me a hand during the making of
this book.
To Howells Veterinary Services and the North Park Veterinary Group.
To Sunjin Korea and the Philippines for allowing me to work with their hives.
To Dan Martin, DPI Victoria, Australia who showed me some of Australia’s extensive
biosecurity preparations to protect their bee (farmed and native) populations.
To Alice, our queen for allowing me to take numerous photographs of her and her subjects.
To Cath Fraser MRCVS who provided critical comment when required.
To all the staff at 5M who have helped put this book together.
Thanks to Linda for putting up with me over the years.
 Image credits

I am extremely grateful for all the friends who allowed me to photograph their bees. In par-
ticular I would like to acknowledge the following contributors:

Author
Anderson, Denis, Bees Downunder
Arroio, Agnaldo
Barker, Colin (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Bksimonb (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Carreon, Anna
Chrumps (CC BY 3.0)
Core, A., Runckel, C., Ivers, J., Quock, C., Siapno, T., et al. (2012) (CC BY 2.5)
Don, Dmitri (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Friedman, Jerry (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Gagnon, Eric G. (Tobrook) (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Galipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Goodwin, R.
Hardyplants (Public Domain)
Hectonichud (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Hoyland, Sean (Public Domain)
Isipeoria (CC BY-SA 3.0)
JoJan (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Kalmia Latifolia (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Karwath, André (CC BY-SA 2.5)
KENPEI (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Koley, Surajit (Public Domain)
Lindsey, James (CC BY-SA 3.0)
x Image credits

Author
Martin, D.
Moonlight0551 (CC BY 2.0)
PiccoloNamek (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Rasbak (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Shebs, Stan (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Siegmund, Walter (CC BY-SA 3.0)
The Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) UK Crown Copyright
Walker, Ken, Museum of Victoria, Pest and Diseases Image Library
Wraith, Fell (Public Domain)
Zelenko, Eugene (CC BY-SA 3.0)
 Note to the reader

The methods of treatment and control of conditions discussed in this book are guidelines
only. Any recommendations given and so used are the responsibility of the beekeeper, and
the advice of his or her veterinarian or bee inspector should be sought in case of doubt. No
responsibility is accepted by the author or publishers for any application of the advice given
in the book because each area and region is different and responses cannot be predicted.
Some trade names and their chemical compounds are used throughout. No endorsement is
intended, nor is any criticism implied of similar products not named. Note, some compounds
may be illegal in your area and it is imperative that you discuss any used with your veterinar-
ian and bee inspector.
 Author’s biography

Dr John Carr started with his interest in bees at primary school at Leconfeld, East Riding
of Yorkshire, UK when the children were encouraged to collect and process honey from the
school’s hive. He is a veterinarian who qualifed from Liverpool University in 1982 and, after
being a Leverhulme resident, obtained his PhD from Liverpool University in 1990. He has
been fortunate to be able to examine bees throughout the world together with his interna-
tional interest in population medicine. He has taught bee medicine at universities, at the Royal
Veterinary College, London, UK and Murdoch, Perth, Australia. He is a member of the British
Bee Veterinary Association.
This book is part of his interest in understanding Colony Collapse Disorder and bee anat-
omy and pathology. It is hoped this book will stimulate a new generation of veterinarians to
contribute to the health and welfare of bees and other invertebrates under their care.

John Carr
BVSc, PhD, DPM, Dipl ECPHM, MRCVS
May 2015
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