DEPARTMENT OF CSE(IOT &CSBT)

III B.Tech II Sem Subject & Code : Embedded systems &P21ECE14 R21-Reg

UNIT-1

1.Explain about domain specific application with neat diagram

Answer
AUTOMOTIVE–DOMAIN-SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
 The major application domains of embedded systems are consumer, industrial,
automotive, telecom, etc., of which telecom and automotive industry holds a big market
share.
 Figure give an overview of the various types of electronic control units employed in
automotive applications.

Inner workings of automotive embedded systems

 Automotive embedded systems are the one where electronics take control over the
mechanical systems.
 The presence of automotive embedded system in a vehicle varies from simple mirror
and wiper controls to complex air bag controller and antilock brake systems (ABS).

 Automotive embedded systems are normally built around microcontroller or DSPs or a

hybrid of the two and are generally known as Electronic Control Units (ECUs).
 The number of embedded controllers in an ordinary vehicle varies from 20 to 40
whereas a luxury vehicle like Mercedes S and BMW 7may content 75 to 100 numbers
of embedded controllers. Government regulations on fuel economy. Environmental
factors and emission standard and increasing customer demands on safety.
 Comfort and Infotainment forces the automotive manufactures to opt for sophisticated
embedded control units within the vehicle.
 The first embedded system used in automotive application was the microprocessor-
based fuel injection system introduced by Volkswagen 1600 In 1968.
 The various types of electronic control units (ECUs) used in the automotive embedded
industry can be broadly classified into two-
 High-speed embedded control units
 Low-speed embedded control unit
High-Speed Electronic Control Units (HECUs) High-speed electronic control units (HECUs)
are deployed in critical control units requiring fast response. They include fuel injection
systems, antilock brake systems, engine control, electronic throttle, steering controls,
transmission control unit and central control unit.
Low-speed Electronic Control Unit (LECUs)Low-Speed Electronic Control Units (LECUs)
are deployed in application where response time is not so critical. They generally are built
around low microcontrollers/microprocessors and digital signal processors. Audio controllers,
passenger and driver door locks, door glace controls (power windows), wiper control are
examples of LECUs

Automotive Communication Buses

Automotive applications make use of serial buses for communication. Which greatly reduces
the amount of wiring required inside a vehicle. The following are the different types of serial
interface buses deployed in automotive embedded applications.
Controller Area Network (CAN) The CAN bus was originally proposed by Robert Bosch,
pioneer in the Automotive embedded solution providers. It supports medium speed (1SO115l9-
class B with data rates up to 125 Kbps) and high speed (ISO11898 class C with data rates up to
1Mbps) data transfer. CAN is an event-driven protocol interface with support for error handling
in data transmission. It is generally employed in safety system like airbag control; power train
systems like engine control and Antilock Brake System (ABS); and navigation systems like
GPS.

Local Interconnect Network (LIN) LIN bus is a single master multiple slave (up to 16
independent slave nodes) communication interface. LIN is a low speed. single Wire
communication interface with support for data rates up to 20Kbps and is used for sensor/actuator
interfacing. LIN bus follows the master communication triggering technique to eliminate the
possible bus arbitration problem that can occur by the simultaneous talking of different slave
nodes connected to a single interface bus. LIN bus is employed in applications like mirror
controls, fan controls, seat positioning controls, window controls, and position controls where
response time is not a critical issue.
 Media-Oriented System Transport (MOST) Bus the Media-oriented system transport
(MOST) is targeted for automotive audio/video equipment interfacing, used primarily in
European cars. A MOST bus is a multimedia fibre-optic point-to-point network implemented in
a star, ring or daisy- chained

topology over optical fibre cables. The MOST bus specifications define the physical (electrical
and optical parameters) layer as well as the application layer, network layer, and media access
control. MOST bus is an optical fibre cable connected between the Electrical Optical Converter
(EOC) and Optical Electrical Converter (OEC), which would translate into the optical cable
MOST bus.

2.Explain about RS 232 along with pin diagram

Answer
The RS-232(X) is a serial communication protocol, commonly used for transferring and
receiving the serial data between two devices. It supports both synchronous and asynchronous
data transmissions. Many devices in the industrial environment are still using RS-232
communication cable.

Rs-232 cable is used to identify the difference between two signal levels between logic 1 and
logic 0. The logic 1 is represented by the -12V and logic 0 is represented the +12V. The RS-232
cable works at different baud rates like 9600 bits/s, 2400bits/s, 4800bits/s etc.

The RS-232 cable has two-terminal devices namely Data Terminal Equipment and Data
communication Equipment. Both devices will send and receives signals. The data terminal
equipment is a computer terminal and data communication Equipment is modems, or controllers,
etc

Now a day’s most of the personal computers have two serial ports and one parallel port (RS232).
These two types of ports are used for communicating with external devices and they work in
different ways. The parallel port sends and receives the 8-bit data at a time over eight separate
wires and this transfers the data very quickly, the parallel ports are typically used to connect a
printer to a PC. A serial port sends and receives one-bit data at a time over one wire and it
transfers data very slowly.

The RS-232 stands for recommended slandered and 232 is a number X indicates the latest
version like RS-232c, RS232s. The most commonly used type of serial cable connectors is 9-pin
connectors DB9 and 25-pin connector DB-25. Each of them may be a male or female type.
Nowadays most of the computers use the DB9 connector for asynchronous data exchange. The
maximum length of the RS-232 cable is 50ft.

RS232 Pin Description It is a 25-pin connector, each pin has its function is as follows.

PIN 1: (Protective Ground); It is a ground Pin.

PIN 2: Transmit Data. PIN 3: Receive Data.
PIN 2 & PIN 3: These pins are the most important pins for data transmitting and receiving.
The 1 & 2-pins are used to data transmission and pin-3 used to data receiving purpose.
PIN 4: Request to send.
Pin 5: Clear to send.
PIN 6: Data Set Ready.
PIN 7: This pin is the common reference for all signals, including data, timing, and control
signals. The DCE and DTE work properly across the serial interface and the pin-7 must be
connected both ends without interface would not work.
 PIN 8: This pin is also known as received line signal detector carrier detect. This signal is
activated when a suitable carrier is established between the local and remote DCE devices.
PIN9: This pin is a DTE serial connector, this signal follows the incoming ring to an extent.
Normally this signal is used by DCE auto-answer mode.
PIN 10: Test Pin.
PIN 11: standby select.
PIN 12: Data Carrier Detect.
PIN 13: Clear to send.
PIN 14: Transmit data.
PIN 15: Transmit clock.

PIN 17: Receive clock.

PIN 15, 17, 24; Synchronous modems use the signals on these pins. These pins are controlled bit
timing. PIN 16: Receive data.
PIN 18: Test Pin.
PIN 19: Request to send.
PIN 20: Data terminal Ready. PIN 4, PIN 5, PIN 6,
PIN 20: These pins are the handshaking pins(flow of control). Normally terminals cannot
transmit the data until clear to send transmission is received from the DCE.
PIN 21: (Signal Quality Detector); This pin Indicates the quality of the received carrier signal
because the transmitting modem must be sent 0 or either 1 at each bit time, the modem controls
the timing of the bits from the DTE.
PIN 22: (Ring Indicator): The ringing indicator means the DCE informs the DTE that the phone
is ringing. All the modems designed for directly connected to the phone network equipped with
the auto-answer.
PIN 23: Data Signal Rate Detector
PIN 24: External Clock.

3. Explain about the characteristics of Embedded system

Answer
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Some of the importance characteristics of embedded systems are:
1. Application and domain specific
2. Reactive and real time
3. Operates in harsh environments
4. Distributed
5. Small size and weight
6. Power concerns
Application and domain specific
 Each embedded system is having certain function to perform and they are developed in
such a manner to do the intended functions only.
 They cannot be used for any other purpose. It is the major criterion which distinguishes
an embedded system from a general-purpose system.
  For example, we cannot replace the embedded control unit of your micro oven with air
conditioner’s embedded control unit, because the embedded control units of micro oven
and air conditioner are specifically designed to perform certain specific tasks.
Reactive and real time
 Embedded systems are in constant system are in constant interaction with the real world
through sensor and user-defined input devices which are connected to the input port of
the system.
 Any changes happening in the real world is captured by the sensor input devices in real
time and control algorithm running inside the unit reacts in a designed manner to bring
the controlled output variables to the desired level.
 The event may be periodic or unpredicted one. If the event is unpredicted one then such a
system should be designed in a such a way that, it should be scheduled to capture the
events without missing them.
 Embedded systems produces changes in the output as changes in the input. So they are
generally referred as Reactive systems.
 Real time system operation means the timing behavior of the system should be
deterministic; meaning the system should respond to request or tasks in a known amount
of time.
 A real time system should not miss any deadlines for tasks or operations. It is not
necessary that all
Operates in harsh environment
 The environment in which the embedded system deployed may be a dusty one or a high
temperature zone or an area subject to vibrations and shock.
 System placed in such areas should be capable to withstand all these adverse operating
conditions. The design should take care of the operating conditions of the area where
the system is going to implement.

Distributed
 The term distributed means that embedded system may be a part of larger system. Many
numbers of such distributed embedded systems form a single large embedded control
unit.
 An automatic vending machine is a typical example for this. The vending machine
contains a card reader, a vending unit, etc. Each of them are independent embedded
units but they work together to perform the overall Vending function.

Small size and weight Product aesthetic is another important factor in choosing a product.

Power concerns
 Power management is another important factor that needs to consider in designing
embedded system.
 Embedded systems should be designed in such a way as to minimize the heat
dissipation by the system.
 The product of high amount of heat demands cooling requirements like cooling fans
which in turn occupies additional space and make the system bulky.

4.Compare GC with ES. Explain any one house hold appliance

 Washing machine-application-specific embedded system
 washing machine is a typical example of an embedded system providing extensive support in
home automation applications
 An embedded system contains sensors, actuator, control unit and application-specific user
interfaces like keyboards, display units, etc.
 The actuator part of the washing machine consists of a motorized agitator, tumble tub, water
drawing pump and inlet to consist of the water temperature sensor, level sensor, etc.
 The control part contains a micro-processor/controller-based board with interfaces to the sensors
and actuators. The sensor data is fed back to the control unit and the control unit also provides
connectivity to user interfaces like keypad for setting the washing time, selecting the type of be
washed like light, medium, heavy duty, etc.
 User feedback is reflected through the display unit and LEDs connected to the control board.
The functional block diagram of a washing machine is shown in Fig.
 Washing machine comes in two models, namely, top loading and front-loading machines
 In top loading models the agitator of the machine twists back and forth and pulls the cloth down
to the bottom of the tub. On reaching the bottom of the tub clothes works their way back up to
the top of the tub where the agitator grabs them again and repeats the mechanism.
 In the front-loading machines, the clothes are tumbled and plunged into the water over and
again. This is the first phase of washing.
 In the second phase of washing, water is pumped out from the tub and the inner tub uses
centrifugal force to wring out more water from the clothes by spinning at several hundred
Rotations Per Minute (RPM). This is called a ‘Spin phase’.
 If you look in to the keyboard panel of your washing machines you can see three buttons
namely Wash, Spin and Rinse. You can use these buttons to configure the washing stages.
 As you can see from the picture, the inner tub of the machine contains a number of holes and
during the spin cycle the inner tub spins, and forces the water out through these holes to the
stationary outer tub from which it is drained off through the outlet.
 It is to be noted that the design of washing machines may vary from manufacturer to
manufacturer, but the general principle underlying in the working of the washing machine
remains the same. The basic controls consist of a timer, cycle selector mechanism, water
temperature selector, load size selector and start button. The mechanism includes the motor,
transmission, clutch, pump, agitator, inner tub, outer tub and water inlet valve. Water inlet
valve connects to the water supply line using at home and regulates the flow of water into the
tub.
 The integrated control panel consists of a microprocessor/controller based board with I/O
interfaces and a control algorithm running in it. Input interface includes the keyboard which
consists of wash type selector namely Wash, Spin and Rinse, cloth type selector namely Light,
Medium, Heavy duty and washing time setting, etc.
 The output interface consists of LED/LCD displays, status indication LEDs, etc. Connected to
the I/O bus of the controller.
 It is to be noted that this interface may vary from manufacturer and model. The other types of
I/O interfaces which are invisible to the end user are different kinds of sensor interfaces,
 namely, water temperature sensor, water level sensor, etc. and actuator interface including
motor control for agitator and tub movement control, inlet water flow control, etc.

4.Explain the history of embedded system with suitable diagrams. Answer:

Answer
History of Embedded Systems
The evolution of embedded systems dates back several decades, and it has transformed
significantly due to advancements in computing, electronics, and technology.

 In 1960, embedded system was first used for developing Apollo Guidance System by Charles
Stark Draper at MIT.
 In 1965, Autonetics, developed the D-17B, the computer used in the Minuteman missile
guidance system.
 In 1968, the first embedded system for a vehicle was released.
 Texas Instruments developed the first microcontroller in 1971.
 In 1987, the first embedded OS, VxWorks, was released by Wind River.
 Microsoft’s Windows embedded CE in 1996.
 By the late 1990s, the first embedded Linux system appeared.
 The embedded market reach $140 billion in 2013.
 Analysts are projecting an Embedded market larger than $40 billion by 2030.

The1960s:The Beginning of Embedded Systems

Apollo Guidance Computer (1961-1965): The first significant use of an embedded systemwas in
In NASA's Apollo missions. The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC), developed by MIT, was
designed to control spacecraft navigationandlanding.Ithadlimitedcomputationalpowerbutwascritical
in the success of space missions.
The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was a digital computer produced for the Apollo
program that was installed on board each Apollo command module (CM) and Apollo Lunar
Module (LM). The AGC provided computation and electronic interfaces for guidance, navigation,
and control of the spacecraft. The AGC was the first computer based on silicon integrated
circuits.The computer's performance was comparable to the first generation of home
computers from the late 1970s, such as the Apple II, TRS-80 and Commodore PET..

Key Characteristics:
 Limited processing power
 Hardwired instructions(ROM)
 Real-time capabilities
Future Trends (Beyond2020)
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): Embedded systems are
evolving with AI and ML capabilities integrated at the edge, enabling devices to
process data locally and make decisions autonomously. This is becoming critical in
areas like autonomous vehicles, robotics, and smart health devices.
 5G and Embedded Systems: The roll-out of 5G networks is enabling faster data
transmission for embedded systems in IOT, allowing for higher bandwidth and real-
time control in applications like smart cities, connected cars, and telemedicine.
5. a) Describe the role and importance of sensors in Embedded applications.

Answer

Role of Sensors in Embedded Applications

Data Collection:

Sensors gather real-world data such as temperature, light ,pressure, motion, or sound,
and convert it into a form (typically electrical signals) that can be processed by the embedded
system.

Monitoring and Feedback

Sensors allow an embedded system to continuously monitor a specific parameter and
provide feedback. Feedback from sensors can also allow the system to make adjustments
automatically.
Decision-Making Support:
The data from sensors provides the foundation for decision-making algorithms in
embedded systems. For example, a smoke detector uses a gas sensor to decide whether to trigger
an alarm when a certain threshold of smoke particles is detected.
Automation:
Sensors enable automation by allowing the system to sense environmental changes
and automatically perform predefined actions.
Safety and Security:
 Sensors are vital for safety-critical embedded systems, as they detect potentially
hazardous conditions and ensure timely responses.
User Interaction:
Sensors enhance user interaction by detecting gestures, touch, over voice inputs

Importance of Sensors in Embedded Applications

Sensors play a crucial role in embedded applications by acting as the interface between the physical world
and the embedded system. They gather data about environmental conditions, objects, or user actions, and
convert this information into electrical signals that the embedded system can process.

This allows the system to monitor, control, or react to its surroundings intelligently and in real-
time.
 Real-Time Processing and Control
 Precision and Accuracy
 Energy Efficiency
 Adaptability and Flexibility
 Enhanced User Experience
 Safety and Compliance
 Cost-Effectiveness

5.b)List and Explain any five applications of Embedded systems.

Major Application Areas of ES

The application areas and the products in the embedded domain are countless

Consumer electronics: Camcorders, cameras, etc.

Household appliances: Television, DVD players, washing machine, fridge, microwave oven, etc.

Home automation and security systems: Air conditioners, sprinklers, intruder detection alarms, closed
circuit television cameras, fire alarms, etc.

Automotive industry: Anti-lock breaking systems (ABS), engine control, ignition systems, automatic
navigation systems, etc. Telecom: Cellular telephones, telephone switches, handset multimedia
applications, etc.

Computer peripherals: Printers, scanners, fax machines, etc

Card Readers: Barcode, smart card readers, hand held devices, etc

Embedded systems are specialized computing systems that perform dedicated tasks within larger
devices or systems.

Automotive Systems

Explanation: Embedded systems are extensively used in modern automobiles to enhance safety,
efficiency, and user experience.
 Applications:

Airbag Control: Embedded systems trigger the deployment of air bags in the event of a collision,
based on input from sensors that detect impact forces.

Healthcare Devices

Explanation: In the health care industry, embedded systems are used to monitor, diagnose, and
provide therapeutic treatment for patients.

Applications:

Wearable Health Monitors: Devices like fitness trackers and heart rate monitors use embedded
systems to track vital signs such as pulse rate, blood oxygen levels, and physical activity.

Consumer Electronics

Explanation: Embedded systems are at the heart of most modern consumer electronics, providing
intelligent features and automation in everyday devices.

Applications:

Smart phones: Embedded systems manage functions like touch interface, cameras, wireless
communication (Wi-Fi , Bluetooth),and battery management.

Industrial Automation

Explanation: In the industrial sector, embedded systems are used to automate processes, improve
safety, and optimize operational efficiency.

Applications:

Robotics: Embedded systems control robotic arms and machines in factories to perform tasks such as
assembly, welding, and packaging.

Telecommunications

Explanation: Embedded systems are fundamental to the infrastructure of modern communication

networks, ensuring the smooth transmission and reception of data.

Applications:

Satellite Communication Systems: Embedded systems control satellite functions such as data
transmission , signal processing, and orbital positioning
.

6.What is meant by operational quality attributes? Discuss their importance in embedded system
design.
Answer: The operational quality attributes represent the relevant quality attributes related to the
embedded systems when it is in the operational mode or ‘online’ mode.

1. Response
2. Throughput
3. Reliability
4. Maintainability
5. Security
6. Safety
Response
 Response is a measure of quickness of the system. It gives an idea about how fast your system
is tracking the changes in input variables.
 Most of the embedded system demand fast response which should be almost real time.

Throughput
 Throughput deals with the efficiency of a system.
 It can be defined as the rate of production or operation of a defined process over a started
period of time.
 The rates can be expressed in terms of units of products, batches produced, or any other
meaningful measurements.
 Throughput is generally measured in terms of ‘BENHMARK’.

Reliability
 Reliability is a measure of how much % you can rely upon the proper functioning of the system
or what is the % susceptibility of the system to failures.
 Mean time between failures (MTBF) and mean time to repair (MTTR) are the terms used in
defining system reliability.
 MTBF gives the frequency of failures in hours/weeks/months.
 MTTR specifies how long the system is allowed to be out of order following a failure.

Maintainability
 Maintainability deals with support and maintenance to the end user or client in case of
technical issues and product failure or on the basis of a routine system check-up.
 Reliability and maintainability are considered as two complementary disciplines.
 A more reliable system means a system with less corrective maintainability requirements and
vice versa.
 As the reliability of the system increases the chances of failure and non-functioning also
reduces, there by the need for

Security
 ‘Confidentiality’, ‘integrity’ and ‘availability’ are the three major measures of information
security.
 Confidentiality deals with the protection of data and application from unauthorised disclosure.
 Integrity deals with the protection of data and application from unauthorized modification
 Availability deals with protection data and application from authorized users a very good
example of the security aspect in a embedded product is a Personal Digital assistant (PDA).

Safety
 Safety deals with the possible damage that can happen to the operators, public and the
environment due to the breakdown of an embedded system or due to the emission of
radioactive or hazardous material from the embedded products.
  Safety analysis is must in product engineering to evaluate the anticipated damages and
determine the best course of action to bring down the consequences of the damages to an
acceptable level.

Importance of Operational Quality Attributes in Embedded System Design:

Operationalqualityattributesareessentialinembeddedsystemdesignbecause they:

 Enhance System Robustness: Attributes like reliability, safety, and security ensure the system
performs well in real-world scenarios, even under stress or threat.

 Ensure User Satisfaction: Usability and maintainability contribute to the user experience,
ensuring that the system is easy to use and maintain over its lifetime.
 Optimize Resources: Attributes like performance and power efficiency ensure that the system
uses resources (e.g., processing power, memory, and energy) effectively, leading to optimized
designs for low-power devices.
 Meet Regulatory Standards: Many embedded systems must adhere to industry-specific
standards (e.g., safety in automotive, security in healthcare),and these operational attributes help
ensure compliance with such regulations

7.a)Describe how an actuator functions in embedded systems.

Answer:
An actuator in embedded systems is a device that converts an electrical signal into physical action,
enabling the system to interact with its environment. It acts as the output mechanism, translating control
signals from the embedded system into real-world physical responses, such as movement, force, or a
change in a physical state.
Here’ show an actuator functions in an embedded system:
 Signal Reception: The embedded system, typically through a microcontroller or
microprocessor, processes input data (from sensors or user commands) and sends an electrical
control signal to the actuator.
 Signal Conversion: The actuator receives this electrical signal and converts it into a physical
action. The nature of the conversion depends on the type of actuator:
 Linear actuators convert electrical signals into linear motion(e.g., pushing or
pulling).
 Rotary actuators convert them into rotational motion(e.g., turning a wheel or
motor).
 Hydraulic or pneumatic actuators use the signal to control fluid pressure or air to
generate movement.
 Feedback Mechanism: Some actuators include feedback systems (like encoders or
potentiometers) to monitor the output motion and send data back to the embedded system. This
allows for precise control and adjustments in real-time.

 Applications: Actuators are used in various embedded applications, such as controlling motors
in robotics, opening valves in industrial automation, adjusting mirrors in automotive systems,
and even vibrating components in smart phones.
7.b)Explain about communication interfaces..

Answer

Externalcommunicationinterfacesinembeddedsystemsenablethesystemto communicate with other

devices, sensors, controllers, or computers. Here are seven commonly used external
communication interfaces:

1. UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)

 Description: UART is a widely used asynchronous serial communication protocol. It enables
full-duplex communication between two devices(e.g., microcontrollers and computers)
without requiring a clock signal.
 Working: Data is transmitted byte by byte with start and stop bits that define the frame. It
operates over a single wire(TX for transmit, RX for receive).
2. SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface)
 Description: SPI is asynchronous serial communication protocol commonly used for high-
speed data transfer between microcontrollers and peripherals like sensors, displays, and
memory devices.
 Working: SPI uses four signals: MOSI (Master Out Slave In), MISO (Master In Slave Out),
SCLK(Serial Clock),and SS(Slave Select).The master device controls the clock and data
direction.

3. I2C(Inter-Integrated Circuit)
 Description: I2C is a synchronous, multi-master, multi-slave, serial communication protocol.
It is popular in embedded systems for short- distance, low-speed communication between
integrated circuits.
 Working: I2C uses two lines: SDA (Serial Data Line) and SCL (Serial Clock Line) for data
transmission. The master device initiate communication, and multiple slave devices can be
connected to the same bus.
 4. CAN (Controller Area Network)
 Description: CAN is a robust vehicle bus standard designed for communication between
microcontrollers, sensors, and actuators in automotive and industrial applications. It is highly
reliable and resistant to electrical noise.

 Working :CAN uses a message-based protocol. Each node(microcontroller or sensor) on the

network can send or receive messages, and all nodes listen to the bus.

5. USB (Universal Serial Bus)

 Description: USB is a widely used interface for connecting external devices to computers or
microcontrollers. It supports data transfer, power supply, and device charging.
 Working: USB devices are classified into host (controller) and peripheral (slave).It supports
multiple communication speeds (Low, Full, High, Super Speed) and can handle both data
transfer and power delivery.

6. Ethernet
 Description: Ethernet is a wired communication protocol used for local area networks
(LAN). It enables fast, reliable data exchange between devices over long distances.
 Working: Ethernet operates using packet-based communication, where data is transmitted as
frames. It uses MAC (Media Access Control) addresses to identify devices on the network.

7.Bluetooth

 Description: Bluetooth is a wireless communication protocol used for short- range data
exchange between devices. It is widely used in personal devices for audio streaming, file
transfer, and device control.
 Working: Bluetooth uses low-power radio waves to establish a connection between devices.
It supports various profiles, including audio streaming (A2DP), file transfer, and peripheral
control.

8.What are six main purposes of embedded systems? Explain each.

Answer

1. Data Collection/Storage/Representation

1. Data communication

2. Data signal processing

3. Monitoring

4. Control

5. Application specific user interface

Data Collection/Storage/Representation

Embedded system designed for the purpose of data collection performs acquisition of data from the
external world. Data collection is usually done for storage, analysis, manipulation and transmission.
Data can be analog or digital

Embedded systems with analog data capturing techniques collect data directly in the form of analog
signal whereas embedded systems with digital data collection mechanism converts the analog signal to
the digital signal using analog to digital converters.If the data is digital it can be directly captured by
digital embedded system

Data communication

Embedded data communication systems are deployed in applications from complex satellite
communication to simple home networking systems.The transmission of data is achieved either by a
wire-line medium or by a wire-less medium.Data can either be transmitted by analog means or by
digital means. Wireless modules-Bluetooth, Wi-Fi. Wire-line modules-USB, TCP/IP.Network hubs,
routers, switches are examples of dedicated data transmission embedded systems

Data signal processing

Embedded systems with signal processing functionalities are employed in applications demanding
signal processing like speech coding, audio vidéo codec, transmission applications etc.A digital
hearing aid is a typical example of an embedded system employing data processing.Digital hearing aid
improves the hearing capacity of hearing impaired person

Monitoring

All embedded products coming under the medical domain are with monitoring functions. Electro
cardiogram machine is intended to do the monitoring of the heartbeat of a patient but it cannot impose
control over the heartbeat. Other examples with monitoring function are digital CRO, digital multi
meters, and logic analyzers

Control
A system with control functionality contains both sensors and actuators. Sensors are connected to the
input port for capturing the changes in environmental variable and the actuators connected to the
output port are controlled according to the changes in the input variable. Air conditioner system used
to control the room temperature to a specified limit is a typical example for CONTROL purpose.

Application specific user interface

An application-specific user interface (ASUI) is a user interface that is designed for a specific
application and target group of users in an embedded system. Embedded systems are designed for a
specific purpose, and their ASUI allows users to control and configure the product