A review report on Cyber security attacks,

threats, vulnerabilities, and future research

direction

KOMMA AKSHITHA
21MID0155

1.Abstract digital world. Although the extensive use of digital

technologies has greatly increased productivity and
The importance of cybersecurity as a crucial area for information availability, it has also created new
protecting data, infrastructure, and user privacy has opportunities for harmful activity. The goal of the study and
increased due to the quick spread of digital technology. The practice of cybersecurity is to safeguard data, networks, and
main elements of cyber security—attacks, threats, computer systems against damage, attacks, and unauthorized
vulnerabilities, and future research directions—are access. This review report intends to give an in-depth
examined in detail in this overview study. The research exploration of the present landscape of cybersecurity, with a
starts by classifying and examining common cyberattacks, special focus on the many types of cyberattacks, risks,
such as advanced persistent threats (APTs), ransomware, vulnerabilities, and prospective areas for future research.
phishing, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) assaults.
The reasons for these attacks are also examined, ranging 2.1 The Growing Landscape of Cybersecurity
from monetary gain to political goals and personal grudges.
The sophistication of cyberthreats increases in tandem with
The topic of cybersecurity risks is covered, including new technological advancements. Cyberattacks now include
issues such as supply chain attacks, Internet of Things (IoT) advanced persistent threats (APTs), zero-day vulnerabilities,
vulnerabilities, and improper use of AI and machine and attacks against critical infrastructure in addition to basic
learning. The review highlights technical defects, human viruses and malware. These attacks are not only more
factors, and systemic weaknesses that adversaries take complicated but also more disruptive, harming
advantage of in order to identify critical vulnerabilities in organizations, governments, and individuals on a worldwide
contemporary systems. Additionally, it highlights how scale. According to studies from cybersecurity firms and
outdated software, weak cryptography, and zero-day government organizations, the quantity and intensity of
vulnerabilities are major contributors to cyber incidents. cyberattacks have expanded tremendously in recent years,
The report's final section explores potential avenues for making it a pressing concern across numerous industries,
cybersecurity research. Prominent focus areas include the including finance, healthcare, energy, and national security.
development of proactive threat detection systems,
A thorough grasp of the many attack types, the weaknesses
implementation of quantum-resistant cryptography,
they take advantage of, and the possible effects on
advances in AI-driven defense mechanisms, and the creation
businesses and society at large is necessary due to the
of regulatory frameworks for cybersecurity governance.
diversity and complexity of these cyberthreats. Furthermore,
Additionally, the importance of fostering a cybersecurity-
new attack surfaces brought about by developing
aware culture through training and education is underscored.
technologies like cloud computing, the Internet of Things,
Recommendations for filling existing gaps and promoting and artificial intelligence (AI) have made protecting digital
interdisciplinary cooperation to create robust cybersecurity assets more difficult.
solutions are included in the review's conclusion. This paper
attempts to provide a basis for scholars, practitioners, and
policymakers to traverse the changing terrain of 2.2 Scope of the Report
cybersecurity possibilities and challenges by combining
insights from recent studies and trends. This report reviews the current state of cybersecurity with a
particular emphasis on the following key areas:
2.Introduction
1. Cybersecurity Attacks: An overview of the
Cybersecurity has grown to be a major worry for people, different types of cyberattacks, including but not
businesses, and governments in today's more interconnected limited to malware, ransomware, phishing,
1
 distributed denial of service (DDoS), and advanced 2. Cybersecurity Attacks: An examination of various
persistent threats (APTs). This section will explore types of cyberattacks, including case studies of
the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used notable incidents.
by cybercriminals to carry out these attacks and
their impact on the target systems. 3. Cybersecurity Threats: A review of key threats
and threat actors in the digital space.
2. Cybersecurity Threats: A discussion of the
various threats facing organizations and 4. Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities: A discussion of the
individuals, from external actors such as hackers, most common and critical vulnerabilities in modern
hacktivists, and nation-states, to internal threats like systems.
insider attacks and negligent employees. The report 5. Future Research Directions: A look ahead at
will also address the evolving nature of these emerging technologies and areas that require
threats and the motivations behind cyberattacks, further investigation.
including financial gain, political agendas, and
espionage. 6. Conclusion: A summary of the key findings and
recommendations for enhancing cybersecurity
3. Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities: This section will practices and research.
examine common vulnerabilities in systems,
applications, and networks that cybercriminals By synthesizing current knowledge on cybersecurity attacks,
exploit. Topics will include software threats, vulnerabilities, and future research needs, this report
vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, weak aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the
authentication practices, and the challenges posed challenges facing the cybersecurity field today and in the
by the rapid adoption of new technologies such as future. It will serve as a resource for cybersecurity
IoT and cloud computing. professionals, researchers, and policymakers looking to
navigate the evolving digital threat landscape.
4. Future Research Directions: As the cybersecurity
landscape continues to evolve, it is imperative to
identify areas where research can contribute to
strengthening defenses and mitigating risks. This 3.Literature review
section will explore emerging trends, such as the 3.1. Introduction to Cybersecurity
role of artificial intelligence and machine learning
in cybersecurity, the need for advanced threat The practice of defending programs, networks, and systems
detection systems, and the potential for blockchain against online threats, illegal access, and harm is known as
technology to enhance security. Additionally, it will cybersecurity. Cybersecurity is becoming a crucial
highlight areas where further research is needed, component of guaranteeing the availability, confidentiality,
such as addressing the security challenges of and integrity of data in the quickly changing digital
quantum computing, privacy-preserving landscape, where the amount of data and connected devices
technologies, and the evolving nature of cyber are increasing dramatically. Understanding cybersecurity
warfare. attacks and their ramifications is essential for both
individuals and organizations, given the growing
2.3 Significance and Relevance sophistication of cyber threats, weaknesses in digital
It is impossible to overestimate the importance of systems, and an increase in crimes.
cybersecurity. In 2023, it was estimated that the global costs 3.2. Cybersecurity Attacks: Types and Techniques
of cybercrime would exceed $8 trillion, and forecasts
indicate that these costs will only increase in the years to Cybersecurity attacks encompass a wide range of malicious
come. In addition to causing financial losses, cyberattacks activities aimed at exploiting vulnerabilities in systems.
have the potential to erode public confidence, disrupt Attacks can be classified into several categories, including:
essential services, and jeopardize national security. As
individuals and organizations increasingly depend on digital a. Malware Attacks:
platforms for their daily operations, protecting sensitive data • Malware is a general term for malicious software,
and infrastructure becomes crucial. By examining the including viruses, worms, ransomware, spyware,
current state of cybersecurity, this report offers important and Trojans. The aim of malware is to disrupt
insights into the opportunities and challenges that the field system functionality, steal sensitive data, or gain
will face in the years to come. unauthorized access to computer systems.
2.4 Structure of the Report o Ransomware attacks, where attackers
The structure of this report is as follows: demand ransom in exchange for returning
access to compromised systems, have seen
1. Introduction: This section provides the a significant rise.
background and scope of the report.

2
 o Trojan horses disguise malicious code as 3.3. Cybersecurity Threats: Current Landscape
legitimate software, and spyware gathers
sensitive information without consent. Cybersecurity threats can arise from various sources, both
external and internal. The following are key contemporary
b. Phishing and Social Engineering: Phishing attacks threats:
involve deceiving individuals into revealing personal or
confidential information, such as usernames, passwords, or a. Nation-State Attacks: With geopolitical tensions
financial information. Phishing can be conducted through increasing, nation-states are increasingly targeting foreign
email, fake websites, or social media platforms. governments, critical infrastructure, and corporations with
sophisticated cyber operations, often involving APTs. State-
• Social engineering is often combined with sponsored actors are responsible for several high-profile
phishing, where attackers exploit psychological cyberattacks, such as those attributed to Russian, Chinese,
manipulation to trick users into revealing their and North Korean state-backed groups.
information.
b. Cybercrime: Cybercriminals are motivated by financial
c. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of gain and engage in activities like identity theft, fraud,
Service (DDoS) Attacks: ransomware attacks, and the dark web market. The rise in
cryptocurrency has facilitated these activities by providing a
• A DoS attack aims to overwhelm a system's means of anonymous transactions.
resources, making it unavailable to its users.
c. IoT Vulnerabilities: The proliferation of Internet of
• A DDoS attack involves multiple compromised Things (IoT) devices has expanded the attack surface for
devices, often part of a botnet, used to flood a cyber threats. Many IoT devices have poor security
target with traffic and disrupt its operations. DDoS standards, and they are often used as entry points for
attacks have become increasingly common in attackers to infiltrate larger networks. Botnets like Mirai
recent years, especially in political and commercial have exploited these vulnerabilities to conduct large-scale
cyber conflicts. DDoS attacks.
d. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks: MitM attacks d. Cloud Security Risks: Cloud computing has introduced
occur when an attacker intercepts communications between new risks associated with data storage, privacy, and
two parties to eavesdrop, alter, or inject malicious data. This compliance. The shared responsibility model in cloud
can lead to data breaches or unauthorized data manipulation. services means that while the cloud provider secures the
Examples include session hijacking and SSL stripping infrastructure, users are responsible for securing the data and
attacks. applications within the cloud environment.
Misconfigurations, poor access control, and inadequate
e. SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS):
security practices can lead to data breaches.
• SQL injection occurs when an attacker inserts
e. Supply Chain Attacks: Supply chain attacks involve
malicious SQL code into an input field to gain
targeting third-party vendors or partners with access to an
unauthorized access to a database.
organization's systems. The SolarWinds attack is one of the
• XSS attacks involve injecting malicious scripts into most notorious examples, where attackers inserted a
webpages viewed by other users, often to steal backdoor into software updates, compromising thousands of
session cookies or manipulate data. organizations globally.

f. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs): APTs are

sophisticated, prolonged attacks typically conducted by
3.4. Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities: Root Causes
well-funded and highly skilled groups, such as nation-state
actors or organized cybercrime groups. These attacks target Cybersecurity vulnerabilities are flaws or weaknesses in a
critical infrastructure, intellectual property, or sensitive system that can be exploited by cybercriminals to launch
governmental data. attacks. These vulnerabilities can stem from both technical
and human factors:
g. Insider Threats: Insider threats are posed by individuals
within an organization who misuse their access privileges to a. Software Vulnerabilities: Flaws in software code, such
steal, leak, or destroy data. These can be intentional as buffer overflows, unpatched security holes, and outdated
(malicious insiders) or unintentional (negligent employees). software versions, are common entry points for attackers.
Regular patching and updates are critical in reducing the
exposure to these vulnerabilities.

b. Human Error: Human negligence remains one of the

leading causes of cybersecurity breaches. Weak passwords,
untrained employees, and careless handling of sensitive
information increase the likelihood of exploitation by

3
attackers. Social engineering relies heavily on exploiting c. Autonomous and Adaptive Security Systems: With the
human psychology. increasing complexity and speed of cyberattacks,
autonomous security systems that can adapt and respond in
c. Inadequate Security Measures: Weaknesses in the real-time are becoming essential. These systems would be
design and implementation of security controls—such as capable of analyzing vast amounts of data, learning from
insufficient encryption, improper access control, or lack of past attacks, and predicting future threats.
network segmentation—create openings for cyberattacks.
Additionally, a lack of security awareness in both d. Blockchain for Cybersecurity: Blockchain technology,
individuals and organizations exacerbates the problem. with its decentralized, immutable ledger, holds potential for
securing sensitive transactions, preventing data tampering,
d. Supply Chain and Third-Party Risks: As organizations and enhancing transparency. Research is focused on
rely on third-party vendors and external partners, integrating blockchain into cybersecurity solutions such as
vulnerabilities in these entities' systems can lead to breaches secure voting, identity management, and supply chain
in their clients' systems. Attackers often target these third security.
parties because they may have less stringent security
protocols in place. e. Zero Trust Architecture: The Zero Trust security model,
which assumes that no user or device is trusted by default,
even inside the corporate network, is gaining prominence.
3.5. Impact of Cybersecurity Attacks Research into how to implement Zero Trust effectively,
including identity management, continuous monitoring, and
Cybersecurity breaches can have far-reaching consequences, micro-segmentation, is critical for improving security.
including financial loss, reputational damage, legal and
regulatory repercussions, and national security threats. The f. Privacy-Enhancing Technologies: As data privacy
global cost of cybercrime is estimated to be trillions of concerns rise, research into privacy-enhancing technologies
dollars annually. Specific impacts include: (PETs) such as differential privacy, homomorphic
encryption, and secure multi-party computation can provide
• Financial Loss: Direct financial losses, including new ways of analyzing data while maintaining privacy.
ransom payments and theft of intellectual property,
can cripple businesses.

• Data Breaches: Loss of customer data can lead to 4.Future directions

significant reputational damage, legal suits, and 4.1 Emerging Cyber Security Threats
loss of consumer trust.
Internet of Things (IoT) Vulnerabilities
• National Security Risks: Cyberattacks on critical
infrastructure, such as power grids, healthcare • Explosive Growth: The proliferation of IoT
systems, and government institutions, can pose a devices, such as smart home appliances, industrial
threat to national security and public safety. sensors, and connected healthcare equipment, has
outpaced the development of robust security
protocols.
3.6. Future Research Directions • Minimal Security Standards: Many IoT devices
As the cybersecurity landscape continues to evolve, research are built with minimal security measures to reduce
is needed in several key areas to address emerging costs and expedite production, leaving them
challenges: vulnerable to exploitation.

a. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in • Network Entry Points: Attackers can exploit
Cybersecurity: AI and ML techniques can be employed to vulnerabilities in IoT devices to gain unauthorized
enhance threat detection and response capabilities. access to larger networks, steal sensitive data, or
Researchers are exploring ways to use machine learning disrupt services.
algorithms for anomaly detection, identifying new attack
• Botnet Creation: IoT devices are often targeted to
vectors, and automating incident response.
create botnets for launching distributed denial-of-
b. Quantum Computing and Cryptography: The advent service (DDoS) attacks, exemplified by the Mirai
of quantum computing presents both a challenge and an botnet incident.
opportunity in cybersecurity. While quantum computers
Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Attacks
could break existing cryptographic schemes, they also offer
the potential for more robust encryption protocols based on • Wallet Theft and Exchange Breaches: Attackers
quantum principles. Research into post-quantum target cryptocurrency wallets and exchanges
cryptography is vital. through phishing, malware, or exploiting weak
security practices.

4
 • Smart Contract Exploits: Vulnerabilities in smart • Complex Systems: Large, interconnected systems
contract code can result in financial losses, as seen often have dependencies that create unintended
in notable breaches like the DAO hack. security gaps.

• Mining Pool Compromises: Attackers can disrupt Human Factors and Security Awareness
or hijack mining pools, diverting rewards or
degrading network performance. • Social Engineering Attacks: Techniques like
phishing and baiting exploit human psychology,
• Blockchain Integrity Risks: While blockchain is bypassing technical defenses.
inherently secure, weaknesses in its implementation
or adjacent technologies can be exploited. • Weak Password Practices: Poor password
hygiene, including the use of default, weak, or
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) reused passwords, is a common vulnerability.
Threats
• Lack of Training: Employees often lack awareness
• Automated Phishing Campaigns: AI-driven of cyber threats, increasing their susceptibility to
phishing attacks leverage natural language attacks.
processing to create highly convincing and
personalized messages, increasing their success Regulatory and Compliance Complexities
rate. • Diverse Standards: Different regions and
• Deepfake Technologies: Attackers use AI- industries have unique regulations, creating
generated deepfake videos or audio to impersonate challenges for multinational organizations.
individuals, enabling fraudulent transactions or • GDPR and Beyond: Stringent regulations like the
spreading misinformation. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
• Adversarial AI Attacks: Malicious actors can impose severe penalties for non-compliance,
manipulate AI models by feeding them crafted data requiring robust data protection measures.
to mislead or disrupt their functioning, affecting • Evolving Legal Landscape: Organizations must
applications like facial recognition or fraud constantly adapt to new laws and guidelines, which
detection. can be resource-intensive.

Skill Shortages and Resource Constraints

5G and Edge Computing Vulnerabilities • Talent Gap: The global demand for skilled cyber
• Expanded Attack Surface: The adoption of 5G security professionals far exceeds supply, leaving
and edge computing significantly increases the organizations understaffed.
number of interconnected devices, each a potential • Budget Limitations: Limited financial resources
entry point for attackers. hinder the implementation of advanced security
• Decentralized Architecture Risks: The distributed tools and practices.
nature of edge computing complicates centralized • Overworked Teams: Existing security personnel
monitoring and security enforcement.
often face burnout due to high workloads and
• Real-time Processing Exploits: Edge devices constant vigilance requirements.
processing sensitive data in real-time may lack
sufficient encryption or secure communication
protocols, making them susceptible to interception. 4.3 Future Cyber Security Research Directions

Proactive Threat Detection and Response

4.2 Cyber Security Vulnerabilities and Challenges • Real-time Monitoring: Developing tools to detect
and respond to threats as they occur, minimizing
Software Vulnerabilities potential damage.
• Outdated Software: Many organizations fail to • Automated Incident Response: AI-driven
update software regularly, leaving systems exposed automation can identify and neutralize threats faster
to known vulnerabilities. than manual processes.
• Zero-Day Exploits: Attackers increasingly target
• Early Warning Systems: Building systems
undiscovered software vulnerabilities, making
capable of predicting and alerting organizations
proactive security measures critical. about emerging threats based on data patterns.

5
Blockchain-based Security Solutions cyberattacks, new threats, and major vulnerabilities.
The analysis analyzed prevalent cyber attacks, including
• Enhanced Data Integrity: Using blockchain to malware, phishing, DDoS, and advanced persistent threats,
ensure the immutability and authenticity of while also investigating the varied motivations behind these
sensitive information. criminal acts. After that, it examined current cybersecurity
threats, emphasizing how they are becoming more complex
• Secure Supply Chains: Implementing blockchain
and dynamic. These threats include supply chain assaults,
for tracking and verifying goods throughout supply
chains, reducing risks of tampering. nation-state attacks, cybercrime, IoT vulnerabilities, and
cloud security issues.
• Decentralized Identity Management: Employing
The review also examined the underlying causes of
blockchain for secure, user-controlled identity
cybersecurity vulnerabilities, including software bugs,
systems to mitigate fraud.
human error and carelessness, insufficient security
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Cyber measures, and the dangers associated with third-party
Defense dependencies. It was underlined that cybersecurity breaches
have serious consequences, including monetary losses, harm
• Anomaly Detection: Leveraging ML to identify to one's reputation, and repercussions for national security.
unusual patterns indicative of cyber threats. The paper listed a number of important topics for upcoming
cybersecurity research. Among these are the creation of
• Predictive Analytics: Using AI to forecast
proactive threat detection and response systems, the use of
potential vulnerabilities and attacks based on
blockchain technology for improved security, the
historical data.
development of encryption that is resistant to quantum
• Adaptive Security Systems: Building systems errors, and the use of AI and machine learning to strengthen
capable of evolving defenses in response to cyber defenses. It was also emphasized how important it is
emerging threats. to handle new threats like cryptocurrency attacks, IoT
vulnerabilities, and the security issues brought on by 5G and
Internet of Secure Things (IoST) edge computing.
• Secure-by-Design Principles: Ensuring IoT In order to help scholars, practitioners, and policymakers
devices are built with robust security features from navigate the constantly changing landscape of cybersecurity
inception. opportunities and challenges, this review will synthesize
insights from recent studies and trends. This will ultimately
• End-to-End Encryption: Implementing help to develop more secure and resilient digital systems.
comprehensive encryption for data in transit and at
rest across IoT ecosystems.

• Firmware Security: Developing mechanisms for 6.References

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No /Author on Identified Techniques Utilized n Metrics Contributi arks
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1 To provide a
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2020) training.
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7
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2021)
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Computing" s in cloud factor detection
party environme provides a on hybrid focus on
(Li, X., & Yu, environment authenticati rate
infrastructur nts roadmap cloud trust and
S., 2019) s. on
e for future models. privacy.
research.
10 Rate
"A Survey on Distributed limiting,
Provides an Mitigation
DDoS Attacks To review attack traffic Emphasizes
Attack in-depth techniques
and DDoS complexity, analysis, Network the need for
mitigation review of often
Mitigation attack difficulty in anomaly traffic scalable,
DDoS efficiency, DDoS struggle
Techniques" techniques real-time detection datasets distributed
protection service attack types with scale
(Natarajan, and mitigation, systems, for DDoS DDoS
availabilit and and high
P., & mitigation large-scale cloud- simulation mitigation
y defensive traffic
Muthusamy, methods. botnet based solutions.
techniques. volumes.
R., 2021) threats DDoS
protection
11 Reviews AI
Shows
techniques
Lack of Machine significant
"Artificial for
labeled data, learning promise for
Intelligence in AI-based Publicly detecting AI models
To explore the black- algorithms, automating
Cybersecurity threat available Accuracy, and require a
the box nature deep threat
:A detection, malware detection mitigating large
applications of AI learning, detection but
Comprehensi anomaly datasets rate, false cyber volume of
of AI in models, decision requires
ve Review" detection, (e.g., positive threats, quality data
cybersecurit computation trees, AI- further
(Salama, S., malware CICIDS rate with to function
y. al resource based refinement
& Ganaie, M., analysis 2017) examples effectively.
requirement malware in model
2020) of
s analysis transparency
successful
.
application.

8
12 Highlights
the unique
Security
Lack of cybersecuri
"Cybersecurit Secure frameworks Urges the
To identify standardized ty needs of
y for Smart communica Risk are still development
cybersecurit security Smart city smart
Cities: tion reduction, underdevelo of secure,
y challenges Smart frameworks, datasets, cities,
Challenges, protocols, vulnerabili ped for scalable
in smart city IoT simulated particularly
Threats, and data ty smart cities, solutions for
cities and systems vulnerabiliti environme in the
Solutions" encryption, detection hindering future smart
propose es, data nts context of
(Verma, A., & smart grid rate full city
solutions. privacy IoT and
Rai, S., 2021) security implementa ecosystems.
concerns critical
tion.
infrastructu
re.
13 Proposes
"Next- Increasing
next-
Generation To discuss sophisticatio
generation Highlights
Cyber the future of n of Many next-
Next-gen defense the need for
Defense cybersecurit cyberattacks gen systems
firewalls, Detection systems future-proof
Systems: y defense General , difficulty are still in
AI-based Not accuracy, leveraging defense
Challenges mechanisms cybersecu in the
security, specified resilience AI, systems that
and Research , focusing rity integrating conceptual
blockchain to attack blockchain, can evolve
Directions" on next- next-gen or prototype
for security and other with new
(Ahmed, A., generation technologies phase.
modern threats.
& Khan, S., systems. into legacy
technologie
2020) systems
s.
14 Provides a
Scalability Demonstrat
To explore Blockchain compelling
"Blockchain issues, Blockchain es how
the potential integration case for
for Blockchai performance , Attack blockchain
of into integrating
Cybersecurity n for overhead, cryptograp Blockchai detection can
blockchain existing blockchain
: Threats and secure lack of hic n datasets, rate, enhance
technology systems is in
Opportunities transactio standard techniques, security scalability security,
in complex cybersecurit
" (Kumar, V., ns, data protocols decentraliz logs performan particularly
enhancing and y but
& Verma, N., protection for ed trust ce in
cybersecurit resource- requires
2022) blockchain systems decentraliz
y. intensive. standardizati
security ed systems.
on.
15 Emphasizes
Explores The the
To discuss the security transition to importance
"Cybersecurit Network 5G-specific
cybersecurit Network risks 5G of
y Risks and slicing encryption, 5G testbed
y challenges reliability, specific to networks developing
Emerging vulnerabiliti network environme
specific to 5G attack 5G may expose robust
Threats in 5G es, massive slicing nts,
5G network resilience, networks new attack security
Networks" IoT device security, network
networks security data and vectors, measures for
(Zhou, M., & integration, edge simulation
and explore confidenti suggests making 5G network
Zhang, T., supply chain computing datasets
research ality measures to security infrastructur
2020) risks security
directions. mitigate more e before
those risks. complex. widespread
deployment.