Journal of Geomatics and Environmental Research, Vol. 1, No.

1, December 2018

ASSESSMENT AND DETERMINATION OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

PATTERN OF FILLING STATIONS IN AKURE METROPOLIS, ONDO
STATE NIGERIA

TUKKA A.A. and ODUNAIYA A. K.

Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics,
Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State Nigeria
aatukka@futa.edu.ng, 08064046472
akodunaiya@futa.edu.ng, 08029277977

Abstract
This study aimed at Assessing and Determination of Spatial Distribution pattern of Filling
Stations in Akure Metropolis, Ondo State Nigeria. Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR)
stipulated that ‘distance from the edge of the road to any nearest pump should not be less than
15m and less than 400 meters to the next petrol filling station and not be located less than 100
meters from school, hospital, theatres, clinics and other public and semi-public buildings.
Meanwhile, in line with the objectives of this study, the Global Positioning System (GPS)
instrument was used to acquire spatial and attribute data where queries employing proximity
and buffering analysis was performed using ArcGIS 10.3 software respectively. The Z ratio
analytical technique was used to examine the conformity of petrol filling stations to the required
distance of 400m and 15m from each other and from the road respectively as stipulated by DPR
amendment decree 37 of 1997. Findings from the Z ratio analysis at 66 degree of freedom and
95% confidence level reveals that 32(57%) conform to the required distance of 400m apart,
25(40%) conformed to the required distance of 15m from the existing road, 95.5% conformed to
the required distance of 100m from existing school and 100% conformed to the required
distance of 100m from the existing healthcare facility. there is a general an indication that the
distribution of Filling stations in Akure metropolis is tending towards a clustered pattern which
automatically translates into high level vulnerability to potential hazards associated with each
utility. Thus, recommended is hereby made for adoption of this work by the regulatory agency
DPR, as an A-prior data to improve their capacity in enforcing the compliance of petrol filling
stations with laid down regulations.

Keywords: Spatial, Pattern, Assessment, Conformity, Standards

1. Introduction

Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural resources and at present, she is the ninth world
producer and sixth world exporter of crude oil (CBN, 2010). Despite this, population
growth rate has continued to outpaced the ability of Government to build essential
infrastructures, enact and enforce legislation needed to make life in safe, rewarding and
healthy (W.H.O, 2010). This rapid growth rate of most urban centres has increased the
use of automobiles, generators and other petroleum demanding plants. The pathetic
power situation in Nigeria has exacerbated the increasing demand for petroleum
products, leading to the proliferation of petrol filling stations and consequently, with

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less consideration of the minimum environmental safety requirements for their

operations (Afolabi, Olajide & Omotayo, 2011).

Safety practices in locating petrol filling stations are of utmost importance in preventing
hazards and reducing potential risks that could affect humans and their environment
(Samuel et, al,, 2015) . In most large urban areas of Nigeria, there is high demand for
land for socio-economic services that are in high demand. This high land demand often
results to land scramble and illegal conversion of land uses, leading to haphazard
development and the deliberate location of petrol filling stations in unsuitable areas that
are highly vulnerable to hazard (KASUPDA, 2009). Several problems have come to be
associated with these poorly located filling stations. Today, this has become an
important social issue requiring the attention of social critiques and researchers alike.
For example, Samuel (2011) acknowledged the significant contributions of petrol filling
stations’ location to traffic congestion, pollution, and fire. The dimension and extent of
the problems depend on the criteria or variable such as location, size and set back from
the road. Ehinomen and Adeleke (2012)” the onus of selecting an optimal site for
business enterprise such as a petrol filling station depends on factors such as proximity
to population centres, distance from neighbouring stations, the easements of using
existing utility, and the magnitudes of environmental pollution parameters. Similarly,
Oetomo and Sesulihatien (2012) observed other factors to take into account when
making a decision about the location of business this includes: customers, transport, the
neighbourhood, finances and the longer term future as part of the variables that should
not be wished away in the location of investments such as filling stations. In view of
how important the sittings of facilities like petrol filling stations are to environmental
safety and sustainability of a burgeoning settlement like Akure metropolis, it is
imperative to assess the spatial location and distribution pattern of petrol filling stations
within the metropolis in order to ascertain the extent to which they conform to the
planning standards.

Statement of Problem

From the review of related literature, there is corollary of the lack of developmental
control and non-conformity with planning standards in semi–urban and fully urbanized
settlements. The problem of indiscriminate location of petrol stations is taking place at
alarming rate in most Nigerian cities and Akure metropolis inclusive. The planning
methods are expressed in poor sitting, inadequate size, limited set back from road, poor
radius allowance from major facilities like schools, hospitals, military and Para military
facilities which are against the planning standard. This culminates in traffic congestion,
pollution, fire and many unforeseen problems resulting from un-coordinated
development. The study area is a developing urban centre, which on account of its
expansion had also witnessed the proliferation of petrol filling stations, most of which
are poorly sited, with disregards to planning standards. The imperativeness of this study

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is borne out of the non-existence of spatial database of petrol filling station in the area
as no study has been done in this regard. The study also aims at assessing the location
and spatial distribution of petrol filling stations in Akure metropolis through the
following objectives: To identify and map all the petrol filling stations in the study area;
To determine and assess the distribution pattern of the petrol filling station with respect
to their conformity or otherwise with planning standards; To examine the implication of
the spatial distribution of petrol filling station within Akure metropolis.

II. Material and Method

Study Area: The Akure metropolis in Ondo state lies between latitude 7° 5’23.62’’N.
to 7º21’12.972’’N. and longitude 5°20’46.975E to 5°10’9.953 E with an altitude of 353
metres above the Mean sea level. It has an area of 331sq.km and a population of
353,211 at the 2006 census, which is projected to 618,570 at 2016.

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Figure 1: Map of Nigeria showing Ondo State and Map of Ondo state showing Akure-
metropolist other L.G.As. Source: https://www.researchgate.net,
http://article.sapub.org

For this study, a preliminary field survey was first conducted to identify the spatial
location of existing petrol filling stations. A 2016 Google-earth imagery of Akure
metropolis of 2.5-meter resolution was sourced from the Department of Surveying,
Federal University of Technology Akure Ondo State Nigeria. The primary Data was
acquired from the field using Handheld GPS. Data obtained from the field observation
were first entered in Excel Microsoft (2007) applications to create a simple database.
Columns were used as field to store information on filling station. The data were saved
in the project folder (created in C drive) and exported to Arc Map environment of
ArcGIS 10.3 The data were then converted to shape file to be used in performing the
analysis. Although, the image used for the project was in .TIFF format (tagged image
file format). It is also accompanied by a world file in TIFF format. The world file
contains the information about the map coordinate system. ARC GIS 10.3 software was
used for the geo-referencing and digitizing exercise. Layer was created for each theme
using ARC GIS 10.3. Each theme in the layer was assigned colours. Each theme was
then digitized using polyline tool for linear objects and tracing them out electronically
and appropriate tool for other non-linear objects. The major error like undershoot,
overshoot, dang lines were taken care of. The data of the filling stations and other major

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point of interest i.e. hospital, police station, Schools stored in the excel sheet was
converted to shape file with the aid of ARC GIS 10.3 A standard symbolization was
used to map out the filling stations.

III. Results and Discussion

Inventory of Filling Stations by Road
There exist sixty seven (67) filling stations at the time of study. These filling stations are
located along the major and minor roads in the Akure metropolis. Meanwhile, Table 3.1
below shows filling stations in Akure Metropolis with their coordinate, However
Measured Distances of Petrol Filling Station from another using their Coordinates in
ArcGIS10.3 are contained in Table 3.2 to 3.9 respectively.

Table 3.1: Showing filling stations in Akure Metropolis with their coordinate
NAME OF PETROL STATION EASTING NORTHING
FIRST DEEP WATER NIG LTD 736272 808124
FORTE OIL 737163 807808
DIVINE FRUIT 736547 808063
BAYDUK 737652 807480
ZION PETROLEUM 736852 807925
OMEGA PETROLEUM 737988 807123
SB FAGBOTE & CO PETROLEUM 738278 806789
AKINGBOLA ADEGBAMIGBE 738147 806977
L. OMATADOWA 737522 807579
SCAB 738601 806503
IBI BABATUNDE PETROLEUM 738668 806359
JJNPC 738839 806195
MOBIL 738935 806098
AYUS OIL &GAS LIMITED 739715 805798
BOVAS 738493 807086
TOTYM 738488 807300
GIANT IBK 737988 806382
LNPC 737754 806529
BOWET PERTOLEUM 738774 805920
CONOIL 738970 805312
FIRST DEEP WATER NIG LTD 739031 805016
FORTE OIL 739038 804845
ADEEMAN NIG LTD 739277 804270
MOBIL 739360 804127
TOTAL 739361 804050
BAYDUK 739744 803322
REMA PETROLEUM 740684 802740
FREEMAN 741127 802509
HS OIL &GAS 741241 802479
OANDO 741636 802409
MOBIL 742158 802014

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NAME OF PETROL STATION EASTING NORTHING

FEWA 741848 802072
LAO OIL 742930 801035
TOTAL 742810 800307
SATA BEST 742909 799742
ENERGY 742921 799293
TOTAL 742565 802197
MRS 742823 802109
OANDO 743192 80209
NNPC 740099 805967
MANIA FILLING STATION 740413 805838
ARCON FILLING STATION 740637 805830
NNPC MEGA STATION 742999 797747
CASHOLD 742212 802110
BOLA FASTO NIG LTD 742764 798508
AP 742848 799407
SAMDEK FILLING STATION 741637 800988
OANDO 742366 801971
DAMILAK FILLING STATION 740068 802134
OYECTIN OIL AND GAS 738975 806134
STALLION PETROLEUM 738934 804338
KUTEYI GAS STATION 738784 806332
LIBRA PETOLEUM 738766 806279

Figure 3.1: showing the spatial distribution of Filling stations in the study area.

Table 3.2: showing the distances between the Filling stations situated along Oba
Adesida.

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ROAD OBA-ADESIDA ROAD/ BISH MEASURED DISTANCE WITH RESPECT TO

NAME FAGUN THE ROUTE

FROM TO CAL
DIST.
1 MRS OAND 1278.601 1270.211
O
2 OANDO NNPC 322.0947 330.336
3 NNPC MOBIL 1114.826 1151.803

Table 3.3: showing the distances between the Filling stations situated along Oba Ile
road.
ROAD OBA ILE ROAD MEASURED
NAME DISTANCE WITH RESPECT
FROM TO CAL DIST. TO THE ROUTE
1 MOBIL FADACH 93.00538 75.777
2 FADACH FREEMAN 668.012 692.927
3 FREEMAN MASTERS ENERGY 398.1017 390.797
4 MASTERS ENERGY OCAFIN 1462.273 1548.697
5 OCAFIN HOLAR 246.3433 259.724
6 HOLAR OFN OIL & GAS 212.4924 205.256
7 OFN OIL & GAS OLU SILE OIL & GAS 334.9343 338.628
8 OLU SILE OIL & GAS GOMSAF OIL & GAS 284.0634 295.641
9 GOMSAF OIL & GAS TOMMY TOL 199.2636 194.745
10 TOMMY TOL SEGADOT 1270.568 1293.532
11 SEGADOT CRYSTAL OIL AND GAS 874.6028 881.433

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Table 3.4: showing the distances between the Filling stations situated along Akure-
Ilesha.
ROAD AKURE-ILESHA ROAD MEASURED DISTANCE WITH
NAME RESPECT TO THE ROUTE
FROM TO CAL.
DIST.
1 NNPC MRS 232.174 263.446
5
2 MRS FORTE OIL 47.5078 44.832
9
3 MRS AGBOGBO 138.952
4 FORTE OIL HEROES 347.2 352.83
CHOICE LTD 247
5 HEROES FUNKY MASS 205.7 202.367
CHOICE LTD NIG LTD 037
6 FUNKY MASS SWIFT OIL 204.1 202.985
NIG LTD 984

Table 3.5: showing the distances between the Filling stations situated along Akure Owo
road
ROAD AKURE-OWO ROAD MEASURED
NAME DISTANCE WITH
FROM TO CAL DIST. RESPECT TO THE
ROUTE
1 SWIFT OIL TOTAL 374.7119 377.867
2 TOTAL EXODUS OIL 270.1129 279.576
AND GAS
3 EXODUS OIL AND ALROF 179.6051 189.144
GAS
4 ALROF BOLCENT 1986.245 2204.304
5 BOLCENT SHOWBOY 60.82763 44.954
6 SHOWBOY MR PRICE MR 129.2594 125.114
METER
7 MR PRICE MR METER TRAVELS 30.61046 20.186
8 TRAVELS GOLDEN JOFA 323.6109 322.507
LTD
9 GOLDEN JOFA LTD PHEMOCHY OIL 306.4719 314.335
AND GAS
10 PHEMOCHY OIL AND TOTYN 506.4632 531.41
GAS
11 TOTYN TOTYM 405.2172 405.217
12 TOTYM ENERGY 973.318 983.523
13 ENERGY SOBOFAD 456.3266 460.624
14 SOBOFAD ENERGY 2954.361 3070.829
15 ZION PETROLEUM MRS 421.2944 422.055

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Table 3.6: showing the distances between the Filling stations situated along Akure –
Ado road.
ROAD AKURE-ADO ROAD MEASURED DISTANCE
NAME WITH RESPECT TO THE
FROM TO CAL ROUTE
DIST.
1 TITOLU OLU SILE OIL & 846.4 849.81
VENTURE LTD GAS 195
2 OLU SILE OIL & BCAL JAY 350.4 364.997
GAS 64
3 BCAL JAY LOLY JAY 204.0 215.362
GLOBAL OIL 882
4 LOLY JAY PROPOSED 139.0 138.548
GLOBAL OIL FILLING STATION 863
SITE
5 PROPOSED AM JOE OIL AND 1329. 1319.875
FILLING STATION GAS 676
SITE
6 AM JOE OIL AND OLA OLUYI J NIG 6771. 7564.897
GAS LTD 9
7 OLA OLUYI J NIG PROPOSED 498.5 528.527
LTD FILLING STATION 258
SITE
8 OJOJOLOWO GOLDEN 98.37 103.762
PETROLEUM AKINTOYE 174
9 GOLDEN RICHMOOR OIL 462.9 484.395
AKINTOYE NIG 05
10 RICHMOOR OIL GAF OIL AND 205.1 208.59
NIG SONS 536
11 GAF OIL AND NNPC 258.0 255.544
SONS 891
12 NNPC HAPMAS NIG LTD 123.4 128.564
828
13 HAPMAS TITOLU 0 275.176

Table 3.7: showing the distances between the Filling stations situated along Ijapo Estate
road
ROAD IJAPO-ESTATE ROAD MEASURED DISTANCE WITH RESPECT
NAME TO THE ROUTE
FROM TO CAL.
DIST
1 MOBILL EMMOL 288.404 298.865
AY 2
2 EMMOL FORTE 1455.80 1544.197
AY OIL 8
3 FORTE MC 817.345 831.346
OIL MINET 1

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Table 3.8: showing the distances between the Filling stations situated along Oke Ijebu
road.
ROAD OKE IJEBU ROAD MEASURED DISTANCE WITH
NAME RESPECT TO THE ROUTE

FROM TO CAL.
DIST.
1 TOTAL FILLING KOLEMAN 689.36 739.073
STATION 57
2 KOLEMAN FOCAL POINT 216.59 202.46
LTD 18
3 FOCAL POINT LATOYERN 307.27 296.357
LTD 84
4 LATOYERN JOKAY OIL 48.020 42.332
83
5 JOKAY OIL FOLA BOLA OIL 161.80 168.22
AND GAS LTD 54
6 FOLA BOLA OIL HONOURS 39.458 16.655
AND GAS LTD VENTURE LTD 84
7 HONOURS MATRIX 282.57 284.258
VENTURE LTD 74
8 MATRIX FRED ROSS 221.14 225.591
PETROLEUM 25
9 FRED ROSS ENERGY 300.62 303.789
PETROLEUM 93
10 ENERGY AGBOGBO 0 603.789

Table 3.9: showing the distances between the Filling stations situated along Arakale
road
ROAD ARAKALE ROAD MEASURED DISTANCE WITH
NAME RESPECT TO THE ROUTE
FROM TO CAL.
DISTAN
C
1 PREMA SCAB 3086.631 3213.146
PETROLEU PETROLEUM
M
2 SCAB HEPHZIBAH 270.9465 248.452
PETROLEU PETROLEUM
M

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Table 3.10: PERCENTAGE Distribution of Filling Stations along Major and Minor
roads within Akure Metropolis.
S/N ROAD TYPE OF NOS OF PERCENTAGE
ROAD FILLING %
STATIONS
1 OBA ADESIDA /BISHOP FAGUN MINOR 5 7.4626866
2 OBA ILE MINOR 10 14.925373
3 AKURE ILESHA MAJOR 6 8.9552239
4 AKURE OWO /AKURE –BENIN MAJOR 15 22.38806
5 AKURE ADO MAJOR 14 20.895522
6 IJAPO ESTATE MINOR 4 5.9701493
7 OKE IJEBU MINOR 10 14.925373
8 ARAKALE ROAD MINOR 3 4.4
TOTAL 67 100

b. Analysis of Results: Considering the standard siting criteria, standards were

defined to guild the establishment of Filling station in any locality in Nigeria. In
this study the analysis were restricted to the following standards.

1. That the distance from the edge of the road to the nearest pump will not be less
than 15meters.
2. A petrol Filling Station should be sited 400 meters away from the next petrol
Station.
3. Filling Station should not be located less than 100 meters from school, hospital,
theatres, clinics and other public and semi-public buildings.

Proximity analysis: (Distance from Road ): Offset from the road was determined from
the coordinate of the road and the coordinate of the first pump at each Filling stations,
following the completion of the study it was discovered that 42 stations (62.7%) did not
meet the criteria of 15m minimum distance from road, while 25 stations (37.3 %)
conform to the 15 distance from the road This result confirms that majority of the
Filling stations did not meet the standard criteria of locating 15m distance from road.

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Figure 3.2: Spatial query for more than 15m Source: field survey

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Figure 3.3: Filling stations that conforms to the 15m offset

Figure 3.4: Filling stations that contravene the 15m offset

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Figure 3.5: pie chart showing Comparison of no: of filling stations that conform / contravene
the 15m offset. Source: Field Survey (2017).

3.2.1.2 Distance between the Locations of Filling Stations The finding revealed that
longest distance between neighboring Filling stations was 6771.9, which exist between
AM JOE OIL and GASOLA OLUYIJ NIG LTD along Akure Ado; The result also
shows that 46% of the Filling stations conform to the 400 meters distance to their
neighbours by road. However, about only 54% of the Filling stations could not meet the
minimum distance of 400 meters road separation to their neighbours. The highest
number of those that did not meet the minimum standard of 400m distance to their
neighbours’ locations by road was of Filling observed in Akure Owo road and Oke
Ijebu road.

Figure 3.6: pie chart showing Filling Stations in Relation to 400 meter road separation
to Nearest Filling Station. Source: Field Survey (2017).

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Figure 3.7: Filling station conforming to the 400m.

3.2.2. Buffer analysis (Considering the 400m buffer query on Filling stations)
The result of the 400m buffer analysis revealed that only 6 Filling stations did not
contravene the 400 m standard, this implies that 61 other Filling station contravenes the
400m standard defined by the DPR

Figure 3.8: 400m buffer on Filling station.

3.2.2.2 Distance of Filling Stations to Health Facilities According the criteria set by
the DPR, Filling stations are not allow to operate adjacent to public institution like
hospitals. The coordinates of healthcare facilities was plotted and a buffer of 100 m was

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done in the Arc GIS environment. The result obtained thus showed that all the Filling
station situated within the study area complied to the 100m distance away from the
location of health facilities as shown in Figure 3.9 below.

Figure 3.9: 100m buffer analysis of Filling Stations in Relation to some Health Care
Facilities in Akure Metropolis Source: Field Survey (2017)

3.2.2.3 Distance of Filling stations to schools: Similarly buffer analysis was performed
on the schools layer, representing the distribution of schools in the project area, a query
by location was performed to display Filling stations that contravenes the 100m distance
from schools. Query result shows that only 3 Filling stations did not conform to the
specified distance from schools in the project area.

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Figure 3.10: 100m buffer analysis of Filling Stations in Relation to schools in Akure
Metropolis, Source: Field Survey

Figure 3.11: Comparison of number Of Filling Stations Along Both Major &Minor
Routes in Akure Metropolis, Source: Field Survey

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3.2.3 Nearest Neighbour Analysis In order to determine the location pattern of the fuel
stations, the nearest neighbour statistics (R) formulated by Clark and Evans was
applied. The statistics is defined as n

Where R =nearest neighbour index n

A = land area of the study area
d = total mean distance between the fuel stations
n = number of fuel stations

The following conditions are applied to determine if location pattern of the distribution
of Filling stations Akure Metropolis are :

`R = 0: the distribution is clustered n

 R = 1: the distribution is random n
 R = 2.15: the distribution is regular n

Using the ArcGIS, the nearest neighbour distance computed result is 0.19, which thus
indicate that the general distribution of Filling stations in Akure metropolis is tending
towards clustered pattern. Nearest neighbour index (Rn) value is less than 1 and Z-value
is -12.744 less than -1.96. Also there is significant difference between the distributions
of Filling stations in the area.

Figure 3.11: Result of the nearest neighbour analysis.

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IV. Conclusion and Recommendations

4.1 Conclusion
The analysis of the spatial distribution of filling stations in the study area reveals that
conformity to 400m required distance from one another was met by only 37 (54%) out
of the 67 petrol filling stations in the region, while the remaining 30 (46%) did not
conform. Also, the analysis of petrol filling stations’ conformity to the required 15m
distance from the road shows that only 25 (40%) petrol filling stations conformed while
42 (60%) petrol filling stations did not. Similar, the Buffering results revealed that,
95.5% conformed to the required distance of 100m from existing school and 100%
conformed to the required distance of 100m from the existing healthcare facility. Thus,
there is an indication that, the general distribution of Filling stations in Akure
metropolis is tending towards a clustered pattern which automatically translates into
high level vulnerability to potential hazards associated with each utility.

4.2 Recommendations
This study is hereby recommended for adoption by the regulatory agency, DPR, as an
A-prior data to improve their capacity for future work that requires enforcing the
compliance of petrol filling stations with laid down regulations.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledged with gratitude Mr.Ajibare Funsho and Mr. Ojo Emmanuel
Ehigbai for assisting in the collection of spatial and attribute data. and the members of
staff of Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Federal University of
Technology Akure, Ondo State for allowing the use of departmental equipment.

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