Lesson 1 – Geographic, Linguistic, and Ethnic • Marcelo H.

Del Pilar – Diariong

Dimensions of Philippine Literary History Tagalog, Dasalan at Tocsohan.
• Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas) – Florante
What is Literature? at Laura, Tagalog epic poetry.

• The word “literature” comes from the 🇺 American Regime (1898–1944)

Latin Littera meaning “letter.”
• Broadly, it refers to written, spoken, or • English became the language of
visual works expressing thoughts, emotions, instruction and literature.
and human experiences. • American policies encouraged public
• Includes: fiction, nonfiction, oral traditions, education.
poetry, drama, essays, and songs. • Writers had freedom to express nationalistic
ideas.
Historical Periods in Philippine Literature
Types of Literature:
1. Pre-Spanish / Pre-Colonial Period
2. Spanish Colonial / Enlightenment Period • Newspapers: El Renacimiento, El Grito del
3. American Regime Pueblo
4. Japanese Period • Plays: Walang Sugat (Severino
5. Period of Activism Reyes), Tanikala ng Ginto
6. The New Society • Spanish Literature: Poems and essays
7. The Third Republic inspired by Rizal.
8. Post-EDSA Revolution • Tagalog Literature:
9. 21st Century Literature o Poets of the Heart: Lope K. Santos,
Iñigo Ed. Regalado
Pre-Colonial Literature o Poets of Life: Jose Corazon de Jesus,
Amado V. Hernandez
• Oral literature: myths, legends, folktales, o Poets of the Stage: Aurelio
proverbs, epics, songs. Tolentino, Severino Reyes
• Passed down through generations as part of • English Literature:
daily life and rituals. o Period of Re-orientation (1898–
• Writing system: Alibata or Baybayin (17 1910)
symbols: 3 vowels, 14 consonants). o Period of Imitation (1910–1925)
o Period of Self-Discovery (1925–
Common Literary Forms: 1941)

• Proverbs (Salawikain): Traditional wisdom Japanese Period (1941–1945)

and values.
• Tanaga: Four lines with seven syllables • Suppression of English; use of Tagalog
each, often rhyming. encouraged.
• Riddles (Bugtong): Word puzzles for • Themes: nationalism, rural life, simplicity,
entertainment and learning. nature.
• Folk Tales & Legends: Explain nature,
origin, and customs. Literary Forms:
• Epics: Long narratives about heroic figures
and myths (e.g. Biag ni Lam-ang). • Haiku: 3 lines (5-7-5 syllables), nature-
• Fables: Morality tales using animals. focused.
• Tanka: 5 lines (5-7-5-7-7), emotional tone.
Spanish Colonial Period (1872–1898) • Tanaga: Filipino version of compact
rhyming poetry.
• Literature centered on religion, colonial
oppression, and nationalism. Period of Activism (1970–1972)
• Use of Roman alphabet replaced Alibata.
• First book: Doctrina Christiana (1593), • Students and youth wrote about social
written in Spanish and Tagalog. injustice.
• Themes: protest, revolution, poverty,
Notable Authors & Works: nationalism.
• Literature appeared in placards, street
• Dr. Jose Rizal poetry, and campus publications.
o Noli Me Tangere (“Touch Me Not”)
– exposes societal ills. The New Society (1972–1980)
o El Filibusterismo – predicts
revolution. • Martial Law Era: Controlled media,
o Mi Ultimo Adios – final farewell censorship.
poem. • Literature turned toward cultural pride,
• Graciano Lopez Jaena – Fray Botod, La discipline, and moral values.
Solidaridad editor.
 • Rise of magazines and comics as literary o Emigdio Alvarez Enriquez –
forms. Novelist, playwright
• Region X (Northern Mindanao):
The Third Republic (1981–1985) o Regino L. Gonzales Jr. – Short
stories: Battle at Tagoloan
• Literature became romantic and • Region XI (Davao Region):
revolutionary. o Aida Rivera-Ford – Love in the
• Focus on true-to-life Cornhusks, The Chieftest Mourner
themes: poverty, grief, freedom, faith. • Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN):
o Bartolome Del Valle – Indarapatra
Post-EDSA Revolution (1986–1995) at Sulayman translator

• Democratic recovery led to more literary Lesson 2.2 – Major Genres: Poetry and Prose
freedom.
• Newspapers: The What is Poetry?
Inquirer, Malaya, People’s Journal.
• A literary work expressing emotion through
21st Century Literature (1996–Present) rhythm, style, and imagery.

• Digital platforms and multimedia formats. Elements of Poetry:

• Use of codes, slang, abbreviations, and
ICT in writing. • Sense – meaning, images, symbols
• Creative forms: blogs, vlogs, spoken word, • Sound – rhyme, meter, rhythm
social media poetry. • Structure – shape, punctuation, form
• Tone – poet's attitude or emotion
Lesson 2.1 – Representative Texts and Authors • Voice – speaker’s persona
from the Regions
Types of Poetry
Luzon
Lyric Poetry
• Region I (Ilocos):
o Pedro Bukaneg – Biag ni Lam-ang • Sonnet – 14 lines, from “sonneto” (little
o F. Sionil Jose – Waywaya song)
• Region II (Cagayan Valley): • Elegy – mourns the dead (O Captain! My
o Florentino Hornedo – Ivatan culture Captain! by Walt Whitman)
expert • Ode – praises a person/event (e.g., On
• Region III (Central Luzon): Desire)
o Francisco Balagtas – Florante at
Laura Narrative Poetry
• Region IV-A (CALABARZON):
o Jose Rizal – Noli, Fili • Epic – long heroic story (e.g., Biag ni Lam-
• Region IV-B (MIMAROPA): ang)
o N.V.M. Gonzalez – Commonwealth • Ballad – musical storytelling with repetition
literary awardee • Social – tackles contemporary life and
• CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region): issues
o Andres Bonifacio – Revolutionary
literature Dramatic Poetry

Visayas • Dramatic Monologue – one character

speaks
• Region V (Bicol): • Soliloquy – thoughts shared aloud
o Potenciano Gregorio Sr. – Composer • Character Sketch – literary profile of a
of Sarung Banggi person
• Region VI (Western Visayas):
o Alice Tan-Gonzalez – Hiligaynon Special Forms
literature, Palanca awardee
• Region VII (Central Visayas): • Haiku – 3 lines (5-7-5), nature-focused
o Marcel M. Navarra – Father of • Acrostic – spells out names/descriptions
modern Cebuano lit vertically
• Region VIII (Eastern Visayas): • Cinquain – 5-line poem with syllable
o Iluminado Lucente – Waray poet and structure (2-4-6-8-2)
dramatist • Free Verse – no rhyme or meter; expressive
freedom
Mindanao

• Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula):

What is Prose?
 • Ordinary spoken or written language. Doodle Fiction
• Includes:
o Fiction: novels, short stories, flash • Incorporates doodles, drawings, and
fiction handwritten text.
o Nonfiction: essays, memoirs, • More text-heavy than manga.
biographies • Blends visual storytelling with prose.

Lesson 2.3 – Fiction and Nonfiction Examples:

What is Fiction? • Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney

• Timmy Failure by Stephan Pastis
• Imaginative writing about life.
• Characters and settings are invented by the Text-Talk Novels
author.
• May or may not reflect reality. • Told through dialogue formatted like chats,
texts, or social media.
What is Nonfiction? • Mimics real online conversations.

• Based on facts, real events, and the author's Example:

opinions.
• Purpose: to inform and • Vince and Kath (popular Philippine teen text
sometimes persuade. talk novel)

Illustrated Novel Chick Lit

• Extended narrative combining images and • Fiction addressing modern womanhood.

text. • Light-hearted, romantic, humorous.
• 50% of the story may be told through
images. Examples:
• Some have little to no text; reader interprets
through illustrations. • It Started with a Kiss by Miranda Dickinson
• The Night Before Christmas by Scarlett
Examples: Bailey

• The Invention of Hugo Cabret by Brian Flash Fiction

Selznick
• The Arrival by Shaun Tan • Very short stories (under 1,500 words).
• Focuses on brevity but still has plot,
Digi-Fiction character, and theme.

• Digital literature combining: Creative Nonfiction

o Book
o Movie or video • Uses literary techniques to present factual
o Internet website narratives.
• Requires engagement through multiple • Blends storytelling and truth (memoirs,
media. essays, biographies).

Graphic Novel Examples:

• Story is told in comic strip format. • 1,000 Gifts by Ann Voskamp

• May be fiction or nonfiction.
• Contains dialogue, panels, and illustrations. Science Fiction

Manga • Imagines futuristic, scientific, or

technological advancements.
• Japanese comics or graphic novels. • Themes: space travel, AI, parallel universes,
• Often serialized and categorized by etc.
demographic:
Examples:
Types:
• Mockingjay by Suzanne Collins
• Shonen – Boys (e.g., Naruto, One Piece) • Kingdom of Ash by Sarah Maas
• Shojo – Girls (e.g., Sailor Moon)
• Seinen – Men (e.g., Akira) Blogs
• Kodomo – Children (e.g., Doraemon)
• Regularly updated websites or online
journals.
 • May be personal or professional. Types of Anecdotes
• Written by individuals or groups.
• Humorous – Adds laughter to the message
Hyper Poetry
E.g., arguing over GPS and ending
• Found online, using hyperlinks and digital up in a cow field
effects.
• May include moving text or interactable • Reminiscent – Recalling the past
elements.
“Back in my day, candy cost only a
Lesson 3 – Anecdote penny!”

What is an Anecdote? • Philosophical – Sparks deep thought

• A short, real-life story that E.g., lying to save lives in WWII

is entertaining, relatable, or instructive.
• Based on actual events or people. • Inspirational – Motivates and uplifts

Origin E.g., soldier with no hands holds his

baby
• Greek word anékdota, meaning “things
unpublished.” • Cautionary – Warns of real dangers

Characteristics E.g., bright student dies from drug

use
• Short and meaningful.
• Relatable and true to life. Lesson 4 – Context and Text Meaning
• Enhances understanding and connection
with readers. What is Context?

Benefits • “To weave together” – Circumstances

surrounding a text that shape its meaning.
• Adds emotion and personality to writing.
• Makes abstract ideas concrete and Types of Context
memorable.
• Builds empathy and understanding. 1. Writer’s Context

Structure of an Anecdote The author’s background,

experiences, beliefs, gender, etc.
1. Introduction – Background or setup
2. Beginning – How the story starts 2. Reader’s Context
3. Story – The main sequence of events
4. End – Final reflection or result The reader’s own experiences, prior
knowledge, and values.
Purposes of Anecdotes
3. Text’s Context
1. To Bring Cheer
The text’s publishing background,
A student shares how he got lost and structure, and placement.
joined the wrong class on the first
day. 4. Social Context

2. To Reminisce Society where the text was written

and set.
A mom tells stories of her teenage
life in the province. Imagery in Texts

3. To Caution Imagery = Words that appeal to senses and create

vivid mental pictures.
A father warns his son by telling a
true accident story. Types of Imagery

4. To Persuade or Inspire 1. Visual – Sight: colors, shapes, sizes

2. Auditory – Hearing: sounds, silence
A teacher shares how a struggling 3. Olfactory – Smell: scents, odors
student became a top reader. 4. Gustatory – Taste: food, flavors
5. Tactile – Touch: textures, temperature
6. Kinesthetic – Motion: actions, movements