Computer Networks 3150710

Practical - 5

AIM:- Study of basic network command and Network configuration commands.

Output:-
The operating system consists of various built-in, command-line networking utilities that are used for
network troubleshooting. We will see various networking commands which are most essentials for every
network administrator.

1. ping
ping is used to testing a network host capacity to interact with another host. Just enter the command Ping,
followed by the target host’s name or IP address. The ping utilities seem to be the most common network
tool. This is performed by using the Internet Control Message Protocol, which allows the echo packet to
be sent to the destination host and a listening mechanism. If the destination host reply to the requesting
host, that means the host is reachable. This utility usually gives a basic image of where there may be a
specific networking issue.

There are various options a user can use with the Ping command. Options are as follows-

Options Description

Target This is the destination IP address or a hostname user want to ping.

-a This option resolves the hostname of an IP address target.

-t This ping command option will ping the target until you stop it by
pressing Ctrl-C.
-n count This option is used to set the number of ICMP Echo Requests to send,
from 1 to 4294967295. If -n is not specified, the ping command will
return 4 by default.

-l size This option is used to set the size, in bytes, of the echo-request packet
from 32 to 65,527. If the -l option is not specified, the ping command
will send a 32-byte echo request.
-s count This option is used to report the time in the Internet Timestamp format
that each echo request is received and an echo reply is sent. The
maximum count value is 4, i.e. only the first four hops can be time
stamped.

-r count This command uses the ping command option to specify the number
of hops between the source computer and the target computer. The
maximum count value is 9; the Tracert command can also be used if
the user wants to view all the hops between two devices.

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Options Description
-f Use this ping command option to prevent ICMP Echo Requests from
being fragmented by routers between the source and the target. The -
f option is often used to troubleshoot Path Maximum Transmission
Unit (PMTU) issues.

-w timeout A timeout value must be specified while executing this ping

-s srcaddr This option is used to specify the source address.

2. NetStat
Netstat is a Common TCP – IP networking command-line method present in most Windows, Linux,
UNIX, and other operating systems. The netstat provides the statistics and information in the use of the
current TCP-IP Connection network about the protocol.

There are various options a user can use with the Netstat command.

Options are as follows-

• -a: This will display all connection and ports

• -b: Shows the executable involved in each connection or hearing port

• -e: This protocol will combine with the -sand display the ethernet statistics

• -n: This will display the address and the port number in the form of numerical

• -o: It will display the ID of each connection for the ownership process.

• -r: It will display the routing table

• -v: When used in combination with -b, the link or hearing port sequence for every executable is
shown.

3. ipconfig
The command ipconfig will display basic details about the device’s IP address configuration. Just type
IP config in the Windows prompt and the IP, subnet mask and default gateway that the current device
will be presented. If you have to see full information, then type on command prompt config-all and then
you will see full information. There are also choices to assist you in resolving DNS and DHCP issues.

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4. Hostname
To communicate with each and other, the computer needs a unique address. A hostname can be alphabetic
or alphanumeric and contain specific symbols used specifically to define a specific node or device in the
network. For example, a hostname should have a domain name (TLD) of the top-level and a distance
between one and 63 characters when used in a domain name system (DNS) or on the Internet.
Steps to Determine Your Computer’s Name
Open a terminal window and type the command given below.
hostname
It will provide the name of your computer. The first part of the result is the name of a computer and the
second part is the name of the domain.

To get only the computer name, run the following command:

Similarly, if a user wants to find out which domain system is running, then use the following command.
hostname -d

The IP address for the hostname can also be retrieved by using the following command.
hostname -i

User can find out all the aliases for the computer by using the command given below.
hostname -a

5. tracert
The tracert command is a Command Prompt command which is used to get the network packet being sent
and received and the number of hops required for that packet to reach to target. This command can also be
referred to as a traceroute. It provides several details about the path that a packet takes from the source to
the specified destination.
The tracert command is available for the Command Prompt in all Windows operating systems.
The syntax for Tracert Command
tracert [-d] [-h MaxHops] [-w TimeOut] target

There are various options the user can use with tracert command.
Options for tracert Command are as follows-
• target: This is the destination, either an IP address or hostname.
• –d: This option prevents Tracert from resolving IP addresses to hostnames to get faster results.
• -h MaxHops: This Tracert option specifies the maximum number of hops in the search for the
target. If the MaxHops option is not specified the target has not been found by 30 hops, then the
tracert command will stop looking.
• -w timeout: A timeout value must be specified while executing this ping command. It adjusts the
amount of time in milliseconds.

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6. nslookup
The nslookup, which stands for name server lookup command, is a network utility command used to
obtain information about internet servers. It provides name server information for the DNS (Domain
Name System), i.e. the default DNS server’s name and IP Address.
The syntax for nslookup is as follows.
Nslookup or Nslookup [domain_name]

7. Route
In IP networks, routing tables are used to direct packets from one subnet to another. The Route command
provides the device’s routing tables. To get this result, just type route print. The Route command returns
the routing table, and the user can make changes by Commands such as Route Add, Route Delete, and
Route Change, which allows modifying the routing table as a requirement.
8. ARP
ARP Stands for Address Resolution Protocol. Although network communications can readily be thought
of as an IP address, the packet delivery depends ultimately on the media access control (MAC). This is
where the protocol for address resolution comes into effect. You can add the remote host IP address,
which is an arp -a command, in case you have issues to communicate with a given host. The ARP
command provides information like Address, Flags, Mask, IFace, Hardware Type, Hardware Address,
etc.

9. Path Ping
We discussed the ping command and the tracert command. There are similarities between these
commands. The path ping command which provides a combination of the best aspects of tracert and ping.
This command takes 300 seconds to gather statistics and then returns reports on latency and packet loss
statistics at intermediate hops between the source and the target in more detail than those reports provided
by ping or tracert commands.
The syntax for path ping is as follows:
path ping [-n] [-h] [-g <Hostlist>] [-p <Period>] [-q <NumQueries> [-w <timeout>] [-i <IPaddress>]

[-4 <IPv4>] [-6 <IPv6>][<TargetName>]

• N: Prevents path ping functioning from attempting to resolve routers’ IP addresses to their names.
• -h MaxHops: This tracert option specifies the maximum number of hops in the search for the
target. If the MaxHops option is not specified the target has not been found by 30 hops then the
tracert command will stop looking.
• -w timeout: A timeout value must be specified while executing this ping command. It adjusts the
amount of time in milliseconds.
• ip <IPaddress>: Indicates the source address.
• target: This is the destination IP address or a hostname user want to ping.

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