Insect Pests of Rice

> Yellow stem borer of rice St irpof >haya imtriulin (Walker ) ( Pvulidflc Lcpidopicra )

> White stem borer of rice Setrpophaga innotata ( Walker ) ( PvTalidac Lcpidopicra )

m
«

hi In A uppnessalis ( Walker ) (P>ralidac Lcpidopicra )

J '• v . .
* *_

,,
. V -l V Striped stem borer of rice
r Rice hispa
(

Dulaihspo Armigera ( Oliv icr ) ( Chrysomclidac Colcoptcra )

M 1I
insect rpests
Cereals
^ ,
of i > Rice leaf folder
> Pink borer of rice
> Rice grasshopper
C 'naphaliK row mcJmalis ( Guencc )
Sanaa mfenns ( Walker )
Hicrof lyphus banian ( Fabneus )
’
( Crambidac Lcpidopicra »

( Nocluidac Lcpidopicra )

( Acrididac Orlhoptcraj
H nif ’ nm'. pleiii' Boli \ cr
> Brown plant hopper Nllaparvaia lugvn* ( Stal ) ( Dclphacidac Homoplcra )
-**
*! '
•

> While- backed plant hopper Soyaulla furafera ( Ho\ ath) ( Dclphacidac llomoplcra )
r Green leaf hopper Nephotetux nigrvptaus (Sial )
i vM’fcvnt ( Distant )
\ (Cicadcllidac Homoplcra )

> White rice leaf hopper Co/ana spvcia ( Distant ) ( Cicadcllidac Homoplcra )

BrOWIl Plant Hopper N;la/ kirv< jfalugem ( Delphacidae: Homoptera ) Description of Life Stages
Status: Most destructive pest of rice .
Egg: Female lacerate parenchyma tissues and la > whitish cs lindrical eggs.

Distribution: Widely distributed in Kallar tract and other rice growing areas of Nymph: Dark brown in colour with greysih- blue eyes.
Pakistan as well as South . South-east Asia, China, Japan and
Korea Adult: Adults are brown in colour with brown eyes. Light brown legs and black
tarsal claws. The wings are hyaline with brown marking and dark veins.
Food Plants: Rice and Wild grasses.

ETL: 5-10 nymphs or adult / hill

I

„ 100.1»
-
,m
iMvka 4 l 4in
.
»
—. Nymph
J
’ -
: IO l $ da\ s Brachypterous Macropterous

Life History Mode of damage

Sucking cell sap: After emergence the nymph start feeding on young leaves.
Active period : Breed throughout the year. Both nymph and adult suck cell sap from the leaves and causing them to lurn
Inactive period : November- February. wHmv on which brownish feeding •' puis are very clear These spots merge
together and ultimate Iv leal dry oil Such attack is seen in early stages of plant
Optimum activity: July-September. growth.
No. of Generations: 34 overlapping generations Less 1 illering: Tillering is affected adversely by its attack .
Life cycle: 20-25 days in summer
Hopper Burn: Higher hopper population in rice field causes circular
38-44 days in winter patches of
dried plants known as hopper burn .
Overwinter as: Eggs or as fifth instar nymphs.
Transmit v irus: It infests and kills the rice plants at all stage of plant
feeding intensively on them and also transmits grassy stunt and
growth by -
ragged stunt
virus

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 Control
Cultural Control:
> Wild grasses on which pest breed should be removed
^ Dcstniction of stubbles to kill different stages of the pests
> Plant spacing should be increased in areas of infestation
> Drying and wetting of is recommended during peak attack .
> Grow resistance verities
Biological control:
> Coccinelhd
nymphs.
. .
beetles. Predatory spiders Mired bugs Black ants and Red ants for

Chemical control:
' Carbary I 5kg/kg seed * Methomyl 250-300 g/acre.
* Acephate -
500 700 ml/acre * Acetamaprid 125g/acre
* Carbosulfan 500 ml /acre

-
White Backed 1'Iant hopper Sogatellafurcifera ( DdphackJac: Homoptera ) Description of life stages
Status: Most destructive pest of rice. Egg: Laid in masses on leaf sheath

Distribution: Widely distributed in Kallar tract and other rice growing areas of Nymph: Greysih-white and turn dark grey near maturity
Pakistan and India.
Adult: Straw colored, wedge shape with white back They are active and jump
Food Plants: Rice and wild grasses.
from on leaf to another on slight disturbance.
ETL: 10-15 nymphs or adult / hill in August
20-25 nymphs or adults / hill in September

*
HI
'
itt
;

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*v
/
'

*
>

let l MM JO) 2>11 tgp nua Nymph

IUUI *-« JJW Adult
-
11 12 davs -
8 13 da vs

Life History Mode of damage

Sucking cell sap: The damage is caused by both nymph and adult of WBPH by
-
Active period: March November sucking phloem sap During initial mfcMation the lower leaf bee onu s yelh » \s and
-
Inactive period : Decernber February -
gt actually vs hide piam Ji tv out The symptoms start from leaf tips and spread to
the remaining plant When infestation remains low in the field, WBPH feeding
Optimum activity: August -September may affect the overall growth and plant might fail to piodiue panicle.
No. of
,
Generation*: Several ( 3 d to 5’1* generation cause maximum loss ) Honey dew secretion: The excretion of honcydew causes development of soot \
mould , which affects the photosynthetic activity of plant In case of high
-
Lifecycle: 12 18 days infestation yield may be reduced to 80%

Vector of Virus: It has been found to be a vector of a new

Southern Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus ( SRBSDV )
viral disease .

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 Control
Cultural control:
> Wild grasses on which pest breed should be removed
r IX'siruclion of stubbles ( » > kill diticreni stages of the pests .
r Plant spacing should be increased in areas of infestation
> Drying and wetting of is recommended during peak attack .
r Grow resistance verities .

Biological control:
Spiders, Mued Bug >. Black Ant > and «ed Ants for
^ ('ocunellid Beetles , Predatory
Nymphs
Chemical control:
* Carbaryl 5 kg1< g seed * Methomyl 250-300 g/acre.
’ Acephate 500-700 ml /acre * Acetainapnd I 25g'acre
* Carbosulfan 500 ml/acre

Kicc leaf folder Cuophalocroch tm di/ utih ( Pyrallidac; I cpidoptcra )

’ Description of life stages
Status: Important sporadic pest of rice Egg: Cieamv white Hat and oval shape eggs are laid signally or in pairs on
leaves and Icat -sheath .
Distribution: Widely distributed in Kallar tract and other rice growing areas of
Pakistan and India, Indonesia Korea, Malaysia and Philippine. Larvae: Dull white and light vdlow with brown head uliu h rum greenish after
Food Plants: Important sporadic pest of Rice, maize, sorghum and wheat are the feeding It is very active and move quickly m the leaf fold when
main host plants, while it has also been reported from barley oats, disturbed.
pearl millet, finger millet and tobacco
Pupae: Dark brown
ETL: 2 damaged leaves in August
3 damaged leaves in September Adult: Golden or yellow brown The wings hav e two or three dark vertical strips
Oi Overall 10% damaged leaves

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 Life History Mode of damage
Active period : luly - Ouobet Feeding on leave*: On hatching the newly hatched caterpillar feed on leaves for
short period of time and scrapes the green matter so that the infested leaves
Inactive period : October- Nov ember & April-May appear while
l eaf folding: The grown up larvae cut the leaf edges and folds the leaf When
Optimum activity : September-October young seedlings are attacked, it folds 3-4 adjacent plant leaves.
Streaks and scorches on leaves: Heavily infested fields show whitish streaks
No. of Generations: 4
and scorches on led '. vs winch can ho reco/ m / ed front he distance

-
Life cycle: 25 35 days Kungal and hnctciial infection : Photosynthetic activity of heavily infested
plants reduced and become susceptible to fungal and bacterial infection due to
excreta.

Partial grain filling: When leaf folder attacks at boot leaf stage, it may cause
partially filled grains.

Control
Cultural control:
> Wild grasses on which pest breed should be removed.
r Use light traps
r Raising nurseries away from light source avoiJs th«. early infestation of insect
pests.

Biological control :
'

r Five to six releases of the egg parasitoid Tnchogramma chilonis

r Entomopathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus ihurmgie/tsis

Chemical control:
* Cartap 250g/acre
* Isoprocarb 1 kg acre * Triazophos 600 ml/ acre

Yellow Stem Borer Scirpophaga incertulai ( l .cpidoptcra: Pyralidac) Yellow Stem Borer Scirjwpkaga ineertulaS ( I cpidoptcra: Pj ralidae )
Status: Most destructive pest of rice
ETL:
Distribution: Distributed in Kallar tract and other rice growing areas of Pakistan, Light traps:
India. Nepal, Sri Lanka. Pakistan. Afghanistan , Nepal . Bangladesh . a. 4-5 moths light trap night in nursery
Myanmar, Vietnam , Thailand, Malaysia , Indonesia , the Philippines.
China, Japan and Taiwan
.
b 8- 10 moths light trap night in crops

Food Plants: Cultivated rice is the primary host of S. meertulas I lowcver, Dead heart:
the wild rice species. ( )rvza ruf/ pogon , ( ). mvara and < ). lalifo/ ia, a. 0 in nuisery
and the African cultivated rice. ( ). globernmu, are potential b. $- 10% m crops
alternative hosts of ,V. incerfula.s as they can sustain larval
development and pupation

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Description of life stages
Description of life stages
ERg: The eggs are creamy white. flattened
and os al and turn black near
hatching I he eggs are covered with
yellowish brown tutl of hairs.

Larvae: Dins white or greenish yellow

and brown head and pronotum
.
II -
t < hint: fr J.tv *
'
.
ICE - ISit - i' MMn ihnt i

Pupae: Pale white to flesh to yellowish

white tinged green .
Adult: Brightly yellowish with brownish
fore wing The female is bigger then
the male and centrally situated spot on
each forewing and a tuft of
yellowish brown hairs

.
Mat* noatii an UMi
pal* y ho* lor* anofs and
r«nal( mni w HI"
loro wing* M* bright tnltew
Mthout black MotWiikd
con * and Adorn* Uandar
*
•
and f ror**r>*n» b *< k l#o»
m 'h* cmrtr* d tack and i * Adult: 5 ’div»
* *

Life History Mode of damage

Active period : -
Apnl Octobcr
Feeding on leaves: Newly hakiud laiva enters into the leaf sheath , ICCJN
Inactive period : November-March -
vorauousk for 2 s davs and then bores into the stem and , staying in the pith,
feeds on the inner surface of the walls
Optimum activity: Mid August - Mid October
Dead heart: When this occurs during the vegetative pha .se of the plant , the
No. of Generations: 4-5 / ycai central leaf w horl does not unfold, but turns brownish and dues off. although the
lower leaves remain green and healthy . 1 his condition is known as dead heart
'
,

Generation cause and the affected tillers dry out without bearing panicles.
max. damage: 3'*1 - 5 h
W hiteheads: Larval feeding and intemodal penetration at reproductive stage of
Life cycle: 31 days plant cause development of empty or partially filled grain distinguished by its
white colour and known as whiteheads
Overwater as: Full grown larvae in rice stubbles

Control
Cultural control:
r Destruction of eggs .
r Removal and destiuction of stubbles decreases
r Ploughing and Hooding of fields can
-
carry over of the pest next year.
kill larvae
^ As eggs are laid neat leaf tips , thcictore clipping of tip** in
the nursery before
transplanting reduce us population
* Use of light traps to kill moths .
' Nursery should be sown after 20 ,h May and Transplanting completed by August
Wmmm Biological control :
r Telenonius sp and Trichogramu sp. are important egg
parasitoids .
Chemical control :
* Carbofuran 14 kg acre * t.'hlorpy riphos ID kg acre * Carbosulfan S-12
1- 0

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\\ hitc Stem Borer S^cifjiopttasa immtata ( Pyralidac: I pidoptcra )
^ White Stem Borer Scirpophagu wnotutu .
iP> n iHijM : i *ptd <»pifr*»

Status: MOM destructive pest of nee

ETL:
Distribution: Distributed in Kallar tract ot Pakistan India . Australia Malaysia.
. Light traps:
Indonesia. New Guinea. Indonesia Java, the Philippines. Iran and
a . 4 - 5 moths light trap' night in nurscrv
Borneo .
b. 8 lb moths light trap night in crops
-
.
Food Plants: Rice, Rice is the mam host for S mnotafa, but it is reported on
Dead heart:
sugarcane, Cyperus roiumius tNut grass ) and Wild rice like Orvzu
amtrahen\is and Oryza ru/ i/ x on .
a it < ° o in nurscrv
^ -
h. 8 10% in crops

Description oflifestages
Egg: The eggs aie creamy white, flattened and oval The eggs are covered
with orange tuft of hairs

Larvae: Dirty white or greenish yellow

Pupae: Pale white to flesh to yellowish white tinged green .

Adult : Moths arc slender and white with orange tuft of haus

Life History Mode of damage

Active period: Apnl -Octobcr Feeding on leaves : Newly hatched huv J enters into the leaf sheath , feed'
Inactive period : -M vrch
\ < ’\ cmbcr ,
soi. -
Kiousk for ' 3 da> v and then Ixsrcs into the stem and. staving in the pith,
feeds on the inner surface of the walls
Optimum activity- : Mid August -Mid October
Dead heai t : When this occurs during the vegetative phase of the plant, the
No. of Generations: 5-7 year central leaf whorl does not unfold , but turns brownish and dues oft', although the
lower leaves remain green and healthy 1 lu > condition is known as dead heart,
and the a fleeted tillers dry out without bearing panicles
Generation cause
max. damage: .
4h & 5h
\N hiteheads: Laival feeding and mtcrmidal jvnelrationat reproductive stage of
plant tausc development of empty or partially filled grain distinguished by "its
Life cy cle: 31 -46 davs whilecoloiu and known as whitehead'

Overw ater as: Full grown larvae in rice stubbles

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 Control
Cultural control:
r I Struct ion of eggs

-
r Removal and destruction of stubbles decreases earn over of the pest next > ear
r Ploughing and llooding of fields can kill larvae

'' As eggs arc laid near leaf tips, therefore clipping of lips in the nursery before
transplanting reduce its population
r Use of light traps to kill moths
Nursery should he sown ,ifkr l ! May and I ransplantmg completed bv August
’'
Biological control :
> Telenomus sp and Tntho rama sp are important egg parasitoids
^
Chemical control :
* Carhofiiran 14 kg acre * Chloropvriphos 10 kg acre * Carbosullan 8-12
1 o .ii' ri’
'

Rice H ispa Dichldispu onnigero {Chrysomclidac: Colcoptcrac) Description of life stages

Status: Major pest of rice Egg: tggs are small , laid smglv by inserting half portion of egg into
epidermal layer on upper surface of leaves, covered with brownish
Distribution: 1 hroughout nee growing areas of Pakistan India. China. Taiwan secretion by female
Bangladesh Myanmar Japan. Nepal Malaysia . Indonesia and
Thailand
Larvae: l egless creamy white not easily seen JS ibev uic concealed inside
Food Plants: Rice sugarcane. Sorghum and wild grasses etc.
, the leaf tissue The full grow n grub is dull pale yellow m coloui.

ETL: I gruh or adult hill Pupae: Pale white to flesh to yellowish white tinged green
1 -2 damaged leaves lull
Adult: Adults are shmv black m colour w i t h spiny projection on the
body giving a peculiar appearance

Description of life stages Life History

Vctive period : May - October
Inactive period : -
November Maieh
Optimum activity: June - July

No. of Generations: 2-3:vcar

Generation cause
max . damage: 2 & v1

Overwater as: -
Adult from Nov ember March

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 Mode of damage Damage symptoms
, ana* k 3{ minin :
"
( which IS the o \ ipositional ^' .
h*< ng grubs mine the nee leaves from leaf n
t
ctei and feed on the chlorophsll content The
affected leaf shows Notched or burned appearance Dunne severe infeMalton the
.
photosvnthetic activity of the leaves gets affected and leaves dry
Adult damage: Adults cause damage bv trapping the upper and lower surfaces v r?i v ; , ' . ••

of leaves The leaves damaged show white streaks parallel to the midnh of
leaves Ihc damage due to hispa is more when it attacks crop at nursery stage
.

Ihc crop loss due to rice hispa can be trom 28 to I 0o%

Factor enhance infestation: Heavy rains. opcmllv m pre-monsoon ot earliest
-
monsoon periods. minimum duv night tcmperatuie differential tor ,i number of
days and high RH are favorable for the insect 's abundance
,

Control
Rice grasshopper
Micro"typhus buniun / ni mrcpietti\ ( \ erwiiJa « -: Qritu > ptcr* t
__
^ j

Cultural control:
Status: Sporadic pest of rice anj other A hunf cereals
A void oxci fertilizing and fl« H >Jing in the fielJ
^ Close plant spacing results in greater leaf densities that can tolerate higher Distribution: Widelv distributed in Pakistan and India
hispa numbers
Food Plants: They arc polyphagoua and feed on leaves of nee. maize millet
of the pests the shooi tips can tv cut
^ To prevent egg laving sorghum and wild glasses etc .
,

^Clipping and burying shoot * can ieduce grub pollutions by I * -*

- ' ?' *

Biologieul control : ETC: 3® « damage

r- small wasps that <•!lack Ihc eggs and l mae . -
2 3 grasshopper square meter
* A redux nd bug cats upon the aJults
, There are three fungal pathogens that attack the adults
Chemical control:
•Carbary I 5 kg acre • t artap 10 kg acre * Chlorpvriphos 100 ml acre

] Description of life stages Description of life stages

Egg: female !a \ e
*
• Ov lrwrtmg the oc . . *-
jx ^ it M N cm in s* *il

Nymph: Yellowish , with many rcJd ; sh brown spots in the early stage but become
greenish in the later stage

Adult: VJjIls aresimiljr lokx; uM bu( snufl » n si/e

h .i »
a eshrn
three black lines running across thx p < > n. i .. * >
.i h
u: . . '
-
I ta - •>.
»

K
V s

—
** -
Yellow black in colour with spsm projection on the fx *J \ giving a
peculiar appearance

£ -4 *
> -
e . MM

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Egg laying habit
Life* History
Active period: Lj!ps Jaid in the soil hatch in lime or c«ii!\ July
Inactive period; His -) prf " winter and Ji \ p. ut of vim / ikf m the ege stage
Optimum activity; Aiipti d - September

.
No of Generations: I /year

Os erwliter as:
^ 'g

Mode of damage Damage symptoms

Defoliation : Damage is caused hx both nymph and adult on leaves and shoots of
padd \ The greatest degree of damage is expected to be in August and September
when both stages even cause defoliation in rice and other Khartf crops

\\ hite ears: In thecarhead stage, the adults attack the ears, nibble at the tender
florets or gnaw into the base of the stalks, leading to the formation of white ears
'

Fungal growth: The grasshoppers deposit faeces on the leaf surface; fungi
coloni / e the rotting faeces so that many plants become black and untit even as
feed for cattle

Transmission of Xanthonutnas oryzae: It has been found to be involved in the

mechanical transmission of Xanihitmotw: oryzae pv oryzae. although it does not
survive within the insect

Control Control
Cultural control: biological control :
-
In early stage ot infection bugging and netting of the hopper's can he done tc
,
' I he egg masse ' are destroyed by ploughing the held and v \ pos ng them to
birds
*

check their population

beaten to death
-
Half grown nymphs and hopper are driven Jo one corner of ihe Held and are
-
' Introduction of Su / io hicro l\ pht [ Q\ r. ) r bencfkul since they parasitize the
eggs of H human ^
l»\e of pheromones.
r - -
A medium green to light green trap covered with sticky material Chemical control:
** Ploughing, to expose the egg masses to predatory birds, is also advisable -
' during this period the egg in tested areas can be treated with persistent
insecticides which kill the emerging nvmphs
' The nymphs remain in the area where they emerged for about 2 weeks after
emergence This period should be utilized for direct application of insecticides
Carbary I 5 kg ;KIC

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 Insect pests of Wheat
W heat aphid Macrosiphum miscanthii tphirfirfac: ihmopiera )
>. Wheat Aphid Macros / phum mi sum/ hi ( Takahashi) ( Aphididae Homoptera )
r Army norm My /himna separat ( Walker ) ( Noctuidae Status: Potential pest of wheat harlev and oat etc
Lepidoptera ) ,

> W heat weevil Tanymecus inJicus Faust (Curculionidae Coleoptera)

Distribution ; It is distributed m Pakistan India. Australia. Bangladesh . China .
> W heat Stem fly A / henyona socca/a Rondam ( Muscidae Diptera ) . .
Fiji Hawaii Indonesia Japan. Korea. Malay a Nepal New .
r American boll worm He /icowrpa armiyera Hubner ( Noctuidae
/calami. Philippines longa. Turkey. .South Atiica. Sri
Lepidoptera )
Lanka etc
> Pink item borer Se.vmtia in ferens Walker ( Noctuidae Lepidoptera)
> Wheat thrips .inaphoth,
' ipsJaeici / h / us Krmy ( Thripidae Thysanoptera ) .
Food Plants: It atiuins pest status on wbe it . < \ il and barley ft is polyphngous
on
Haplot'trips /n/ .ci Kurdjumov 81 plum species belonging to 13 families It infests especially
plants belonging to the families A.steraceae. Poacene and
r Chujhia weevil Tanymecus mJxus Faust {Curculionidae Colcc p;era )
Polvgonaceae
> Termite ( -
Monktterme v oAe <u s Rambur ( Termitidae Isoptera )
M / cro/ermcs ole si Holmgren 5 aphid plant
ETl :

Description of life stages ^

1/
> <
.
V
Description of life stages
i .i fonn and
Nymph: Nvmphs are small wingless and resemble the adults
,

colorat 'on except that the; are smallo

Aphid life cycle
- -* p«llwnogflven .
spring \> \ ipa Jt
fcmjlr*
and louse like Winged forms cJ
Adult: Adults arc green wi J: shoring red eye*
.
appear in summer only .
. VIMpai MM
& .> N*
-
di 4 * . uk > nti nay* l
'
-
Total life: 14 16 days h
nviiipn * *'

L J .. ' 4»
* •i
V

‘
* *

w se
fail °
vitipnrout knoJe
.
t>i\.xluCin# »e sunl
lonm
.
J & ik *. ,

Mode of damage
j Life History -
- ( viober- \'i» emki
Sucking cell sap: Both nymph and adu ’ t ‘« Uvk o' ll sag from Junes at veg ii ve ^.
stagy ai d Rases turn yellow Alter ear emergence, they move to ears and suck
Active period: f cbnurv

December - January sap from them which may result sn 40% yield reduction
Inactive period:
Optimum activity: February - March Sooty mould giowth : In ease of sevci attack souls mould developed on
honeve'esv excreted by aphids and interferes with photosynthesis ofleaves
No. of Generations; 15- 20. ycji
. -
\ heavily manured . well irrigated anJ Miccnicn ? .crop viil hrirln i the i \ r to •
.. - .^ - -
longer p<.nod and st flir greater d n age
Overwin ter as: • T: f g

10

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 jjdiagc symptoms Control
Biological control :

' Hope
-
' • ad' birJ beetles arc most common noturj!cncmtc> of the aphid in wheat I lcd
drawing over infested crop is commanded in in Tested crop
’

r Pressurized water is recommended to control this pest

Chemical control:
r No chemical is recommended in order to conserve natural ecosystem of the
field
r Thiamethoxnm 20g acre

Army Worm \ fylhhnna separata ( \ octuidae: I cpidopicra ) Description of life stages

Egg: Female lav eggs signally in rows or cluster on plant parts or soil which
are
Status: Sporadic pest of all the gramenaceous crop across the world
round and light j reen when freshly laid mm pak yellow and finally black

Distribution: It . .
is present in Pakistan. InJia Rangladcsh China Japan. Australia
Larvae: Young larvae .ire very active and dull white in colour while older larvae
,

and New Zealand

are green to pink in colour and provided with longitudinal light giey to
black stapes running along the entire length of their bodies
Food Plants: It is a polvphagous pest feeding on ?.» plant species causes serious
damage to sorghum, pearl millet nee, mai 7e. wheat and sugarcane
etc Pupae: The pupae arc vcllowish brown and shiny It pupjtcs in soil at a depth
of 3 - 5 cm , but sometimes it may pupate under drv leaves « > r < * n the
stubbles or fresh tillers
ETL: Cm appearance

Adult: Adults are pale brown.

Description of life stages Life History

Active period : February - November
Inactive period: November - I ebru.uv
Optimum activity: February - May - June

No. of Generations: Several

Over water as: Pupae

ll

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 hi ode of damage Damage Symptoms

f
heeding on plant leases: Ihc caterpillars ore damaging stage to the wheat J he
primary symptom is defoliation of the plant In early stages, the caterpillars feed
on tender leaves in central whorl of the plant Later stages, they are able to feed
on older leaves In case of severe altack. they defoliate leaves and the.field looks
as grazed by cattle

Feeding on ears: lairsac also feed on immature grams and migrate one field to
other which may cause up to 40% loss

Control Control
Cultural control :
,, Deep summer ploughing of fields at 10 davs interval to exrose the pupae of C hemical control:
arms worm r No chemical is recommended in order to conserve natural ecosystem in the
damage caused by aphids, field
^ Avoid late sowing of wheat to save the crop from
and army worm . * Dichlorvos 150 ml. acre
* Carbaryl 800 g/acre
Mechanical control:
* Trichlorfon 300 g/acre
> Collection and destruction of eggs and larvae ofaimy worm
r Use ofhghi traps at 1 acre for monitoring of adult moths of army worm

Biologicla control
> Release of Trwhogrumma spp at 50,000 713 for army worm

Insect pests of Maize Maize Stem Borer Chibpartellu

> Maize slrm borer f'hilo pant llus (Sw mhoc ) ( Pyralidac Lcpidopicr*)
*
> Coraearworm Hehcoverpa armigera ( Noctuidac tcpidopicra )
Status: Most destructive pest of maize and sorghum crop
> Pink stem borer Stsamia infcrvns ( Noctuidac Icpidoplcra )
Distribution: This peM is distributed throughout
> Maize shoot fly Athengonu sou a/ a Rondani ( Muscidac Diptaa ) -
mai /c growing regions of
> Maize ja&sid Zyglna manbiensls Sa« aj Singh (Cicadiladiac Homoplcrz )
.
Pakistan. Sri I anka , Alghanisain Ugcndi
. Central and l ast Africa
> Cora root borer Osinma nuhilaln Hubocr (Crambidac Lpidoptcra) Food Plants: Hesidvs maize it aJ >o fecj
on soighum . IKC
millet and various species of wild grasses
. sugarcane. fcmrer
ETL: On appearance

Total Life cycle: About 3 weeks

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 Description oflife stages
Egg : Females lav eg
in -
* on the under*
colour and laij ln
, j r TT
^ —^
*
are
description of life stages
overlapping clusters

*r*SV
,

^ oval, cream
Pupae: Cylindrical h
rownish Vcllou Liter turn to
reddish hr

Larvae: The larva ,s tream

colored and has spots on its
to greenish white. dorsal side, later Change
Adult: I he adults are dirty white and
have two spots on the wines

r -
-* ' < -S>

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< £?
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11
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af

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Life History Mode of damage

Active period ; -
March- April Septcmber Ovtober- I feeding on plant lease*: Die nevvlv hatched larvae crawl tna the leaf lor about
115 30 mm arid [ hen teed on the tolled leases Leaf eaten b> young larva when ,

unfolded displays pinholes in a horizontal row 1 he more developed larvae teed

Inactive period: -
November February 1 downward
,

and the holes made are large and oblong vertically A young plant
having pinholes in straight lines across the newest leaves is the early warning
Optimum activity: -
April August sign This is the time to manage before the caterpillars move deep into the stem

No. of Generations: 5 6 - -
I Dead Heart: As the larvae move downwards, feeding a 10-20-dav old plant , it
feed -* on mcrisfcm . consequently the central leaf of such plants dries up making
a dead heart Such plants usual!} die or give rise to tillers
Generations cause
Max damage: -, -,
1 u 2 hJ & 5tfl 6 b
-
Tinseling stage: I he borer destroy the la scI by becJing on them At or
formation , the post enter the ear from its base and make tunnel in the center of
Overw a ter as: Last mstar larvae the cob. and later feed on grains

Damage Symptoms Control

j Cultural control :
I Collection and ckstiuetu'n of ( IK stubbles, which arc left m the helJ or heaped
I inone corner of the liclJ
^ Removal and destnutionol the dead hearts
I Ploughing of mfesteJ field can suppress the|>est attack
r Removal of alternate host crops

^ Intercropping of maize with suitable varieties of

cowpea reduce pest incidence

1 Mechanical control:
^ Collection and destruction ot eggs Wusieis
lor moiiitniing of adult moths
^ l V of light Ir apN at 1 acre

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 Control IM *ii /.e shoot fly Atlterlgona soccata ( \ i usci l; ; r »
ie > ij U ( *i
^)
Biological control: Status: .
r
S. erious pe t of iiioi / c
r Released Irn huyzra ,„nhl (
31 8 cards ha at I > and 22 days Alter
germination. Distribution: Widely distributed in mai /e growing areas.
' Larol parasitization by Cotcsiu flavipcs.
food Plants: Besides niai /e il also feed on Sorghum, wheat, barley, soybean and
Chemical control : some other grasses
* Carbary ! at 2 5 g L water
, ,
* Appl cal on ot 3
Pmch of Carbofiiran 3G into whorls of infested pi am ETL: 5° o damage
-
* Cabosulfan 30 40 g kg of
seed
Total I .ifc cycle: About 3 weeks

Description of life stages Description of life stages

Egg: [ ggs are elongated, boat -shaped , milky w hue in colour and hayetwo Pupae: Puparium is daik brown and barrel -shaped.
wings like protections m -
m ? *

.
r* pmt »-!*«
1«,
.
Itx h Mdm
y *

? •'
v.

Larvae: Full- grown maggot is light yellow in colour Adult: Adult flies arc dirts grey or brown in colour and look like houseflies
except for the si /c which is relulisclv ‘•mail
.

l «r>
~
'> Wr * IU *r.»
'«* II I* » »
< v

Pupae: Pupanum is dark brown and barrel shaped -

Life History Mode of damage

\ ctive period: 1 ebruary - Octolier Dead heart: Maggot ** of all stages damage the crop Damage occurs from 1
lo 4 weeks alter seedling emergence Vtlcr hatching , maggots attack the mai /c
seedlings and feed on ihe tissues of growing pomt resulting m wilting and
Inactive period: Novemlier - January
drying of the central leaf known as dead heart , which can be pulled out easily
and produces bad smell .
Optimum activity: March August -
Side tillering: The damaged plants produce side tillers which may also be
No. of Generations: 4 attacked

Ovcrwatcras: All stages

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 joTalage symptoms Control
I Cultural control :
.
I * I lighcr x L\I rate s used ami the ufil\ ted ailings ate uprooted & deslros eJ
I ^ Sowing must be completed before the first week of February so that the crop
escapes shoot fly infestation
f I r- Removal and destruction ofaffectcd shoots alone with the larvae
I ^ Sowing resistance verities.
Mechanical control:
Ir
Bagging of adult tl ics
ONd heart
formation Chemical control:
* Seed treatment with imiJacloprid at the rate of * ml,Ag seed reduces the
incidence of shoot fly significantly
* Cuiboturnn 10 kg acre in furrows before •'Owing

Corn Eanvorm H*Uco\erpa urmi&ra ( Lcpidoptcra: .\ octuidac ) Description of life stages

Egg: I eg.s are spherical in shape sculptured with radiating ride.es and creams
Status: Serious pest of maize
while in c « 'leur laid smgK

Distribution: This pest is highly pohphagous and is w idely distributed m the Larva:. Larva 'hows colour variation *•***££
tropics anti subtropics
from yellow ish -greon to brown
with browmsh -bbu k head.
Food Plants: Cotton, sorghum, soybean , groundnut, tobacco several legumes
, ,

vegetable" and many other plants.

Pupa: Dark brown
ETLs 5% far damage
Vdult: Stoutlv built & Yellowidi biown.

Colour morphs of American boll worm Life History V

M Vcthe period:

Inactive period:
l ebruarx October
*

November January
*

Optimum activity: March - August

y. .
r > of fiencrations: 4 - S

Ovcrwatcr as: Pupae

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 ^ lodc of damage Damage Symptoms
,
mos v '"S,dc hc car and fi
htm
" "*
* h
green cob. though not much loss
The damage rcdu‘ees',
is occurred to the grains

Fungus growth : Feeding due to tan

* also
^. e, PprICC of

enhances deselopmcn of plan,

f xiihoccmc fungi duo to high moisture contents

Control Control
C ultural control : Biological control:
r Installation of pheromone traps at 10 ha.
Use of light traps
-
•” Haailus t h i n s i Bt i based in cctu ides
r Commercial formulations of entomopathogenic nematodes.
x Release of Tnchogramniu dulunts at 8 cards- ha r Use genetically engineered crops
enemies present in mai / e ecosystem are Braconids, lachinids and
^ Natural
-
\ [ » V l he NPV infcctcd larva hangs upside doun Chemical control:
> Selection of maize hybrids with tight husk -
-
*Lambda cyhalothin 330 ml acre "indoxacarb 175ml acre
trap crop
^ l 'se of tomato plants as •Bifonthrin 250 ml ucre Spinosad 80 ml acre
immediately after harvest
^ Ploughing of Held
^ Alternate hosts should not he sown near field

Mechanical control:
> I landpicking and destruction of larv ae

1e

>i

t
*
>i

ft

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