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Here's your complete, detailed, and clear explanation of the topic "Computer
Crime", including all the subheadings and special topics you mentioned. Everything is written
in easy words, with clear concepts, and suitable for writing in your paper.

Computer Crime – Full Explanation for Paper

1. Computer Crime – Introduction

Computer Crime means using a computer or the internet to do something illegal. This includes
stealing data, hacking into systems, spreading viruses, or misusing information online. These
crimes are done by people called cybercriminals or hackers. They can damage businesses,
governments, and individuals.

2. Computer Crime – Security and Privacy

Security means protecting computers and data from attacks, viruses, or theft.
Privacy means keeping personal and sensitive information safe from others.

To avoid criminal activity, we must:

 Use strong passwords.

 Never share personal information publicly.
 Install antivirus software and firewalls.
 Avoid clicking on unknown links or attachments.

Good security and privacy prevent computer crimes and help protect your online life and
personal data.

3. Computer Crime – Ways to Secure Data

Here are some smart ways to secure your data:

 🔐 Use strong, unique passwords – Mix letters, numbers, and

symbols.
 Install antivirus software – Stops viruses and malware.
 🔥 Use firewalls – Blocks unauthorized access.
 💾 Backup important data – Save it on an external device or cloud.
 🔑 Use encryption – It hides your data from hackers.
  👥 Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) – Extra security when
logging in.

These steps help keep your information safe from hackers.

4. Computer Crime – Hacking

Hacking is the act of breaking into someone’s computer or network without permission. Hackers
use special tools to find weaknesses and then steal, change, or destroy data.
Some do it for money, others for fun, or even political reasons.

Hacking is a serious crime because it can:

 Leak private information,

 Damage companies,
 And even shut down important services.

5. Computer Crime – Hackers for Hire

Some people or groups offer hacking services for money. These are called "Hackers for Hire".
They are paid by others to:

 Steal information,
 Destroy data,
 Or spy on people or businesses.

👥 Types of Ethical and Hired Hackers:

 Tiger Team:
A team of security experts hired to test how strong a company’s computer security is.
They act like real hackers to find weak points.
 Instruction Tester (Penetration Tester):
A professional who tries to break into a system (legally) to see where it can be improved.
 White Hat Hackers:
These are good hackers. They help organizations protect their systems by finding and
fixing security holes.

These types of hackers work for good reasons, unlike black hat (criminal) hackers.
6. What Systems Have Been Attacked?

Many systems around the world have been attacked:

 🏦 Banks and ATM networks

 🏥 Hospitals and healthcare systems
 🏢 Government databases
 🏫 Schools and universities
 ✈️Airlines and airport systems

When these systems are attacked, it can stop services, leak personal data, or cost millions in
damage.

7. How Can Systems Be Easily Compromised?

Criminals can easily attack a system when it has weaknesses. Here are some common ways:

 Social Engineering:
Tricking people into giving away passwords or data (e.g., fake emails).
 Electronic Pickpocketing:
Using special devices to steal data from credit cards or phones without touching them.
 Weak Passwords or Software Bugs:
Easy-to-guess passwords and outdated software make systems easy to attack.

8. Frequently Reported Crimes

Many cybercrimes happen daily. Some common ones are:

 💳 Credit Card Fraud:

Stealing and using someone’s card without permission.
 🌐 Data Communication Fraud:
Changing or stealing data sent over the internet.
 📁 Unauthorized Access:
Entering computer systems or files without permission.
 💿 Unlawful Software Copying (Piracy):
Copying or using paid software without buying it.
 💣 Bombing (Logic Bomb):
A hidden program that activates to damage a system at a certain time.
 🔢 Data Diddling:
Changing data before it’s saved or processed.
 ⛔ Denial of Service (DoS) Attack:
Overloading a website so it crashes and stops working.
  🐷 Piggybacking:
Following a valid user into a system without being noticed.
 🥓 Salami Technique:
Stealing small amounts of money over time (e.g., 1 cent from many accounts).
 🧹 Scavenging (Data Scavenging):
Searching old files, trash bins, or memory for useful data.
 🔓 Trapdoor (Backdoor):
A hidden way into a program or system that bypasses normal security.
 🐴 Trojan Horse:
A program that looks safe but secretly causes harm.
 ⚡ Zapping:
Deleting or damaging files intentionally.

9. Computer Crime – Discovery and Prosecution

Discovery means finding out that a computer crime has happened. This can be done through:

 System logs,
 Monitoring tools,
 Or user complaints.

Prosecution means taking legal action against the criminal. This is done by cybercrime units or
law enforcement.

10. Computer Crime – Important Laws

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (1986) – USA

This law was made to stop and punish:

 Unauthorized access to computers,

 Data theft,
 Computer damage,
 And online fraud.

It gives the government power to take action against cybercriminals.

11. Computer Crime – Discovery and Prosecution (0.6)

This heading likely refers to Section 0.6 or a detailed point in legal discussions.
It focuses on:

 How crimes are investigated (through cyber forensics),

 Gathering digital evidence (IP addresses, log files, emails),
 Identifying suspects,
 And filing legal charges in court.

Today, many countries have cybercrime units, and global organizations also help in finding and
catching criminals who commit online crimes.

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Absolutely! Below is your complete explanation of the second topic with all the subheadings,
just like the first one. Everything is written in clear, simple words and organized into sections
for easy paper writing. This is the best format for your assignment or exam preparation.

🔐 Topic: Security and Identification & Access – Full

Explanation for Paper

1. Security – Introduction

Security in computers means protecting systems, data, and networks from theft, damage, or
unauthorized access. It keeps personal and business information safe from cybercriminals.
Security helps make sure that only the right people can use or change computer data.

There are many types of security:

 Physical security (locking doors, secure rooms),

  Software security (antivirus, firewalls),
 Network security (protecting from hackers),
 Data security (protecting files and private info).

D 2. Identification and Access – Introduction

Identification and Access is a method to check who you are and what you are allowed to do
in a system. It stops strangers from getting into your computer or private data.

There are four basic methods of identification and access:

1. What You Have

2. What You Know
3. What You Do
4. What You Are

Let’s explain each one in detail.

3. Identification and Access – What You Have

This means using something you own to prove your identity.

Examples:

 ID card
 Access card
 Security token
 USB key
 Smartphone (for receiving login codes)

If you don’t have the correct item, you cannot enter the system. This is called physical
verification.

4. Identification and Access – What You Know

This means using secret knowledge that only you should know.

Examples:

 Password
  PIN number
 Secret answers (like your mother’s maiden name)

If someone learns your password, they can pretend to be you. So, you must keep it safe and
change it regularly.

5. Identification and Access – What You Do

This method checks your behavior or actions. It’s a newer way of identifying people.

Examples:

 The way you type (typing speed, rhythm)

 The way you use the mouse
 The pattern of your touch on mobile

These behaviors are hard to copy, so they are becoming more useful in advanced security
systems.

6. Identification and Access – What You Are

This is called biometric identification. It checks your physical body to confirm who you are.

Examples:

 Fingerprint scan
 Face recognition
 Iris (eye) scan
 Voice recognition

Biometrics are very secure because every person’s body features are unique and difficult to copy.

🔒 7. Identification and Access – Internal Controls &

Measures
To protect a system fully, organizations use extra controls. These include:
✅ Internal Control:

Company rules and procedures to prevent misuse of data.

🔍 Auditor Checks:

Auditors (internal or external) review the system to find mistakes or weak points.

🧳 Secured Vest:

Security ID cards or badges worn by employees for identification and access.

🧾 Applicant Screening:

Background checks of new employees before giving them access to systems.

💽 Built-in Software Protection:

Software with in-built security features like access limits, encryption, and activity tracking.

👤 Ownership:

Only certain people (owners or admins) have the full rights to access or change critical data or
software.

These practices help stop fraud, hacking, and errors in systems.

8. Software Security
Software security means protecting software from being misused, copied, or hacked.

Important measures include:

 License keys to stop illegal copying,

 Automatic updates to fix bugs and improve security,
 Anti-tamper features to stop users from changing the software code.

Software companies work hard to stop piracy and keep users safe.
🌐 9. Security and the Internet
The internet is a risky place if not protected. Some internet dangers include:

 Hackers
 Viruses
 Spyware
 Phishing (fake websites or emails)

To stay safe online:

 Never share passwords or personal info.

 Avoid clicking unknown links.
 Only download software from trusted sources.

🔥 10. Firewall

A firewall is a protective barrier between your computer and the internet.

It blocks suspicious or harmful traffic from entering your system.

Types of firewalls:

 Hardware firewall (used in offices)

 Software firewall (in your computer or antivirus)

Firewalls help keep hackers and viruses away.

🔐 11. Encryption

Encryption is a way to hide information. It changes readable data into a secret code.
Only someone with the correct key can read the original information.

Example: WhatsApp and many email services use encryption to keep your chats and messages
private.

Even if someone steals the data, they won’t be able to read it without the encryption key.
💻 12. Security of Personal Computers

Your personal computer also needs protection. Here's how:

 Install antivirus software.

 Use a strong password for login.
 Turn on your firewall.
 Don’t download files from unknown sources.
 Keep your system updated.

Also, be careful when using USBs or public Wi-Fi — they can carry threats.

✅ Summary
Main Topic Key Ideas

Protecting systems from unauthorized

Security
access

Identification & Confirming a user’s identity and allowing

Access access

What You Have ID cards, tokens, smartphones

What You Know Passwords, PINs

What You Do Typing pattern, mouse movement

What You Are Biometrics like fingerprint, face scan

Auditor checks, secured IDs, staff

Internal Controls
screening

Software Security Licensed, tamper-proof software

Internet Security Use firewall, avoid fake links

Encryption Hides data using secret codes

PC Security Antivirus, strong passwords, updates

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Just tell me and I’ll do it for you!

Of course! Below is the complete explanation of your Privacy topic, with all the subheadings
you mentioned. Everything is written in clear, easy-to-understand English, organized in
sections, and prepared as a ready-made transcript that you can use directly in your paper or
project.

Topic: Privacy – Full Explanation for Paper

1. Privacy – Introduction

Privacy means keeping your personal information safe and hidden from others. In the digital
world, privacy is about protecting your name, location, phone number, email, bank details, and
browsing habits from being seen, shared, or stolen without your permission.

Privacy is very important because we use the internet for everything—shopping, chatting,
studying, and banking. If our private data is not protected, it can be misused by hackers,
companies, or even employers.

2. How Did They Get My Data?

Many people wonder, “How did someone get my personal information?”

There are several ways your data can be collected without you even knowing:

 Filling online forms (name, email, address)

 Using apps that track your location
 Logging in to websites using Facebook or Google
 Clicking on ads or pop-ups
 Accepting cookies on websites
 Using public Wi-Fi without protection

Even if you don’t share your information directly, your online behavior is constantly being
monitored.
3. Privacy Legislation

Privacy legislation refers to the laws made by governments to protect people’s personal data.

Examples:

 GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) in Europe

 CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act) in the US

These laws give you rights, such as:

 Knowing what data companies collect

 Asking companies to delete your data
 Giving or denying permission to use your data

Privacy laws are meant to protect users and control how companies handle data.

4. Privacy – Your Boss Is Spying on You

Many companies use software to monitor employees during work.

Your boss can:

 Read your office emails

 Track your typing speed
 Check your screen activity
 See websites you visit

This is usually legal if the device or network belongs to the company, but it can feel like a
violation of personal privacy.

5. Privacy – Monitoring by Websites

Websites collect data about:

 What you search

 What you buy
 How long you stay on a page
 Your location and device

They use this information to:

  Show targeted ads
 Recommend products
 Track user habits

Most of this is done using a tool called cookies.

6. Records – Website Cookies

A cookie is a small file saved on your device when you visit a website.
It stores:

 Your login details

 Site preferences
 Pages you visited
 Items in your shopping cart

Cookies make your browsing easier, but they also allow websites to track you across the
internet. That’s why many sites now ask for your permission to use cookies.

7. Privacy – P3P (Platform for Privacy Preferences)

P3P is a system developed to help websites explain their privacy policies in a way that your
browser can understand.

With P3P:

 Users can see what kind of data the site collects

 The browser can automatically block sites that don’t match your
privacy settings

Although not widely used today, P3P was one of the first efforts to automate privacy
protection.

📬 8. Junk Email and Spamming

Junk Email

These are unwanted emails that fill your inbox, like fake offers, ads, or chain messages.
They waste your time and can be dangerous if they carry viruses.
Spamming

Spam is the act of sending the same unwanted email to many people at once.
Spammers usually want to:

 Sell products
 Trick people
 Spread malware

Spam can also come through comments, messages, or pop-ups.

🧹 9. Help Eliminate Junk Emails

You can reduce junk emails by:

 Not giving your email to untrusted websites

 Unsubscribing from unwanted newsletters
 Reporting spam emails to your email provider

These small steps help reduce spam in your inbox.

10. Use Filter Software

Filter software scans incoming emails and blocks spam or harmful messages.
It looks for:

 Keywords (like “free,” “win,” or “click here”)

 Unknown senders
 Suspicious links

Good email services (like Gmail or Outlook) already have built-in filters to move spam into a
separate folder.

11. Log Software and Browser History Monitoring

Log software is used to track the websites and activities done on a computer.
Employers or parents may use it to:

 Monitor browsing behavior

  Check visited sites
 Record login times and duration

Browser history also shows what sites have been visited. Deleting your history regularly helps
protect your privacy.

👶 12. Protecting Children – Laws and Safety

Children are at higher risk of online threats because they may:

 Share personal info without thinking

 Click on harmful links
 Chat with strangers online

To protect them, laws have been made such as:

 COPPA (Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act) in the US

 Parental control tools on devices and apps

These laws make sure websites:

 Don’t collect data from kids under 13 without permission

 Provide safe online experiences
 Allow parents to manage what children can access

Parents should also:

 Teach children about online dangers

 Use child-safe browsers or YouTube Kids
 Monitor their activities and screen time

✅ Summary Table
Heading Key Points

Privacy Protecting personal data from misuse

How They Get

Forms, cookies, tracking, downloads
Data
 Heading Key Points

Privacy
Laws like GDPR protect user rights
Legislation

Companies legally monitor employee

Boss Spying
activity

Website Tracks user behavior for ads and

Monitoring services

Small files that store user info on

Cookies
websites

P3P Browser-based privacy control method

Junk Email Unwanted promotional or fake emails

Spamming Mass sending of unwanted messages

Eliminating
Use filters, don’t share email freely
Spam

Filter Software Blocks spam and dangerous emails

Log Software Tracks user activities and browsing

Protecting Laws and tools to keep kids safe

Children online

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