CHAPTER I - Tasks are controlled and monitored by

a main computer in the house

Computers
Youth Today: Computing Generation
- is a machine that can store, process,
and output information
- computers use a binary system, which
uses two variables, 0 and 1, to
complete tasks.
Basic Operations of a Computer
Pervasive Computing

- Also known as ubiquitous computing.

- Input: entering data to the computer
Basic Computer Literacy
- Processing: performing operations on
- Understanding what and how the data
computers work - Output: presentation of results
- Storage: saving data, program, or
Before 1980
output for future use
- Computers were large and expensive - Communications: sending or receiving
- Few people have access data
- Used for high-volume tasks processing
Data
Microcomputers in early 1980’s
- Raw, unorganized facts
- Inexpensive personal computers - Can be in the form of graphics, text,
- Increased usage audio or video
Computers usage Information
- Looking for information and news - Data that has been processed into a
- Exchanging emails meaningful form
- Shopping and paying bills
Information Processing
- Watching TV and videos
- Playing games - Converting data to information

Wireless Networking Pre-computers (before approx. 1946)

- Can be used in nearly any location - Abacus, slide rule, mechanical

calculator
Smart Appliances
- Punch card tabulating machine and
- Appliances with built-in computers or sorter
communication technology
First Gen. Computers
*Computer literacy is an essential skill for
- Enormous and powered by vacuum
everyone*
tubes
Smart Houses/Homes
 - ENIAC and UNIVAC - Used to store data on or access data
from storage media
Second Gen. Computers
Communication Devices
- Used transistors
- Smaller, powerful, cheaper, more - Allows user to communicate with other
energy efficient and reliable users and to electronically access
- Punch card and magnetic taped were remote information
used for input and output
Software
Fifth Gen. Computers
- The program or instruction used to tell
- Infancy Stage the computer hardware what to do
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) based
System Software
- Most likely to use voice and touch
input - Operating starts up the computer and
- Based on optical computers and utilize controls its operations
nanotechnology - No OS, no FUNCTION
- Boots the computer and launches
programs in the user’s direction
Hardware - Most uses GUI to interact with the user
via icons, buttons, tiles, etc.
- Internal Hardware
o Located inside the main box Examples of application software’s
- External Hardware
- Word Processing Programs
o Located outside the main box
o Microsoft Word
o PowerPoint
o Connect to the computer via
o Google Docs
wired or wireless connection
- Multimedia Programs
- Hardware devices are associated with
o Capcut
all five computer operations
o Adobe Premier
Input Devices o Filmora

- Used to input data into the computer o Adobe Photoshop

- Web Browsers
Processing Devices
o Google Chrome
- Performs calculations and controls o Internet Explorer
computers operations o Microsoft Edge
- CPU and memory
o FireFox
Output Devices - E-Mail Programs
o Outlook
- Presents the results to the user
o Mailbird
Storage Devices o Gmail
Computer Users (End Users) - Mobile Devices
o A very small device with some
- People who use computers to gain
type of built-in computing or
information
internet capability
Computer Professionals include: o Typically has a small screen

- Programmers and keyboard

o Write program that the - Personal Computers (PC)

computer follows o Small computers to be used by

- System Analyst one person at a time

o Design computer systems o Also called microcomputers

- Computer operations personnel o Available in different sizes

o Manage day-to-day computer - Desktop Computers

operations o On or next to a desk
- Security Specialist o Tower case, desktop case, or
o Secure computers and all-in-one
networks against hackers o Not portable
o PC or Macintosh
Six Basic Categories of Computers:
- Portable Computers
- Embedded Computers o Designed to be carried around
o Embedded into a product and
easily
design to perform specific o Fully functional computers
tasks or functions for a certain
o Notebook (laptops) computers
product
 Typically use a
o Cannot be used as general-
clamshell design
purpose computers
- Tablet Computers
o Often embedded into
o Usually use a digital pen/stylus
 Household appliances
or touch screen
 Thermostats
o No physical keyboard; can use
 Sewing machines
on-screen or attach keyboard
 Treadmills
- Hybrid notebook-tablet computers
 Answering machines
- Netbooks
 Cars
o Smaller and have more limited
- Tiny PC’s
features than conventional
o Can look like a USB flash drive
notebooks
or small circuit board
- Thin Client
o Typically connect to TV to the
o Design to utilize a network for
internet to display web content
much of its processing
o Lower cost, increased security
and easier maintenance
 o Limited or no local storage o Large and more expensive,
o Not able to function as a more powerful than servers
computer if the network is o Usually operates 24 hrs. a day
down o Also called high-end servers or
- Internet Appliance enterprise-class servers
o Specialized network computer - Supercomputers
design for internet access o Fastest, most expensive, most
o Some use apps to deliver powerful type of computer
news, sports scores, weather, o Generally, run one program at
music, and other web-based a time, as fast as possible
information o It can cost several million
dollars each
o Tend to be very large and
- Servers
contain a large number of
o A medium-sized computer
CPU’s
used to host programs and o Titan is one of the fastest
data for a small network
computers in the world
o Sometimes referred to as a
- Computer Network
minicomputer o A collection of hardware and
o Users connect via network with
other devices that are
a computer, thin client, or connected together
thumb terminal o Users can share hardware,
- Virtualization
software, and data
o Creating visual rather than
o Users can communicate with
actual environment (often used
each other
to share a server for increased
efficiency)
- Mainframe Computer - Network Servers
o Powerful computers used by o Manage resources on a
many huge organizations to network
manage large amounts of - Internet
centralized data o Largest/most well-known
o Standard choice for hospitals, computer network in the world
universities, large businesses, o Individuals connect using an
banks, government offices internet service provider (ISP)
o Located in climate-controlled - World Wide Web (WWW)
data centers and connected to o One resource (vast collection
the rest of the company of web pages) available
computers via network through the internet
 o Web sites contain web pages CHAPTER II
stored on web servers - Coding System
o Viewed using web browsers o Used to represent data and
(Internet Explorer, Chrome, programs in a manner
Safari, FireFox, Opera, etc.) understood by the computer
o Offers a wide variety of -
information - Digital Computers
- Internet connections can be o Can only understand two
DIRECT/DIAL UP CONNECTIONS states, off and on (0 and 1)
- Internet addresses are used to access - Digital Data Representation
resources on the Internet o The process of representing
o IP (Internet Protocol) address
data in digital form so it can be
 Are numeric that understood by a computer
identifies computers - Bit
- IP Addresses o The smallest unit of data
o Are numeric and unique
- Byte = 8 bits
- Domain Names o Terminology is used to express
o Corresponds to IP addresses the size of documents and
o Top-level domains other files, programs, etc.
o Identify type of organization or - Prefixes are often used to express
its location larger quantities of bytes: kilobytes
- Uniform Resource Locator (URL) (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes
o Uniquely identify a web page, (GB), etc.
including:
Binary Numbering System
 Protocol or standard
being used - Numbering System
 Web server hosting o A way of representing numbers
 Names of folders in - Decimal numbering system
which the web pages o Use 10 symbols (0-9)
file is stored - Binary Numbering System
 Web page’s filename o Uses only two symbols (1 and
- Protocols 0) to represent all numbers
o Hypertext Transfer Protocol - In both systems, the position of the
(http://) is typically used to digits determines the power to which
display web pages (https:// is the base number (such as 10 or 2) is
used for secure web pages) raised
o File Transfer Protocol (ftp://) is - ACII (American Standard Code for
often used for file exchange Information Interchange)
o Coding system traditionally
used with personal computers
- EBCDIC (Extended Coded-Binary - amount of data can be substantial, but
Decimal Interchange Code) can be compressed
o Developed by IBM, primarily for - Machine Language
mainframes o Binary-based language for
- Unicode representing computer
o Newer code (32 bits per programs the computer
character is common) executes directly
o Universal coding standard
designed to represent text- - System Unit
based data written in any o The main case of a computer
ancient or modern language o Houses the processing
o Replacing ASCII as the primary hardware of a computer
text-coding system - Motherboard
o Computer chip
Graphics Data (still images such as
 Very small pieces of
photos or drawings0
silicon or other semi-
- Bitmapped images conducting material
o Image made up of a grid of onto which integrated
small dots so called pixels circuits are embedded
o Monochrome graphics can only o Circuit Board
be one of two colors  A thin board containing
 Requires just one bit of computer chips and
color storage other electronic
o Images with more than two components
colors o System Board
 Can use 4, 8, or 24 bits  The main circuit board
to store the color data inside the system unit
for each pixel to which all the devices
- More bits = more colors must connect
Audio Data - Power Supply
- Must be in digital form to be stored on o Connects to the motherboard
or processed by a computer to give electricity
- Often compressed when sent over the o Portable computers use
internet
rechargeable battery packs
o MP3 files are 10 times smaller
 Non-removable
than their uncompressed digital batteries are more
version difficult and expensive
Video Data to replace
- Displayed using a collection of frames, - Processors
each frame contains a still image
 o The CPU (Central Processing - Medium
Unit) o Where the data is stored
 Circuitry and  Can be internal,
components packaged external, or remote
together and connected - Device
directly to the o Where the medium I inserted
motherboard

o Dual-core CPU
 Contains the - Volatility

processing components o Storage media are non-volatile

(cores) of two separate  non-volatile
processors on a single  medium that
GPU retains data
even in the
o Quad-core CPU absence of
 Contains four cores power or
electricity
- GPU
- File
o Take care of the processing
needed to display the images o Anything stored on a storage
medium, such as program,
on the screen document, digital image, or sog
o Can be located at the
- Filename
motherboard, video graphics
o Name given to the file by the
board, in the CPU package user

- Processing Speed - Folder

o CPU clock speed is one
o Named placed on a storage
measurement of processing
medium into which files can be
speed
stored
o Rated in megahertz (MHz) or
- Types of Storage Technology used:
gigahertz (GHz)
o Magnetic Drives
o Higher CPU clock speed =
more instructions processed o Optical Disc
per second
o Electrons (flash memory
- Alternate measure of processing media)
speed is the number of instructions a
CPU can process per second. - Hard Drive
o Megaflops (millions), gigaflops o Used to store most programs
(billions), terapflops (trillions) and data. It can be external or
internal and can be encrypted.
- Magnetic Hard Drive
CHAPTER III o One or more permanently
Storage sealed metal magnet discs with
 an access mechanism and - Hybrid Hard Drive
read/write heads
o Combination of flash memory
- Hard Disks are divided into: and magnetic hard drive and
uses flash memory for cache
o Tracks and allow encryption to be built
 Concentric path on disk into the drive
where data is recorded - Memory
o Sectors o Refers to the location of short-
 A small piece of the term data
track - Storage
o Is the component of your
computer that allows you to
store and access data on a
o Clusters long term basis

 One or more sectors: - Optical Disc Drive

smallest addressable
area of the disks o allows you to use CD, DVD
and Blue-ray disc to listen to
o Cylinder music or watch a movie

 Collection of tracks o allows you to write data to a

located in the same disc to create your own music
location on set of hard CD’s, movie DVD’s or even
disk surfaces create a back-up copy of your
important files
- Solid State Drive
- Flash memory
o Use flash memory technology
o also known as flash storage,
o Use less power and no moving is a type of nonvolatile memory
part particularly appropriate for that erases data in units called
portable computers and mobile blocks and rewrites data at the
devices byte level. Flash memory is
widely used for storage and
o Is a semiconductor-based data transfer in consumer
storage device, which typically devices, enterprise systems
uses NAND flash memory to and industrial applications.
save persistent data
- Embedded flash memory is a kind of
- Data Recovery Experts flash memory that is usually
o Can recover data from embedded into computers, and
systems having low-space features.
damaged storage devices
Thanks to its low power consumption,
- Internal Hard Drives small size, and ruggedness,
embedded memory has become the
o Permanent storage located main medium for storing data in
inside the system unit portable devices.
- External Hard Drives - Flash memory readers are a new
type of USB flash drive that can be
o Commonly used to transport used to read data from a flash memory
large amount of data from one card inserted into the reader.
computer to another
- A USB drive, also referred to as a
o Portable external hard drives flash drive or memory stick, is a small,
are smaller and easier to portable device that plugs into the
transport USB port on your computer. USB
drives are commonly used for storage,
 data backup, and transferring files o Side-out keyboard
between devices.
o Pen or touch input
Other Type of Storage Systems
o Keyboard dock
o Network attached storage
(NAS)- is a file-dedicated - Pointing device are used to:
storage device that makes data
continuously available for o Select and manipulate objects
employees to collaborate o Input data
effectively over a network.
o Issues command to the
o Storage area network (SAN)-
computer
is a network of storage devices
that can be accessed by - Mouse
multiple servers or computers,
providing a shared pool of o Common pointing device that
storage space. the user slides along a flat
surface to move a pointer
o Cloud storage (online around the screen and clicks
storage)- enables its button to make a solution
organizations to store, access,
and maintain data so that they - Perceptual Computing
do not need to own and
operate their own data centers, o Users control devices with 3d
moving expenses from a gestures, voice commands,
capital expenditure model to and facial expressions
operational - Stylus
o Smart Card- a card used to o Pen-like device used to draw or
control access to a resource. It write electronically on the
is typically a plastic credit card- screen
sized card with an embedded
integrated circuit (IC) chip. o Also called digital pen,
electronic pen or tablet pen
o Backup storage- every
organization's - Barcode readers
data storage strategy should
include backup storage to o Input devices that read
protect against data loss, theft barcodes
and corruption.
- Barcodes
o Tape Cassette- these devices
o Machine-readable codes that
have a very large capacity and
low cost, but they are very slow represent data as a set of bars
and require special software. - Types of barcodes
o Storage server- a specialized o Universal Product Code (UPC)
type of server used for storing,
securing, and managing data o ISBN
and applications.
o DataBar
CHAPTER IV
o QR Codes
Input and Output
- Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
- An input device is used to enter Readers
characters at the location marked by
the insertion point or cursor o Technology used to store and
transmit data located in RFID
o Can be wired or wireless tags

- Mobile device often uses:

 o RFID tags contain tiny chips o operating system and utility
and radio antennas programs that controls a
computer system and allow
- Applications you to use your computer
o Tracking inventory and assets  enables boot process,
launches applications,
o Electronic toll collection
transfer files, controls
o Tracking patients in hospitals hardware configuration,
etc.
o Ticketing applications
- applications software
o Speeding up ID process of
o programs that allow the user to
travelers at border crossing
perform specific tasks on a
- Types of RFID Readers computer

o Hand-held, portal, and - Operating System

stationary
o A collection of programs that
manages and coordinates the
activities taking place within the
- Optical Mark Readers (OMR) computer
o Input data from special forms o Acts as an intermediary
to score or tally exams, between the user and the
questionnaire, ballots computer and between the
application program and the
- Optical Character Recognition (OCR) hardware
Devices
- Interfacing with users (via GUI)
o The ability of the computer to
recognize scanned text o Booting the computer
characters and convert them to
electronic form as text, not  Loads essential part of
images operating system
(kernel) into the
- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition memory
(MICR) Reader
 Reads opening batch of
o Also called check scanner instructions
o Primarily used for banking  Determines hardware
connected to the
o Read the special magnetic computer
characters printed at the
bottom of the cheque o Configuring Devices

- Biometric Readers  Device drivers are often

needed; can be
o Used to input biometric data reinstalled if needed
such as individual’s fingerprint
or voice  Plug and play devices
are recognized
o Most often used for access automatically
control, to authorize electronic
payments, log onto secure o Managing Network
websites Connections

CHAPTER V  Manages wired

connections to home or
System software: operating system and utility office networks
programs
 Manages wireless
- System Software connections at home,
 school, work or on the appropriate device when
go needed
o Managing and Monitoring - Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Resource and Job
o Used by most operating
 Makes resources systems
available for devices
and programs - PC-Dos

 Monitors for problems o Originally form IBM

and attempts to correct microcomputers
those who arise
- Windows
- Security
o The predominant personal
o Passwords operating system developed by
Microsoft Corporation
o Biometric characteristics
- Mac OS
o Firewalls
o Made by Apple Corporation
- Multitasking
- Linux
o The ability of an operating
system to have more than one o Open-source software
program (task) open at one - Chrome OS
time
o First cloud operating system
- Multithreading
- Android
o The ability to rotate between
multiple threads so that o Linux based operating system
processing is completed faster
and more efficient - IOS

- Thread o Designed for apple mobile

devices
o Sequence of instructions within
a program that is independent o Supports multitasking
of other thread
- Utility Program
- Multiprocessing and Parallel
Processing o Software that performs a
specific task
o Multiple processors (or multiple
cores) are used in one - Search Tool
computer system to perform
o Designed to search for
work more efficiently
documents
- Memory management
CHAPTER VI
o Optimize the use of main
memory (RAM) Application Software

- Buffer - Software ownership

o Area in RAM or on the hard o Specify the allowable use of

drive designated to hold data the program
that is used by different
o Software License
hardware devices or program

- Buffering or Spooling
o Placing items in a buffer so
they can be retrieved by the
  Specify the conditions o Ease of implementation
to which the buyer can
use the program o Improved collaboration
capability
o Open-source software
o Always working with current
 Program with source version of the software
code made available to
the public CHAPTER VII
o Commercial software Network
 Copyrighted software - A connected system of objects or
developed and sold for people
profit
Computer networks
o Shareware
- Collection of computers and other
 copyrighted software hardware devices connected so users
distributed to the honor can share hardware, software, data
system and electronically communicate
- Wireless power
o Powers devices via wireless
signals and magnetic induction
o Freeware
- The Internet
 copyrighted software
programs that are given o Largest computer networks in
away by the author for the world
others to use free of
charge - Telephone Service

o Public Domain Software o POTS Networks

 Software that is not  One of the first

copyrighted and networks
ownership rights have
 Still used today to
been donated to the
provide telephone
public domain
service to landline
- Personal computers use desktop phones
software
o Mobile Phones
- Smartphones and other mobile
devices typically require mobile  Uses a wireless
software called apps network for connection

o Specifically designed for a o Cellular (cell) Phones

specific type of device  Must be in the range of
- Cloud Software a cell tower to function

o Is delivered on demand via the o Dual-mode phones

web  Allow user to make
o Also called Software as a telephone calls with
more than one network
Service (SaaS)
 Cellular/wi-fi dual-mode
- Advantages of cloud software
phones can switch
o Files can be accessed from seamlessly between the
any computer with an internet wi-fi and cellular
connection network
o Satellite Phones

 Communicate via
satellite technology