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FORMATION OF VOLCANO AT A DESTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDARY

1. Plate movement-plate move towards each other due to force of compression
2. Subduction Process-Heavier oceanic plate sinks and destroyed by heat from
the mantle while lighter continental plate overrides it
3.Presure build up within the crustal rocks
4. Faulting occurs on the crustal rocks
5. Pressure is released from the crustal rocks
6. Magma rises through a fault and released from a vent to reach earth surface
and loses its gas into lava.
7. Lava flow, accumulate and solidify to form a cone shaped mound as volcano.

EXPLAIN WHY THERE ARE NO SETTLEMENTS ON THE SLOPES OF SOME

VOLCANOES
1. Availability of steep slopes-which have thin infertile soils that do not
support growing of crops and it is difficult to construct settlement on a
steep slope.
2. Rarefied air-volcanic eruptions release toxic gases which result polluted air
with low oxygen making difficult for people to breath resulting to
respiratory diseases such as asthma.
3. The volcanoes are active which may endanger people’s lives during
volcanic eruptions such as dust or ash that may bury people, rockfall or
mudslide may kill people and destroy their properties, fire outbreak due
to hot lava may kill people and destroy their properties.
4. Leeward slope experiences little rainfall resulting to limited water
supply for people to use for irrigation, fishing and domestic use.
5. Presence of acidic soils due to volcanic ash released making the soil acidic,
reducing the nutrients which leads to stunted growth of plants.
6. Because of great heights and cold conditions which may lead to crop
failure, volcanic eruptions can melt snow and ice it leads to mudflows which
may injure or kill people as well as destroying their property and ice melt by
volcanic hot lava flow and ice melt, which can result in flooding.

WAYS IN WHICH THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF VOLCANOES MAY BE

REDUCED
1. Public Education on safety measures during occurrence of volcanic
eruptions such as using googles and dust musk to protect eyes and nose from
ash/dust released, staying indoors with windows closed to minimise dust/ash
inside.
2. Using sensitive instruments to forecast and predict occurrence of a
volcano to make early warning for people to prepare safety measures on
time such as evacuating prone areas.
3. Training of rescue teams such as mobile clinics, fire fighters to assist
people who may be in danger during occurrence of a volcanic eruption
4. Relocation of people from areas prone to volcanic eruptions to safer
places.
5. Redirect lava flow to protect valuable resources from destruction
6. Research or monitoring to provide information on monitoring or
management volcanic occurrences to reduce impacts.

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7. Psychological support to facilitate effective response efforts or reduce
impacts such as provision of clean water, food, tents, medicine and prevent
outbreak of diseases.
8. Financial Assistance to acquire resources for relief such as making
temporary shelters, food.

HOW BURNING OF COAL IS DANGEROUS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Dangerous gases (e.g. sulphuric dioxide) or smoke released lead to acidic
rain which destroys vegetation. (vegetation may grow slow due to leached
nutrients or not produce)
*Dangerous gases or smoke it leads to air pollution
2. Dangerous gases increase greenhouse gases that trap heat and cause
global warming and destroy ozone layer.
3. Coal dust is dirty therefore it leads to air and land pollution (coal dust can
penetrate the soil and can slow growth of plants)
4. Burnt coal/ash (contains heavy metals) when disposed it leads to land
pollution (changes alkalinity of soil making it not suitable for plant growth) and
contaminates water (making water acidic which is harmful to aquatic life)
5. Soot destroys the natural vegetation (soot sticks on plant leaves and can
change their colour, block sunlight and reduce photosynthesis resulting to slow
growth of plants), soot cause air pollution (soot absorbs sunlight and warms
the atmosphere leading to global warming) and land pollution (soot
accumulates on the surface and change soil properties and reduce soil nutrients
leading to stunted plant growth)

SUGGEST HOW SHORTAGE OF ELECTRICITY MAY AFFECT BOTSWANA’S

ECONOMY
1. Low production/reduced productivity due to power cut offs reduce the
goods produced leading to less income generated from businesses.
2. Closure of businesses leading to loss of jobs for local people.
Businesses may experience high operational costs such as on maintaining
machines damage due to power cut off hence making less profit and result to
closure.
3. Slow industrial growth leading to less job creation for the locals that is
necessary for improving their living standard. Power cut offs discourage
investment in local areas leading to less development of industries.
4. Little foreign exchange is earned which increases importation bill as
power cut offs reduce goods produced leading to less goods exported.
5. Loss of government revenue as businesses close lower tax is generated
which leads to less development made in the country.
6. Increase in unemployment leading to low living standard resulting to people
generating income in illegal ways hence increase in crime.

DISCUSS IMPACTS OF COMMERCIAL ARABLE FARMING ON THE

ENVIRONMENT

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1. Clearing of large land causes soil erosion resulting to loss of top fertile
soil, loss of animal habitat to many species causing animals to migrate to
other areas disrupting ecosystem
2. The use of heavy machinery causes soil compaction which reduces the
soil ability to retain water and nutrients necessary for plant growth.
*Smoke released from machinery leads to air pollution increasing
greenhouse gases that contributes to global warming.
*Oil spills from machinery contaminate soil (land pollution) and may be
harmful to underground organisms
3. Irrigation and use of chemicals such as fertilizers leads to salination of
the soil
4. Use of chemicals pollute the soil, water and air as well as causing
emergence of resistant weeds.
5. Over cultivation destroy soil structure leading to soil erosion and soil
exhaustion which deplete nutrients from soil.

CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD PRODUCTION (ARABLE FARMING)

IN BOTSWANA
1. Low or unreliable rainfall which means there will be less water can lead
to stunted growth of crops resulting to shortages of food, increasing food
prices and making food less accessible for consumers.
2. Pests and diseases-can severely damage crops, reducing yields,
increased costs to buy pesticides to control or prevent pests and leading to lost
profits for farmers and reduced food security.
3. Infertile soils such as sandy soils with poor water holding capacity are not
good for crop production as the soil lacks nutrients necessary for plant
growth and may lead to poor plant growth as well as low yields.
4. Lack of market for the crops produced. -farmers face a challenge of
selling the crops profitably due to limited market leading to low income
for farmers, BAMB also buys crops at a price below the cost of production (Low
market prices).
5. Lack of enough capital to meet costs like buying certified seeds making it
difficult to practice improved farming methods such as crop rotation, growing
different crops in sequence on the same land.
6. Shortage of skilled labour leading to lower productivity and limited
use of modern farming methods, crop management and technology use to
increase yields.

STRATEGIES THAT BOTSWANA GOVERNMENT MAY USE TO INCREASE

FOOD PRODUCTION IN BOTSWANA
Government policies / strategies
1. Provision of financial assistance such as grants and loans through Young
Farmers Fund from CEDA to meet costs such as buying fertilisers and advanced
inputs such as machinery.
2. Government subsidy schemes to assists farmers to get agricultural inputs
at a reduced price and provision of fertilizers to Improve soil fertility to
promote growth of crops and provision of pesticides to control pests and
diseases, provision of certified seeds to increase yields.

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3. Hire tractors to facilitate ploughing by farmers to increase production
for sale.
4. Education and training of farmers during agriculture demonstrations to
improve farmers skills and knowledge on modern farming to increase
yields.
5. The use of irrigation methods for irrigation to support plants growth
even during dry season. 6. Fencing farms to protect crops from being
destroyed by wild animals
7. Providing market so that farmers can sell their produce to earn an
income.

DESCRIBE PROBLEMS FACED BY PASTORAL FARMERS IN BOTSWANA

1. Unreliable rainfall-reduce forage and water become for livestock to
graze and drink leading to low quality animals.
2. Extreme temperatures- can lead to heat stress on animals reducing their
productivity such as lower milk production and increased mortality in extreme
cases.
*Extreme temperatures burn pasture leading to reduced pasture for animals
to graze.
3. Outbreak of Livestock diseases-can lead to death of animals and
reduced production. such as low milk yield
4. Infertile soils limit the growth of palatable pasture which results to
poor pasture for animals to graze on, which leads to slow growth and reduce
production on animals.
5. Shortage of money-to meet costs in practices that improve pastural
farming such as artificial insemination to improve breeds, building storage for
feeds, and shelters for animals
6. Shortage of skilled labour/Lack of education-shortage of skilled labour or
lack of knowledge on animal care such as disease prevention methods,
appropriate feeding methods may lead to animal losses due to outbreaks of
diseases

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS FACED BY PASTORAL FARMERS

1. Drilling boreholes- to provide livestock with reliable water even during
dry periods.
2.Supplementary feeding-prevents reliance on rangelands and helps
livestock receive adequate nutrients to support growth especially during
times of low forage.
3.Vaccinating livestock- to prevent livestock diseases and reducing the
need for treatment to ensure livestock reach their full production in terms of milk
production.
4. Rotational Grazing-to allow for plant regrowth and improve forage
production.
5. Financial Assistance- to meet costs such as buying animal feeds for
livestock and animal vaccines.
6. Training or educating farmers to improve their farming practices on
modern methods on pastoral farming by acquiring skills and knowledge
such as disease prevention to reduce mortality rate.
7. Fencing/Ranching-protects animals from threats such as wild animals
and theft

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