ADITYA DEGREE COLLEGE: BHIMAVARAM

(DIRUSUMARRU ROAD)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

INTERNET OF THINGS ( B. Sc Ds )

UNIT II
V SEMESTER

Presented By
G. TRINADHA RAO ( M.Sc cs )
Lecturer in computer science

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 UNIT -2
SENSOR NETWORKS & IOT DEVELOPMENT BOARDS
WHAT IS A SENSOR NETWORK?

A Sensor Network is a group of spatially distributed sensor nodes that collaboratively

monitor and record physical or environmental conditions like temperature, light, sound,
humidity, or motion. These nodes communicate with each other wirelessly or through wired
connections and send collected data to a central location or cloud for analysis.
When sensor nodes are connected wirelessly, the network is called a Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN).

WHAT IS A SENSOR?
A Sensor is a device that detects and measures physical properties from the environment
and converts them into a digital or electrical signal for processing.

Working of a Sensor:
1. Sensing Element detects physical input (like heat, light, or pressure).
2. Transducer converts it into an electrical signal.
3. Signal Conditioning modifies and prepares the signal for output.

Types of Sensors (with Examples):

Sensor Type Measures Example Device Application Example
Temperature
Heat/Temperature LM35, DHT11 Thermostat, Smart AC systems
Sensor
Light Sensor Light Intensity LDR, Photoresistor Automatic street lights
Security systems, automatic
Motion Sensor Movement PIR sensor
doors
Pressure Sensor Force or pressure BMP180 Weather forecasting, car tires
Humidity Sensor Moisture in air DHT22, HIH-4000 Smart farming, greenhouses
Gas Sensor Gas presence MQ2, MQ135 Air quality monitoring
IR Sensor,
Proximity Sensor Object distance Robotics, mobile phones
Ultrasonic
Touch Sensor Physical touch Capacitive touch Smartphones, touch panels

WHAT IS AN ACTUATOR?
An Actuator is a device that receives control signals (usually electrical) and performs a
physical action like movement, rotation, or controlling fluid flow. It is the "action" part of an
IoT or automated system.

Working of an Actuator:
1. Receives a command (signal) from a controller.
2. Converts electrical signal into physical movement or output.
3. Executes a task (e.g., turning on a motor or opening a valve).

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Types of Actuators (with Examples):
Actuator Type Output Action Example Device Application Example
Light switch, door lock
Electrical Actuator Electrical operation Relay, Solenoid
control
Hydraulic Excavators, aircraft landing
Hydraulic Actuator Fluid pressure
cylinders gear
Pneumatic Packaging systems, robotic
Compressed air Air pistons
Actuator arms
Thermal Actuator Heat-based motion Bimetallic strips Fire alarms, HVAC systems
Mechanical
Physical motion Gears, cams Clocks, engines
Actuator
Rotational Conveyor belts, CNC
Rotary Actuator Stepper motor
movement machines
Linear Actuator Straight-line motion Linear motor Adjustable beds, elevators

Sensor vs Actuator:
Feature Sensor Actuator
Function Detects environment changes Acts upon environment
Signal Flow Input to the system Output from the system
Example Temperature sensor Heating element
Role Data collection Response/action

Example: Smart Home Thermostat System

 Sensor: Temperature sensor detects room temperature.
 Microcontroller: Processes the temperature reading.
 Actuator: Turns on a heating or cooling device based on temperature threshold.

Working:
1. Room temperature is sensed using a temperature sensor.
2. If temperature > 30°C, a fan or AC is turned on via a relay (actuator).
3. If temperature < 20°C, a heater is turned on.
4. System continuously monitors and adjusts based on sensor input.

Key Roles of Sensor Networks in IoT Applications

Role Description
Sensors continuously monitor the environment and collect data such
1. Data Collection
as temperature, motion, light, gas, etc.
2. Real-time Enable real-time updates and alerts (e.g., fire alarm, water leakage,
Monitoring motion detection).
3. Environment Sense changes in physical surroundings that machines or humans
Sensing cannot detect effectively.

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Role Description
4. Input for Sensor data acts as a trigger for automation systems (e.g., turning on
Automation lights when motion is detected).
Allow sensing in remote, hazardous, or inaccessible areas (e.g.,
5. Remote Sensing
volcanoes, mines, oceans).
Enables smart decisions based on sensor input (e.g., smart irrigation
6. Decision Support
if soil is dry).
7. Resource Helps in efficient use of resources like water, electricity, etc., using
Optimization sensor feedback.
8. Scalability and Easy to add or remove nodes in wireless sensor networks without
Flexibility major infrastructure changes.

SENSORS: Definition & Examples

WHAT IS A SENSOR?
A sensor is a device that detects physical or environmental changes (like temperature,
pressure, motion, etc.) and converts them into electrical signals that can be read and
processed by a computer or microcontroller.
1. Temperature Sensor
 Working Principle: Uses thermocouples or thermistors that change resistance with
temperature.
 Example: LM35, DHT11
 Used in: Air conditioners, refrigerators, weather stations, greenhouses.
2. Motion Sensor (PIR Sensor)
 Working Principle: Detects infrared radiation (heat) emitted by moving objects.
 Example: HC-SR501 PIR Sensor
 Used in: Security systems, smart lighting, automatic doors.
3. Proximity Sensor
 Working Principle: Emits electromagnetic fields or infrared waves to detect nearby
objects.
 Types: IR sensor, Ultrasonic sensor
 Example: HC-SR04 (Ultrasonic), IR Proximity Sensor
 Used in: Smartphones (screen off during call), robotics, parking assistance.
4. Light Sensor (LDR - Light Dependent Resistor)
 Working Principle: Changes resistance based on light intensity.
 Example: LDR module
 Used in: Street lights (auto ON/OFF), camera exposure, solar trackers.
5. Gas Sensor
 Working Principle: Measures concentration of gases via change in conductivity.
 Example: MQ-2 (Smoke), MQ-135 (Air quality)
 Used in: Smoke detectors, industrial safety, air purifiers.

ACTUATORS: Definition & Examples

What is an Actuator?
An actuator is a device that receives control signals (often electrical) and performs a physical
action, such as movement, turning, opening, or adjusting something.

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1. DC Motor
 Working Principle: Converts electrical energy into rotational mechanical energy using
magnetic fields.
 Example: Small motors in fans, toys, conveyor belts.
 Used in: Robotics, automation systems.
2. Servo Motor
 Working Principle: Uses feedback mechanism to precisely control angular position.
 Example: SG90, MG996R
 Used in: Robotic arms, camera gimbals, drones.
3. Stepper Motor
 Working Principle: Rotates in fixed steps using electromagnets, allowing precise
control.
 Example: NEMA 17
 Used in: 3D printers, CNC machines.
4 Relay
 Working Principle: Electrically operated switch that opens/closes circuits using
electromagnetic induction.
 Used in: Home automation (to control AC devices using low-voltage signals), alarms.
5. Solenoid Valve
 Working Principle: Uses electromagnetic field to control flow of liquid or gas.
 Used in: Washing machines, irrigation systems, medical devices.

ARDUINO
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
It is used to build digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the
physical world.

Key Point
- Microcontroller-based boar
- Programmable via USB
- Used in automation, IoT, robotics, etc.
- Affordable and beginner-friendly

Arduino IDE

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is the official software for

programming Arduino boards.

Features:
• - Simple code editor (C/C++ based)
• - Upload code to Arduino via USB
• - Serial monitor for debugging
• - Includes built-in examples and libraries
• Available for Windows, Mac, and Linux
How Arduino IDE Works
• Steps to use Arduino IDE:
• 1. Connect Arduino board to PC via USB.
• 2. Select the correct board and port in IDE.
• 3. Write or load a sketch (program).
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 • 4. Verify the code.
• 5. Upload the sketch to the board.
• 6. Observe output using Serial Monitor (if needed).

Types of Arduino Boards

• Arduino boards come in various types to suit different applications.
• Popular Boards:
• - Arduino Uno
• - Arduino Mega 2560
• - Arduino Nano
• - Arduino Leonardo
• - Arduino Due
• - Arduino MKR1000
• - Arduino Pro Mini

Arduino Uno
• - Most popular board for beginners
• - Microcontroller: ATmega328P
• - Digital I/O: 14, Analog In: 6
• - USB powered and programmable
• - Ideal for basic electronics and automation projects

Arduino Mega 2560

• - Designed for complex projects
• - Microcontroller: ATmega2560
• - Digital I/O: 54, Analog In: 16
• - More memory and I/O pins
• - Suitable for robotics and sensor networks

Arduino Nano
• - Compact and breadboard-friendly
• - Microcontroller: ATmega328P
• - Digital I/O: 22, Analog In: 8
• - Mini USB connection
• - Ideal for portable or embedded systems

Arduino Leonardo
• - Unique ability to emulate keyboard/mouse
• - Microcontroller: ATmega32u4
• - USB can act as an input device
• - Good for HID (Human Interface Device) projects

Arduino Due
• - First Arduino board with 32-bit ARM core
• - Microcontroller: ATSAM3X8E
• - High performance and speed
• - Ideal for advanced robotics and processing-heavy tasks

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Arduino MKR1000
• - Designed for IoT applications
• - Microcontroller: SAMD21 Cortex-M0+
• - Built-in Wi-Fi support
• - Secure and energy-efficient
• - Best for cloud-connected projects
Arduino Pro Mini
• - Small, low-power, and inexpensive
• - Microcontroller: ATmega328P
• - No USB port (needs external programmer)
• - Suitable for wearable or battery-powered devices
•
How Arduino Fits into IoT Architecture
IoT Layer Arduino’s Role
Perception
Connects to sensors to collect real-world data
Layer
Network Layer Uses modules like ESP8266, GSM, Zigbee to send/receive data wirelessly
Application Works with cloud platforms (like Blynk, ThingSpeak, Adafruit IO) for
Layer user interaction and automation

Advantages of Using Arduino in IoT

Advantage Explanation
Easy to Learn & Use Beginner-friendly with simple C/C++ based programming
Hardware Compatibility Compatible with a wide range of sensors, actuators, and shields
IoT Communication Can be interfaced with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM, LoRa, Zigbee
Ready modules
Open Source & Flexible Huge community, tons of libraries and support
Rapid Prototyping Ideal for quickly building and testing IoT ideas and prototypes
Low Cost Affordable boards make large-scale prototyping economical
Some models (e.g., Arduino MKR) are designed for low-power
Low Power Options
IoT applications
Easily connects with platforms like Blynk, ThingSpeak, Adafruit
Cloud Integration
IO, etc.

RASPBERRY PI

• Raspberry Pi is a small, affordable, single-board computer developed by the Raspberry

Pi Foundation.
• Key Features:
• - Acts like a mini desktop computer
• - Supports Python, Java, C, etc.
• - Connects to monitors, keyboards, and networks
• - Used in IoT, robotics, education, and media systems
• Unlike Arduino, it runs a full operating system (e.g., Raspberry Pi OS).

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Components of Raspberry Pi
• - CPU (Broadcom ARM processor)
• - RAM (varies by model: 512MB to 8GB)
• - HDMI ports (for video output)
• - USB ports (for keyboard, mouse, devices)
• - Ethernet/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth (networking)
• - GPIO pins (connect sensors and actuators)
• - microSD card slot (storage and OS)
• - Audio jack and camera/display interfaces

Features of Raspberry Pi
• - Low cost, credit-card-sized computer
• - Can run a full Linux operating system
• - Connects to monitor, keyboard, and mouse
• - Supports internet and wireless connectivity
• - Programmable via multiple languages
• - Used as media center, server, desktop, or IoT hub
• - GPIO pins allow physical computing

Programming Languages Supported

• - Python (most common)
• - C / C++
• - Java
• - Scratch (block-based for kids)
• - Node.js
• - Ruby, Go, Rust, and more
• Raspberry Pi is versatile for software and hardware programming.

Key Differences: Raspberry Pi vs Arduino

1. Nature:
- Raspberry Pi: Mini computer with OS
- Arduino: Microcontroller board

2. Programming:
- Pi: Multiple languages & multitasking
- Arduino: C/C++ with single-task loop
3. Operating System:
- Pi: Runs Linux (Raspberry Pi OS)
- Arduino: No OS, runs firmware

4. Use Case:
- Pi: High-level projects, edge computing
- Arduino: Real-time hardware control
5. Connectivity:
- Pi: Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB, HDMI
- Arduino: USB and GPIO (add Wi-Fi via module)

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Advantages of Raspberry Pi
• - Affordable and compact
• - Runs full Linux OS (multitasking)
• - Supports many programming languages
• - Ideal for media, IoT, and learning
• - GPIO for hardware projects
• - Community support and open-source
• - Can be used as desktop PC or web server

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification.
It is a wireless communication technology used to identify and track objects, animals, or
people using radio waves.
It works by transmitting the identity of an object via a tag (transponder), which is read by a
reader (interrogator).

RFID SYSTEM COMPONENTS

An RFID system mainly consists of the following three components:
1. RFID Tag
2. Antenna
3. RFID Reader

1. RFID TAG (Transponder)

An RFID tag is a small electronic device that stores data and communicates wirelessly with
the reader.
Components of a Tag:
 Microchip – Stores information (like unique ID, asset info).
 Antenna – Sends/receives signals to/from the reader.
 Substrate – Protective material holding the chip and antenna.

Types of Tags:
A. Based on Power Source
Type Description Range Use Case
Short (~10 cm
Passive No battery. Gets power from reader's signal. ID cards, retail
to 5 m)
Active Has its own battery to send signals. Long (~100 m) Vehicle tracking
Semi- Battery powers internal chip, but Temperature
Medium
Passive communication is reader-powered. tracking

B. Based on Application
 Read-Only – Data written once, only read later.
 Read/Write – Data can be updated multiple times.

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2. ANTENNA
The antenna is responsible for transmitting and receiving RF signals between the reader
and the tag.
Antenna Types in RFID:
Antenna Type Description Used In
Linear Polarized Sends waves in one direction. Needs tag alignment. Conveyor belts
Circular Polarized Rotates signal direction to catch misaligned tags. Warehouses
Patch Antenna Flat, mounted antennas for fixed installations. Doorways, shelves
Dipole Antenna Common for tags. Balanced design. General RFID tags

Key Role:
 Helps focus signal energy.
 Influences the read range and accuracy of the RFID system.

3. RFID READER (Interrogator)

An RFID reader is a device that sends radio signals, receives data from tags, and processes
or transfers it to a system (cloud/database).
Functions of the Reader:
 Sends power to activate passive tags.
 Receives data from tags.
 Sends data to PC, cloud, or application software via USB, Ethernet, or Wi-Fi.

Types of RFID Readers:

Type Description Examples
Installed at a fixed location like a gate or Toll booths, warehouse
Fixed Reader
door. doors
Handheld Reader Portable, used manually to scan items. Inventory, retail
Integrated
Reader + antenna in one unit. Small kiosks, access control
Reader
Connected to mobile devices
Mobile Reader Field data collection
(phones/tablets).

Working Principle of RFID

1. The reader emits a radio frequency (RF) signal.
2. The RFID tag receives this signal and sends back its unique ID or stored data.
3. The reader processes this data, which can be used for tracking, authentication, etc.

Types of RFID Tags

1. Based on Power Source:
Type Description
No internal power source. It gets energy from the reader’s signal. Most
Passive RFID
common and cheap.

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Type Description
Has its own battery to transmit signals. Greater range and speed. Used
Active RFID
in vehicles, containers, etc.
Semi-Active (Semi- Has battery for internal use (e.g., sensors) but uses reader signal to
Passive) communicate.

2. Based on Frequency Range:

Frequency Range Examples Features
Low Frequency (LF) Livestock tracking, Short range, better penetration
~10 cm
125 – 134 kHz access cards through materials
High Frequency
Smart cards, library
(HF) ~1 meter Medium range, widely used
systems
13.56 MHz
Ultra High
Up to 12 Logistics, inventory,
Frequency (UHF) Long range, fast data transfer
meters vehicles
860 – 960 MHz
Microwave Up to 100 Toll systems, active Highest range, used for fast-
2.45 GHz meters tags moving objects

Applications of RFID
 Inventory Management
 Access Control (ID badges, doors)
 Hospital Patient Tracking
 Supply Chain & Logistics
 Animal Tracking
 Vehicle Toll Collection
 Library Book Tracking

Advantages of RFID
 No line-of-sight needed (unlike barcodes)
 Accurate, automatic identification
 Fast scanning of multiple tags at once
 Improves inventory and asset management

Disadvantages of RFID
 Higher cost than barcodes
 Active tags need battery maintenance
 Signal interference from metal or liquids
 Privacy/security concerns

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History and Context of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
What is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)?
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a system of spatially distributed autonomous sensors
that monitor physical or environmental conditions (like temperature, sound, pressure, etc.) and
communicate wirelessly to transmit data to a central system for processing and analysis.

Historical Development of WSN

1. 1950s–1960s: Early Concepts
 Military Origin:
o The concept began during the Cold War, mainly for battlefield surveillance.
o One early example was the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) by the US
Navy to track submarines.

2. 1970s–1980s: Academic and Defense Research

 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) funded early research.
 Development of distributed sensor systems like:
o DSN (Distributed Sensor Networks) project.
 Focused on wired networks for early research.

3. 1990s: Wireless Revolution

 Advancement in wireless communication, micro-electronics, and low-power
systems led to real wireless sensor networks.
 Key Developments:
o TinyOS – an open-source operating system for sensor nodes.
o IEEE research efforts on low-power ad hoc networks.
 Introduction of low-cost microcontrollers and MEMS sensors.

4. 2000s: Commercial and Civil Applications

 WSNs expanded beyond military:
o Environmental monitoring (e.g., forest fire detection).
o Industrial automation.
o Smart buildings and homes.
 Introduction of Zigbee, Bluetooth Low Energy, and 802.15.4 protocols.

5. 2010s–Present: IoT Integration

 WSNs became a core part of the Internet of Things (IoT).
 Used in smart cities, agriculture, healthcare, and transportation.
 Integration with:
o Cloud computing
o AI and Machine Learning
o Edge computing
o 5G/6G networks

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Key Contextual Features of WSN
Feature Description
Miniaturization Sensor nodes are small and embedded in the environment.
Wireless
No wiring needed; nodes use radio signals to communicate.
Communication
Energy Constraints Operate on batteries or energy-harvesting (solar).
Nodes autonomously form networks without manual
Self-Organizing
configuration.

THE NODE

In WSN or IoT, a node refers to any device or unit that can sense, process, and communicate
data in a network.
 A node can be a sensor, actuator, gateway, or controller.
 It plays a critical role in collecting environmental data and communicating it to other
nodes or a central system.

Core Components of a Node

A typical sensor node consists of the following components:
Component Description
1. Sensor Senses physical data (temperature, humidity, light, etc.).
2. ADC (Analog to Digital
Converts analog sensor signals to digital for processing.
Converter)
Controls the node's operations, processes data, and
3. Microcontroller (Processor)
manages communication.
Stores the operating system, sensor data, and temporary
4. Memory
instructions.
5. Communication Module Sends and receives data wirelessly (e.g., Zigbee, LoRa,
(Transceiver) Wi-Fi).
6. Power Supply Usually a battery or energy harvesting unit (like solar).

Working of a Node
1. Sensing: The sensor detects physical/environmental conditions.
2. Conversion: The ADC converts the analog data to digital form.
3. Processing: The microcontroller processes and formats the data.
4. Transmission: The data is sent to other nodes or a base station via the transceiver.
5. Sleep/Idle Mode: To save energy, the node enters low-power states when not active.

Types of Nodes
Nodes can vary based on their function within the network:
Type of Node Description
Captures and transmits physical data to other nodes. Example:
1. Sensor Node
Temperature sensor.

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Type of Node Description
2. Actuator Node Performs actions based on commands (e.g., switch ON fan).
Forwards data between nodes; helps in multihop
3. Router Node
communication.
4. Coordinator/Gateway
Connects sensor network to external networks (e.g., Cloud).
Node
Gathers and stores data from all sensor nodes; central
5. Sink/Base Station Node
processing unit.
What Does “Connecting Nodes” Mean
Connecting nodes refers to the communication link between different
sensor/actuator/gateway nodes in a WSN or IoT network to enable data exchange.

How Nodes Are Connected

Nodes in a WSN/IoT are connected through wireless communication protocols that enable
them to send and receive data. The type of connection determines how data flows across the
network.

Common Wireless Technologies for Node Connection

Technology Range Use Case
Zigbee Short (<100 m) Home automation, industrial
Wi-Fi Medium (100–200 m) Smart homes, offices
Bluetooth Short (<10 m) Wearables, mobile devices
LoRaWAN Long (up to 10 km) Agriculture, smart cities
NB-IoT Very Long Smart metering, infrastructure
6LoWPAN IPv6 for low-power devices IoT networks

What Are Networking Nodes?

In IoT and WSN, networking nodes are the devices that enable data communication and
routing between different parts of the network. They ensure that data collected by sensor
nodes can reach the desired destination, such as gateways, cloud servers, or actuators.

Types of Networking Nodes

Node Type Function Example
Collects data from the environment and Temperature, humidity
Sensor Node
sends it to other nodes sensors
Forwards data between sensor nodes and
Router Node Zigbee or LoRa routers
sink or gateway
Acts as a bridge between WSN/IoT
Coordinator/Gateway LoRa Gateway, Wi-Fi-
network and external world (e.g.,
Node enabled Arduino
internet/cloud)
Collects all sensor data for processing and Centralized data
Sink Node
decision-making collector

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Node Type Function Example
Receives control signals and performs
Actuator Node Motors, alarms, pumps
actions

Working of Networking Nodes

1. Sensor Nodes detect physical data.
2. Data is forwarded through router nodes or mesh links.
3. A gateway node or sink node collects this data.
4. Data is sent to the cloud/server for processing.
5. Actuators respond based on cloud/server commands.
Network Topologies in WSN
1. Star Topology
o All nodes connect to a central hub.
o Simple but lacks fault tolerance.
2. Tree Topology
o Hierarchical connections.
o Good for structured sensor placement.
3. Mesh Topology
o Nodes interconnect for redundancy and reliability.
o Ideal for large-scale WSN.
4. Hybrid Topology
o Combines features of multiple topologies.
o Used in complex IoT systems.

Communication Between Nodes

 Wired: Rare in IoT/WSN due to limited mobility.
 Wireless: Commonly used protocols:
o Zigbee
o LoRaWAN
o Wi-Fi
o Bluetooth/BLE
o NB-IoT
o 6LoWPAN

Real Example: Smart Home

 Sensor nodes: Motion sensors detect presence.
 Router node: Zigbee router passes data to the hub.
 Coordinator node: Hub processes and sends data to the cloud.
 Actuator node: Light bulb turns on via command from cloud.

Key Roles of Networking Nodes

 Enable data routing
 Provide scalability
 Ensure reliable communication
 Connect edge devices to the cloud or internet
 Handle failover and redundancy in critical systems

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DEFINITION: WSN AND IOT
WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a system of interconnected sensor nodes deployed in

a geographic area to monitor environmental or physical conditions such as temperature,
pressure, sound, light, etc. These nodes communicate wirelessly to transmit collected data to a
central base station or sink node for processing and analysis.
Each sensor node typically includes a sensor, microcontroller, wireless transceiver, and a
battery.

IoT (Internet of Things)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a global network of interconnected devices that can collect,
exchange, and act on data using embedded technologies like sensors, actuators, software, and
network connectivity — without human intervention.
IoT connects the physical world (devices, sensors) to the digital world (cloud, applications).

How WSN Fits into IoT Architecture

WSN in IoT Architecture Layers:

IoT Layer Role of WSN
Perception
✅ WSN collects raw data from the environment using sensor nodes
Layer
WSN nodes send the collected data to IoT gateways or cloud servers via
Network Layer
wireless protocols
Application Data is processed and used in applications like smart homes, healthcare,
Layer and agriculture

Key Point:
WSN provides the "sense" in the sense-think-act cycle of IoT.
It acts as the first step in the IoT data pipeline.

Why WSN is Crucial for IoT

Reason Explanation
1. Data Collection WSN is responsible for sensing real-world data, which is the core
Backbone input for IoT.
WSN can be deployed across vast environments like forests,
2. Scalability
cities, and farms.
3. Low Power Sensor nodes are optimized for low energy, ideal for remote
Consumption deployments.
4. Wireless Enables flexibility and cost-effective deployment in difficult-to-
Communication reach areas.
WSN nodes can self-configure and form ad-hoc networks without
5. Autonomy
central control.

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Applications of WSN in IoT

Application Area WSN Role in IoT

Monitor soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and send data to
Smart Agriculture
cloud for irrigation automation
Smart Cities Traffic monitoring, pollution control, street lighting automation
Healthcare (IoMT) Wearable sensors to monitor patient vitals and send alerts to doctors
Industrial IoT Machine health monitoring, predictive maintenance
Smart Homes Fire detection, intrusion sensing, energy monitoring
Environmental
Flood, forest fire, and earthquake detection using distributed sensors
Monitoring

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