Renaissance

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1
Which of the following is the correct order of hierarchy of medieval Europe?
Dukes — Barons — Knights — Peasants
Barons — Earls — Feudal Lords — Peasants
Earls — Dukes — Knights — Barons
Barons — Dukes — Knights — Lords
Answer
Dukes — Barons — Knights — peasants

Question 2
Which of the following was NOT a result of the Fall of Constantinople?
Discovery of new trade routes
Crusades
Decline of Feudalism
Revival of learning
Answer
Crusades

Question 3
............... refer to the religious expeditionary wars with the goal of restoring the Church’s
access to holy places in and near Jerusalem.
Crusades
Brisades
Black wars
Agnar
Answer
Crusades

Question 4
Where did the Renaissance first begin?
England
India
Italy
France
Answer
Italy

Question 5
Which of the following is incorrect?
Leonardo Da Vinci : The Last Supper
Donatello : Pieta
Machiavelli : The Prince
William Shakespeare : King Lear
Answer
Donatello : Pieta

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Question 6
What was the Copernican Revolution?
Proof that the earth revolves around the sun.
Proof that the earth was the centre of the universe.
Proof of close connection between medicine and chemists.
Proof of circulatory movement of blood in the body.
Answer
Proof that the earth revolves around the sun.

Question 7
Interest in man, his interests, his nature and his life on earth is referred to as
Spirituality
Theology
Humanism
Reformation
Answer
Humanism

Question 1
(A) Renaissance, which means rebirth or revival, was a complex transitional movement that
began in Europe in the 14th century in Italy and lasted till 17th century.
(R) Many Greek and Roman scholars shifted to Rome and revived the learning of Greek
classics and paved the way for Renaissance.
(R) contradicts (A)
(R) is the reason for (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(R) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — Constantinople fell into the hands of the Turks in 1453. The Roman and
Greek scholars were forced to shift to Rome and other parts of Europe with their manuscripts.
They spread their new spirit and ideas, wherever they went. The revival of the learning of
Greek classics paved the way for the Renaissance.

Question 2
(A) The disintegration of the feudal order in Europe ushered in a new social and economic
order.
(R) The new order led to new developments in art, literature, philosophy and science and
contributed to the rise of Renaissance.
(R) contradicts (A)
(A) is the reason for (R)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(A) is the reason for (R)
Explanation — The disintegration of the feudal order in Europe gave rise to peace which
further helped to promote growth of learning. The new order thus, led to new developments
in art, literature, philosophy and science and contributed to the rise of Renaissance.

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Question 3
(A) The wealthy merchants of Italy patronised the artists and literary figures for the revival of
classical culture and literature.
(R) The opening of new trade routes between the East and the West led to the revival of
feudalism in Europe.
(R) contradicts (A)
(R) is the reason for (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(A) is true but (R) is false.
Explanation — The opening of new trade routes between the East and the West during the
Age of Discovery led to an increase in commerce and the rise of a merchant class.

Question 4
(A) Renaissance led to the use of local languages instead of Latin.
(R) During Renaissance, the authors dwelt on spiritual themes.
(R) contradicts (A)
(R) is the reason for (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(A) is true but (R) is false.
Explanation — During the Renaissance, there was indeed a shift towards the use of local
languages (vernacular) instead of Latin in literature, which helped make written works more
accessible to the general public. Also, the Renaissance is often characterized by a move away
from purely religious themes to a broader exploration of human potential and achievements.

Question 5
(A) Renaissance led to the Reformation Movement in England and Europe.
(R) During the Renaissance period, there occurred a division of the Church into two sects -
Catholics and the Protestants.
(R) contradicts (A)
(A) is the reason for (R)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(A) is the reason for (R).
Explanation — During Renaissance, people became critical of the Church and insisted on the
reform of the Church. This led to the division of the Church into two sects — Catholics and
the Protestants leading to the Reformation Movement in England and in Europe.

Short Answer Question

Question 1
What is meant by the term 'Renaissance'?
Answer
The term 'Renaissance' means rebirth or revival. It stands for a complex transitional
movement in Europe between medieval and modern times beginning in the 14th century in
Italy and lasting into the 17th century.

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Question 2
Mention any two causes of the Renaissance.
Answer
Two causes of the Renaissance were:
Capture of Constantinople — Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire fell
into the hands of the Turks in 1453. This forced the Roman and Greek scholars to shift to
Rome and other parts of Europe with their manuscripts. These genius scholars spread their
new spirit and ideas, wherever they went paving the way for Renaissance.
Decline of Feudalism — Decline of Feudalism in the 13th and 14th centuries provided an
impetus to free thinking and favoured the growth of new learning. It led to new developments
in the spheres of art, literature, philosophy and science and contributed to the rise of
Renaissance.

Question 3
What was the result of the victory of the Turks over Constantinople?
Answer
Constantinople was the capital of Eastern Roman Empire and centre of Greek and Roman
cultures. It had valuable manuscripts of Greek and Roman writers. When it fell into the hands
of the Turks in 1453, the Roman and Greek scholars were forced to shift to Rome and other
parts of Europe with their manuscripts. Rome then became the centre of Greek culture. These
scholars were geniuses, men of liberal outlook, humanism and logical thinking. They spread
their new spirit and ideas, wherever they went. In this way they revived the interest of the
people in the study of Greek philosophy, science, art and literature. The revival of the
learning of Greek classics paved the way for the Renaissance.

Question 4
The decline of feudalism led to the rise of Renaissance. Give two reasons.
Answer
The two reasons for the rise of Renaissance with decline of feudalism were:
The decline of feudalism provided an impetus to free thinking.
The peace and freedom that prevailed after the decline of feudalism favoured the growth of
New learning.

Question 5
Mention any two factors that led to the growth of the spirit of enquiry among the people of
Europe.
Answer
Two factors that led to the growth of the spirit of enquiry among the people of Europe were:
Role of original thinkers — During the Medieval Age, the church discouraged original
thinking but certain bold and independent thinkers who criticised the church and their
dogmas, came up. They asked the people to developed their own thinking. Thinkers like
Roger Bacon, Abelard, Thomas Aquinas revolutionised the thought process and laid stress on
reasoning.
Development of science — Certain medieval scholar showed a scientific attitude and asked
their students to observe things in nature. This brought in many new inventions and
discoveries. Development of science created the spirit of enquiry and scientific temper.

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Question 6
How did the invention of the printing press bring in a new awakening in Europe?
Answer
In the Middle Ages, books were few and they were beyond the reach of the ordinary people.
The Printing Press enabled Europe to multiply books and put them within the reach of people.
The printing press spread knowledge far and wide. Scholars found it easier to read printed
books than hand-written manuscripts. Printing and distribution of books influenced people's
attitude to life and brought about a new awakening in Europe.

Question 7
Mention any two consequences of geographical explorations.
Answer
Two consequences of geographical explorations are:
The geographical discoveries led to the establishment of trade between Europe and the East.
They also paved the way for the process of colonisation of Asia and Africa.

Question 8
Explain briefly the term 'Humanism'.
Answer
Humanism was regarded as the most remarkable phenomena of Renaissance. It was a product
of the spread of education and learning. The word humanism was derived from the Latin
words 'Studia humanitatis' (the studies of mankind). Basically it meant a decisive shift in
concern for human as distinct from divine matters. Humanism extolled man and stressed his
essential dignity. It was centred on the man of flesh and blood with all his earthly joys and
sorrows. It opposed religious asceticism. It defended man's right to pleasure and the
satisfaction of earthly desires and requirements.

Question 9
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? Give two reasons.
Answer
Renaissance began in Italy because of following reasons:
Italy was the seat of the glorious Roman Empire and all the historical remains and relics of
the Romans were found there. These attracted a number of scholars and artists.
The enormous wealth which Italy had accumulated as a result of trade with the east also
contributed to the rise of Renaissance. The wealthy merchants of Italy patronised the artists
and literary figures and used their wealth for the revival of classical culture and literature.

Question 10
Renaissance artists tried to depict life on canvas and stone. With reference to this statement,
describe the progress in the art of painting.
Answer
The Renaissance painters established very high standards and produced some of the greatest
paintings of the time. The artists of the Renaissance period refused to abide by medieval
rules, tradition and adopted new artistic methods such as frescoes for wall pictures, oil
colours and woodcuts. They studied optics and geometry and used their knowledge to
develop perspective in their paintings. They also studied human anatomy to find the
mechanism underlying gestures and expressions. They had a humanistic secular approach and
produced highly artistic and life like paintings.

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Question 11
Mention the impact of the Renaissance in the field of English literature.
Answer
The most significant impact of Renaissance on literature was the use of local languages,
instead of Latin as in the Middle Ages. Besides, there was a change of themes in the literary
work. Earlier writers dwelt on spiritual themes including heaven. However, during
Renaissance, the authors wrote on man and his problems. A number of english poets and
dramatists of repute were produced in England. Some of the English writers of Renaissance
period were Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas More, Francis Bacon, William Shakespeare, etc.

Structured Questions
Question 1
Many factors contributed to usher in the spirit of Renaissance, which had far-reaching
consequences for the entire world. In this context, write short notes on:
(a) Invention of the printing press.
(b) Decline of Feudalism.
(c) Capture of Constantinople.
Answer
(a) Invention of the printing press — The first printing press was set up in Germany by
Gutenberg in the middle of the 15th century. Later on Caxton introduced it in England. The
invention of printing press in the middle of the 15th century in Europe made it possible to
produce books in large numbers. The Bible and many other religious and classical books
were printed and made available all over Europe. The printing press spread knowledge far
and wide. Scholars found it easier to read printed books than hand-written manuscripts. In the
Middle Ages, books were few and they were beyond the reach of the ordinary people. The
Printing Press enabled Europe to multiply books and put them within the reach of people.
Printing and distribution of books influenced people's attitude to life and brought about a new
awakening in Europe.
(b) Decline of Feudalism — Feudalism was a system according to which the medieval
European society was organised on the basis of land tenure. In this system, all the people,
from the King down to the lowest land owners were bound together by obligation and
defence. The King used to give estates to his lords (Dukes and Earls). The Lords, distributed
a part of their land among the lesser lords (Barons), who provided them with military support.
The Dukes and Earls owned allegiance directly to the king, whereas the Barons owed
allegiance to Dukes and Earls. The Knights formed the lower category of feudal lords. The
feudal lords did not cultivate their lands and gave it to the peasants for cultivation.
The society had a graded organisation in which there was hardly any chance for social
mobility and progress. It was also opposed to freedom and equality of rights. Decline of
Feudalism in the 13th and 14th centuries provided an impetus to free thinking. The peace and
freedom that prevailed after the decline of feudalism favoured the growth of New Learning. It
led to new developments in the spheres of art, literature, philosophy and science and
contributed to the rise of Renaissance.
(c) Capture of Constantinople — Constantinople was the capital of the Eastern Roman
Empire and was a centre of Greek and Roman cultures. It had valuable manuscripts of Greek
and Roman writers. But Constantinople fell into hands of the Turks in 1453. Many Greek and
Roman scholars were thus, forced to shift to Rome and other parts of Europe with their
manuscripts. Rome then became the centre of Greek culture. These scholars were geniuses,
men of liberal outlook, humanism and logical thinking. Wherever they went, they spread their
new spirit and ideas. They revived the interest of people in the study of Greek philosophy,

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science, art and literature. The revival of the learning of Greek classics paved the way for the
Renaissance.

Question 2
Renaissance brought in a spirit of enquiry among the people of Europe. In this context,
answer the following question:
(a) Explain briefly the role of original thinkers in promoting the spirit of enquiry among the
people of Europe.
(b) How did the development of science create the spirit of enquiry?
(c) What was the role of Crusades in ushering in the spirit of enquiry?
Answer
(a) During the Medieval Age, the Church discouraged original thinking and called upon
scholars to put faith in the Church dogmas. However, original thinking could not be
suppressed for a long time and certain bold and independent thinkers criticised the Church
and asked the people to develop their own thinking. They developed a spirit of enquiry and a
sense of curiosity among the people. They taught human beings to know the Why and How of
things. Thinkers like Roger Bacon, Abelard, Thomas Aquinas revolutionised the thought
process and laid stress on reasoning.
(b) Certain medieval scholars showed a scientific attitude and asked their students to observe
things in nature. This brought in many new inventions and discoveries. Development of
science created the spirit of enquiry and scientific temper. Roger Bacon contemplated the use
of horseless carriages and flying machines. Copernicus proved that the Earth moves around
the Sun. Galileo invented the telescope. These inventions broadened the mental outlook of
the people and put an end to the old beliefs and traditions.
(c) The Crusades were the religious expeditionary wars with the goal of restoring the
Church's access to holy places in and near Jerusalem. They brought the people of Europe into
direct contact with the people of Asia. The Crusades brought to Western Europe ideas from
the East. It widened their outlook on life. People began to rely on reason rather than on blind
faith.

Question 3
Renaissance or rebirth brought about drastic changes in art, literature and science. In this
context, write short notes on the following:
(a) Leonardo Da Vinci
(b) William Shakespeare
(c) Nicolaus Copernicus
Answer
(a) Leonardo Da Vinci — Leonardo Da Vinci was a great painter, sculpture, musician and a
scientist. Da Vinci's interests ranged far beyond fine arts. He studied nature, mechanics,
anatomy, physics, architecture and weaponry. He saw science and art as complementary
rather than distinct disciplines, and thought that ideas formulated in one realm could, and
should, inform the other. He spent a great deal of time immersing himself in nature, testing
scientific laws, dissecting bodies (human and animals) and thinking and writing about his
observations. In the early 1490s, Da Vinci started documenting about four broad themes —
painting, architecture, mechanics and human anatomy. He created thousands of pages of
neatly drawn illustrations. His paintings of the 'Virgin of the Rocks', 'The Last Supper' and
'Mona Lisa' are great masterpieces of art.
(b) William Shakespeare — He was an english poet, playwright and actor who is widely
regarded as the greatest writer in the English Language and the world's pre-eminent

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dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the 'Bard of Avon'. He wrote 38
plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems and a few other verses. His first plays were
mostly historical dramas like Richard II, Henry VI and Henry V with the exception of Romeo
and Juliet. In his early period, he wrote comedies like A Midsummer Night's Dream, Much
Ado About Nothing, As You Like It and Twelfth Night. After 1600, he wrote tragedies like
Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth. William Shakespeare's work transcends culture and
history. He appeals to emotions and thoughts that are a part of eternal human nature and
therefore, have a universal appeal.
(c) Copernicus — Nicolaus Copernicus was a mathematician and astronomer. He formulated
a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the centre of the universe.
The publication of this model in his book 'De revolutionibus orbium celestium' (On the
Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), just before his death in 1543, is regarded as a major
event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution. He introduced the
Heliocentric theory. This also led to a series of discoveries by scientists like John Kepler,
Galileo and Isaac Newton.

Question 4
Study the given picture and answer the following questions:

(a) Identify the painting and name the artist who made it. Name another famous painting by
the same artist.
(b) Write a short note on the Renaissance paintings.
(c) What changes occurred in art as a result of the Renaissance spirit in Europe?
Answer
(a) The given painting is 'The Last Supper' by Leonardo Da Vinci. 'Mona Lisa' is the other
famous painting by him.
(b) Renaissance paintings marked a shift from religious and symbolic art of the Middle Ages
to being more realistic and life-like and had a humanistic secular approach. The Renaissance
painters adopted new artistic methods such as frescoes for wall pictures, oil colours and
woodcuts. They studied optics and geometry and used their knowledge to develop
perspective in their paintings. These paintings depicted scenes from the Bible, mythology,
and daily life.

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Some of the greatest paintings of the time were: Virgin of the Rocks, The Last
Supper and Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci, Last judgement and The Fall of Man by
Michelangelo, and Sistine Madonna by Raphael.
(c) During the Renaissance, artists broke away from medieval rules and traditions. They
introduced new techniques such as frescoes for wall paintings, oil colours, and woodcuts. By
studying optics and geometry, they developed perspective, giving depth and realism to their
work. Knowledge of human anatomy helped them depict natural gestures and expressions
accurately. Free from the rigid control of the Church, Renaissance painters embraced a
humanistic and secular approach, creating highly artistic and lifelike paintings.
In sculpture, the revival of classical antiquity had a profound impact. Some artists copied
Greek and Roman masterpieces, while others produced original works that rivalled ancient
creations.

Thinking Skills
Question 1
In the face of technological advancements like Al, do we need to have a 'New Renaissance'
today to foster a period of significant intellectual and creative advancement similar to the
historical Renaissance? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer
Yes, in the face of technological advancements like AI, we need a 'New Renaissance' to foster
a period of significant intellectual, cultural, and creative advancement, much like the
historical Renaissance revitalized arts and sciences.
Merging Technology with Human Values: Just as the Renaissance balanced reason with
humanism, a new renaissance would help integrate AI and other technologies with ethics,
empathy, and human values to ensure they serve humanity rather than replacing it.
Creative Exploration: The Renaissance encouraged artistic expression and exploration. In a
similar way, today’s artists, writers, and thinkers can use AI as a tool for new forms of
creativity and storytelling, expanding the boundaries of imagination.
Revival of Critical Thinking: With the overload of information and misinformation, a
renewed focus on education, logic, and critical thinking — much like the Renaissance focus
on classical learning — is necessary for an informed and responsible society.
Democratization of Knowledge: Just like the invention of the printing press made knowledge
accessible, AI can be harnessed to make education and information more widely available,
reducing gaps between different sections of society.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration: The Renaissance celebrated polymaths like Leonardo da
Vinci who bridged art and science. Today, we need collaboration across disciplines —
between coders, philosophers, artists, and scientists — to face challenges in society and
environment.
Thus, a new renaissance can help us use technological tools wisely, promote creativity and
critical thought, and ensure a more just and enlightened future.

Question 2
Imagine that you went to Rome during the period when the Renaissance movement was at its
peak. Describe the spirit of Renaissance among the artists, scientists, authors and the masses.
Answer
If I were to visit Rome during the peak of the Renaissance movement, which spanned from
the 14th to the 17th century, I would likely observe a vibrant intellectual and artistic scene
that was characterized by a renewed interest in the classical cultures of ancient Greece and

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Rome. Here are some observations I might make about the spirit of the Renaissance among
various groups:
Artists — The artists of the Renaissance were deeply inspired by the art and architecture of
the classical world, and sought to emulate and improve upon these ancient models. They were
also interested in creating more lifelike representations of the human form and the natural
world, and developed new techniques for achieving these aims, such as frescoes for wall
pictures, oil colours and woodcuts. They studied optics and geometry and used their
knowledge to develop perspective in their paintings and sculptures. Visitors to Rome during
this time would have seen works by some of the most famous Renaissance artists, such as
Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael, who were all active in the city at various
points.
Scientists — Renaissance scientists were similarly interested in the classical world, but
instead of focusing on art and architecture, they sought to revive and build upon the scientific
knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome. They used the methods of enquiry, questioning,
observation and experimentation. They made significant advancements in fields such as
astronomy, mathematics, and anatomy, and their work laid the foundations for the scientific
revolution that would come later.
Authors — Writers during the Renaissance were also deeply influenced by the classical
world, and often sought to emulate the style and subject matter of ancient Greek and Roman
literature. They also began to write in the vernacular languages of their own countries, rather
than in Latin, which had been the dominant language of scholarly and literary writing for
centuries. The themes of their writings shifted from spirituality and focused more on man and
his problems. This gave birth to a new movement known as Humanism. I read the works by
authors such as Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio, who were all active
during the early Renaissance.
Masses — I witnessed significant cultural and social change for the broader population. The
rise of printing, for example, made books and information more widely available than ever
before, and new forms of art and entertainment, such as theater, became popular. The decline
of the authority of Church and the feudal system strengthened the desire of the people to have
peace, security and political stability. The middle class like the traders, soldiers, lawyers, etc.
began to make rapid progress.

Question 3
How, according to you, the spirit of enquiry has been an important factor in the growth and
development of human civilisation? Give examples to support your answer.
Answer
The spirit of enquiry, or the human desire to know the Why and How of things, has been a
driving force behind much of the growth and development of human civilization. Here are
some examples of how this spirit of inquiry has played a critical role in human progress:
Science and technology — The desire to understand the natural world and find practical
solutions to problems has led to significant advances in science and technology. Some notable
examples of scientific progress driven by the spirit of inquiry include the discovery of
electricity, the invention of the steam engine, the invention of the telescope, the development
of vaccines and antibiotics, etc.
Philosophy and critical thinking — The spirit of inquiry has also played a critical role in the
development of philosophy and critical thinking. Philosophers have asked fundamental
questions about the nature of reality, ethics, and human existence, and their ideas have
influenced everything from politics and law to art and literature. The development of critical

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thinking skills, such as the ability to analyze evidence, identify logical fallacies, and evaluate
arguments, has also been essential for the growth of human civilization.
Cultural and social progress — The spirit of inquiry has driven cultural and social progress as
well. It has led to the development of new art forms, literature, and music, and has challenged
traditional beliefs and values. For example, the Enlightenment of the 18th century was driven
by a spirit of inquiry that challenged the authority of the church and state and promoted
reason, science, and individual rights.
Exploration and discovery — Finally, the spirit of inquiry has driven exploration and
discovery throughout human history. Explorers and adventurers have sought to understand
the world beyond their borders, leading to the discovery of new lands, cultures, and peoples.
This spirit of inquiry has also driven the exploration of space, with humans setting foot on the
moon and launching spacecraft to explore the far reaches of the solar system.
In each of these areas, the spirit of inquiry has played a critical role in driving human
progress and development. It has allowed us to push the boundaries of our knowledge and
understanding, and to continuously explore new frontiers of human possibility.

Question 4
Do you think industrialisation would have been possible without Renaissance? Give reasons
to support your answer.
Answer
No, I don't think industrialisation would have been possible without Renaissance.
Renaissance was a critical period of intellectual and technological development that laid the
foundations for many of the scientific and technological advancements that were necessary
for industrialisation to occur.
The Renaissance saw significant advancements in fields such as metallurgy, printing, and
shipbuilding, which were all critical to the development of industrial technologies. The
development of new techniques for working with metals, such as the blast furnace and the
Bessemer process, allowed for the production of large quantities of steel, which was essential
for building machines, engines, and other industrial infrastructure. The printing press,
developed during the Renaissance, made it possible to disseminate information and ideas on a
massive scale, which was critical to the spread of knowledge and technological
advancements. And the development of larger, more efficient ships, such as those designed by
Leonardo da Vinci, made it possible to transport goods and people over longer distances,
which was essential to the growth of global trade and commerce.
Without these advancements and innovations, it is unlikely that industrialisation would have
been possible, as many of the technologies and infrastructure required for industrialisation
would not have been available. Therefore, it can be said that the Renaissance was a necessary
precursor to industrialisation, and that without the intellectual and technological
developments of the Renaissance, industrialisation as we know it may not have been possible.

Question 5
Compare and contrast the events in Europe with what was happening in India at the time of
Renaissance.
Answer
The Renaissance period in Europe began in the 14th century and lasted till the 17th century.
During this period, India saw the rule of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal empire. Both
regions were marked by significant changes and developments during this period, which
would have a lasting impact on their respective histories and cultures. A comparative study of
the different aspects of each region's history and development is presented below:

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Political and Social Context — In Europe, the Renaissance was a period of significant
political and social change, with the rise of powerful monarchies and the emergence of a new
middle class. The Protestant Reformation, which began in the 16th century, also challenged
the authority of the Catholic Church and led to significant religious and social disruption. In
contrast, India during this time was witnessing a fusion of the Indian traditions with the
Turkish culture which led to the emergence of a new composite culture incorporating the best
elements of the two.
Cultural and Intellectual Development — The Renaissance in Europe was characterized by a
renewed interest in classical learning, art, and literature, and by the emergence of humanism,
which emphasized the value of human reason and creativity. This led to significant
advancements in fields such as science, mathematics, and philosophy. In contrast, India
during the period saw the emergence of new literary forms, such as the development of Urdu
poetry, the Bijak, Padavali. The Bhakti movement, Sufism and introduction of Christianity
greatly influenced the culture, art and literature.
Architecture — During the Renaissance period, European and Indian architecture witnessed
significant transformation, but with notable differences. European architecture was
characterized by the use of classical forms and motifs such as columns, arches, and domes. In
contrast, Indian and Islamic architecture mingled to give rise to a new type of Indo-Islamic
architecture characterised by spaciousness, massiveness, majesty and width. Some significant
buildings built in Europe during the Renaissance period were St. Peter's Basilica, the Duomo
of Florence and the Palace of Versailles. In India, magnificent monuments like Qutub Minar,
Taj Mahal, Red fort were constructed during this period.
Economic Development — Europe during the Renaissance saw significant economic growth
and development, with the emergence of new industries and trade networks, and the
development of the first modern banking and financial systems. In contrast, India during this
period was characterized by a decline in trade and industry, as the country was increasingly
dominated by European colonial powers.
Scientific and Technological Advancements — The Renaissance in Europe saw significant
advancements in science and technology, including the development of new scientific
theories and the creation of new technologies such as the printing press, which allowed for
the spread of knowledge and information on a mass scale. In contrast, India during this period
saw relatively little scientific and technological development, although there were some
significant advancements in fields such as mathematics and astronomy.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1
Who exposed the practices by the Church through 'In Praise of Folly'?
Desiderius Erasmus
Hugo Grotius
Jacob Moleschott
Bernarld Mandeville
Answer
Desiderius Erasmus

Question 2
Which French King, forced Pope Clement V to stay in France?
Philip I
Philip II
Philip IV

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Philip III
Answer
Philip IV

Question 3
Name the German clergyman and professor of Theology at the University of Wittenburg, who
openly criticised papacy.
Martin Thomas
Martin Luther
Desiderius Erasmus
Philip II
Answer
Martin Luther

Question 4
Which King of England got the Church lands and in 1536 passed an Act for the dissolution of
monasteries?
Henry VII
Philip IV
Henry VIII
Philip VII
Answer
Henry VIII

Question 5
What is 'simony'?
Practice of joining priesthood.
Practice of church offices given to the highest bidder.
Practice of penance on behalf of a sinner.
None of the above.
Answer
Practice of church offices given to the highest bidder.

Question 6
Who was responsible for establishing seminaries to educate and train priests.
Council of Chalcedon
Council of Trent
Council of Nicala
Council of Ephesus
Answer
Council of Trent

Question 7
Who founded the Society of Jesus?
Ignatius Loyola
Ignatius Gloriana
Philippe de Bourbon
Philip V
Answer

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Ignatius Loyola

Question 1
(A) Those who broke away from the Church at Rome were called the Protestants.
(R) The Protestants of one country were different from those of another country in many
ways.
(R) contradicts (A)
(R) is the reason for (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Explanation — The term “Protestants” refers to those who protested against certain practices
of the Roman Catholic Church and broke away during the Reformation. The beliefs and
practices of Protestants varied widely, depending on the specific country.

Question 2
(A) In the middle ages the Church had vast properties, which gave ample income to the
Church.
(R) The clergy collected ‘Peter’s Pence’ from the people to build St. Peter’s Church as well as
‘Indulgences’ and ‘Simony’ to get more money.
(R) contradicts (A)
(R) is the reason for (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.

Explanation — Churches were indeed very rich but the clergy collected ‘Peter’s Pence’ from
the people to build St. Peter’s Church as well as ‘Indulgences’ and ‘Simony’ to make even
more money. This showed the corruption in churches during that time.

Question 3
(A) Lutheranism was recognised as a legal form of Christianity by 'The Peace of Augsburg' in
1555.
(R) In Germany, the Northern States remained loyal to the Catholic Church and the Southern
States accepted Lutheranism.
(R) contradicts (A)
(R) is the reason for (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(A) is true but (R) is false.
Explanation — In Germany, the Southern States remained loyal to the Catholic Church and
the Northern States accepted Lutheranism.

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Question 4
(A) The Counter Reformation Movement was started to restore the credibility of the Catholic
Church.
(R) By the Council of Trent, the Church was forbidden to charge fees for conducting religious
services.
(R) contradicts (A)
(A) is the reason for (R)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(A) is the reason for (R)
Explanation — One of the outcomes of the Council of Trent, a key event in the Counter
Reformation, was the prohibition of the sale of indulgences and charging fees for conducting
religious services.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1
What is known as the Reformation?
Answer
The Reformation is the name given to a group of religious movements of the sixteenth
century launched by the Christians against the various drawbacks of the Church and the
objectionable practices of the clergymen. The main target of these movements was the Pope,
the highest authority in Church hierarchy.

Question 2
What was known as a Letter of Indulgence?
Answer
A Letter of Indulgence was a pardon certificate issued to those, who paid money to the
Church, for remitting punishments for their sins both in this life and after their death. It was
issued by Pope Leo x, who needed money to build St. Peter's Church. Normally, the priest
imposed a penance or punishment on a person who had sinned and he was required to
perform a special service or make a pilgrimage to a holy place. But now they could be freed
from doing penance for their sins by buying a Letter of Indulgence.

Question 3
What is known as the Protestant Movement?
Answer
The Protestant Movement was a movement against the Church and their objectionable
practices. The protestant movement started in different countries with different names but
were collectively termed as Reformation.

Question 4
Why did kings support the Reformation Movement?
Answer
The kings supported the Reformation Movement in order to weaken the Church. There was
Pope's interference in political affairs which was apposed by the kings. As early as the 13th
century, the rulers of Europe had quarrelled with the Popes over the royal right to tax the
Church property. The rivalry ended in the defeat of the Papacy.

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Question 5
Who was Erasmus? Name the book he wrote.
Answer
Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch philosopher and humanist, who is said to have prepared the
ground for the Reformation by exposing the Church for their objectionable practices like
charging fees for salvation. The book he wrote was 'In Praise of Folly'.

Question 6
What role did Henry VIII play in curbing the power of the Pope?
Answer
King Henry VIII of England got the Church lands and in 1536 passed an Act for dissolution
of monasteries, whereby small monasteries with an income of less than £200 a year were
closed and their buildings, land and money taken by the crown. By another Act of 1539,
larger monasteries were closed. These monasteries were a reminder of power of Catholic
Church and were the wealthiest institution in the country. By destroying the monastic system,
Henry acquired all its wealth and property while at the same time removed the influence of
Pope.

Question 7
What was Counter Reformation?
Answer
The Reformation Movement was against the Roman Catholic Church and brought about the
birth of the Protestant Church. In order to restore the credibility of the Catholic Church, a
large number of dedicated Christians including some popes introduced certain reforms within
the Church. This movement is known as the Counter Reformation.

Question 8
What was the role of the Council of Trent in Counter Reformation?
Answer
The council of Trent was a Church council convened at Trent in North Italy in 1545 by Pope
Paul III. This council made a number of changes in Catholic Church. The role of council of
Trent in Counter Reformation can be summarised as follows:
It expanded its doctrines in light of the changed attitudes of the times.
It condemned leading an irresponsible religious life by the clergy.
Books with anti-catholic teachings were banned.
Pope was regarded as the head of Catholic church and the final interpreter of Christian
doctrine.
It established centres known as seminaries to educate and train priests.
It forbade the Church to charge fees for conducting religious services.
It advocated the use of the local language for preaching in the Church.

Structured Questions
Question 1
With reference to the Reformation Movement, answer the following:
(a) Mention any three Church practices that caused dissatisfaction among the people?
(b) How did New Learning become a factor that led to the Reformation?
(c) Who were the Protestants? By what other names was Protestantism known?
Answer
(a) Three Church practice — that caused dissatisfaction among the people were:

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Economic Factors — In the middle ages, the Church had vast properties, which gave ample
income to the Church. Besides, one-tenth of the income of a person was given to the Church.
This was called the tithe. In addition to this, the clergy collected another sum called the
'Peter's Pence' from the people. The Church also started selling 'Letter of Indulgence'. These
were pardon certificates remitting punishments of the sinners who bought them, both in this
life and after their death.
Corruption in the Church — With passage of time, moral decay crept into some areas in the
functioning of the Church. Some of the clergymen lacked proper education and lived a life of
luxury neglecting their religious duties. They could pronounce a marriage lawful or unlawful.
There were fees for every transaction in life, from birth to death.
Rulers' Resentment — Pope's interference in the political affairs was naturally opposed by the
kings. They strongly supported the Reformation Movement in order to weaken the Church.
(b) The spread of new learning and spirit of enquiry was developed by Renaissance scholars.
The invention of printing press and the printing of the Bible in vernacular languages brought
a new outlook among laymen. The Renaissance encouraged spirit of enquiry, developed
critical attitude space and broadened the mental outlook of man. People then began to
question everything including the authority of the Pope. They criticised the Church practices,
rituals and the lifestyles of some of the clergymen. The changed attitude of people finally led
to outbreak of Reformation movement.
(c) The Reformation movements created a split in the Christian Church between those who
continued to remain loyal to the Pope at Rome (known as Roman Catholics) and those who
broke away from the Church at Rome. The latter were known as Protestants.
The Reformation broke out in number of countries like England, France, Germany,
Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Scotland. However, all the Protestants did not share the
same religious beliefs and Rituals. The different names of Protestantism were Calvinism,
Presbyterianism (Scotland) and Puritanism (England).

Question 2
Study the picture given below and answer the following questions.

(a) Identify the incident in the picture. Where was it held?

(b) Name the person who was there to defend his case. What was the final outcome of the
case?

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(c) State the contribution of this person in reforming the church in Europe?
Answer
(a) The incident in the given picture is known as 'Diet of Worms' held at Worms in Germany
in 1521.
(b) Martin Luther was there to defend his case before the Diet of Worms in 1521.
The Diet ordered that Luther's writings be burnt and Luther be outlawed but Luther had
support of German rulers and so no harm was done to him.
(c) The contribution of Martin Luther in reforming the church in Europe were following:
Luther translated the Bible into German and set up an independent church.
He travelled extensively to different parts of Europe, Germany, Norway, Sweden and
Denmark. The Protestant movement found wide acceptance.
Lutheranism was recognised as a legal form of Christianity by a treaty known as 'The Peace
of Augsburg' in 1555.

Thinking Skill
Question 1
Imagine you are Martin Luther, draft a speech that you would give to defend yourself at the
Diet of Worms.
Answer
Dear Honorable Lords,
I stand before you today accused of heresy and disobedience to the Holy Roman Empire. I
would like to take this opportunity to defend myself and clarify my position.
Firstly, I want to make it clear that my intention was never to start a revolt or overthrow the
Church. My only goal was to reform the Church and bring it back to its original teachings as
laid out in the Holy Scriptures. I believe that the Church has strayed from the true message of
Christ, and it is our duty as Christians to correct it.
Secondly, I defend my views on the Roman Catholic practices. I reaffirm all my views as
mentioned by me in Ninety-five theses and other writings. I reject to renounce my views. If I
reject my own views, the lies and desolation of the Christian world and the papacy will
continue. I cannot encourage their lies to flourish by renouncing my writings. If I do so that
will only strengthen tyranny. My words may be harsh, for which I apologize, but I cannot
reject the substance of what I taught in my theses. How can I go against my own conscience?
However, I do not reject the Church entirely, and I acknowledge that it has played an
important role in the history of Christianity.
I do not believe in the practice of collecting money from the people, like tithe, Peter's Pence
and selling of indulgences or the concept of purgatory, which I see as corrupt and
unscriptural. I believe that the only way to reform the Church is through open and honest
discussion and debate.
In conclusion, I urge the members of this Diet to consider my arguments with an open mind
and a fair judgement. I am not a heretic or a rebel, but a faithful Christian who seeks to do the
right thing. I ask for your mercy and understanding, and I pray that we can work together to
reform the Church and bring it back to its original message of love, forgiveness, and
salvation.
Thank you for your time and attention.

Question 2
The period when religious reformers challenged some of the practices of the Roman Catholic
Church across Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, was marked by the rise of Bhakti and

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Sufi movements in India. Compare and contrast the religious reform movements in India and
Europe.
Answer
The Reformation movement began in Europe in the 16th century to reform the Church and
protest against the objectionable practices of the clergymen. John Wycliffe and Martin Luther
were two eminent persons who openly revolted against the churches and their practices.
Meanwhile, in India the Bhakti movement and the Sufi movement were on their peak. Saints
like Meerabai, Sant Jnaneshwar and Hazrat Nizamuddin preached about unity of God,
equality and devotion. These movements of India and Europe has some similarities and
differences that are highlighted below:
Similarities:
Both movements challenged the established religious authority of their respective societies.
In Europe, the Protestant Reformation challenged the Roman Catholic Church, while in India,
the Bhakti and Sufi movements challenged the Brahminical orthodoxy and Islamic
orthodoxy, respectively.
Both movements emphasized the importance of individual faith and personal experience. In
Europe, the Protestant Reformation emphasized the idea of a personal relationship with God,
while in India, the Bhakti and Sufi movements emphasized the importance of personal
devotion and spiritual experience.
Both movements used vernacular language as a means of spreading their ideas. In Europe, the
Protestant Reformation translated the Bible into local languages, while in India, the Bhakti
and Sufi movements composed devotional poetry and songs in the local languages.
Differences:
The European Reformation was primarily a protest against the corruption and excesses of the
Roman Catholic Church, while the Bhakti and Sufi movements in India were attempts to
reform Hinduism and Islam from within. The Indian reform movements were more focused
on spiritual renewal, while the European reform movements were more focused on
institutional reform.
The European Reformation led to the formation of new Christian denominations, such as
Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism, while the Bhakti and Sufi movements did not
result in the formation of new religions or sects. Instead, they brought about changes within
Hinduism and Islam.
The European Reformation emphasized reason and individualism. The Bhakti and Sufi
movements, on the other hand, were more rooted in traditional religious practices and
emphasized devotion and mysticism.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1
Which Revolution preceded the Industrial Revolution in England?
Green Revolution
Agrarian Revolution
Demographic Revolution
Happiness Revolution
Answer
Agrarian Revolution

Question 2
Who invented 'The Flying Shuttle' which increased the speed of weaving?
John Key

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James Hargreaves
Richard Arkwright
Jenny
Answer
John Key

Question 3
Which amongst the following did not lead to the Rise of Capitalism?
Legal Requirement
Trade Union Movement
Mass Production
Disappearance of Small Farmers
Answer
Trade Union Movement

Question 4
Which of the following is not a cause for the rise of socialism?
Trade Union Movement
Chartist Movement
Reaction to Capitalism
Rise of nation states
Answer
Rise of nation states

Question 5
Who considered Capitalist society as a society divided between two classes—the working
class and the employing class?
Karl Marx
Babeuf
Saint-Simon
Frederick Engels
Answer
Karl Marx

Question 1
(A) The Industrial Revolution first began in England and then spread to many other countries
of the world.
(R) England had a large colonial empire to provide raw material at cheaper rates for her
factories and to serve as a market for her manufactured goods.
(R) contradicts (A)
(R) is one of the reasons for (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(R) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — Easily available raw material and market favoured the industrial revolution in
England.

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Question 2
(A) Capitalism is the economic system that generates and gives power to the capitalists.
(R) In capitalism, the means of production such as labour, raw material, tools and machines
are owned and controlled by public.
(R) contradicts (A)
(R) is the reason for (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(A) is true but (R) is false.
Explanation — In capitalism, the means of production such as labour, raw material, tools and
machines are owned and controlled by Capitalists and not by the public.

Question 3
(A) Due to the Industrial Revolution, skilled labourers lost their jobs as new machines
replaced them.
(R) Women and children were recruited in factories as they could be hired for very low
wages.
(R) contradicts (A)
(R) is the reason for (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(R) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — Loss of traditional jobs was one of the effects of industrial revolution. It also
led to exploitation of women and children as they were hired as labourers for very low wages.

Question 4
(A) Socialism is an economic system in which the means of production are owned by the
community and in which all share fairly the wealth produced.
(R) The evil effects of Capitalism and the spirit of improving the conditions of workers gave
rise to socialism.
(R) contradicts (A)
(R) is the reason for (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) and (R) are independent of each other.
Answer
(R) is the reason for (A)
Explanation — The negative effects of capitalism, such as wealth inequality and poor
working conditions, along with a desire to improve the condition of workers, did contribute to
the rise of socialism.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1
What is meant by the term, 'Industrial Revolution'?
Answer
The Industrial Revolution is the name given to a series of changes that brought about a
transition from production by hand to production by machine, from small-scale production to
large scale production, from handmade goods to machine-made goods. It denotes all those

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changes that took place in the field of industry during the second half of the 18th century and
the first half of 19th century.

Question 2
Name any two consequences of the Industrial Revolution in the economic field.
Answer
Two consequences of the Industrial Revolution in the economic field were:
By 1820s, income level for most workers began to improve.
The economy was expanding at a rate that was more than twice the pace at which it had
grown before Industrial Revolution.

Question 3
What is Capitalism?
Answer
The economic system which generates and gives power to capitalists (owner of wealth or
capital) is known as Capitalism.

Question 4
Who was Karl Marx? Name his outstanding work.
Answer
Karl Marx was a German political philosopher and economist who gave revolutionary
socialist ideas.
His outstanding works are Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.

Question 5
What is meant by Socialism?
Answer
Socialism is defined as an economic system in which the means of production are owned not
by private individuals but by the community in order that all may share more fairly in the
wealth produced. The evil effects of Capitalism and the spirit of improving the condition of
workers gave birth to socialism.

Question 6
How did the evil effects of Industrial Revolution help in the rise of Socialism?
Answer
As a result of Industrial Revolution the society was divided into two distinct classes — the
Capitalist and the Socialists. The capitalists had their selfish interests and they began to
exploit the workers. They paid them low wages and made them work for long hours. They
amassed great wealth and began to lead a luxurious life at the cost of the workers. The rich
were becoming richer and the poor, still poorer. This gulf went on widening and created
social disharmony and ultimately led to struggle between the two classes. The socialist took
the cause of the workers and tried to save them from the exploitation of the capitalists.

Question 7
Mention any two effects of the Industrial Revolution on the general public.
Answer
Two effects of the Industrial Revolution on the general public were:

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Loss of traditional jobs — Women in households, who had earned income from spinning,
found the new factories taking away their source of income. Skilled labourers lost their jobs
as new machines replaced them.
Exploitation — In the factories, people had to work for long hours under harsh conditions.
Factory owners and managers paid the minimum amount necessary for a workforce, often
recruiting women and children at low wages.

Question 8
Mention any two advantages of Industrialisation.
Answer
Two advantages of Industrialisation are:
Industrialisation increased the national wealth, raised the standard of living, made life more
comfortable. The economy was expanding at a rate that was more than twice the pace at
which it had grown before Industrial Revolution.
The widespread poverty and constant threat of mass starvation that had haunted the pre-
industrial age were reduced.

Question 9
Mention two negative effects of the Industrial Revolution on labourers.
Answer
Two bad effects of the Industrial Revolution on labourers were:
Exploitation — People had to work for long hours and under harsh condition. Factory owners
and managers paid the minimum amount necessary for a workforce, often recruiting women
and children to tend the machines because they could be hired for very low wages.
Stress and Strain — Due to division of labour, each worker had to perform one task rather
than a single worker doing the entire job. This improved productivity but made jobs repetitive
and boring. Workers had to labour for many hours often more than 12-14 hours and people
worked 6 days a week. Factory workers faced strict rules and close supervision by the
managers. Safety was not a matter of concern, and workers often suffered serious even fatal
accidents.

Question 10
Mention any two differences between 'Capitalism and Socialism'.
Answer
Sl.
Capitalism Socialism
No.

Capitalism refers to the economic system in

Socialism refers to the economic
which the means of production like labour,
system in which the government owns
1 raw material, tools and machines are owned
and controls the means of production
by private individuals or groups of them for
(as factories) and distribution of goods.
profit.
In Capitalism production is for profit; useful In Socialism production is for use;
2 goods and services are a by-product of useful goods and services are produced
pursuing profit. specifically for their usefulness.

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Structured Questions
Question 1
With reference to the picture of a factory given below answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the revolution that brought about the existence of this. Where did it begin? Why is
it an important event in history?
(b) Explain the two factors responsible for its beginning in that particular country.
(c) Explain how did it lead to the growth of an economic system quite different from the
domestic system of production.
Answer
(a) The given picture shows a factory scene which came into existence due to the Industrial
Revolution. It began in England around mid-eighteenth century by mass production of goods.
It is an important event in history because it brought a transition from production by hand to
production by machine, from small-scale production to large-scale production, from
handmade goods to machine-made goods. Thus, within a hundred years, it brought in
revolutionary changes in the political, social and economic life of the people.
(b) Two important factors responsible for its origin in England were:
Colonial Empire: England had a large colonial empire. From her colonies she could get raw
material at cheaper rates for her factories. These colonies also served as markets for the
British manufactured goods.
Increase in the Demand for Goods: The incentive to produce more and more goods was
provided by two factors. First, the huge profits of expanding trade provided an impetus to
discover new ways of increasing her production. Second, the Napoleonic wars made the
English industries quite active. The Napoleonic wars damaged trade and industry of the
continental countries. Since these wars were never fought in Britain, the long period of peace
in Britain proved conducive to industrial production.
(c) Mass production destroyed the domestic system of production. In domestic system,
production was carried out manually by craftsmen in small spaces with simple tools, and the
scale of production was small. However, during Industrial revolution, the growth of industries

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and the use of huge machines gave rise to factories. The people of villages shifted to towns
for employment in the factories. The factory system increased efficiency and output, and led
to the growth of economy based on mass production and profit.

Question 2
The Industrial Revolution marked a change from hand work to machine work and from
domestic system of production to factory system of production. In this context, discuss the
role of the following factors in ushering in the Industrial Revolution:
(a) Invention of machines.
(b) Availability of coal and iron.
(c) Improved Transportation.
Answer
(a) Invention of machines — Invention of machinery and its use in manufacturing was the
starting point of Industrial revolution. John Key, a weaver of Lancashire, invented 'The
Flying Shuttle' which increased the speed of weaving. It also made the weaving of broad
cloth by one man possible. A Lancashire weaver named James Hargreaves invented a
machine called the spinning Jenny. It could spin eight threads at a time instead of one thread
of the old-fashioned spinning wheel. Richard Arkwright invented the 'Water Frame'. It
produced harder and stronger yarn than that of the spinning Jenny, but it was run by water
power. It ushered the factory system.
(b) Availability of coal and iron — Natural resources such as iron and coal were available in
England. The iron and coal mines were situated close to each other. Iron was used in making
machines. The coal provided cheap fuel. Both these factors helped in the development of
industries.
(c) Improved Transportation — In the second half of the 18th century, transport system in
England was adequate. The use of tar coal and tar enabled the construction of roads in many
European countries. Steamboats and steamships were used extensively. George Stephenson
designed his first locomotive engine, which was used for hauling coal in the Killingworth
colliery. This brought about a revolution in transport. James Watt invented the steam engine.
The discovery of steam as a source of power, facilitated the industrial revolution as it was
used for transport both on land and sea.

Question 3
With reference to the rise of Capitalism, answer the following questions:
(a) What were the causes for the rise of Capitalism?
(b) What was the impact of Capitalism on the working class?
(c) How did it give rise to Socialism?
Answer
(a) The causes for the rise of Capitalism were:
Increase in population — People from the rural areas migrated to the urban areas for
employment, education, cultural benefits, better freedom and enjoyment.
Legal Requirement — There was the new enclosure law which required farmers to put fences
or hedges around their fields to prevent common grazing on the land. That's why small
farmers had to sell their fields as it was expensive to put fences and search for work
elsewhere. These factors combined to provide a ready workforce for the new industries.
Growth of Towns — New manufacturing towns and cities grew dramatically. Many of these
cities were located close to the coalfields that supplied fuel to the factories.
Mass Production — Mass production destroyed the domestic system of production. The
growth of industries and use of huge machines gave rise to factories.

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 Renaissance
Disappearance of Small Farmers — Small farmers shifted to new industrial towns. They were
forced to seek employment in the factories because they were replaced by big landlords.
(b) The impact of Capitalism on the working class is summarised below:
There was loss of traditional jobs. Women in households earning income from spinning and
traditional handloom weavers were impacted as they could no longer compete with
mechanised production. Skilled labourers lost their jobs as new machines replaced them.
People worked long hours under harsh conditions. Factory owners and managers often
recruited women and children and paid very low wages.
Jobs were repetitive and boring. The labourers had to work more than 12 to 14 hours a day
and six days a week. Safety was not a matter of concern. They faced strict rules and
supervision with their life ruled by the clock.
Working people moved to cities and cities became over crowded. The working poor lived in
crowded areas in the centre of cities in shoddy houses.
By 1820s, income levels of workers began to improve and people adjusted to the different
circumstances and conditions.
(c) The capitalists had their selfish interests and the began to exploit the workers. They paid
them low wages and made them work for long hours. They amassed great wealth and began
to lead a luxurious life at the cost of the workers. The rich were becoming richer and the poor,
still poorer. This gulf went on widening and created social disharmony and ultimately led to
rise of Socialism. The evil effects of Capitalism and the spirit of improving the condition of
workers gave birth to Socialism.

Question 4
With reference to Capitalism and Socialism, state the following:
(a) Difference between Capitalism and Socialism in terms of control over means of
production and profit.
(b) Two key proponents of Capitalism and Socialism. Give examples of two countries where
each economic system is prevalent.
(c) What according to you is better of the two economic systems? Give reasons to support
your answer.
Answer
(a) In Capitalism, the means of production like labour, raw material, tools and machines are
owned by private individuals or groups of them for profit whereas in Socialism, the
government owns and controls the means of production (as factories) and distribution of
goods.
(b) The two key proponents of Capitalism were Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith while the
two key proponents of Socialism were Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels.
Two examples of countries where Capitalism is prevalent are the USA and the UK while two
examples of countries where Socialism is prevalent are China and Denmark.
(c) Capitalism is better of the two economic systems. It believes in free market and is
opposed to government intervention. Many Capitalist countries like the USA, the UK,
Canada and Australia; are developed and successful. To prevent the drawbacks of Capitalism,
the government should enforce laws in favour of labourers and working class to prevent their
exploitation. Government should enforce laws of fair minimum wages and reasonable
working hours. Labour laws relating to safety of labourers and protection against exploitation
should be enforced to check the evil effects of the Capitalist economic system.

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Question 5
With reference to the picture given, answer the following questions:

(a) Identify the person in the picture. Name his long time associate and co-author. Name one
famous publication of this person and his associate.
(b) What were the causes for the rise of the economic system propounded by these two
individuals?
(c) Briefly describe the type of society they envisioned.
Answer
(a) The person in the given picture is Karl Marx. Frederick Engels was his longtime associate
and co-author. One of their famous publications was 'Das Kapital'.
(b) The causes for the rise of the socialist economic system are:

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 Renaissance
Rise in evils of capitalism — The capitalist economy was exploiting the worker class due to
which there was resentment in them.
Trade union movements — These movements aimed at recognition of the rights of workers.
The vast difference between rich and poor was brought into sharp focus.
The Chartist Movement — It was started to achieve social and political equality.
(c) They had envisioned a society without exploitation. In a socialist society, private property
in the means of production would be headed by co-operative ownership. A socialist economy
would not base production on the creation of private profits, but would instead base
production and economic activity on the criteria of satisfying human needs. Karl Marx had
envisioned a classless and stateless system.

Thinking Skills
Question 1
Do you think that the Industrial revolution was an offshoot of the Renaissance? Give reasons
to support your answer.
Answer
Yes, the Industrial revolution can be considered as an offshoot of the Renaissance. After the
Renaissance and the Reformation, Englishmen began to enjoy the freedom of thought and
expression. There was scope for experimentation; and the government did not interfere in
their daily life. It was in this atmosphere that the Englishmen thought of new methods of
production. Therefore, we can say that the industrial revolution started as a result of
congenial environment provided after Renaissance.

Question 2
Imagine that you are transported in a Time Machine in the era when Industrial Revolution
began in England. Write down the problems faced by the workers who were used to making
products by hand.
Answer
Industrial revolution has made the lives of people miserable, specially skilled workers and
traditional weavers. As I can see, the traditional weavers are not weaving clothes anymore
because there are no buyers for hand woven clothes. People are buying factory made clothes
that are available at cheaper price. They have lost their jobs and means of their livelihood.
Skilled workers have lost their jobs to machines that are faster and more efficient. Women are
most affected as they are mostly confined to unpaid household works. Iron smelters and
wood craftsmen have also left their jobs and most of them have migrated to cities to work as
labourers. Agriculture sector has also been affected as the farmers have left farming and have
moved to cities in a hope to earn money.
Overall, I can feel the painful and miserable lives of the traditional workers. They are in dire
need of some help from the government or system so that they can restart their lives.

Question 3
If you are given a choice between Capitalism and Socialism, which one you will choose and
why? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer
I will choose Capitalism as it has proven to be the most effective system for generating
wealth, creating jobs, and improving standards of living for people around the world.
Capitalism provides a framework for a dynamic, efficient, and innovative economy that
respects individual freedom and choice. It believes in free market and is opposed to

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government intervention. Many Capitalist countries like the USA, the UK, Canada and
Australia; are developed and successful.
To prevent the drawbacks of Capitalism, the government should enforce laws in favour of
labourers and working class to prevent their exploitation. Government should enforce laws of
fair minimum wages and reasonable working hours. Labour laws relating to safety of
labourers and protection against exploitation should be enforced to check the evil effects of
the Capitalist economic system.
While socialism has its own advantages, it often involves government control of the means of
production, distribution, and exchange, which can lead to inefficiencies and a lack of
innovation. This can stifle individual initiative, creativity, and entrepreneurship.

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