LONG ESSAYS (2 x 10 = 20 Marks)

1. De ne Bioavailability. Discuss factors a ecting the bioavailability of a drug administered orally.

2. A patient presents with symptoms of organophosphorus poisoning (breathlessness,
lacrimation, salivation, bowel/bladder incontinence).
a) Outline the management of this patient.
b) Mention the speci c antidotes useful and explain the rationale of using them.
3. A patient presents with Morphine poisoning (pinpoint pupils, respiratory depression,
hypotension).
a) Write the drug treatment for Morphine poisoning.
b) Write the CNS actions, therapeutic uses, and adverse e ects of Morphine.
4. A patient with chronic insomnia was prescribed Benzodiazepines.
a) Explain the mechanism of action of Benzodiazepines.
b) Enumerate advantages of Benzodiazepines over Barbiturates.
c) Enumerate two non-benzodiazepine hypnotics with two advantages.
5. A patient with Peptic ulcer was prescribed Omeprazole/Pantoprazole.
a) Explain the rationale of using Proton Pump Inhibitors.
b) Write its therapeutic uses and adverse e ects.
6. A patient presents with Migraine and is prescribed Sumatriptan.
a) Explain the mechanism of action of Triptans.
b) Enumerate contraindications.
7. A patient with acute severe asthma (Status asthmaticus). Discuss pharmacotherapy of acute
severe asthma.
8. A patient presents with depression and is prescribed Fluoxetine.
a) Explain the rationale of using Fluoxetine.
b) Write other therapeutic uses and adverse e ects.
9. A patient presents with Parkinsonism (rigidity, tremors, mask-like face).
a) Classify Antiparkinsonian drugs with examples.
b) Discuss pharmacological actions and adverse e ects of Levodopa.
10. A patient with angina pectoris.
a) Classify drugs used in angina.
b) Explain mechanism, uses, and adverse e ects of any one group.
11. Discuss the factors modifying drug action with suitable examples.
12. Classify Antihypertensive drugs. Describe uses and adverse e ects of ACE inhibitors.
13. Classify Anti-Parkinsonism drugs. Describe pharmacological e ects and adverse e ects of
Levodopa.
14. Enumerate commonly used Antiepileptic drugs. Describe the treatment of Status Epilepticus.
15. De ne Biotransformation. Explain phase I and phase II reactions with examples.
16. Classify drugs used in the treatment of Glaucoma. Write mechanism of action, uses, and side
e ects of prostaglandin analogues.
17. Classify antianginal drugs. Discuss mechanism of action, uses, and adverse e ects of
Nitrates.
18. Classify antiepileptic drugs. Discuss adverse e ects and therapeutic uses of Phenytoin.
19. Enumerate the routes of drug administration giving examples. Write advantages and
disadvantages of Intravenous route.

SHORT ESSAYS (5 Marks Each, 40–50 Marks Total)

1. Explain microsomal enzyme induction and its consequences with two examples.
2. Mention three Atropine substitutes and explain their therapeutic uses.
3. Write the mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Benzodiazepines.
4. Write the mechanism of action, adverse e ects, and therapeutic uses of Sodium Valproate.
5. Discuss various techniques of local anaesthesia.
6. Explain Drug Synergism with suitable examples.
7. Enumerate therapeutic uses and adverse e ects of Alpha-adrenergic blockers.
8. Discuss the uses of Anticholinesterases.
9. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of intravenous drug administration.
10. Explain the mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Lignocaine.
11. Therapeutic uses and adverse e ects of Thiazide diuretics.
12. Explain the mechanism, uses, and adverse e ects of Succinylcholine.
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 13. Drug antagonism: classi cation, types with examples.
14. Cardiovascular actions of Adrenaline.
15. Mechanism of action, adverse e ects, and uses of Phenytoin.
16. Pharmacological actions and uses of Aspirin.
17. Inhalational glucocorticoids in Bronchial asthma.
18. Explain the rationale of using Metoclopramide as antiemetic.
19. Methods of prolonging drug action.
20.
Vinita P, [Aug 17, 2025 at 5:01 PM]
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatoid Drugs (DMARDs).
21. Management of chronic alcoholics.
22. Mechanism of action and uses of Prazosin.
23. Therapeutic uses of Atropine substitutes.
24. Compare and contrast Physostigmine and Neostigmine.
25. Plasma protein binding and its clinical importance.
26. Uses and adverse e ects of Amiodarone.
27. Therapeutic uses of Beta-blockers (including cardioselective).
28. Mechanism of action and uses of Nitrates.
29. Drug treatment for acute congestive glaucoma.
30. Preanaesthetic medication: rationale and examples.
31. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs): uses and adverse e ects.
32. Potassium-sparing diuretics: uses, mechanism, adverse e ects.
33. Digitalis toxicity and its treatment.
34. Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Omeprazole.
35. Inhalational anaesthesia: Advantages and disadvantages of Nitrous oxide and Halothane.
36. Iron preparations: uses and adverse e ects.
37. Drug tolerance and Tachyphylaxis.
38. Therapeutic uses and adverse e ects of low molecular weight heparins.

SHORT ANSWERS (3 Marks Each, 30 Marks Total)

1. De ne Teratogenicity. Mention two drugs causing teratogenicity and their e ects.
2. Mention three classes of drugs with examples used in chronic simple (open-angle) glaucoma.
3. Write three advantages of SSRIs over Tricyclic antidepressants.
4. Write the rationale of using Morphine in acute left ventricular failure.
5. Explain why Aspirin causes gastric mucosal damage.
6. Name three Antitussives.
7. Rationale of using Ondansetron in chemotherapy-induced vomiting.
8. Mention three advantages of Halothane as a general anaesthetic.
9. Name three drugs obtained from plant sources.
10. List three uses of Dimercaprol.
11. Explain the term rst-order kinetics with an example.
12. Rationale of using Latanoprost in Glaucoma.
13. De ne Plasma Half-life and mention its signi cance.
14. Name three bulk purgatives.
15. What is a Prodrug? Give two examples.
16. Rationale of using Pralidoxime in organophosphorus poisoning.
17. Name three centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants.
18. Name three newer antiepileptic drugs.
19. Mention three antidepressants.
20. Mention three nasal decongestants.
21. Mention three drugs used in prophylaxis of angina pectoris.
22. Mention three rational xed-dose combinations of drugs.
23. Rationale of combining Formoterol with Budesonide in Bronchial asthma.
24. Rationale of using Metoclopramide in gastroesophageal re ux disease.
25. Rationale of using ethyl alcohol in methanol poisoning.
26. Explain di usion hypoxia and its prevention.
27. Explain the rationale of using Diazepam in insomnia.
28. Rationale of combining Lignocaine with Adrenaline.
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 29. Mention three disadvantages of using Liquid Para n as a purgative.
30. Rationale of using Paracetamol in fever.
31. Write three mucolytics.
32. Explain the concept of essential medicines.
33. Write three uses of D-Penicillamine.
34. Advantages of Domperidone over Metoclopramide.
35. Explain the rationale of using Glycopyrrolate for preanaesthetic medication.
36. Rationale of using Colchicine in acute gout.
37. Name two anti-motility drugs and mention why contraindicated in Shigella dysentery.
38. Mention two non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics and their advantages over
benzodiazepines.
39. What is Succinylcholine apnoea? Write its management.
40. What is Eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics? Mention two uses.
41. What is pharmacogenomics? Give two examples.
42. Mention three Iron preparations.
43. Name three alpha blockers.
44. Mention three drugs used in Heart failure.
45. Tachyphylaxis: de nition and examples.
46. De ne Prodrug; give two examples.
47. Mention three drugs causing microsomal enzyme induction.
48. What is Iatrogenic disease? Give two examples.
49. Write three uses of Diazepam.
50. Write the mechanism of action of local anaesthetics.
51. Name three cardioselective beta blockers.
52. Name three antiepileptic drugs.
53. Name three antipsychotic drugs.
54.
Vinita P, [Aug 17, 2025 at 5:01 PM]
Mention three drugs used in Parkinson’s disease.
55. Write three drugs used in Myasthenia gravis.
56. Write three drugs used in Congestive Heart Failure.
57. Sublingual route: uses and advantages.
58. Name four sedative hypnotics.
59. Nasal decongestants: mention three drugs.
60. Mention four adverse e ects of Amiodarone.
61. What is Transdermal Therapeutic System? Mention two drugs given by this route.
62. Therapeutic Index: de nition and signi cance.
63. Drug intolerance: meaning and examples.
64. Oxybutynin: uses.
65. Clopidogrel: uses.
66. Dantrolene: uses.
67. Three adverse e ects of Clonidine.
68. Oxethazaine: uses.
69. Three uses and three adverse e ects of Atropine.
70. Pharmacological basis in combining Dihydropyridines with β-blockers in Angina Pectoris.
71. Zopiclone: uses.
72. Factors a ecting Bioavailability.
73. Advantages and disadvantages of Inhalation route.
74. Mechanism of prolongation of drug action.
75. First-pass metabolism.
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