Bio reviewer c.
Proterozoic – Bacteria, algae
History of life 2. Phanerozoic
- Universe (14billion) microwaves a. Palezoic – Pangea, early life
- Milky way (10billion) Visible light
b. Mesozoic – Age of reptiles
- Solar system (4.6 billion) Radio activity
decay c. Cenozoic – Age of Man
Miller – Urey experiment
- Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey Mechanism of evolution
- Attempt to recreate the atmosphere
conditions on early earth 1. Mutation – Change in DNA
- Use water methane ammonia and 2. Recombination – Process by which DNA
hydrogen gas are broken and recombine
- Collecting trap also called primordial - Create genetic diversity
soup 3. Gene flow – Movement of genes in and
out of the population
- Immigration
- Emigration
Evolution of DNA
4. Natural Selection – Factor for organism
RNA could have evolved before DNA to thrive and reproduce depends on
how well suited
- Protein synthesis occur in RNA
- Fitness refers to individual who can
- Can catalyze certain reaction in form of
survive and reproduce in specific area
ribosome
5. Genetic drift – Caused by unpredicted
- RNA enables to synthesis of DNA
changes in allele due to small
population
Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell
- Created a symbiotic relationship with Pattern of descent modification
prokaryotic organism
- Darwin define evolution = descent with
modification
a. Pre-zygotic isolation
Geological time scale
- Prevents the fertilization of egg (no
- A record that depicts earth history offspring produce
- Eon > Era > Period > epoch
- Before fertilization
1. Mechanical Isolation - reproductive organ is
Eons incompatible to each other.
Pre-Cambrian 2. Temporal isolation - differ in their periods of
a. Hadean – beginning of earth activity or reproductive cycles.
b. Archean – oldest fossil
3. Behavioral isolation – different courtship 3. SYMPATRIC SPECIATION (genetic
patterns. polymorphism) - no physical barriers preventing
any members
- Mismatch in mating traits
4. PARAPATRIC SPECIATION (partial spatial
4. Geographic isolation – different habitats or
isolation) - their ranges overlap in a small area.
separate niches
- It can happen when numerous subpopulations
5. Gametic isolation - cannot bind to form a
are close to one other and all of the populations
zygote.
can interbreed.
- Only sperm of the same species can penetrate
the egg
5. ARTIFICIAL SPECIATION - human intervention.
Post-zygotic - prevents the formation of fertile
offspring Development evolution
- Not always viable or infertile. 1. Carolus Linnaeus - ‘Father of Taxonomy’
o Binomial nomenclature – all
1. Hybrid Inviability - not make it to full term.
organisms should be described
2. HYBRID BREAKDOWN - trouble competing for by only two Latin words:
resources, such as food and shelter. 2. Thomas Robert Malthus - “An Essay on
the Principle of Population”
3. HYBRID INFERTILITY - hybrids have
o Malthusian theory – population
chromosome incompatibilities that make them
growth outdo the supply
sterile.
3. Georges Cuvier - Catastrophism – states
- Not able to reproduce and pass down their that geologic catastrophe/events must
genes to the next generation. have caused the extinction of organisms
4. James Hutton – Uniformitarianism
5. Charles Lyell - Principles of Geology.
SPECIATION 6. Alfred Wallace - postulates of Darwin’s
theory of evolution.
- New kind of plant or animal species is
created.
- Separates from other members of its
species and develops its own unique
characteristics. Evidence of Evolution
1. ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION (geographical EVIDENCE FROM BIOGEOGRAPHY - distribution
barrier) - “geographic speciation”, of plants and animals in geographic space and
through geologic time
- Species become isolated due to geographical
changes EVIDENCE FROM FOSSILS
2. PERIPATRIC SPECIATION - when small groups - Fossil Records – are preserved remains
of individuals break off
EVIDENCE FROM ANATOMY Molecular Comparison
o Anatomy – structure and parts -Primary chemical used for studying
of organisms include evolutionary relationships is the protein
homologous, analogous and cytochrome-C,
vestigial structures.
1. Homologous - similarity of parts of different
WHY CLASSIFY?
Organisms
2 Analogous – same function but have very
1. Makes study of organism very convenient.
different set of structures like bones.
2. Facilitates identification of organisms.
3 Vestigial Structures – attributes that have lost
most of its function 3. Show relationship among various groups and
evolutionary trends.
4. Helps in interpreting the fossil records.
EVIDENCE FROM EMBRYOLOGY
- Embryology - development of an
organism from conception to birth. Biological Classifications – grouped easily
- Molecular Biology - studies the identifiable or categories based on various
composition, structure and interactions observable characteristics
of cellular molecules (such as nucleic
Systems of Biological Classification
acids and proteins)
- chimpanzees have a protein molecule 1. Artificial Classification -classification
called cytochrome-C was based on superficial similarities.
- Theophrastus (371-287 BC) classified
Two forms of proof in the case of phylogeny:
plants based on modes of generation,
morphologic (form and function) and genetic.
localities, sizes, and uses.
- Pliny the Elder (23-78 AD) classified
animals based on where they are found.
Morphology –deals with the form and structure
2. Natural Classification - classification is
of animals and plants.
based on natural affinities among the
Phylogeny - relationships and their evolutionary organism
development among different groups of 3. Phylogenetic Classification -based on
organisms. Phylogeny seeks to map all life's evolutionary trees.
evolutionary past on the earth.
‘
7. Chordata - Vertebrates. Animals that develop
a notochord,
TAXONOMY
8. Echinodermata – invertebrate marine
- deals with identification and
animals,
nomenclature of organisms
- Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841) who - Hard, spiny covering or skin.
coined the word Taxonomy in 1799,
9. Nematoda - roundworms,
Taxon
-used in the science of biological classification,
CLASS
or taxonomy.
- Major organisms that are distinct from
other organisms internally and
Kingdom -The largest and most inclusive among externally.
the Linnaean taxa 1. Class Pisces
2. Class reptilia
- Based on body structure.
3. Class amphibian
- Eubacteria,
4. Class aves
- Archaebacteria, Fungi, plants and
5. Class Mammalian
animals.
Phylum
Order
- On the presence (or absence) of certain
body parts. - Broad taxon composed of a number of
- Phylum Chordata is composed of similar families.
different organism with vertebrae. - based on their appearance and sizes
- DIVISION is a counterpart of phylum
1. ARTIODACTYLA
1. Porifera – sponges
2. Cnidaria - marine animals, coral, jellyfish, and 2. CARNIVORA
anemones.
3. CETACEA
3. Platyhelminthes – parasitic flatworms.
Lacking in any respiratory or circulatory system, 4. CHIROPTE
4. Annelida - segmented and symmetrical RA
worms 5. EDENTATA
5 Mollusca – second largest phylum by species 6. INSECTIVORA
count, and the largest marine phylum. Clams,
mussels, and snails. 7. MARSUPIALA
6. Arthropoda -Invertebrate animals with an 8. LAGAMORPHA
exoskeleton and segmented bodies. 9. PERISSODACTYLA
- Insects, crustaceans, and arachnids. 10. PINNIPEDIA
11. PRIMATES
12. PROBOSCIDEA SYSTEMATICS - study of evolutionary
relationships,
13. RODENTIA
- Based on comparative anatomy,
comparative biochemistry, comparative
physiology and comparative ecology.
Family - includes one or more genera that PHYLOGENY
share common phylogenetic origin.
- Evolutionary history of a particular
Family Lemuridaelarge lemurs species is called phylogeny.
Family Lorisidae lorises, bushbabies
Family Tarsiidae tarsiers CLADISTICS - relationships among organisms
based on shared traits.
Family Callitrichidae marmosets and
tamarins Categorizes organisms based on shared traits,
or synapomorphies, as determined by genetic,
Family Cebidae New World monkeys anatomical and molecular analysis.
Family Cercopithecidae Old World monkeys CLADISTICS
Family Hylobatidae Gibbons The main assumptions of cladistics are:
Family Pongida apes Family Hominidae 1. All organisms descend from a common
humans ancestor.
2. New organisms develop when existing
populations split into two groups.
GENUS
- Closely related species. 3. Over time, lineages experience changes in
Species characteristics.
- The unique identifying word that
describes the only members of that
specific organism.
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
- “nomen” (name) and “clatura” (calling,
summoning)
- each species a scientific name
- written in italics (if typed) or underlined
