Chapter 1

New World Beginnings

225 Million Years Ago - Pangaea started to break apart.

10 Million Years Ago - North America was shaped by nature - Canadian Shield
2 Million Years Ago - Great Ice Age
35,000 Years Ago - The oceans were glaciers and the sea level dropped, leaving an isthmus connecting Asia
and North America. The Bering Isthmus was crossed by people going into North America.
10,000 Years Ago - Ice started to retreat and melt, raising the sea levels and covering up the Bering Isthmus.

Evidence suggests that early people may have come to the Americas in crude boats, or across the Bering Isthmus.

Europeans Enter Africa

People of Europe were able to reach sub-Saharan Africa around 1450 when the Portuguese invented the caravel, a
ship that should sail into the wind. This ship allowed sailors to sail back up the western coast of Africa and back to
Europe.
The Portuguese set up trading posts along the African beaches trading with slaves and gold, trading habits that were
originally done by the Arabs and Africans. The Portuguese shipped the slaves back to Spain and Portugal where
they worked on the sugar plantations.

When Worlds Collide

Possibly 3/5 of the crops cultivated around the world today originated in the Americas.
Within 50 years of the Spanish arrival in Hispaniola, the Taino natives decreased from 1 million people to 200
people due to diseases brought by the Spanish.
In centuries following Columbus's landing in the Americas, as much as 90% of the Indians had died due to the
diseases.

The Spanish Conquistadores

In the 1500's, Spain became the dominant exploring and colonizing power.
The Spanish conquerors came to the Americas in the service of God as well as in search of gold and glory.
Due to the gold and silver deposits found in the New World, the European economy was transformed.
The islands of the Caribbean Sea served as offshore bases for the staging of the Spanish invasion of the mainland
Americas.
By the 1530s in Mexico and the 1550s in Peru, colorless colonial administrators had replaced the conquistadores.
Some of the conquistadores wed Indian women and had children. These offspring were known as mestizos and
formed a cultural and biological bridge between Latin America's European and Indian races.

The Conquest of Mexico

In about 1519, Hernan Cortes set sail from Cuba with men and horses. Along the way, he picked up two translators
- A Spanish prisoner of Mayan-speaking Indians, and an Indian slave named Malinche.
The Spaniards arrived at Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital with the intention of stealing all of the gold and other
riches; they were amazed by the beauty of the capitol.
On June 30, 1520, the Aztecs attacked the Spanish because of the Spaniards' lust for riches. The Spanish countered,
though, and took over the capital and the rest of the Aztec empire on August 13, 1521.
Due to the rule of the Spanish, the Indian population in Mexico went from 20 million to 2 million in less than a
century.

The Spread of Spanish America

In 1565, the Spanish built a fortress at St. Augustine, Florida to protect the sea-lanes to the Caribbean.
In 1680, after the Spanish captured an area known today as New Mexico in 1609, the natives launched a rebellion
known as Popes Rebellion. The natives burned down churches and killed priests. They rebuilt a kiva, or
ceremonial religious chamber, on the ruins of the Spanish plaza at Santa Fe.
The misdeeds of the Spanish in the New World led to the birth of the "Black Legend." This false concept stated
that the conquerors just tortured and killed the Indians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little
but misery behind.
Chronology

33,000-8,000 B.C. - First humans cross into Americas from Asia.

5,000 B.C. - Corn is developed as a stable crop in highland Mexico.
4,000 B.C. - First civilized societies develop in the Middle East.
1,200 B.C. - Corn planting reaches present-day American Southwest.
1,000 A.D. - Norse voyagers discover and briefly settle in northeastern North
America.
Corn cultivation reaches Midwest and southeastern Atlantic seaboard.
1,100 A.D. - Height of Mississippian settlement at Cahokia.
1,100-1,300 A.D. - Christian crusades arouse European interest in the East.
1295 - Marco Polo returns to Europe.
Late 1400s - Spain becomes united.
1488 - Diaz rounds southern tip of Africa.
1492 - Columbus lands in the Bahamas.
1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal.
1498 - Da Gama reaches India. Cabot explores northeastern coast of
North
America for England.
1513 - Balboa claims all lands touched by the Pacific Ocean for Spain.
1513, 1521 - Ponce de Leon explores Florida.
1519-1521 - Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain.
1522 - Magellan's vessel completes circumnavigation of the world.
1524 - Verrazano explores eastern seaboard of North America for France.
1532 - Pizarro crushes Incas.
1534 - Cartier journeys up the St. Lawrence River.
1539-1542 - De Soto explores the Southeast and discovers the Mississippi River.
1540-1542 - Cabrillo explores present-day Southwest.
1542 - Cabrillo explores California coast for Spain.
1565 - Spanish build fortress at St. Augustine.
Late 1500s - Iroquois Confederacy founded, according to Iroquois legend.
1598-1609 - Spanish under Onate conquer pueblo peoples of Rio Grande valley.
1609 - Spanish found New Mexico.
1680s - French exploration down Mississippi River under La Salle.
1769 - Serra founds first California mission, at San Diego.

Chapter 2
The Planting of English America
1500-1733

The Spanish were at Santa Fe in 1610.

The French were at Quebec in 1608.
The English were at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

England's Imperial Stirrings

King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s, launching the English Protestant
Reformation, and intensifying the rivalry with Catholic Spain.

Elizabeth Energizes England

In 1580, Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, plundering and returning with his ship loaded with Spanish
booty. He had a profit of about 4,600%.
When the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada, Spain's empirical dreams and fighting spirit had been
weakened - helping to ensure the English's naval dominance over the North Atlantic.

England on the Eve of an Empire

Because an economic depression hit England in the later part of the 1500s and many people were left without
homes, the stage was set for the establishment of an English beachhead in North America.

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling

In 1606, a joint-stock company, known as the Virginia Company of London, received a charter from King James I
of England for a settlement in the New World. The company landed in Jamestown on May 24, 1607.
In 1608, Captain John Smith took over the town and forced the settlers into line.
By 1609, of the 400 settlers who came to Virginia, only 60 survived the "starving winter" of 1609-1610.

Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake

Lord De La Warr reached Jamestown in 1610 with supplies and military. He started the First Anglo-Powhatan
War.
The Indians were again defeated in the Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644.
By 1685, the English considered the Powhatan people to be extinct.

Virginia: Child of Tobacco

John Rolfe married Pocahontas in 1614, ending the First Anglo-Powhatan War.
In 1619, self-government was made in Virginia. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an
assembly, known as the House of Burgesses.
King James I didn't trust the House of Burgesses and so in 1624, he made Virginia a colony of England, directly
under his control.

Maryland: Catholic Haven

Maryland was formed in 1634 by Lord Baltimore.
Maryland was made for a refuge for the Catholics to escape the wrath of the Protestant English government.
The Act of Toleration, which was passed in 1649 by the local representative group in Maryland, granted toleration
to all Christians.

The West Indies: Way Station to mainland America

By the mid-17th Century, England had secured its claim to several West Indian Islands.
Sugar was, by far, the major crop on the Indian Islands.
To support the massive sugar crops, millions of African slaves were imported. By 1700, the number of black slaves
to white settlers in the English West Indies by nearly 4 to 1. In order to control the large number of slaves,
the Barbados Slave Code of 1661 denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves.

Colonizing the Carolinas

Civil war plagued England in the 1640s.
In 1707, the Savannah Indians decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians and migrate to the back country of
Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony founded by Quakers under William Penn promised better
relations. Almost all of the Indians were killed in raids before they could depart - in 1710.
Rice became the primary export of the Carolinas.
 Chronology
1558 - Elizabeth I becomes queen of England
1565-1590 - English crush Irish uprising
1577 - Drake circumnavigates the globe
1585 - Raleigh founds Roanoke colony
1588 - England defeats Spanish Armada
1603 - James I becomes king of England
1604 - Spain and England sign peace treaty
1607 - Virginia colony founded at Jamestown
1612 - Rolfe perfects tobacco culture in Virginia
1614 - First Anglo-Powhatan War ends
1619 - First Africans arrive in Jamestown. Virginia House of Burgesses established
1624 - Virginia becomes a royal colony
1634 - Maryland colony founded
1640s - Large-scale slave-labor system established in English West Indies
1644 - Second Anglo-Powhatan War
1649 - Act of Toleration in Maryland. Charles I beheaded; Cromwell rules England
1660 - Charles II restored to English throne
1661 - Barbados slave code adopted
1670 - Carolina colony created
1711-1713 - Tuscarora War in North Carolina
1712 - North Carolina formally separates from South Carolina
1715-1716 - Yamasee War in South Carolina
1733 - Georgia colony founded

The Thirteen Original Colonies

Name Founded By Year

Virginia London Co. 1607

New John Mason and Others 1623

Hampshire

Massachusetts Puritans 1628

Plymouth Separatists 1620
Maine F. Gorges 1623

Maryland Lord Baltimore 1634

Connecticut Mass. Emigrants 1635

New Haven Mass. Emigrants 1638

Rhode Island R. Williams 1636

Delaware Swedes 1638

N. Carolina Virginians 1653

New York Duke of York 1664

New Jersey Berkeley and Carteret 1664

Carolina Eight Nobles 1670

Pennsylvania William Penn 1681

Georgia Oglethorpe and others 1733

Chapter 3
Settling the Northern Colonies
1619-1700

The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism

German friar Martin Luther denounced the authority of the priests and popes when he nailed his protests against
Catholic doctrines to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517. He declared that the Bible alone was the source of
God's words. He started the "Protestant Reformation."
John Calvin of Geneva elaborated Martin Luther's ideas. He spelled out his basic doctrine in Latin in 1536,
entitled Institutes of the Christian Religion. These ideas formed Calvinism.