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The Human Organism

Jean Marco T. De Guzman, MD
Outline
• 1. Anatomy and Physiology
• 2. Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body
• 3. Characteristics of Life
• 4. Homeostasis
• 5. Terminology of the Body Plan
 Outline

01 02 03 04 05
1. Anatomy and 2. Structural and 3. 4. Homeostasis 5. Terminology
Physiology Functional Characteristics of the Body Plan
Organization of of Life
the Human Body
PART 1 Anatomy and
Physiology

Define anatomy and describe the levels at

which anatomy can be studied.

Define physiology and describe the levels

at which physiology can be studied.

Explain the importance of the relationship

between structure and function.
LEVELS OF ANATOMY
Anatomy
- is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures—
for example, the shape and size of bones.
- In addition, anatomy examines the relationship between the
structure of a body part and its function
Developmental anatomy
- studies the structural changes that occur between conception
and adulthood
Levels of
anatomy
Levels of
anatomy
Levels of
Anatomy
• Surface anatomy involves
looking at the exterior of the
body to visualize structures
deeper inside the body.
• Example, the sternum
(breastbone) and parts of the
ribs can be seen and palpated
(felt) on the front of the chest
Levels of
Anatomy
• Anatomical imaging
• uses radiographs (x-rays),
ultrasound, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI),
and other technologies to
create pictures of internal
structures
 scientific investigation of the processes or
functions of living things.

Physiology
The major goals when studying human
physiology are
- to understand how the body
to understand and predict the maintains conditions within a
body’s responses to stimuli and narrow range of values in a
constantly changing environment.
Pathology

• the medical science dealing with all

aspects of disease, with an emphasis
on the cause and development of
abnormal conditions, as well as the
structural and functional changes
resulting from disease.

Exercise physiology

• focuses on the changes in function

and structure caused by exercise.
 Outline

01 02 03 04 05
Anatomy and Structural and 3. 4. Homeostasis 5. Terminology
Physiology Functional Characteristics of the Body Plan
Organization of of Life
the Human Body
Structural and Functional Organization of the
Human Body
• Name the six levels of organization of the body and describe the
major characteristics of each level.
• List the 11 organ systems, identify their components, and describe
the major functions of each system.
Levels of Organization
CHEMICAL LEVEL

The chemical level

involves interactions
between atoms, which
are tiny building blocks of
matter.

Atoms combine to form

molecules, such as
water, sugar, lipids, and
proteins.

The function of a
molecule is intimately
related to its structure
CELL LEVEL

Cells are the basic

structural and functional
units of plants and
animals.

Molecules combine to
form Organelles which
are the small structures
inside cells.
TISSUE LEVEL

tissue is composed of a
group of similar cells
and the materials
surrounding them.

The characteristics of the

cells and surrounding
materials determine the
functions of the
tissue.
Organ level

An organ is composed of
two or more tissue
types that perform one or
more common functions

Organ System

An organ system is a
group of organs
that together perform a
common function or set
of functions
and are therefore viewed
as a unit.
MAJOR
ORGANS
OF THE
BODY
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Organism

An organism is any living

thing considered as a
whole—whether composed
of one cell, such as a
bacterium, or of trillions of
cells, such as a human. The
human organism is a
network of organ systems,
all mutually dependent on
one another.
 Outline

01 02 03 04 05
Anatomy and Structural and 3. 4. Homeostasis 5. Terminology of
Physiology Functional Characteristics the Body Plan
Organization of of Life
the Human Body
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

Organization Metabolism Responsiveness

Growth Development Reproduction

 • Refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts
of an organism and how those parts interact to perform
Life specific functions.
Characteristic: • Living things are highly organized.
Organization • All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Life Characteristics: Metabolism

• Refers to all of the chemical

reactions taking place in the cells
and internal environment of an
organism.
• It includes an organism’s ability
to break down food molecules,
which the organism uses as a
source of energy and raw
materials to synthesize its own
molecules.
Life Characteristics:
Growth

• refers to an increase in the size or

number of cells, which produces
an overall enlargement of all or
part of an organism.
• For example, a muscle enlarged
by exercise is composed of larger
muscle cells than those of an
untrained muscle, and the skin of
an adult has more cells than the
skin of an infant.
 • Includes the changes an
organism undergoes
through time, beginning
with fertilization and
ending at death.

Life
• The greatest
developmental changes
occur before birth, but

Characteristics:
many changes continue
after birth, and some go
on throughout life.

Development • Development usually

involves growth, but it
also involves
differentiation and
morphogenesis
development • Differentiation
• involves changes in a
• Morphogenesis
• is the change in
cell’s structure and shape of tissues,
function from an organs, and the
immature, generalized entire organism.
state to a mature,
specialized state.
• Immature cell to nerve
cell
 Outline

01 02 03 04 05
Anatomy and Structural and 3. 4. Homeostasis 5. Terminology of
Physiology Functional Characteristics the Body Plan
Organization of of Life
the Human Body
 Homeostasis is the existence and maintenance of a relatively
constant environment within the body.

To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively regulate conditions

that are constantly changing.

Homeostasis As our bodies undergo their everyday processes, we are continuously

exposed to new conditions.

• These conditions are called variables because their values can change.

For example, a small amount of fluid surrounds each body cell; for
cells to function normally, the volume, temperature, and chemical
content of this fluid must be maintained within a narrow range.
Homeostasis
• Homeostatic mechanisms, such as
sweating or shivering, normally
maintain body temperature near an
ideal normal value, or set point.
• Note that these mechanisms are not
able to maintain body temperature
precisely at the set point. Instead,
body temperature increases and
decreases slightly around the set
point to produce a normal range of
values
Negative Feedback

Negative means that any deviation

from the set point is made smaller
Most systems of the body are
or is resisted; therefore, in a
regulated by negative-feedback
negative-feedback mechanism,
mechanisms, which maintain
the response to the original
homeostasis.
stimulus results in deviation from
the set point, becoming smaller.
Negative feedback mechanism: Components

Receptor which monitors the value of a variable such as body temperature;

Control center such as part of the brain, which establishes the set point
around which the variable is maintained through communication with the
receptors and effectors; and

Effector such as sweat glands, which can adjust the value of the variable,
usually back toward the set point
Positive feedback mechanism
• Positive-feedback mechanisms occur when a response to the
original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point
becoming even greater. At times, this type of response is required
to re- achieve homeostasis.
 (1) many disease states result
from the failure of negative-
feedback mechanisms to
Positive maintain homeostasis
feedback
principles
(2) some positive-feedback
mechanisms can be
detrimental instead of helpful
 One example of a detrimental positive-feedback mechanism is inadequate delivery of blood
to cardiac (heart) muscle.

Contraction of cardiac muscle generates blood pressure and the heart pumps blood to
itself through a system of blood vessels on the outside of the heart.

Just as with other tissues, blood pressure must be maintained to ensure adequate delivery

Positive of blood to the cardiac muscle. Following extreme blood loss, blood pressure decreases to
the point that the delivery of blood to cardiac muscle is inadequate.

feedback As a result, cardiac muscle does not function normally. The heart pumps less blood, which
causes the blood pressure to drop even further—a deviation further from the setpoint.

The additional decrease in blood pressure further reduces blood delivery to cardiac muscle,
and the heart pumps even less blood, which again decreases the blood pressure.

The process self-propagates until the blood pressure is too low to sustain the cardiac
muscle, the heart stops beating, and death results.
 Outline

01 02 03 04 05
Anatomy and Structural and 3. 4. Homeostasis 5. Terminology of
Physiology Functional Characteristics the Body Plan
Organization of of Life
the Human Body
Body positions
• Anatomical position refers to a person standing erect
with the face directed forward, the upper limbs
hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands
facing forward.
• A person is supine when lying face upward and prone
when lying face downward.
Body positions and directional terms
Body Parts and Regions

Superficially, the abdomen

The body can be divided into a can be divided into quadrants
central region, consisting of or into nine regions. These
the head, neck, and trunk, and divisions are useful for
the upper limbs and lower locating internal organs or
limbs. describing the location of a
pain or a tumor.
Planes of the body

■ A sagittal plane divides the body into right and left parts. A
median plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.

■ A transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior

and inferior portions.

■ A frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and

posterior parts.
Planes through an Organ
Sections of an organ

• ■ A longitudinal section of an organ divides it

along the length of the organ.

• ■ A transverse (cross) section cuts at a right angle

to the length of the organ.

• ■ An oblique section cuts across the length of an

organ at an angle other than a right angle.
Body Cavities
• 1. The mediastinum
subdivides the thoracic
cavity.
• 2. The diaphragm
separates the thoracic and
abdominal cavities.
• 3. Pelvic bones surround
the pelvic cavity
Serous Membranes
■ The serous membranes secrete fluid, which fills the
1. Serous membranes line the trunk cavities. space between the visceral and parietal membranes. The
The parietal portion of a serous membrane serous membranes protect organs from friction.
lines the wall of the cavity, and the visceral ■ The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, the pleural
cavities surround the lungs, and the peritoneal cavity
portion is in contact with the internal organs. surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs.

2. Mesenteries are parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and
provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the organs.

3. Retroperitoneal organs are located “behind” the parietal peritoneum.

Serous Membrane
"If You Aren't Willing To Keep Looking For Light In The Darkest Of Places Without
Stopping, Even When It Seems Impossible, You Will Never Succeed.”

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