Elaborated by: David A.

Araujo
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT I: THE MOST BASIC
Everyday conversations 2
The letters of the alphabet 5
Numbers 7
The time 10
UNIT II: BUILDING SENTENCES
Verb to be 12
Articles 16
Plural form 18
Possessives (and demonstratives) 20
UNIT III: DAILY USE
Prepositions 24
Adjectives 27
Comparatives and superlatives 29
UNIT IV: VERB TENSES
Simple present 31
Simple past 34
Present continuous 37
Simple future 39
UNIT V: PRONOUNS IN COMPLEMENT
Object pronouns 41
Reflexive pronouns 42
UNIT VI: MASS AND COUNT
Countable and uncountable nouns 44
There is / There are 46
How many/much 48
Quantifiers 49
 Introduction

This work is presented with the aim of being as comfortable and practical as
possible for both teachers and students. Every content has been set in the best order for
a correct understanding of the topics, it means, beginning with the simplest subjects
and advancing to the most difficult grammatical contents. Besides, the cohesion among
units has been significant for the distribution of the subjects in the three parts of the
book.

Since English learning consists mainly in the study of verb tenses and parts
of speech, the present text has substantially focused in both areas. We’ve tried to
elucidate all kind of issues by means of examples, sentences, questions and explaining
the uses, rules and singular matters of each topic.

In addition, after almost every single theme dealt in this guide there’s a respective
section with exercises, so that the students can test their acquisition of the topics they’ve
studied. On the other hand, the teacher will be able to verify the learning
process through correcting such activities that will help them to supervise their progress.
In this point it’s necessary to add that every teacher is free to assign as many activities as
they prefer in order to confirm that the students are really getting the contents taught.
Behold the special items of each one of the three divisions in this guide:

In the First Round you may find a wide VOCABULARY (in many categories) that
will be quite advantageous for your learning of words. Instead of consulting a dictionary
for knowing the translation or meaning of lots of words, you’ll have this lexis.

The Second Round will offer you some extra-material after some topics under the
name of FAST FACTS AND TIPS, with useful information about grammar, phonetics,
culture and even informal English. The purpose of this segment is taking you deeper into
this language study and introducing you to relevant aspects that English speakers must
know.

Last but not least, the Third Round, which is targeted to a conversational level,
not only contains remarkable topics for advanced students, but also has numerous
READING COMPREHENSION activities, which will challenge the knowledge and
investigative capacity of the student. By analyzing such interesting readings the
participants can answer the questions clipped to them and this will help them to take
root in the English language due to the intellectual feedback that it implies.

1
EVERYDAY CONVERSATIONS
GREETINGS QUESTIONS ABOUT HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
Hello / hi / hey How are you? What‟s going on?
Good morning How do you feel? What‟s up?
Good afternoon How have you been? How do you do?
Good evening How‟s everything? How are you doing?
Are you ok? How is it going?
FAREWELLS
What‟s the matter? How are you getting on?
Bye (bye-bye)
Goodbye COMMON ANSWERS
Good night I‟m so good thank you and you?
Have a nice day/night I feel very fine thanks what about you?
We‟re in touch
I‟m feeling pretty well how „bout you?
So long
I‟m doing quite cool
Take care
I‟ve been fairly great NOTE: You may
See you later
It‟s just alright combine the
soon words in this
tomorrow It‟s going ok
chart how you
on Thursday Everything is awesome prefer (the only
next week excellent essential
then replies are the
amazing
ones in the
around
terrific third column)
THANKING RESPONSES
Thanks (a lot) I appreciate it You‟re welcome It‟s okay
I‟m grateful Very kind of you Don‟t mention it Anytime
Much obliged Never mind Don‟t worry
Thank you (very much/so much) Thank YOU! At your service

MEETING SOMEONE AND ASKING ABOUT OCCUPATION

INTRODUCING OTHER PEOPLE
Do you know each other? What are you?
This is my friend Francis What‟s your job?
Let me introduce you to Mark What do you do?
What‟s your name? How do you earn a living?
My name‟s William What‟s your major?
I‟m Antonio, please call me Tony Where do you work?
Nice/pleased/glad/great to meet you What‟s your occupation/profession?
My pleasure
At your service!

2
NOTE: The words in the shadowed column of COMMON ANSWERS are just a few of the lots of
possibilities. Besides, you can say that you’re bad, not that good, so-so, terrible, awful or sad, if
that’s the case.

Models of easy dialogs to practice:

A— Hi there! Long time no see you. W— Morning, Connor! How is it going?

J— Hello Ale, how are you? C— Hey! Everything’s cool, and you?
A— Just fine, what about you? W— I’m doing awesome, thank God!
J— I feel good, thanks. C— Great! Let me introduce you to my brother.
A— Do you know my girlfriend? W— How do you do? I am Wade.
J— Hi, I’m Julio, it’s a pleasure. J— It’s going well. I’m Jake, at your service.
L— Great to meet you, my name’s Lucy. W— Where do you work, Jake?
J— What do you do, Lucy? J— In a mall near here. What’s your job?
L— I’m a painter, and you? W— I have a food truck.
J— I work in a store downtown. J— That sounds awesome.
A— Dude, we have to go. See you later! C— Oh, it’s a little bit late. Good bye Wade.
J— Bye, take care. W— Nice to see you, folks. See ya!
L— See you! J— Have a good day!

TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF

Hello! My name‟s Carter Rhodes. I am 29 years old. I was born on July 12th, 1.995, in Seattle. I‟m a
musician and I play the bass in a rock band. I am married and I live with my beautiful wife and my
parrots in an apartment from Philadelphia.

I have two elder sisters and one little brother. My father is an accountant and my mom‟s a
housewife.

I like to watch horror movies, drinking cocktails with friends, writing songs and dancing in parties.
My favorite food is pasta and I can‟t stand soup!
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Build your own short dialog and practice it with your classmates.

2. With your teacher’s help, try to write some lines with basic information about you (like Carter’s
autobiography).

3
Vocabulary
THE COLORS
White Black Gray

Red Blue Yellow

Green Orange Brown

Pink Violet Fuchsia

Silver Lime Turquoise

Golden Navy blue Purple

DAYS OF THE WEEK MONTHS OF THE YEAR

Monday January July
Tuesday February August
Wednesday March September
Thursday April October
Friday May November
Saturday June December
Sunday

PARTS OF THE HOUSE

Porch Porche Stairs Escaleras Bedroom Habitación
Backyard Patio Ceiling Techo Study Despacho
Garage Garage Roof Tejado Restroom Baño
Garden Jardín Terrace Terraza Kitchen Cocina
Fence Cerca Balcony Balcón Dining room Comedor
Wall Pared Attic Ático Laundry room Lavandería
Door Puerta Basement Sótano Living room Sala
Window Ventana Floor Piso Ground floor Primer piso
Corridor Pasillo Chimney Chimenea Second floor Segundo piso

4
THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET
Knowing the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in English will be useful for:
 Saying the names of organizations (and others) with acronyms.
 Spelling any word.

A B C D E F G
/eɪ/ /bi/ /si/ /di/ /i/ / ef/ /ʤi/
H I J K L M N
/eɪʧ/ /aɪ/ /ʤeɪ/ /keɪ/ /el/ /em/ /en/
O P Q R S T U
/oʊ/ /pi/ /kju/ /ɑr/ /es/ /ti/ /ju/
V W X Y Z
/vi/ /'dɅbəlju/ /eks/ /waɪ/ /zi/
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Spell out loud your full name!

2. Say the name of the following institutions and things:

FBI NBA CIA DNA USB ATM PDF

3. Listen carefully and write down the words that your teacher will spell for you:

I. ________________________________ II. ________________________________

III. _______________________________ IV. _______________________________

4. Spell any word that you know in English so your teacher and classmates can guess it.

5
Vocabulary
CLOTHES
Hat Sombrero Scarf Bufanda Jeans Jeans
Cap Gorra T-shirt Camiseta Pants Pantalones
Sunglasses Gafas de sol Shirt Camisa Skirt Falda
Tie Corbata Blouse Blusa Mini-skirt Minifalda
Bow Lazo Sweater Suéter Underwear Ropa interior
Dress Vestido Coat Abrigo Shorts Shorts
Suit Traje Jacket Chaqueta Socks Calcetines
Knickers Bragas Brassiere Sostén Boots Botas
Uniform Uniforme Swimwear Traje de baño Sandals Sandalias
Apron Delantal Glove Guante Slippers Pantuflas
Pajama Pijama Belt Correa Shoes Zapatos

WEATHER
Rainbow Arcoíris Downpour Aguacero Sunny Soleado
Wind Viento Drizzle Llovizna Cloudy Nublado
Cloud Nube Thunder Trueno Partly sunny Parcialmente soleado
Fog Niebla Lightning Relámpago Partly cloudy Parcialmente nublado
Hail Granizo Thunderstorm T. eléctrica Spring Primavera
Snow Nieve Tornado Tornado Summer Verano
Icy Glacial Hurricane Huracán Fall / Autumn Otoño
Rain Lluvia Drought Sequía Winter Invierno
Flood Inundación Windy Ventoso ????

FAMILY MEMBERS
Mother Madre Aunt Tía Mother-in-law Suegra
Father Padre Uncle Tío Father-in-law Suegro
Daughter Hija Cousin Prima, primo Sister-in-law Cuñada
Son Hijo Grandmother Abuela Brother-in-law Cuñado
Sister Hermana Grandfather Abuelo Aunt-in-law Tía política
Brother Hermano Granddaughter Nieta Stepmother Madrastra
Siblings Hermanos Grandson Nieto Stepfather Padrastro
Niece Sobrina Great-grandmother Bisabuela Stepsister Hermanastra
Nephew Sobrino Great uncle Tío abuelo Stepbrother Hermanastro

6
THE NUMBERS
CARDINAL NUMBERS

1 One 11 Eleven 30 Thirty 100.000 One hundred thousand

2 Two 12 Twelve 40 Forty 1.000.000 One million
3 Three 13 Thirteen 50 Fifty 10.000.000 Ten million
4 Four 14 Fourteen 60 Sixty 100.000.000 One hundred million
5 Five 15 Fifteen 70 Seventy 1.000.000.000 One billion
6 Six 16 Sixteen 80 Eighty
7 Seven 17 Seventeen 90 Ninety
8 Eight 18 Eighteen 100 One hundred
9 Nine 19 Nineteen 1.000 One thousand
10 Ten 20 Twenty 10.000 Ten thousand

54 Fifty-four
68 Sixty-eight
97 Ninety-seven
115 One hundred fifteen
476 Four hundred seventy-six
3.458 Three thousand four hundred fifty-eight
24.747 Twenty-four thousand seven hundred forty-seven
826.965 Eight hundred twenty-six thousand nine hundred sixty-five
6.153.957 Six million one hundred fifty-three thousand nine hundred fifty-seven

ORDINAL NUMBERS

1st First 11th Eleventh 30th Thirtieth

2nd Second 12th Twelfth 40th Fortieth
3rd Third 13th Thirteenth 50th Fiftieth
4th Fourth 14th Fourteenth 60th Sixtieth
5th Fifth 15th Fifteenth 70th Seventieth
6th Sixth 16th Sixteenth 80th Eightieth
7th Seventh 17th Seventeenth 90th Ninetieth
8th Eighth 18th Eighteenth 100th One hundredth
9th Ninth 19th Nineteenth
10th Tenth 20th Twentieth

Use them for indicating places

21st Twenty first
on a list (e.g.: in a competition
63rd Sixty third
or a ranking), naming
184th One hundred eighty fourth
centuries, among others.

7
PLUS: Math operations
Addition:
Four plus six equals ten (4+6=10)
Twenty one plus fifteen equals thirty six (21+15=36)
Subtraction:
Eight minus three equals five (8-3=5)
Sixty minus eleven equals forty nine (60-11=49)
Multiplication:
Six times four equals twenty four (6*4=24)
Three times nine equals twenty seven (3*9=27)
Division:
Fifteen divided by three equals five (15/3=5)
Forty divided by ten equals four (40/10=4)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Write in letters the following amounts:

1.791 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.648 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
5.314 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
9.785 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
19.621 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
46.328 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
72.976 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
387.429 ___________________________________________________________________________________________
2.986.157__________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Write in numbers these quantities:

Eight hundred sixty two _______________________________________________________________

Two thousand five hundred thirty one _______________________________________________
Four hundred seventeen thousand six hundred thirty eight ________________________

3. Say out loud your phone number and your ID number!

8
Vocabulary
PARTS OF THE BODY
Head Cabeza Beard Barba Nipple Pezón Mole Lunar
Hair Cabello Throat Garganta Belly Barriga Freckle Peca
Forehead Frente Neck Cuello Side Costado Down Vello
Temple Sien Adam’s apple Manzana Navel Ombligo Brain Cerebro
Sideburn Patilla Nape Nuca Waist Cintura Heart Corazón
Face Cara Shoulder Hombro Hip Cadera Lung Pulmón
Ear Oído Armpit Axila Vulva Vulva Rib Costilla
Earlobe Lóbulo Arm Brazo Penis Pene Column Columna
Eye Ojo Forearm Antebrazo Testicle Testículo Stomach Estómago
Eyelash Pestaña Elbow Codo Groin Ingle Colon Colon
Eyebrow Ceja Wrist Muñeca Anus Ano Intestine Intestino
Eyelid Párpado Hand Mano Buttock Nalga Pancreas Páncreas
Nose Nariz Knuckle Nudillo Leg Pierna Liver Hígado
Nostril Fosa nasal Palm Palma Thigh Muslo Vesicle Vesícula
Mouth Boca Finger Dedo Knee Rodilla Kidney Riñón
Lip Labio Thumb Pulgar Calf Pantorrilla Skin Piel
Tongue Lengua Index finger Índice Shin Espinilla Bone Hueso
Tooth Diente Middle f. Medio Ankle Tobillo Muscle Músculo
Gum Encía Ring finger Anular Foot Pie Blood Sangre
Cheek Mejilla Little finger Meñique Sole Planta Vein Vena
Chin Barbilla Nail Uña Heel Talón Artery Arteria
Jaw Mandíbula Back Espalda Instep Empeine Tendon Tendón
Dimple Hoyuelo Chest Pecho Toe Dedo (pie) Nerve Nervio
Moustache Bigote Breast Seno Toenail Uña (pie) Cell Célula

9
THE TIME
TELLING THE TIME

1:00 It’s one o’clock

5:04 It’s five four / four past five
6:15 It’s six fifteen / a quarter past six
7:30 It’s seven thirty / half past seven
2:30 It’s two thirty / two and a half
8:45 It’s eight forty five / a quarter to nine
10:52 It’s ten fifty two / eight to eleven
3:29 It’s thirty one to four
4:40 It’s forty past four

ASKING FOR THE TIME

What time is it?

What‟s the time?
Can you tell me the time?
Could you please tell me what time it is?

TELLING THE TIME IN THE FUTURE

Our lesson begins at 4:30pm

They have to arrive before 5am
Marjorie works today after 3pm
She‟s going to come around 11am
We‟ll wait for them until midnight
This class is from 10 to 12

If you want to say that someone will take an airplane, train or bus at a specific schedule, you
indicate first the time and then the trip:
He wants to travel in the 8pm flight
Can I take the 5:30pm train to Utah?

When you’ll say that someone is going to the cinema, theater, circus, etc., you indicate first the
time and then the function:
Sarah‟s getting in the 7:30pm show

10
PLUS: Moments of the day
 Midday/noon is at 12pm
 Midnight is at 12am
 Morning is the period between midnight and midday.
 Afternoon is the interval between noon and the sunset.
 Evening is the time when the sun sets and night begins

How to tell the date

Today is July 5th, 2020*
Date: June 1st

* In spoken English it’s common to say the years in two parts, like “twenty-twenty”.
1.482: Fourteen eighty-two
1.750: Seventeen fifty
1.996: Nineteen ninety-six
2.001: Twenty oh one
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Tell the time in two different ways:

12:19 _________________________________________________________________________________________

6:36 __________________________________________________________________________________________

1:58 __________________________________________________________________________________________

11:03 _________________________________________________________________________________________

7:24 ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2:47 ___________________________________________________________________________________________

11
VERB TO BE

Personal Conjugation Contraction Negation

pronouns of verb BE
1st I Am I'm I’m not
nd
2 You Are You're You’re not • You aren’t
Singular
She She’s She’s not • She isn’t
rd
3 He Is He’s He’s not • He isn’t
It It’s It’s not • It isn’t
st
1 We We’re We’re not • We aren’t
Plural 2nd You Are You’re You’re not • You aren’t
3rd They They’re They’re not • They aren’t

S+V+C Is Harper your aunt? Are you busy?

BE
Yes, she is Yes, we are
V+S+C? No, she isn‟t No, we aren‟t
BE

USES

1. Identity She is Maria Is she Maria?

They are Rick and Susana Are they Rick and Susana?

2. Description He‟s not ugly Isn‟t he ugly?

You are amazing Are you amazing?

3. Mood, feelings or health Clara is sad Is Clara sad?

We are sick Are we sick?

4. Professions or occupations Johan is a student Is Johan a student?

I am a lawyer Am I a lawyer?

5. Nationality They aren‟t Venezuelan Aren‟t they Venezuelan?

Ali is from Belgrade Is Ali from Belgrade?

6. Religion Meir is a Jew Is Meir a Jew?

Edward is a Christian Is Edward a Christian?

7. Location Eugene‟s at home Is Eugene at home?

My pets are on the roof Are my pets on the roof?

12
We also use verb be for indicating sensations and age:
Mary is hot
Luz and I are cold
The boys are hungry
The camels are thirsty
Solie is sleepy
I am twenty five years old

SPECIAL USES OF PRONOUNS:

Neutral gender: Although they is a plural pronoun, we can use it when we don’t know the
gender of a person. Instead of saying he/she, you can employ they referring to one person!
Someone left their umbrella in my house (you don’t know whether someone is male or female)
Every person has their own opinion

Impersonal It: In English all the sentences must have a subject!

It‟s raining / snowing
It‟s a pleasure to meet you
It‟s early / late
It‟s good to be here
It‟s a girl!
Hello, it‟s me

QUESTIONS WITH INTERROGATIVE WORDS

IW + V + C ?
BE

What is a pen? It‟s an office object with ink used to write

Who is Esteban? He‟s one of our friends
Where are they from? They‟re from Sweden
When is her birthday? Her birthday is on January 1st
How are your relatives? They are very well
Why is she angry? Because her husband is crazy

VERB BE IN PAST
Was  I, she, he, it
Were  We, you, they

I was in my office this morning

Hilary was abroad last year
Were Karina and Charles upset?
Were you exhausted yesterday?

13
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Complete the following sentences and questions with the correct form of verb be:

Elijah’s toys ______ in the box.

Jacob ______ my best friend.
Liam and Emma ______ honest people.
We ______ from Hong Kong.
You and Daisy ______ tall and strong.
Our dog ______ 2 years old.
Aiden and Charlotte ______ writers.
They ______ my birthday presents.
Avery and I ______ good runners.
It ______ an apple.

2. Convert these sentences into questions:

Jerry and Kate were classmates.

_________________________________________________________________________?

Evelyn was in the bookstore.

_________________________________________________________________________?

Felicia was worried.

_________________________________________________________________________?

Donald and Gina weren’t married.

_________________________________________________________________________?

14
Vocabulary
Country Nationality Country Nationality Country Nationality
Afghanistan Afghan France French Poland Polish
Argentina Argentinian Germany German Portugal Portuguese
Australia Australian Greece Greek Puerto Rico Puerto Rican
Bolivia Bolivian Haiti Haitian Romania Romanian
Brazil Brazilian Indonesia Indonesian Russia Russian
Cambodia Cambodian Iran Iranian Saudi Arabia Saudi
Canada Canadian Ireland Irish Slovakia Slovakian
Chile Chilean Israel Israeli Spain Spanish
China Chinese Italy Italian Sweden Swedish
Colombia Colombian Japan Japanese Switzerland Swiss
Costa Rica Costa Rican Korea Korean Taiwan Taiwanese
Cuba Cuban Malaysia Malaysian Thailand Thai
Czech Republic Czech Mexico Mexican Turkey Turkish
Denmark Danish (Dane) Morocco Moroccan Ukraine Ukrainian
Dominican R. Dominican Netherlands Dutch United States American
Ecuador Ecuadorian New Zealand New Zealander Uruguay Uruguayan
Egypt Egyptian Norway Norwegian Venezuela Venezuelan
El Salvador Salvadorian Panama Panamanian Vietnam Vietnamese
England English Paraguay Paraguayan Wales Welsh
Estonia Estonian Peru Peruvian
Finland Finnish Philippines Filipino

OBJECTS OF THE HOUSE

Restroom Living room Bedroom
Mirror Espejo Armchair Sillón Alarm clock Despertador
Washbasin Lavamanos Chair Silla Bed Cama
Toilet Retrete Sofa Sofá Bedside table Mesa de noche
Shower Ducha Radio Radio Blanket Cobija
Towel Toalla Table Mesa Sheet Sábana
Shampoo Champú Telephone Teléfono Pillow Almohada
Soap Jabón Speakers Parlantes Dresser Tocador
Toilet paper Papel higiénico Television Televisor Lamp Lámpara
Toothbrush Cepillo dental Vase Florero Wardrobe Armario
Toothpaste Crema dental Picture Cuadro

15
ARTICLES Defined and undefined
They are used to indicate whether a noun in a sentence is specific or general.

UNDEFINED ARTICLE (a, an)

Use it when you and your listener don’t have a specific person, place or thing in mind. It’s also
employed to indicate occupations and religions.

A Before words that begin by consonants or vowels with consonant sounds:

Alex is a teacher
This is a European car
Harvard is a university
We are a unit of Special Forces

AN Before words that begin by vowels or silent h:

Marcela is an engineer
Dr. Lewis is an incredible person
It‟s an honor for me
Brittany is an honest woman

DEFINED ARTICLE (the)

Use it when a person, place or thing is unique or when the context makes it clear which subject
you mean. It may be used to designate specific nouns in plural as well.

The library was closed

The houses are flooded

The pronunciation of this article may vary according to the sound after it:

THE ant THE tiger

/ꝺɪ/ elephant /ꝺә/ eagle
octopus image
umbrella universe

NOTE: You mustn’t use the definite article for generalizations.

The women are beautiful
Hamsters are adorable
Smartphones are very expensive

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

16
 E X E R C I S E S

1. Complete the conversation with a, an or the.

Ava: I’m sick of this computer game, and I’ve read all my books.
Dad: Let’s go to the new bookstore on Main Street.
Ava: Can we buy ____ computer game too?
Dad: Ok, I’m sure they sell games there. You should turn off ____ computer before we leave.

Ava: There’s ____ man with drums and a guitar at the back of ____ store.
Dad: Maybe he’s ____ storyteller. Let’s go see.

Dad: It was ____ excellent performance.

Ava: I really enjoyed ____ story about the warrior princess.
Dad: Me too. It’s ____ really exciting story.
Ava: We are going to get ____ computer game too, remember?
Dad: I think ____ newest games are in ____ front of ____ store.
Ava: This is ____ awesome game. Can I get it?
Dad: Sure. Let’s bring everything to _____ cashier. She’s right over there.

17
THE PLURAL FORM
1. The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s.
▪ I saw two cars, ten airplanes, and three boats

2. Nevertheless, nouns ending in s, ss, sh, ch, x, z, o, create their plural form by adding es.
▪ We have to put those boxes in the buses
▪ She needs to buy watches and dresses
▪ They brought tomatoes and potatoes

Exceptions:
Photo → Photos Piano → Pianos Zoo → Zoos
Radio → Radios Stereo → Stereos Video → Videos
Halo → Halos Kangaroo → Kangaroos

3. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant change the y for ies.

▪ We visited five cities in two different countries last year. I‟ll tell those stories to my kids

4. Nonetheless, nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel just add s.

▪ I met these boys a few days ago

5. Some nouns ending in f or fe change these for ves.

▪ Rumor has it that cats have seven lives
▪ There are so many leaves on the floor during fall.

Exceptions:
Roof → Roofs Belief → Beliefs Chef → Chefs
Chief → Chiefs Proof → Proofs Cliff → Cliffs

6. Some nouns change totally to create the plural form.

Man → Men Woman → Women Person → People
Child → Children Tooth → Teeth Foot → Feet
Louse → Lice Mouse → Mice Ox → Oxen
Goose → Geese Die → Dice Penny → Pence

7. Some other nouns have the same form in singular and plural
Sheep → Sheep Fish → Fish Deer → Deer
Moose → Moose Aircraft → Aircraft Trout → Trout
Swine → Swine Species → Species Media → Media
Tuna → Tuna Series → Series Bison → Bison
Means → Means News → News Statistics → Statistics

18
There are some extra rules (less common) for other nouns:

8. Some nouns ending in us change these for i.

▪ There are plenty of cacti in the desert

9. Nouns ending in is change these for es.

▪ Many doctors are doing analyses in labs

10. Nouns ending in on or um change these for a.

▪ We‟ve seen amazing phenomena!

Note: The rules 1 and 2 also apply for surnames.

▪ The Smiths are friendly people
▪ The Martinezes live in front of my house
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Rewrite the following nouns. Change them to plural.

Mouse _______________________________ Page ___________________________________

Focus _______________________________ Glass ___________________________________

Wife _________________________________ Criterion _______________________________

Secretary _____________________________ Bus ____________________________________

Key ___________________________________ Bush ___________________________________

Tax ___________________________________ Duty ___________________________________

Church ________________________________ Self ____________________________________

Ash ___________________________________ Basis ___________________________________

19
POSSESSIVES Part I
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
A possessive adjective sits before a noun to show who or what owns it.
A possessive pronoun is a word that replaces a noun (or a noun phrase) and shows ownership.

Personal Possessive Possessive DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND

pronoun adjective pronoun PRONOUNS
I My Mine
Close Far
You Your Yours
Singular This That
She Her Hers
He His His Plural These Those
It Its Its NOTE: The use of demonstratives is
We Our Ours usually complementary for possessives
They Their Theirs and for that reason we added it here.

Check in the following sentences the possessive adjectives and pronouns:

Maria is my sister
This is his marker, yours is this one
Those are their parents
That old computer is his
Your teacher is bad but ours is worse
Her father bought an apartment
The dog slept in its house
Cassie and I sold our Ferrari
Lend me your phone, mine is failing
My daughter and hers fought yesterday
Our team is good but he prefers theirs

SAXON GENITIVE
We call Saxon genitive to the possessive form ‘s that is added at the end of a noun, which is the
«owner» of the objects after it.

▪ What is Annie’s phone number? (The phone number belongs to Annie)

▪ Those are Silene’s papers (Silene is the owner of the papers)
▪ Do you know the teacher‟s name?
▪ Dan‟s mother is a lawyer
▪ Ricardo‟s laptop is lost

Adding ‘s at the end of a name indicates that something (maybe implicit) belongs to that
person, although we don’t specify what.
▪ I thought it was Ruben’s

20
▪ The black book is Eliecer’s

When a proper noun ends in s, we can just add the apostrophe.

▪ Stacy is Carlos’ girlfriend

Only add the apostrophe to plural nouns that end in s.

▪ Where are my students’ bags?

If something is possessed or shared by more than one person, we just add ‘s to the last one.
▪ They are Luke and Jane‟s grandparents

If we’re talking about several things that belong to several people separately, we add ‘s to
every name.
▪ I only have Natasha‟s, Christopher‟s, George‟s and Carmen‟s grades

CLUE: To understand the meaning of a sentence with genitives in several nouns, the key will
always be reading backwards.
▪ She‟s Sofia‟s boyfriend‟s cousin
▪ My daughter‟s dog‟s tail is black
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Translate into English (including possessive adjectives and Saxon genitive):

La esposa de mi hijo es mexicana

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

El hijo de mi esposa es mexicano

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Los hijos de mi mejor amigo son muy inteligentes

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

El jefe de nuestra madre habla inglés

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Isabella estaba en la casa de la familia de su esposo

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

21
POSSESSIVES Part II
PREPOSITION OF
We often will use this preposition when the owner is not a person:

The window of the house is big

There are some animals at the foot of the hill
Do you know the name of the street?
Three paws of the table are broken

WHOSE…?
It’s a pronoun used in questions to ask who the owner of something is.

Whose + N + V + C ?
BE

Whose marker is this? Possible answer: It‟s mine

Whose pictures are these? Possible answer: They‟re Karla‟s
Whose is this? (If you’re showing the object you don’t need to mention its name)

You can also use it in other verb tenses:

Whose sharpener are they using?
Whose car did you drive?
Whose tools will you use?

We also use whose to introduce a relative clause indicating possession by people, animals and
things, but that topic will be dealt in another level!

That‟s the teacher whose sister is my student

They are the ones whose house burnt
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Write the questions (with whose) to the following sentences:

This is Grace’s desktop ______________________________________________________________

These are my classmates’ pens ______________________________________________________________
That’s Jeannine’s dog ______________________________________________________________
That is hers ______________________________________________________________
The golden key is mine ______________________________________________________________

22
Vocabulary

OCCUPATIONS
Accountant Contador Dancer Bailarín Plumber Plomero
Actor Actor Dentist Dentista Model Modelo
Administrator Administrador Designer Diseñador Musician Músico
Ambassador Embajador Doctor Médico Nurse Enfermero
Archaeologist Arqueólogo Driver Conductor Painter Pintor
Architect Arquitecto Editor Redactor Pilot Piloto
Artist Artista Electrician Electricista Poet Poeta
Athlete Atleta Engineer Ingeniero President Presidente
Baker Panadero Farmer Granjero Professor Profesor
Barber Barbero Firefighter Bombero Psychologist Psicológo
Bartender Cantinero Florist Florista Rabbi Rabino
Beautician Esteticista Geologist Geólogo Sailor Marinero
Biologist Biólogo Guard Guardia Salesman Vendedor
Businessman Empresario Hotelier Hotelero Scientist Científico
Butcher Carnicero Jeweler Joyero Secretary Secretario
Captain Capitán Journalist Cronista Servant Criado
Carpenter Carpintero King Rey Soldier Soldado
Pharmacist Farmacéutico Lawyer Abogado Student Estudiante
Chemist Químico Librarian Bibliotecario Surgeon Cirujano
Cleaner Limpiador Mail carrier Cartero Tailor Sastre
Clerk Oficinista Mechanic Mecánico Therapist Terapeuta
Coach Entrenador Minister Ministro Veterinary Veterinario
Cook Cocinero Pastor Pastor Waiter Mesero

23
PREPOSITIONS (IN, ON, AT)
A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a
sentence.

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

IN 1.995 ON April 1st AT 7pm

th
the 80’s the 19 night
the 1700’s Friday noon
July Thursdays midnight
summer weekends Carnival
the morning her birthday the weekend
the afternoon Friday evening the moment
the evening Christmas' day lunchtime / dinnertime
thirty minutes the same time

Jonathan was born in 1.981

Miguel‟s birthday is on September 19th
The architect is coming in one hour
We usually go shopping on Saturdays
See you on Friday!
Our next meeting will be on the 22nd
Her sons were here at Halloween
The movie starts at 1:30pm

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

IN Israel ON Libertador Ave AT 734 Oxford St.

Caracas the floor the store
the left / right
Candelaria home / work
the second floor
the kitchen the door
the east
the office the table
the front page
the box the party
the corner

Isaac and his wife used to live in London

Alejandra didn‟t sleep in her bedroom
All my books are in those drawers
The academy is on 52nd street
Lisa wrote some sentences on the whiteboard
Melanie was singing at the library
There‟s a blue bird at the window

24
OTHER USES
Prepositions are not used only in physic spaces but also in other senses:

You‟re in my heart
Let‟s talk in the meantime
I‟m on my way
They‟ll arrive on time
Count on us
He‟s good at swordplay

TRANSPORTATION

IN a car / a taxi / a limo / a truck

ON a bus / a plane / a train / a ship / a bike

More prepositions

The priest was in front of the church

Your cat is behind the TV set
Those ants are around the candies
That ball flew through the window
The baby hid under the table
Our school is close to/near the theater
There is a bank between the church and the square
My passport wasn‟t among my documents
Some birds are flying above/over the building
My parents are next to/beside yours
Please stay with me!
He can‟t live without her
There are many dogs out of the house
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Fill the blanks with the correct preposition (in, on, at):

See you tomorrow _____ 8pm Emily’s _____ the living room
There are many ants ____ the couch Our training is ____ night
He has chess lessons ____ Tuesdays Olivia’s birthday is _____ October
She was born ____ Wuhan, _______ 2019 Amelia will get married _____ May 13th

25
Vocabulary
PLACES
Avenue Avenida University Universidad Pet shop Tienda de animales
Building Edificio Hospital Hospital Bus stop Parada de bus
Park Parque Library Biblioteca Post Office Oficina Postal
Factory Fabrica Palace Palacio Travel agency Agencia de viajes
Cinema Cine Desert Desierto Downtown Centro de la ciudad
Bakery Panadería Savannah Sabana Subway station Estación del metro
Hotel Hotel Ocean Océano Apartment Apartamento
Bank Banco Wood Bosque Police station Estación de policía
Farm Granja Cathedral Catedral Neighborhood Vecindario
School Colegio Stadium Estadio Gas station Gasolinera
Bar Bar Orphanage Orfanato Parking Estacionamiento
House Casa Embassy Embajada Supermarket Supermercado
Bridge Puente Restaurant Restaurante Toy store Juguetería
Prison Cárcel Laundry Lavandería Mall Centro comercial
Street Calle Airport Aeropuerto Art gallery Galería de arte
Circus Circo Cemetery Cementerio Newspaper stand Puesto de periódicos
Zoo Zoológico Church Iglesia Museum Museo

26
ADJECTIVES
They are just words used to describe nouns. Adjectives can talk about appearance and also
condition, character, emotions or personality.

Happy Hard Stingy Weird Naive Ambitious Cute

Sad Easy Sensible Crazy Polite Lovely Cheap
Big Thin Cheerful Dull Selfish Moody Great
Tall Fat Shy Generous Talkative Good Close
Small Beautiful Brave Proud Reliable Bad Awkward
Short Ugly Kind Lazy Friendly Excellent Brilliant
Heavy Long Honest Loyal Charming Perfect Old
Soft Young Coward Mean Funny Nice Expensive

Unlike Spanish, in English adjectives neither can be pluralized nor have gender.
Adjectives are generally placed before the nouns.

We have a playful dog at home

It was a small house
The black car is lost
She loves that amazing man
Denny seems to be smart
Hannah looks beautiful

If two or more adjectives come before a noun, they usually follow this order:

1. Quality/Opinion: Good, bad, great, terrible, pretty, silly, lovely…

2. Size: Huge, big, large, tiny, enormous, little, tall, long, gigantic…
3. Shape: Flat, round, square, triangular, rectangular, oval…
4. Age: Young, old, new, ancient, six-year-old, antique, youthful…
5. Color: Red, black, pale, bright, faded, shining, yellow, orange…
6. Origin: French, American, Canadian, Mexican, Greek, Swiss…
7. Material: Wooden, silk, metal, paper, gold, silver, cotton…
8. Purpose: Writing, rolling, sleeping, roasting, running, dancing…

These categories are only some of the different kind of adjectives that exist. There are many
other types:
Numeric: six, one hundred and one…
Quantitative: more, all, some, half, more than enough…
Possessive: my, his, their, your, her, our, its
Demonstrative: this, that, those, these

27
How do we describe someone using adjectives?
He‟s short, fat, old and brunet. He seems to be grumpy, intelligent and hard-working.
PLUS: He has a beard, a moustache and long sideburns. He‟s wearing glasses, a hat and a black coat.

Sometimes we find some adjectives ending by ed and others ending by ing with the same
root. E.g.: Inspired and inspiring. What is the difference? The ones ending by ing are the cause of
a mood or status, and the ones ending by ed are the effect or the result of that!

Cause Effect The kids are bored because you‟re boring!

Tiring Tired That movie was really exciting. I‟m still excited
Embarrassing Embarrassed
We are interested in the game / The game is interesting
Amazing Amazed
Pleasing Pleased I got distracted with the TV / The TV is very distracting

Challenging Challenged That clown was amusing / We are amused

The noun one for complementing adjectives

Sometimes we need to point someone or something with a specific characteristic, but we don’t
want to repeat their name. In these cases, instead of saying the noun again we use the word one.

—Do you want this one or that one?

I prefer this one but those ones are also pretty. The red one is quite ugly
—Do you like those girls?
Only the tall one!
—My son is the one with glasses.
Mine is the short one
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Match each word in column A with its opposite in column B.

A B
Bad Boring
Long Small
Easy Short
Big Fat
Beautiful Hard
Interesting Weak
Strong Ugly
Thin Good

2. Describe out loud your classmates (appearance and personality)!

28
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
AS … AS
Use it for indicating that two people or things are (or not) in the same level concerning an
adjective.

You‟re as smart as my Chemistry teacher

Pizza Cheese is as good as Jackson‟s
The menu isn‟t as interesting as the other

COMPARATIVE FORM
It’s used to describe the differences between two nouns.
After the comparative we add than and the other element. Nonetheless, we may just say
the adjective comparing it to something implicit. E.g.: We have to be better [than we are now]

more Before long adjectives* (two syllables or more)

This store is more crowded than the other
Christine isn‟t more intelligent than me
Cellphones are more useful than calculators

-er After short adjectives* (one syllable)

Michael is faster than everyone
My children are shorter than yours
Sharon is prettier than her mom

*There are some exceptions that will be detailed in the rules.

SUPERLATIVE FORM
It expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality.
Although the examples below have a complement which refers to an environment or context, we
could tell only the superlative and the idea would be complete. E.g.: You‟re the best!

most Before long adjectives (two syllables or more)

Phillip is the most handsome [guy] in the company
Nichole is the most careful girl I‟ve met
We are the most cheerful in this community

-est After short adjectives (one syllable)

Terry is the craziest ever
Fabian and Gaby are the youngest in the class
Anibal is the oldest man in the band

29
RULES FOR ADDING –er/–est
1. To one-syllable adjectives we just add er/est.
▪ Today is colder than yesterday
▪ My brother is the tallest in my family

2. To two-syllables adjectives ending in y we add ier/iest.

▪ Patricia is happier than her friends
▪ This homework is the easiest of the course

3. To one-syllable adjectives ending in e we just add r/st.

▪ Scarlet‟s nephews are braver than her!
▪ Michelle is the cutest in her neighborhood

4. In one-syllable adjectives that end by consonant-vowel-consonant we double the last letter

and then add er/est. Exception: adjectives that end in w.
▪ Wallace is fatter than Tom
▪ This closet is the biggest in my house

5. The comparative/superlative of some two-syllable adjectives can be formed with er/est.

Simple → Simpler, simplest Clever → Cleverer, cleverest
Narrow→ Narrower, narrowest Quiet → Quieter, quietest

6. There are some irregular adjectives that don’t follow any of these rules.
Good → better, best ▪ Carlsen is the best chess player of the world
Well → better, best ▪ Today Miriam is better than yesterday
Bad → worse, worst ▪ I‟m the worst father!
Far → further, furthest ▪ Her house is further than ours
Old → elder, eldest (in family) ▪ Ram is my elder brother
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Fill the blanks with the correct form of the adjectives in parenthesis (comparative or
superlative)

You have the (funny) ____________________________________ friends ever.

My house is (big) _______________________________________________ than yours.
This flower is (beautiful) _______________________________________ than that one.
This is the (interesting) _______________________________________ book I have ever read.
WhatsApp isn’t (bad) _________________________than Telegram
Who is the (rich) _________________________________________________________ woman on Earth?

30
SIMPLE PRESENT
USES:
1. Describing activities we usually do and things that regularly happen.
2. Talking about factual information, such as general truths or scientific facts.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

S+V+C Do/don’t  I, you, we, they

PRES
Does/doesn’t  She, he, it
Aux + S + V + C ?
DO/DOES INF

▪ Victoria and Mary work as German teachers

▪ Frederick doesn‟t cook
▪ My siblings don‟t study with Anne
▪ Doesn‟t Mike play cards?

Do you like coffee? Does Laura dance salsa?

Yes, I do Yes, she does
No, I don‟t No, she doesn‟t
Yes, I like it Yes, she dances very well
No, I prefer tea No, she dances tango

FREQUENCY ADVERBS
0% Never 40% Sometimes 80% Usually
10% Almost never 50% Often 90% Almost always
20% Hardly ever 60% Frequently 100% Always
30% Rarely / seldom 70% Regularly

▪ Anthony always arrives on time

▪ Estefany sometimes brings her homework
▪ We often buy candies downtown

TIME EXPRESSIONS
٠ Once / twice / three times… a day / a week / a month…
٠ Every two / three…. hours / years…
٠ Every day / morning / night / June…
٠ On Mondays / weekends

▪ Jean runs in the park every day

▪ Sarah goes to the gym five days a week
▪ Roman attends the church on Saturdays

31
RULES OF CONJUGATION
1. When a verb is conjugated by a third person in singular, we add it s at the end.
▪ Claudia never wakes up early

2. If the verb ends in ss, sh, ch, o, x, zz, we add it es at the end.
▪ Eduardo fixes computers with his dad

3. If the verb ends in y preceded by consonant, we delete it and add ies at the end.
▪ She sometimes tries something different (the verb is try)

4. The verb have is conjugated by the third person in singular like has.
▪ My house has a beautiful garden

QUESTIONS WITH INTERROGATIVE WORDS

IW + Aux + S + V + C ? -What/who + V + C ?
DO/DOES INF PRES

What does he do after lunch? He takes a nap

Who do you work for? We work for Sally
Where do Sara and Michael live? They live downtown
How does she speak? She speaks through a computer program
Why do we stop now? Because we have no gasoline
How often does Silvia practice tennis? She practices it twice a week

-What makes him feel sad? Nothing makes him feel sad
-Who sings that song? Hetfield sings that song

IMPERATIVE SENTEN CES

For giving someone commands, advices, instructions, offers, requests and warnings we employ
the verb in infinitive form with no subjects.

Stop the car and give me the keys

Don‟t worry! Trust in me
Please come early and wait downstairs
Turn left, walk three blocks and stop on the corner
Come in and have a seat
Send me a message or call me
Look both ways and cross the street carefully

32
PLUS: Why don’t/doesn’t
We usually can ask why don‟t as a suggestion in a situation.
For example, if a friend tells you that they feel sick, you would give them an advice like this:
“Why don‟t you visit a doctor?” or “Why don‟t you go to the hospital?”

OTHER EXAMPLES:
“Your brother looks so bored! Why doesn‟t he play with my PlayStation 5?”
“It‟s such a beautiful day, why don‟t we go to the park?”

Some things to remember when you study verb tenses:

♦ If we have an auxiliary in the sentence (for making questions or negative sentences), it’s
incorrect to conjugate the verb. It’ll be always in its infinitive form.
♦ The time expressions will be usually placed in the complement of the sentences.
♦ In what/who subject questions we don’t have a subject (because that’s exactly what we’re
asking) and the verb must be conjugated.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verbs in simple present:

Stella __________________ (wash) the dishes every day.

Aaron ___________ ___ (work) in my house.
Taylor ___________________ (not/eat) fish.
Cameron _________________________ (teach) Arts in high school.
Jordan and Eli sometimes _____________ (watch) television.
Ashton _______________ (kiss) his wife before going to work.
His dog __________________________ (bark) the whole day.
Briana always _________________________ (go) downtown at night.
Adriana usually _____________________ (dance) pop with her friends.

Austin and Stephen ________________________ (not/pray) in mass

2. Write a short paragraph about your routine and your family’s.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

33
SIMPLE PAS T
USES:
1. Describing activities that already happened.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

S+V+C Did  All pronouns

PAST

Aux + S + V + C ?
DID INF

▪ Maria brought cash

▪ My children forgot their homework
▪ Luis didn‟t sell the old toys
▪ Didn‟t Henry call the police?

Did they watch the movie? Did Jim brush his teeth?
Yes, they did Yes, he did
No, they didn‟t No, he didn‟t
Yes, they watched it on TV Yes, he brushed them this morning
No, they watched the soccer game No, he didn‟t have toothpaste

TIME EXPRESSIONS
٠ Two / three… hours / days… ago
٠ Last night / week / Summer / Christmas…
٠ In 2.017 / the 80’s…
٠ Yesterday
٠ Stages of life: youth / high school…
٠ Moments of the day: today / this morning…
٠ When + S + V + C
PAST

▪ It rained two hours ago

▪ Mary bought lunch this afternoon
▪ Dalia suffered a lot in her childhood
▪ Sam lost one of her teeth when she was a baby

RULES OF CONJUGATION: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

1. Regular verbs are the ones that take ed at the end when they’re conjugated in past tense.
▪ Helen talked to me yesterday

2. We just add d to regular verbs that end in e

▪ Sheyla lived in USA in 1.999 (the verb is live)

34
3. Irregular verbs don’t follow these rules. Their conjugation in simple past or past participle can
be totally different to their base form.
▪ Peter broke some glasses (the verb is break)

4. The variation among infinitive form, simple past and past participle in irregular verbs may be
like any of these combinations:

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE

Arise Arose Arisen
Cut Cut Cut
Become Became Become
Catch Caught Caught
Beat Beat Beaten

NOTE: There’s neither clue nor rule for identifying irregular verbs, we must memorize them.

QUESTIONS WITH INTERROGATIVE WORDS

IW + Aux + S + V + C ? -What/who + V + C ?
DID INF PAST

What did I break? You broke all the glasses

Who did you dance with? I danced with Enrique
Where did John fall? He fell in the backyard
How did they find us? Our phones have GPS!
Why did we surrender? Because we were already defeated
When did Abigail pay the bills? She paid them last Tuesday
How long ago did Nelson die? He died in 2.004

-What hurt you? A knife hurt me

-Who came this morning? Michael came this morning

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

PLUS: Used to
When we need to express that an action was performed many times (as a habit, instead of
something that occurred just once), we’ll add used to before the verb in its base form:

Ronald used to milk cows in the farm

My family used to rent beach houses every vacation
Did Monica use to accompany you to the museum?
Did they use to go to concerts together?
Where did you use to work?

35
Chloe used to get late to class but now she‟s more responsible*

*Things that were common in the past but they have changed.

Tips of pronunciation for regular verbs:

♦ The termination ed will be pronounced as /t/ if the verb ends in voiceless sound (k, s, p, b,
sh, ch, x…).
♦ The termination ed will be pronounced as /d/ if the verb ends in voiced sound (n, m, l, r…).
♦ The termination ed will be pronounced as /ɪd/ if the verb ends in d or t.

Auxiliaries do/does and did for adding emphasis:

Sometimes, we can use these auxiliaries to express importance or weight in a statement:
I do love her (more emphatic than I love her)
Jane did look nice yesterday! NOTE: If you’re going to use an
You don‟t like meat but I do like it auxiliary to emphasize an action,
She did tell me the truth don’t conjugate the verb!
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Convert these sentences into simple past. Pay attention to conjugations and time expressions.

Addison teaches geography.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Natalie listens to the radio at midnight.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lillian sometimes watches TV.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Make questions in simple past. Look at the responses.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________?

Yes, she arrived early.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________?

Arthur studied in Oxford.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________?

They bought the newspaper at noon.

36
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
USES:
1. Describing actions that are happening at the moment we’re talking.
2. Talking about activities in progress during the present (currently).
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

S+V+V+C
BE ING

V+ S + V + C ?
BE ING

▪ Nelly‟s reading the essay

▪ Your sisters are preparing the food
▪ My son isn‟t understanding the lessons
▪ Isn‟t Billy taking pictures?

Are your neighbors listening to rock music? Am I annoying you?

Yes, they are Yes, you are
No, they‟re not No, you aren‟t
Yes, they love heavy metal Yes, you‟re driving me crazy
No, they are listening to some ballads No, you‟re amusing us!

TIME EXPRESSIONS according to the uses

1 2
٠ Now ٠ These days / months…
٠ Just / right now ٠ Nowadays
٠ In this moment ٠ Currently (it’s actually an adverb)

▪ These nurses are assisting me in this moment ▪ We‟re currently training hard
▪ The water is boiling now ▪ Victor is acting strange these days

RULES OF CONJUGATION
The suffix ing is added at the end of the verbs in present progressive.
▪ That cat is crossing the street

In verbs that end in e, we delete it and add ing instead. Exceptions: seeing, fleeing, agreeing.
▪ Things are changing in the world (the verb is change)

In verbs that end in ie, we delete it and add ying instead (only three cases: die, tie, lie).
▪ That thief is lying

37
In verbs that end by consonant-vowel-consonant we double the last letter and then add ing.
Exception: verbs that end in w, x, y.
▪ Her father is cutting the grass
▪ Karina and her boyfriend are swimming in the pool

QUESTIONS WITH INTERROGATIVE WORDS

IW + V+ S + V + C ? -What/who + V + V + C ?
BE ING BE ING

What are you searching? I‟m searching information about politics

Who are they waiting for? They‟re waiting for the principal
Where is Clint fixing the car? He‟s fixing it in his workshop
How are Julie and Billy helping Carl? They are giving him some money
Why is Jessie praying? Because she‟s quite scared

-What is making those noises? The truck is making the noises

-Who is crying? Debbie is crying
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Convert these sentences into present continuous. Pay attention to conjugations and time
expressions.

Camila always cries in the theater  ____________________________________________________________

Wyatt works out twice a week  ____________________________________________________________
Audrey took a test yesterday  ____________________________________________________________

2. Answer the following questions:

What is Henry cleaning?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Where is Landon waiting for us?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Who is printing the documents?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

38
SIMPLE FUTURE
USES
GOING TO WILL
1. Indicating concrete plans. 1. Making promises and offers.
2. Predicting something certain or evident. 2. Expressing predictions and opinions.
3. Talking about intentions.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

S + V + going to + V + C S + will + V + C
BE INF INF

V+ S + going to + V + C ? Will + S + V + C ?
BE INF INF

▪ Diana isn‟t going to graduate ▪ Chris will get mad

▪ We‟re going to have a baby ▪ Simon won‟t tell me his age

Are the Evans going to eat with us? Will Nancy sign the document?
Yes, they are Yes, she will
No, they‟re not No, she won‟t
Yes, they have reservation Yes, she agrees with the terms
No, they aren‟t coming No, she refuses to do it

TIME EXPRESSIONS
٠ Next week / year / Carnival…
٠ In four / six… hours /months
٠ In December / 2.030
٠ Within two… weeks…
٠ Tomorrow

▪ I will be back within ten minutes

▪ Jennifer and Julio are going to get married next April
▪ They are going to fill the bottles tomorrow

QUESTIONS WITH INTERROGATIVE WORDS

IW + V + S + going to + V + C ? IW + will + S + V + C ?
BE INF INF

What are we going to write? What will we write?

Who is Daniel going to meet? Who will he meet?
Where are the kids going to stay? Where will they stay?
How is it going to lock? How will it lock?

39
-What is going to happen? -What will happen?
-Who is going to open the gate? -Who will open the gate?

-What/who + V + going to + V + C ? -What/who + will + V + C ?

BE INF INF

NOTE: The difference between going to and will is often a matter of esthetics at writing/talking.

PLUS: Other ways to talk about future plans:

With simple present: it’s used to talk about scheduled future events.
▪ The conference starts tomorrow morning
▪ We fly to Paris on Monday
▪ Classes begin next week

With present continuous: we employ it for immediate or concrete plans.

▪ I‟m meeting my friends after work
▪ Tania and Marcus are traveling to Brazil for Christmas
▪ Johana is dinning with her parents tonight

Future continuous: not so common but also possible.

▪ Genesis will be working with us
▪ I‟ll be waiting for you

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Make three sentences (positive or negative) and two yes/no questions with will.

• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________?
• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________?

2. Make two WH questions with going to.

• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________?
• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________?

40
OBJECT PRONOUNS (or Complement Pronouns)
They are pronouns that work as direct objects in a sentence.
A direct object is the part of the sentence (a person, animal or thing) that receives the action
performed by the subject.

Personal Object Alex enjoys Marvel movies / Alex enjoys them

pronouns pronouns Ilan bought that pretty dog / Ilan bought it
I Me Jane loves swimming / She loves it
Penny and Sheldon study here, do you know them?
You You
Sarah is our best friend, we really like her
She Her
You don‟t know me!
He Him
Can you believe it?
It It Patrick hates him
We Us Did they see us?
They Them I love you
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Rewrite the following sentences replacing the direct object noun with an object pronoun:

The teacher always loses his markers.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

He’s reading the book.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

The boys are riding their bikes.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

My father is texting John.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Anatoly doesn’t know the answer

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Can you help my sister and me, please?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

41
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Similar to object pronouns, they must be in the complement. Use them when the subject and
object of a sentence refer to the same person or thing.

Personal Reflexive She looked at herself in the mirror

pronouns pronouns He‟s just talking to himself
I Myself The subject itself is not that hard
You Yourself They‟re killing themselves
She Herself Do you feel proud of yourselves?
He Himself I‟ll have to hug myself
It Itself Just be yourself
Virginia herself told me! (no one else)
We Ourselves
There‟s the President himself! (in person)
You Yourselves
We finished the cleaning by ourselves (without any help!)
They Themselves

Some expressions:
Help yourself to some coffee
Make yourself at home
Behave yourselves!

 We don’t use reflexive pronouns for actions that people usually make to themselves (comb,
dress, wear…).

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Complete with the correct reflexive pronoun:

Robert made this shirt _________________.

Emma, did you take the photo by _______________?
My mom often talks to ___________________.
Ow! I’ve cut __________________.
Guys, don’t be angry with __________________.
The front door closed ___________________.
Hailey and I eliminated _______________________.
They’re taking photos of __________________.

42
Vocabulary
TRANSPORTATION
LAND AIR
Ambulance Ambulancia Airplane Avión
Bike Bicicleta Airship Barco aéreo
Bus Bus Cargo aircraft Avión de carga
Car Carro Helicopter Helicóptero
Fire truck Camión de bomberos Plane Avioneta
Limo Limusina Private plane Avión privado
Minivan Minivan Rocket Cohete
Motorcycle Motocicleta War plane Avión de combate
School bus Autobús escolar WATER
Subway Subterráneo Boat Barco
Taxi Taxi Ferryboat Transbordador
Tractor Tractor Hovercraft Aerodeslizador
Train Tren Ship Embarcación
Trolley Tranvía Submarine Submarino
Van Camioneta Yacht Yate

OBJECTS
Kitchen Office
Spoon Cuchara Toaster Tostador Calculator Calculadora
Fork Tenedor Cookware Utensilios Eraser Borrador
Knife Cuchillo Grater Rallador Clips Clips
Dish Plato Potato peeler Pela-papas Stapler Engrapadora
Kettle Olla Tableware Vajilla Pencil Lápiz
Tureen Sopera Colander Escurridor Notebook Cuaderno
Pot Pote Refrigerator Nevera Ruler Regla
Jar Jarra Frying pan Sartén Glue Pega
Mug Taza Microwave oven Microondas Hole puncher Perforadora
Cup Copa Dishwasher Lavavajillas Scotch tape Cinta adhesiva
Glass Vaso Pan Cacerola Ballpoint Bolígrafo
Blender Batidora Kitchen Cocina Desk Escritorio

43
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Before advancing to the next three topics it’s important to know the difference between these
types of nouns!

COUNTABLE NOUNS

We call them count nouns as well, and it’s easy to identify them because they obviously may be
counted! Objects, animals, plants, among others…

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

These nouns (also known as mass nouns or non-count nouns) can’t be pluralized.

CATEGORIES
Abstract concepts Help, luck, fun, health, happiness, beauty, imagination
Liquids Milk, soup, oil, water, petrol
Powder Sand, dust, salt, sugar, coffee
Grains Rice, beans
Materials Iron, plastic, wood, steel, gold, glass
Sports Tennis, golf, basketball, soccer, baseball, hockey
Academy subjects English, art, mathematics, chemistry, physics

The following units will help us to quantify both count and mass nouns.

Containers Portions Groups

A carton of egg A slice of pizza A bunch of bananas
A jar of mayonnaise A piece of cake A dozen of eggs
A bag of potato A bowl of soup A herd of cattle
A can of tuna fish A glass of milk A flock of birds
A box of cereal A cup of coffee A school of fish
Shapes Measurements
A grain of rice A quart of juice
A pile of leaves A cup of salt
A drop of water A teaspoon of sugar
A stick of butter An ounce of butter
A kilo of flour

In case you may get confused, some extra mass nouns:
Cheese / Meat / Jeans / Furniture / Butter / Cash / Rain / Weather / Smoke / Bread

44
Vocabulary (Food)

Apple Orange Broccoli Potato Butter Mutton

Avocado Papaya Cabbage Pumpkin Milk Pork

Banana Pineapple Cauliflower Spinach Swiss cheese Sardines in a can

Rockmelon Strawberry Cucumber Coconut Yoghurt Ham

Cherry Watermelon Eggplant Coffee beans Chicken Sausage

Grapes Kiwi Garlic Corn Turkey Salmon fillet

Lemon Peach Lettuce Flour Beef topside Tuna steak

Mango Carrot Onion Bread Fillet steak Tuna

45
THERE IS / THERE ARE
This verb is employed for indicating the existence of people or things.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

There + be + C There is: Singular and uncountable nouns.

N
There are: Plural nouns.
Be + there + C ?
N

▪ There is a restroom downstairs

▪ There‟s too much noise here
▪ There are three children in the classroom
▪ Is there a dog in your house?
▪ Are there red roses in the garden?
▪ There are some pencils on the table
▪ There are two chairs, one desk and one sofa
▪ There is a chair, two desks and two sofas in our room
▪ There is no freezer in the kitchen
▪ There are no students in the classroom
▪ There‟s no coffee left
▪ There isn‟t a shop on my street
▪ There aren‟t any restaurants in this neighborhood
▪ There isn‟t any water in the fridge*

*We don't use "any" with the singular. We use it with plural and uncountable nouns.

This verb can be conjugated in several verb tenses (not only simple present!):
▪ There was a boy crying
▪ There were* many women in the mall
▪ There will be a big party
▪ There have been a lot of troubles lately

*We employ there was with singular nouns and there were with plural nouns.

▪ There wasn‟t a concert last Friday

▪ There weren‟t many people in the museum yesterday
▪ Was there a café on the corner?
▪ Were there cutlers in the kitchen?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

46
 E X E R C I S E S

1. Complete each sentence and question with is or are.

a. There _____ many players in the game.

b. _____ there a bank on that street?
c. There _____ two pictures on that wall.
d. _____ there a policeman at the door?
e. There _____ a big whiteboard in the classroom.
f. _____ there clothes in the closet?
g. There _____ some chalk in the drawer.
h. _____ there pens on the desk?

2. Complete each sentence and question with was or were.

a. There _____ a beautiful flower in the garden.

b. _____ there a good movie on TV?
c. There _____ four men in the office.
d. _____ there a lot of trees in that jungle?
e. There _____ some games in that PC.
f. _____ there a woman here yesterday?
g. There _____ napkins on the floor.
h. _____ there towels in the restroom?

47
HOW MANY and HOW MUCH
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
How many + N + Aux + S + V+ C ? How much + N + Aux + S + V+ C ?
PLURAL

NOTE: The auxiliary will depend on the verb tense you’re working in.

How many pets do you have? How much sugar do you want in your coffee?
How many apples did Caroline eat? How much money did we receive?
How many cookies will they bring? How much juice are they saving?
How many pencils is she using? How much water have you collected?
How many caps are there in the shop? How much salt is there at home?

Are there any shirts in the bin? Is there any butter in the fridge?
Are there any toothbrushes here? Isn‟t there any dust under the beds?
Aren‟t there any mirrors in the parlor? Is there any good pop music online?

PLUS: How much for asking prices

How much + V+ S ? How much + Aux + S + cost ?

BE DO/DID

How much is that? How much does it cost?

How much are the bracelets? How much do those headphones cost?
How much was that cap? How much did that cap cost?
How much were the guns?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

E X E R C I S E S

1. Fill the blanks with how many, how much, is there any or are there any (pay attention to the
context!):

_______________________ is the bag of coffee? ____________________ instruments will you buy?

_______________________ juice in those bottles? _______________________ were those pants?
_______________________ cars did you have? _______________________ giraffes at the zoo?
_______________________ beer in the refrigerator? _______________________ balls in the court?
_______________________ words did he find? _______________________ does this board cost?
_______________________ did it cost? ______________ caramels do you eat every day?

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QUANTIFIERS
They are used to indicate the amount or quantity of something referred to by a noun.

A lot of / lots of For both countable and uncountable nouns.

They‟ve got a lot of rings
He found lots of pages there
There‟s a lot of toothpaste on the table

Few / a few For countable nouns.

We sold a few tools to my neighbors
Doris lost a few pounds last month
Will has few razors at home

Little / a little For uncountable nouns.

Omar put a little salt on my dish
Hugh poured little milk on the table
Jenny bought little plastic for her project

Many For countable nouns.

Alex brought many cans
The kitty broke many glasses
Eddy hid many coins under her bed

Much For uncountable nouns (negative and interrogative sentences)

They don‟t need much sunscreen
Did Sean spend much money?
Do you need much sand for your castle?

Some For both countable and uncountable nouns (affirmative sentences).

Alanis got some bracelets
Logan is searching some information
Can you lend me some cash?

Any For both countable and uncountable nouns (negative and questions).
Wilson doesn‟t have any plates
Samuel didn‟t drink any wine
Does she practice any sports?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

49
 E X E R C I S E S

1. Circle the correct quantifier in each sentence

Madison has _________________ dishes at home.

a. a few b. a little

We couldn’t buy ______________ groceries at the store.

a. some b. any

Jackson has spent ________________ money with his daughter.

a. lots of b. many

Ella was cutting _____________ tomatoes this morning.

a. lots of b. much

Our family had _____________ equipment for the trip.

a. a few b. little

There are _________ old bills in that pocket.

a. any b. some

Does ice cream have _________ calories?

a. much b. many

Sebastian’s neighbors aren’t making ____________ noise.

a. some b. any

50
 REGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE PAST AND Meaning in INFINITIVE PAST AND Meaning in

PARTICIPLE Spanish PARTICIPLE Spanish
Act Acted Actuar Look Looked Mirar
Add Added Sumar, añadir Mark Marked Marcar, señalar
Aid Aided Ayudar Milk Milked Ordeñar
Arrest Arrested Arrestar Miss Missed Extrañar
Assist Assisted Ayudar Manage Managed Manejar
Attend Attended Asistir, ir Marry Married Casar (se)
Address Addressed Dirigirse Massage Massaged Masajear
Advertise Advertised Anunciar Measure Measured Medir
Amuse Amused Entretener Move Moved Mover
Approach Approached Acercarse Observe Observed Observar
Ask Asked Preguntar, pedir Offer Offered Ofrecer
Arrive Arrived Arribar Open Opened Abrir
Accompany Accompanied Acompañar Order Ordered Ordenar
Accustom Accustomed Acostumbrar Perform Performed Ejecutar
Agree Agreed Concordar Phone Phoned Telefonear
Annoy Annoyed Molestar Plan Planned Planear
Answer Answered Responder Play Played Jugar, tocar
Appeal Appealed Atraer Plough Ploughed Arar
Appear Appeared Aparecer Pour Poured Derramar, verter
Arrange Arranged Arreglar, ordenar Pray Prayed Orar
Board Boarded Abordar Prefer Preferred Preferir
Balance Balanced Equilibrar Prepare Prepared Preparar
Banish Banished Desterrar Pull Pulled Tirar
Bark Barked Ladrar Park Parked Estacionar
Bless Blessed Bendecir Pass Passed Pasar
Brush Brushed Cepillar Pick Picked Recoger
Behave Behaved Comportarse Please Pleased Complacer
Belong Belonged Pertenecer Polish Polished Pulir
Beg Begged Suplicar, mendigar Practice Practiced Practicar
Believe Believed Creer Promise Promised Prometer
Boil Boiled Hervir Pronounce Pronounced Pronunciar
Breathe Breathed Respirar Punish Punished Castigar
Complete Completed Completar Push Pushed Empujar
Consist Consisted Consistir Repeat Repeated Repetir
Count Counted Contar Report Reported Reportar, informar
Close Closed Cerrar Request Requested Solicitar, pedir
Cook Cooked Cocinar Rest Rested Descansar
Crash Crashed Chocar Reach Reached Alcanzar
Cross Crossed Cruzar Refuse Refused Rehusar
Call Called Llamar Raise Raised Levantar
Care Cared Cuidar Rain Rained Llover

51
Carry Carried Llevar Realize Realized Darse cuenta
Change Changed Cambiar Register Registered Matricularse, registrar
Check Checked Chequear Receive Received Recibir
Charge Charged Cargar, cobrar Remain Remained Quedar, sobrar
Clean Cleaned Limpiar Remember Remembered Recordar
Climb Climbed Escalar, subir Rent Rented Rentar, alquilar
Comb Combed Peinar Repair Repaired Reparar
Cover Covered Cubrir Require Required Requerir
Cry Cried Llorar Reserve Reserved Reservar, guardar
Crawl Crawled Gatear, arrastrarse Row Rowed Remar
Dance Danced Bailar Resolve Resolved Resolver
Dress Dressed Vestir Return Returned Retornar, volver
Drop Dropped Dejar caer Search Searched Buscar, registrar
Dial Dialed Sintonizar, marcar Save Saved Salvar
Die Died Morir Serve Served Servir
Declare Declared Declarar Settle Settled Arreglar, establecer
Delay Delayed Demorar Sign Signed Firmar
Deliver Delivered Entregar Smile Smiled Sonreír
Deny Denied Negar Snow Snowed Nevar
Dine Dined Cenar Spill Spilled Derramar
Dry Dried Secar Stay Stayed Permanecer, quedarse
Enclose Enclosed Incluir, encerrar Study Studied Estudiar
Enjoy Enjoyed Disfrutar Suffer Suffered Sufrir
Engage Engaged Comprometer Swallow Swallowed Tragar
Envy Envied Envidiar Slip Slipped Resbalar
Express Expressed Expresar Smoke Smoked Fumar
Exclaim Exclaimed Exclamar Start Started Iniciar
Explain Explained Explicar Stop Stopped Detener, parar
Fail Failed Fracasar, fallar Switch Switched Conectar, accionar
Fasten Fastened Abrochar Stretch Stretched Estirar
File Filed Archivar Talk Talked Conversar
Fill Filled Llenar Taste Tasted Probar, saborear
Fire Fired Despedir, disparar Thank Thanked Agradecer
Follow Followed Seguir Touch Touched Tocar, palpar
Frighten Frightened Espantar Trap Trapped Atrapar
Fry Fried Freír Tire Tired Cansar, fatigar
Finish Finished Terminar Train Trained Entrenar
Fish Fished Pescar Travel Traveled Viajar
Fix Fixed Reparar Trouble Troubled Molestar
Gain Gained Ganar Try Tried Tratar, intentar
Graduate Graduated Graduarse Turn Turned Girar, voltear
Guess Guessed Adivinar Unpack Unpacked Desempacar
Help Helped Ayudar Use Used Usar
Hope Hoped Esperar, desear Visit Visited Visitar
Happen Happened Suceder Wait Waited Esperar

52
Hurry Hurried Apurar (se) Want Wanted Querer, requerir
Imagine Imagined Imaginar Walk Walked Caminar
Iron Ironed Planchar Wash Washed Lavar
Judge Judged Juzgar Watch Watched Observar, mirar
Kiss Kissed Besar Wish Wished Desear, anhelar
Kill Killed Matar Work Worked Trabajar
Laugh Laughed Reir Wreck Wrecked Naufragar
Leak Leaked Gotear Warm Warmed Calentar
Like Liked Gustar Warn Warned Advertir
Lock Locked Cerrar con llave Water Watered Regar
Weigh Weighed Pesar
Whistle Whistled Silbar

IRREGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE PAST PARTICIPLE Meaning in Spanish

Arise Arose Arisen Elevarse, surgir, originarse
Awake Awoke Awoken Despertar, mover, excitar
Bear Bore Born Soportar, sostener, tolerar
Beat Beat Beaten Batir, revolver, golpear, vencer
Become Became Become Hacerse, tornarse, convertirse en
Begin Began Begun Empezar, iniciar
Bend Bent Bent Doblar, inclinar, torcer
Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Bind Bound Bound Atar, unir, enlazar
Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Blow Blew Blown Soplar
Break Broke Broken Quebrar, partir, romper
Bring Brought Brought Traer, llevar, conducir
Build Built Built Construir, edificar
Burn Burnt Burnt Quemar, incendiar
Burst Burst Burst Romper, reventar
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Catch Caught Caught Coger, asir, atrapar
Choose Chose Chosen Escoger, elegir
Cling Clung Clung Asirse, adherirse, pegarse
Come Came Come Venir
Cost Cost Cost Costar
Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse, deslizarse, pegarse
Cut Cut Cut Cortar, dividir
Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar, tener que referirse
Dig Dug Dug Cavar, ahondar
Do Did Done Hacer, ejecutar
Draw Drew Drawn Tirar, arrastrarse, atraer, dibujar

53
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Drive Drove Driven Impulsar, conducir, llevar, inducir
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Fall Fell Fallen Caer, disminuir
Feed Fed Fed Alimentar, nutrir
Feel Felt Felt Sentir, percibir, tocar
Fight Fought Fought Pelear, combatir
Find Found Found Encontrar, descubrir
Flee Fled Fled Escapar, huir, evitar
Fly Flew Flown Volar
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Prever, prevenir
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar (se)
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Freeze Froze Frozen Congelar
Get Got Got(ten) Lograr, obtener, conseguir
Give Gave Given Dar, conceder
Go Went Gone Ir (se), funcionar, resultar
Grind Ground Ground Moler, triturar
Grow Grew Grown Crecer, cultivar
Hang Hung Hung Colgar, suspender
Have Had Had Tener, haber
Hear Heard Heard Oír, escuchar
Hide Hid Hid(den) Ocultar, encubrir
Hit Hit Hit Pegar, golpear, acertar
Hold Held Held Sostener, mantener, contener
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir, dañar, lastimar
Keep Kept Kept Mantener, guardar, conservar
Know Knew Known Conocer, saber
Lay Laid Laid Poner, colocar
Lead Led Led Guiar, llevar, conducir
Lean Leant Leant Inclinar(se), apoyarse
Learn Learnt Learnt Aprender, saber
Leave Left Left Partir, irse, abandonar
Lend Lent Lent Prestar
Let Let Let Permitir, conceder
Lie Lay Lain Tenderse, descansar
Light Lit Lit Alumbrar, iluminar, encender (se)
Lose Lost Lost Perder, malgastar
Make Made Made Hacer, confeccionar, producir
Mean Meant Meant Significar, querer decir, pretender
Meet Met Met Encontrarse, satisfacer
Melt Melted Molten(old) Derretir(se), fundir(se)
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocarse, errar
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Entender mal

54
Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer, superar, sobreponerse
Pay Paid Paid Pagar, recompensar
Put Put Put Poner, colocar, exponer
Read Read Read Leer, descifrar, marcar
Rebuild Rebuilt Rebuilt Reconstruir
Rid Rid Rid Librarse, zafarse
Ride Rode Ridden Rodar, tener juego, funcionar
Ring Rang Rung Tocar, sonar
Rise Rose Risen Ascender, levantarse, surgir
Run Ran Run Correr, funcionar
Saw Sawed Sawn Cortar con sierra, aserrar
Say Said Said Decir, afirmar
See Saw Seen Ver, observar
Seek Sought Sought Buscar, solicitar
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Instalar, establecer, colocar, fijar
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir, lanzar, agitar
Shed Shed Shed Derramar, esparcir, dejar caer
Shine Shone Shone Brillar, relumbrar, sobresalir
Shoot Shot Shot Disparar, emitir, lanzar
Show Showed Shown Mostrar, exhibir, probar, demostrar
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse, disminuir, desaparecer
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar, impedir, excluir
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sink Sank Sunk Hundir, sumergir
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse, reunirse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Slide Slid Slid(den) Resbalar, deslizarse, escabullirse
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler, percibir
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar, decir
Speed Sped Sped Acelerar, apresurarse
Spend Spent Spent Gastar, consumir, emplear (tiempo)
Spill Spilt Spilt Derramar, verter, divulgar
Spin Spun Spun Tornear, hilar, hacer girar
Split Split Split Partir, dividir, separar, reventar
Spoil Spoilt Spoilt Deteriorar, dañar, inutilizar
Spread Spread Spread Extender, esparcir, propagar
Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar, soltar, brotar, surgir
Stand Stood Stood Pararse, tolerar, estar (de pié)
Steal Stole Stolen Robar, escabullirse
Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar, adherirse, prender, fijar
Stink Stank Stunk Oler mal, apestar
Strike Struck Struck Golpear, pegar, estallar
Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar, inflamar, engrosar

55
Swim Swam Swum Nadar, flotar
Swing Swung Swung Balancear(se), hacer girar
Take Took Taken Tomar, llevar
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
Tear Tore Torn Romper, despedazar, rasgar
Tell Told Told Decir, contar, narrar
Think Thought Thought Pensar, creer
Throw Threw Thrown Lanzar, tirar, impeler, arrojar
Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir con violencia, empujar
Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir, experimentar, pasar por
Understand Understood Understood Comprender
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender, comenzar algo
Undo Undid Undone Desarmar, deshacer
Wake Woke Woke (n) Despertar, excitar
Wear Wore Worn Gastar(se), consumirse, usar
Win Won Won Ganar, conquistar
Wind Wound Wound Enroscar(se), serpentear, girar
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirar, retractarse, quitar
Withstand Withstood Withstood Resistir, oponerse, soportar
Write Wrote Written Escribir

56