Article-315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.

Yeh line Article 315(1) se li gayi hai.

• India me do tarah ke Public Service Commission honge:

1.​ Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) – jo national level par kaam karega.
2.​ State Public Service Commission (SPSC) – jo har state level par kaam karega.

• Do ya do se zyada states decide kar sakti hain ki unke liye ek hi Public Service Commission
kaam kare. Iske liye, un states ki Legislature (Vidhansabha) me ek resolution pass hona
chahiye. Agar kisi state me 2 Houses hain (Vidhan Sabha + Vidhan Parishad), toh dono me
pass hona chahiye.

Jab ye resolution pass ho jaata hai, Parliament ek law bana kar Joint State Public Service
Commission bana sakti hai. Ye Joint Commission un sabhi states ke liye kaam karega, jo is
group me shamil hain. Ab ye Joint PSC dono states ke kaam dekhega.

Note :

1.​ Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly / Lower House)

2.​ Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council / Upper House)

Example:

●​ Bicameral states: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra

Pradesh.
●​ Unicameral states: Baaki zyada tar states jahan sirf Vidhan Sabha hoti hai (ek hi house).

To agar bicameral state hai, to resolution dono houses me pass hona chahiye.​
Agar unicameral state hai, to sirf ek house me pass hona chahiye.

• Jab Parliament koi naya law banati hai, to main provision ke saath doo aur provision hone
chaiye hai law mein

1.​ incidental provisions

2.​ consequential provisions

• Agar kisi State ke Governor ko apne State Public Service Commission ke kaam me madad
chahiye, to wo Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) se help maang sakte hain.​
Lekin UPSC tabhi help karega jab:

1.​ Governor ne official request ki ho.

2.​ President of India ne is request ko approve kiya ho.
Approval milne ke baad, UPSC us State ke poore ya kuch kaam (needs) sambhal sakta hai —
jaise recruitment, exam conduct karna, ya selection process.

About Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)

UPSC kya hai?

○​ UPSC = Union Public Service Commission

○​ Ye independent constitutional body hai, matlab directly Constitution ne banaya
hai, isse government ya ruling party control ya interface nahi kar sakti
○​ Article 315-323 (Part XIV) me iska mention hai.

UPSC ka kaam

○​ Ye merit-based exams conduct karta hai.

○​ Direct recruitment ke liye officers select karta hai:
■​ All India Services (IAS, IPS, IFS)
■​ Central Civil Services (Group A & B)

History

○​ 1 October 1926 → Public Service Commission ke naam se established.

○​ 1935 → Federal Public Service Commission ban gaya (Government of India Act
ke under).
○​ 1947 → Union Public Service Commission ban gaya, independence ke baad.

COMPOSITION

UPSC me kaun hote hain?

●​ Ek Chairman + kuch members

●​ Inko President of India appoint karta hai.

Article 318: The President decides the number of members and conditions of service.

Members kitne hote hain?

●​ Constitution me number fix nahi hai.

●​ President apne mann se decide karta hai.
●​ Usually 9 se 11 members hote hain (Chairman ko mila ke).

Service conditions kaun decide karta hai?

 ●​ Constitution ne President of India ko power di hai ki wo Chairman aur Members ki
service conditions (salary, perks, allowances, etc.) decide kare.

Members ke liye qualification kya hai?

●​ Koi special degree ya exam ka requirement nahi.

●​ Bas rule yeh hai ki aadhe members aise hone chahiye jinhone
○​ कम से कम 10 saal kaam kiya ho
○​ ya to Government of India me
○​ ya kisi State Government me.

Term kitni hoti hai?

●​ 6 saal ka tenure​
ya
●​ 65 saal ki age hone tak
●​ Jo pehle ho, wo apply hoga.

Resignation kaise hota hai?

●​ Agar Chairman ya Member apna post chhodna chahe, to wo President ko resignation

letter de sakte hain.

Removal kaise hota hai?

●​ Apne term khatam hone se pehle bhi President remove kar sakta hai, lekin Constitution
me diye gaye process ke hisaab se.

Acting Chairman ka appointment kaise hota hai?

President UPSC ke ek member ko Acting Chairman bana sakta hai do situations me:

1.​ Chairman ka post khali ho jaye (vacant ho).

2.​ Chairman apna kaam na kar paaye (absence ya kisi reason se).

Acting Chairman kab tak kaam karega?

●​ Jab tak naya Chairman apna kaam start na kare​

ya
●​ Agar Chairman kisi wajah se apna kaam nahi kar pa raha — jaise bimari,chhutti
(leave),bahar ka tour,ya koi aur personal/professional reason,to us waqt uski duties koi
Acting Chairman sambhalega (jo President appoint karega).

Note : Acting Chairman (Temporary chairman) Meaning -

Jab asli Chairman apna kaam nahi kar paata (ya post khali ho jata hai),to President ek member
ko temporary taur par chairman ke kaam sambhalne ke liye appoint karta hai.
317 : Removal and suspension of member of a Public Service Commission

President kab UPSC ke Chairman ya kisi member ko hata sakta hai?

1.​ Bankrupt ho jana – Agar unke paas apne karz chukane ke paise na ho (insolvent).

Agar UPSC ka chairman ya member bankrupt ho jaye, toh usse remove kyu kiya jaata hai ?

Financial problems hone se wo bribe (rishwat) lene ka risk zyada ho jaata hai. Independent
decision lene ki capacity kam ho sakti hai kyunki wo paise ke pressure mein aa sakta hai.

UPSC ek bahut impartial aur honest post hai, yahan paisa ya personal problem ka effect nahi
hona chahiye. Isliye, agar wo bankrupt declare ho jaaye, toh uski credibility (bharosa) kam ho
jaati hai, aur government usse hata deti hai.

2.​ Dusra paisa kamaana – Agar apne kaam ke dauraan kisi aur paid job/business me lag
gaye.
3.​ Mann ya sharir se kaam ke layak na rehna – President ko lage ki wo sehat ke wajah se
fit nahi hain.
4.​ Misbehavior - President Chairman ya koi bhi Member ko “misbehaviour” (galat vyavhaar)
ke case me hata sakta hai par President seedha nahi hata sakte.

Pehle enquiry ke liye Supreme Court me case bhejna hota hai, agar enquiry ke baad
Supreme Court kahe ki removal sahi hai, to President us person ko hata sakta hai.

Note : Constitution ke rules ke mutabik, is mamle me Supreme Court ka decision

superior hai President ko follow karna zaroori hai. Jab enquiry chal rahi ho, President us
Chairman ya Member ko suspend kar sakta hai.

Independent Constitutional body

Constitution ne UPSC ke Chairman aur Members ke liye kuch special provisions banaye hain
jaise :

317 : Removal and suspension of member of a Public Service Commission

UPSC ka chairman ya member ka pad secure hota hai inko bina reason President hata nahi
sakta hai.

President tabhi remove kar sakta hai jab:

1.​ Insolvency – agar wo bankrupt ho gaye hain.

2.​ Paid employment – agar apne kaam ke dauran kisi aur jagah paisa leke job/kaam kiya.
3.​ Unfit due to mind or body – agar President ko lagta hai ki manasik (mental) ya sharirik
(physical) kamzori ki wajah se kaam nahi kar sakte.
 4.​ Misbehaviour – agar unhone apne pad ke khilaaf kuch galat kiya (ye decide Supreme
Court enquiry karegi).

Agar misbehaviour ka case ho, to President pehle Supreme Court se enquiry karwata
hai. Supreme Court agar proof de deta hai ki misbehaviour hua hai, tabhi President
remove kar sakta hai. Baaki grounds (insolvency, paid employment, unfit) me President
khud decision le sakta hai, Supreme Court enquiry ki zarurat nahi.

2. Perks and Allowance security

UPSC ke chairman ya member ke service conditions (jaise salary, allowances, facilities, etc.)
President decide karta hai.

Lekin ek baar jab President decide karke appointment de deta hai, toh unke favour ke against
koi bhi change President apni marzi se nahi kar sakta.

Favour ?

Favour jo kar sakta hai :

●​ Allowances, perks, ya retirement benefits increase kar sakta hai.

●​ Extra leave, medical benefits, ya facilities add kar sakta hai.

Example:​
Agar appointment ke time unki salary ₹2 lakh per month fix ki gayi, toh baad mein usko ₹1.5
lakh karke kam nahi kiya ja sakta. Salary badhayi ja sakti hai, lekin kam nahi ki ja sakti.

Favour jo nahi kar sakta:

●​ Salary kam karna

●​ Facilities/benefits hatana
●​ Service conditions tough banana

Article 322 : Expenses of Public Service Commission

●​ UPSC ke chairman aur members ka salary, allowance, pension, aur poore commission
ke kharche ek fixed source se aate hain — Consolidated Fund of India se.
●​ Ye paise Parliament ke vote pe depend nahi karte. Matlab, chahe MPs vote kare ya na
kare, payment hamesha hoti rahegi.

kyu ?

Ye ek tarah ka financial security ka guarantee hai. taaki government ya Parliament unki salary
ya kharche rok ke unpe pressure na bana sake.

Note : Consolidated Fund of India (CFI)

Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) ek tarah ka Government ka main account hai jisme saara
paisa aata aur jata hai.

Isme paisa kahan se aata hai?

●​ Taxes – jaise Income Tax, GST, Customs duty

●​ Government ki income – jaise railway fares, postage, fees, penalties
●​ Loans – jo government udhaar leti hai

Is paisa ka use kahan hota hai?

●​ Government ke kharche (salary, pensions, projects, defence)

●​ Loan ka repayment aur interest dena
●​ Schemes ka fund dena

Important baat:

●​ Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) Parliament control karte hai. Is fund ka paisa
Parliament ke approval ke bina kharch nahi ho sakta (vote hota hai).
●​ Exception: Kuch kharche, jaise UPSC Chairman aur members ki salary, Consolidated
Fund of India (CFI) se dee jati hai. In exception mein Parliament mein voting nahi hote
hai,sirf discussion ho sakta hai.

4. Article 319 : Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on

ceasing to be such members

●​ UPSC Chairman apna term complete karke ya resign karke office chhod deta hai, toh
uske baad wo dobara Government of India ya kisi bhi state government me job nahi le
sakta.

Reason: Taaki wo apne dauran banaye gaye connections ka personal fayda na uthaye.

●​ UPSC Member agar apna term complete karke retire hota hai, toh wo do tarah ke post le
sakta hai:
1.​ Chairman of UPSC
2.​ Chairman of a State Public Service Commission (SPSC)

Lekin wo aur koi sarkari naukri (Central ya State) nahi le sakta.

Reason: Taaki wo apne dauran banaye gaye connections ka personal fayda na uthaye.

●​ Ek baar ka term complete hone ke baad wo dobara usi post par reappoint nahi ho sakte.
Matlab, agar koi chairman apna term complete kar leta hai, toh wo dubara chairman nahi
ban sakta.
●​ Waise hi, agar koi member apna term complete kar le, toh wo dobara member nahi ban
sakta. Lekin, member apna term complete karne ke baad chairman ban sakta hai (agar
 appointment ho).​
Chairman banne ke baad koi aur government job ya reappointment allowed nahi hota,
bas state PSC ka chairman ban sakte hain.

Article 320: The functions of the Commission are:

1. UPSC all-India services, Central services, aur centrally administered territories ke public
services ke liye exams conduct karta hai.

Example:

Central Services : Jaise Indian Revenue Service (IRS), jo tax aur revenue related kaam karta
hai.

Centrally Administered Territories : Jaise Delhi ya Lakshadweep ke public officers ke liye exams.

2. UPSC states ko help karta hai jab do ya zyada states ko ek hi type ke special qualified staff
chahiye aur wo joint exam/recruitment karna chahte hain.

Note : UPSC state ki recruitment ya exams conduct karta hai, lekin sirf tab, jab ye dono
conditions fulfill hogi :

1.​ State ke Governor ne request ki ho, aur

2.​ President of India ne us request ko approve kiya ho.

State ke liye help ya service tabhi di ja sakti hai, jab dono — Governor aur President — iske liye
haan bolen.

3. Personnel management ke mamle mein UPSC se consult liya jaata hai jaise

A.​ Recruitment methods : UPSC ko consult kiya jata hai ki civil services aur civil posts me
recruitment ka process kaise hona chahiye.

Example: Exam, interview, direct recruitment, etc.

B.​ Principles for appointments, promotions, transfers : Jab government civil services me
appoint, promote ya transfer karna chahe, To wo UPSC se advice leta hai ,UPSC advice
deta hai ki appointments, promotions aur transfers kaise ho.

Matlab: Kaun promote hoga, kaun transfer hoga, kaun kaise select hoga.

Note : Jab kisi ko civil service ya sarkari post par appoint karna ho,Ya kisi officer ko promotion
deni ho,Ya kisi ko ek service se dusre service mein transfer ya deputation (temporary shift)
karna ho,Toh pehle department apne taraf se recommend karta hai ki kaun suitable hai.

Fir ye recommendation UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) ko bheji jaati hai taaki wo
ratify (approve) kare.
 C.​ UPSC ko advice dena hota hai jab kisi civil servant ke against complaint, memorial ya
petition aati hai.

or

UPSC civil servants ke disciplinary cases me advice deta hai, jab complaints ya
petitions aati hain.

Types of disciplinary actions:

➢​ Censure (Severe disapproval)​

○​ Sirf official warning ya strong disapproval.

➢​ Withholding of increments​

○​ Salary ka next increment rok diya jata hai.

➢​ Withholding of promotions​

○​ Employee ko promotion nahi diya jata.

➢​ Recovery of pecuniary loss​

○​ Agar employee ne government ko financial loss diya, to wo wapas recover karna

padega.
➢​ Reduction to lower service or rank (Demotion)​

○​ Employee ko lower post ya rank me shift kar diya jata hai.

➢​ Compulsory retirement​

○​ Employee ko forcefully retire kar diya jata hai.

➢​ Removal from service​

○​ Employee ko service se hata diya jata hai, lekin dismissal se thoda soft action.
➢​ Dismissal from service​

○​ Employee ko completely service se terminate kar diya jata hai.

Note : Civil servant: wo person jo Government of India me kaam karta hai

D.​ Agar civil servant apne official duties ke kaam karte waqt kisi court case me phas jaye,
aur usne legal expenses khud pay kiye, toh UPSC ko advice dena hota hai ki
government usko paise reimburse kare ya nahi.

or

UPSC decide karta hai ki civil servant ko apne official kaam me hua legal kharcha
government se wapas mile ya nahi.
 Example:

Ek IAS officer ne government project ke liye kaam kiya, lekin court me case ho gaya.
Officer ne apne lawyer ki fees khud pay ki. UPSC check karta hai aur advise deta hai:
“Ye expenses government reimburse kare ya nahi.”

E.​ Agar koi person Government of India ke liye kaam karte waqt injury le leta hai, aur wo
pension claim karta hai, toh UPSC ko advice dena hota hai ki pension kitni mile aur kya
conditions ho.

or

UPSC decide karta hai ki injured employee ko pension mile ya nahi, aur kitni amount
mile.

Example : Ek government employee office duty ke dauran accident me injured ho jata

hai. Employee pension ya compensation ke liye apply karta hai.

UPSC check karta hai aur advise deta hai:

○​ “Ye pension approve karo”

○​ “Kitni amount deni hai”
F.​ Agar kisi ko temporary job di gayi hai aur wo 1 saal se zyada kaam kar raha hai, aur us
temporary employee ko permanent job dena ho, toh UPSC decide karta hai ki ye
temporary job permanent (regular) karna hai ya nahi.
G.​ Agar koi civil servant retire ho chuka hai, aur government chahe ki uski service extend
kare ya usko dobara kaam par rakhe (re-employment), toh UPSC ko advice dena hota
hai ki ye extension ya re-employment sahi hai ya nahi.
H.​ UPSC mantion above ke alawa be employee-related issue me advice de sakta hai, jo
personnel management se related ho, Matlab recruitment, promotion, transfer,
disciplinary actions, pension, re-employment, temporary appointments ke alawa bhi koi
employee-related issue ho, to UPSC ko consult kiya ja sakta hai.

Article 323: Har saal UPSC apni performance ki report President ko deti hai, President ye report
Parliament ke dono Houses ke samne rakhta hai,agar UPSC ki koi advice follow nahi ki gayi, to
President ek memorandum ke saath reasons batata hai ki kyun wo advice accept nahi hui.
Parliament ko pata chal jata hai ki UPSC ne kya recommend kiya aur sarkar ne kyun nahi
maana.

UPSC ki koi advice government follow nahi karti, to usse reject karna sirf Appointments
Committee of the Union Cabinet (ACUC) ke haath mein hota hai, koi bhi ministry( Education,
Defence, Health) ya department apni marzi se UPSC ki advice ko ignore ya reject nahi kar
sakta. ACUC hi decide karta hai ki UPSC ki advice ko accept karna hai ya nahi.

Limitations
1. UPSC ko appointments ya posts allocate karte waqt reservation rules follow karne hote
hain.

Example: IPS (Indian Police Service) recruitment

●​ Government ne decide kiya ki SC ke liye 15% posts reserve hain.

●​ UPSC exam me total 100 IPS posts hain.
●​ Limitation: UPSC ko ye ensure karna hoga ki 15 posts SC candidates ke liye
reserved rahein.

UPSC apni marzi se ye quota kam ya ignore nahi kar sakta — yahi limitation hai.

Article 321 Power to extend function of public service commision

Article 321 ke through UPSC ko Constitution aur laws me jo duties ya power mention hain, un
duties aur powers ke alawa bhi extra duties ya power di ja sakti hain, agar Parliament ya State
Legislature chahe.”

Matlab: UPSC sirf apne normal kaam tak limited nahi hai; zarurat padne par extra duties bhi de
di ja sakti hain.