JCT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING

1
 LECTURE NOTES
OPE353 – Industrial Safety
Department of Civil Engineering

OPE353 - INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

SYLLABUS
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Need for developing Environment, Health and Safety systems in work places - Accident
Case Studies - Status and relationship of Acts - Regulations and Codes of Practice - Role of trade
union safety representatives. International initiatives - Ergonomics and work place.

UNIT II OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE

Definition of the term occupational health and hygiene - Categories of health hazards –
Exposure pathways and human responses to hazardous and toxic substances - Advantages and
limitations of environmental monitoring and occupational exposure limits - Hierarchy of control
measures for occupational health risks - Role of personal protective equipment and the selection
criteria – Effects on humans - control methods and reduction strategies for noise, radiation and
excessive stress.
UNIT III WORKPLACE SAFETY AND SAFETY SYSTEMS
Features of Satisfactory and Safe design of work premises – good housekeeping - lighting
and colour, Ventilation and Heat Control – Electrical Safety – Fire Safety – Safe Systems of
work for manual handling operations – Machine guarding –Working at different levels – Process
and System Safety.
UNIT IV HAZARDS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Safety appraisal - analysis and control techniques – plant safety inspection – Accident
investigation - Analysis and Reporting – Hazard and Risk Management Techniques – major
accident hazard control – Onsite and Offsite emergency Plans.
UNIT V ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Concept of Environmental Health and Safety Management – Elements of Environmental
Health and Safety Management Policy and methods of its effective implementation and review –
2
Elements of Management Principles – Education and Training – Employee Participation.

3
 UNIT-I INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction

 Safety is very important aspect for any industry as an accident-free work environment
boosts the morale of the team members working in any hazardous situations. Recognizing
these facts industries involving various hazards and risks industries prepare their own
safety policy, safety manual and have a separate department/section for safety so as to
create proper awareness and provide the know-how-about the safety.
 Industrial safety refers to the management of all operations and events within an industry
in order to protect its employees and assets by minimizing hazards, risks, accidents, and
near misses.
 Industrial safety is overseen by federal, state, and local laws and regulations. The
Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) is the primary regulatory body in
the United States dedicated to ensuring industrial safety.
 Industrial safety covers a number of issues and topics affecting safety of personnel and
the integrity of equipment in a particular industry. The following topics are generally
discussed: General Safety – General aspects of safety which are common to all industries
 Occupational Safety and Health – Particularly associated with the occupation
 Process and Production Safety
 Material Safety
 Workplace Safety – Safety issues directly related to the workplace setting
 Fire Safety
 Electrical Safety – Arising from the equipment used
 Building and Structural Safety – Including installations as per existing building code
 Environmental Safety – Concerns the direct and indirect environmental impact of the
industry

Definition:

The importance of industrial safety was realized because of the fact that every year
millions occupational/ industrial accidents occur which result in loss of production time
equivalent to millions of man hours, machine hours etc

Need for developing Environment, Health and Safety systems in work places:

The following steps may be taken to effectively and efficiently eliminate an unsafe working
environment:

(1) Elimination if possible, of the causes of accidents.

4
 (2) If it is not possible to eliminate the cause of accidents, make arrangements to shield the
hazardous place by guards, enclosures or similar arrangements.

Need for Safety:

 There are some direct costs/ effects of an accident but there are certain indirect costs
involved in it also e.g. machine down time, damage to machine, ideal time of nearby
equipment and horror created among workers, loss of time etc.

 in aid cost compensation, legal implications and allied costs etc. So, safety measures
would not only eliminate/ avoid above cost but would mean performing their moral
responsibility towards workmen/operators also.

 An accident is by virtue of unsafe factor he results of an unsafe condition it may be the

combined effect of two. An unsafe act results in the form of operator/people doing thing
without proper authority, misuse of safety devices, ignoring warnings and precautions
etc.

 An unsafe condition may be present in various forms e.g. faulty or defective electrical
fittings, inadequate maintenance of gang way. Use of defective tools etc. So, to prevent
the occurrence of accidents, unsafe acts have to be avoided/ eliminated or checked.

Unsafe acts: For rectification of the causes because of unsafe acts attention must be paid to
following factors:

(1) Personnel adjustment: If a foreman/supervisor identifies that a worker is unfit either

physically or mentally or a job/ task, he should be quickly taken off the work in consultation
with the personnel department.

(2) Method/technique used: Some techniques requiring change should be replaced by safe
methods.

(3) Operator training: Job method may be safe or unsafe but the operator must be trained to
perform the job.

(4) Publicity and education about accident prevention: The workers/ people are led by the skill,
energy and leadership of foreman/supervisor. So, it is the duty of these people to educate the
workmen about prevention of accidents. The aim is to teach them to become safety conscious so
that they are able to recognize an unsafe act or situation and act in such a manner that accident is
avoided.

5
The unsafe conditions: To avoid accidents due to unsafe conditions, various provisions have been
discussed in the “Factories Act” these may be concerned with moving parts of prime movers,
electrical generators and transmission machinery: fire protection devices, control of dangerous
fumes, lifting of excessive weights and safe guards over lighting machines, chains and ropes etc.

Thus, safety in industry helps:

(i) Increasing the production rate.

(ii) Reducing the cost of production.
(iii) Reducing damage to machinery and equipment.
(iv) Preventing unwanted suffering and pain to employees of the organization.
(v) Preventing premature/untimely death of talented workers who may be an asset to the
enterprise and society.

Safety Programmes: A safety programme intends to identify when where and why accidents occur.
On the same lines a safety programme aims at reducing accidents and associated losses. A safety
programme is initiated with the assumption that it is possible to prevent most work connected
accidents. A safety programme is a continuous process and tries to be decrease the influence of
personal and environmental factors which cause accidents. Normally a safety programme
consists of providing safety equipment’s and special training to workmen or employees. Indian
standards Institute has done commendable job in this context and lays down as follows:

(i) Safety precautions to be taken during manifesting operations.

(ii) Standards for proper lighting, ventilation and proper layout of the industrial unit.
(iii) Standards and specifications of safe industrial operations and practices etc.
(iv) Requirements for effective maintenance of tools and equipment’s.
(v) Guidance on safe cutting and welding processes.
(vi) Guidance on use of powered industrial trucks, belt conveyors and fire protection
equipment’s.
(vii) Safety requirements for personal protective equipment’s.
(viii) Classification of hazardous chemicals and provision of accident provision tags.
(ix) Markings for handling and labeling of dangerous items/ goods.
(x) Standards for safety: (a) In industrial building (b) Safety procedures to be followed in
electrical work (c) in use of electrical appliances in hazardous area and explosive
atmosphere.
(xi) Specifications for protective clothing, safety helmets, face shields and safety equipment
for eyes ears lags hands and feet etc.

6
1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WORK PLACES

1.1.1 Need of EHS:

 Helped protect the earth from different environmental threat.

 Focused on improving workers rights and safety

 Ensure the safety of workers within the organization.

1.1.2 Benefits of the EHS:

 Employee well-being and safety as a culture

 Sustainability and brand loyalty

 Productivity and transparency gains

 Communicating the need for safety

 Making reporting easy

 Top management involvement is essential to encourage employees to take safety

seriously.

1.1.3 Features of Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) System:

1. Safety Event Reporting: EHS System promote a safety culture to control risks and
hazards at the workplace by ensuring workers have easy access to report injuries,
accidents.

2. CAPA(Corrective AND Preventive action): Assign the right people, monitor the
workflow, if there is any incident find out it will be solved and future preventive measure
should be arranged.

3. Worksite Inspection: Define schedule, checklists and asses the type and level of safe
activity for all the site location in periodically.

4. Safety Observation: Engage the workers in safety culture to report positive or negative
observations. Safety officer should record all the events in the work place safety issues.

7
 5. Compliance Management: Recorded complaints should analyses and bring the solution
to the issues while it’s not repeated in the work site

6. Stakeholder Management: With the compliance quest H&S management solution,

companies can manage all stakeholders

7. Risk Management: Using the compliance quest EHS System’s risk management
module, business will be able to maintain all hazards and risks in a consolidated
document.

1.1.4 Environment, Health and Safety Policy:

 To protect the environment and prevent pollution in manufacturing activities.

 To prevent Injury, Health of all the employees/ Contractors & Visitors

 To eliminate hazards and reduce H&S risks.

 To comply with legal and other requirements

 To recycle and reduce of waste ever possible

 To increase awareness of EHS and seeking consultation on related to EHS

implementation.

1.1.5 Steps for Maintaining Safety in the Workplace:

 Hold regular safety meetings.

 Hire Safety personnel

 Treat all incidents seriously

1.2 ACCIDENTS
Industrial Accidents are caused by chemical, mechanical, civil, electrical, or other process failures,
negligence or incompetence, in an industrial plant which may spill over to the areas outside the
plant causing damage to life and property. These may originate in:

• Manufacturing and formulation installations including during commissioning and process

operations; maintenance and disposal.

• Material handling and storage in manufacturing facilities, and isolated storages; warehouses
and go-downs including tank farms in ports and docks and fuel depots.

• Transportation (road, rail, air, water, and pipelines).

8
Probable causes of accidents

• Process deviations i.e. pressure, temperature & flow.

• Parameters with regard to the state of the substance i.e., solid, liquid or gas, proximity to other
toxic substances.

• Runaway reaction.

• Hardware failure, resulting in large-scale spills of toxic substances.

• Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) on the chemicals during transportation.

Major Consequences

 Loss of life / injuries

 Impact on livestock

 Damage to Flora/fauna

 Environmental Impact (air, soil, water)

 Financial losses to industry.

1.3 ACCIDENTS CASE STUDY

1.3.1 Indian Industrial Accidents

1. Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984): The worst industrial disaster ever, a gas leak from a
pesticide plant killed over 3,700 people and injured many more.
 Held :December 2-3,1984 Union carbide India limited, Madhya Pradesh, India.
 Worst industrial disaster in history
 2,000 people died on immediate aftermath (within three days)
 Another 13,000 died in next fifteen years
 10-15 persons dying every month
 520,000 diagnosed chemicals in blood causing different health complications
 120,000 people still suffering from – Cancer – Tuberculosis – Partial or complete
blindness, – Post-traumatic stress disorders, – Menstrual irregularities
 Rise in spontaneous abortion and stillbirth

2. Chasnala Mining Disaster (1975): An explosion in a coal mine caused by methane gas
and a subsequent mine collapse led to the deaths of around 700 people.

9
 The disaster was caused by an explosion at 1:35pm that weakened the wall between the mine
pit and another, abandoned mine above it that was full of water. By one estimate at the time,
around 500,000 m3 of water flooded in, 32,000 m3/minute. The miners were killed by debris,
drowning, and the force of the flood. By the time bodies could be recovered, they were typically
identifiable only by the number on their lamp helmets. The first body was recovered 26 days
after the accident occurred.

3. Jaipur Oil Depot Fire (2009): A fire at an oil storage facility resulted in 12 deaths
and the evacuation of over half a million people. The lack of a proper disaster
management plan was a major issue.

The Jaipur oil depot fire broke out on 29 October 2009 at 7:30 PM (IST) at the Indian Oil
Corporation (IOC) oil depot's giant tank holding 8,000 kilolitres (280,000 cu ft) of petrol,
in Sitapura Industrial Area on the outskirts of Jaipur, Rajasthan, killing 12 people and
injuring over 300. The blaze continued to rage out of control for over a week after it started
and during the period half a million people were evacuated from the area. The oil depot is
about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) south of the city of Jaipur

4. Korba Chimney Collapse (2009): A chimney under construction collapsed due to poor
construction practices, killing 45 workers.The 2009 Korba chimney collapse occurred in
the town of Korba in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh on 23 September 2009. It was under
construction under contract for the Bharat Aluminium Co Ltd (BALCO). Construction had
reached 240 m (790 ft) when the chimney collapsed on top of more than 100 workers who
had been taking shelter from a thunderstorm. At least 45 deaths were recorded.

1.3.2 World Accidents

 Senghenydd Colliery Disaster (1913): This coal mining accident in Wales resulted in the
deaths of 439 miners. The cause of the disaster was a methane gas explosion, which led
to a devastating underground fire. It remains the worst mining disaster in the UK’s
history.

 Benxihu Colliery Disaster (1942): This coal mining accident in China resulted in the
deaths of 1,549 miners. The disaster was caused by a coal dust explosion and an
underground fire, which spread rapidly throughout the mine.

10
  Piper Alpha Oil Platform Disaster (1988): An explosion on an oil platform in the North
Sea resulted in the deaths of 167 workers. The disaster was caused by a gas leak and a
failure of safety systems, which led to a devastating fire on the platform.

 The Mont Blanc Tunnel Fire (1999): A fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel between France
and Italy resulted in the deaths of 41 people and injured many more. The disaster was
caused by a truck carrying hazardous materials that caught fire in the tunnel, which led to
a devastating fire.

 Upper Big Branch Mine Disaster (2010): An explosion in a coal mine in West Virginia
resulted in the deaths of 29 miners. The disaster was caused by a buildup of methane gas
and a failure to adequately ventilate the mine. It led to significant changes in regulations
for the coal mining industry and resulted in criminal charges against the mine’s owner.

 Rana Plaza Collapse (2013): A building collapse in Bangladesh resulted in the deaths of
1,134 garment workers and injured many more. The disaster was caused by the use of
substandard building materials and a failure to properly maintain the structure.

 Tianjin Explosions (2015): A series of explosions at a warehouse in China storing

hazardous chemicals resulted in the deaths of 173 people and injured many more. The
disaster was caused by a failure to properly store and handle the chemicals, and it led to
widespread damage and destruction in the surrounding area.

1.4 TRADE UNION

1.4.1 Objective of trade union:

Following are the objectives of trade unions:

1. Ensure Security of Workers: This involves continued employment of workers, prevent

retrenchment, lay off or lock-outs. Restrict application of “fire” or dismissal or discharge and
VRS.

2. Obtain Better Economic Returns: This involves wages hike at periodic intervals, bonus at
higher rate, other admissible allowances, subsidized canteen and transport facilities.

3. Secure Power To Influence Management: This involves workers’ participation in

management, decision making, role of union in policy decisions affecting workers, and staff
members.

4. Secure Power To Influence Government: This involves influence on government to pass

labour legislation which improves working conditions, safety, welfare, security and retirement
benefits of workers and their dependents, seek redressal of grievances as and when needed.

11
Functions of a Trade Union:

The important basic functions of unions listed by National Commission on labour are: (i) To secure
fair wages to workers. (ii) To safeguard security of tenure and improve conditions of service. (iii)
To enlarge opportunities for promotion and training. (iv) To improve working and living
conditions. (v) To provide for educational, cultural and recreational facilities. (vi) To co- operate
in and facilitate technological advance by broadening the understanding of workers on its
underlying issues. (vii) To promote identity of interests of workers with their industry. (viii) To
offer responsive co-operation in improving levels of production and productivity, discipline and
high standards of quality and (ix) To promote individual and collective welfare.

1.4.2 Characteristics of Trade Union:

1. A union normally represents members in many companies throughout the industry or

occupation.
2. A union is fundamentally an employer regulating device. It sharpens management efficiency
and performance while protecting the interests of the members.
3. A union is a part of the working class movement.
4. A union is a pressure organisation originating in the desire on the part of a group with
relatively little power to influence the action of a group with relatively more power.
5. A union is a political institution in its internal structure and procedures.

Need of Trade Union:

(i) The organisation of a trade union on the basis of the craft or industry in which its
members are employed, such as general unions and professional employee’s
organisations.
(ii) Collective bargaining, which is the essence of industrial relations, for it is through
collective bargaining that the terms and conditions of employment are determined and
under which work is performed’ satisfactorily.
(iii) Grievance processing and handling procedures, under which grievances are redressed or
dealt with by a correction of situation or by channelling up of these “up the line”.
(iv) Arbitration, by which unsettled or unresolved disputes can be settled by an outside
agency.
(v) Political pressure exercised through legislators who are capable of bringing about
changes in labour laws; and
(vi) Mutual insurance through common contributions to meet the financial needs of workers
when there are stoppages of work.

12
 1.4.3 Growth and Origin of Trade Union in India:

Trade union movement in our country has a century-long history. The first quarter of the present
century saw the birth of the trade union movement, but the seeds of the movement were sown
much earlier.

In the twenties, soon after the World War I, working class in our country realized the effectiveness
of labour strike as a means of obtaining concessions, higher wages and better working
conditions. Many strikes were declared consequently and most of them were successful. This
success led to the formation of several unions.

The AITUC was set up in 1920 with the objectives of representing worker’s interests, to coordinate
the activities of all labour organisations in the country, and to spread the message about the need
for union movement. Hundreds of unions came into being in big and small industries. Their
number, as well as membership, increased considerably

A landmark in the history of labour movement was the enactment of the Trade Unions Act 1926.
The Act gave a legal status to the registered trade unions and conferred on them and their
members a measure of immunity from civil suits and criminal presentation. Registration of union
gave them respectability before employers and the general public.

Towards the end of 1920s, there was a split in the union movement, the split being caused by the
leader’s ideological differences. The AITUC was captured by the communists. The moderates
formed a new organisation, called All India Trade Union Federation. Ideological differences and
splits had their effect on strikes too. Majority of the strikes failed.

Unlike 1920s, the 1930s were not favourable to the trade union movement. The presentation of the
communists involved in the Meerut conspiracy case and the failure of the Bombay textile strike
of 1929 brought a lull in trade union activities.

Economic depression of the period also added to the dull phase of union movement. Retrenchments
and strikes were common, the latter being mostly ineffective. There were further splits in the
movement, but just before the World War II some unity was achieved.

The unity was shattered during the World War II because of ideological differences and mounting
cost of living. Industrial unrest increased and the Govt, banned strikes and lockouts invoking the
Defence of India Rules. Luckily workers realized the need for an org.

The aftermath of independence was not good for unions. The hopes of workers to secure better
facilities and wages from the national government were not realized. There was large scale
unrest and strikes and lock outs multiplied.

13
The disunity in the trade union ranks was aggravated by the starting of three central labour
organisations, namely the INTUC in 1947, the Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) in 1948, and the
United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) in 1949.

As years went by, more unions and central organisations came into being the movement became
deeply entrenched as of today, there are 50,000 registered unions and most of them are affiliated
to one or the other central trade union.

1.4.4 The Role and Functions of Trade Union Safety Representatives:

Safety representatives carry out a vital role in their trade union because they are able to:
 draw upon the views of the workforce about hazards at work and how they can bestbe
controlled
 mobilise the concerns workers feel about hazards
 engage in a shared dialogue with employers and safety professionals about risk
management approaches.

Safety representatives have been given a number of statutory functions under the Safety
Representatives & Safety Committees (SRSC) Regulations 1977 (1979 in Northern Ireland),
but your day-to-day activities will depend upon:
 your workplace
 the hazards in your workplace
 what your members think about health and safety
 the attitude of your management to health and safety.

Some of the tasks include:

 finding out about health and safety problems
 checking that your employer is complying with health and safety requirements
 investigating and tackling hazards
 working closely with your members and other union representatives
 following up problems and making sure that something gets done about them.

The people that you deal with will include:

 members
 other workers (potential members)
 other union representatives
 supervisors
 managers
 health and safety advisers
 union officials
 health and safety inspectors

14
 The Functions of a safety representative
Safety representatives are not restricted to inspections and involvement in the risk assessment
process. Under the SRSC Regulations, safety representatives can investigate:
 potential hazards
 dangerous occurrences
 causes of accidents and occupational ill-health
 complaints from their members.

Once safety representatives have investigated unsafe conditions or hazards to health in

their workplace, the SRSC Regulations give them the right to make representations to:
 the employer about potential hazards or about members’ complaints
 the employer on behalf of all employees as regards general health, safety or welfare
matters at work
 bring to the notice of the employer their findings and complaints after inspections
 represent members in workplace consultations with HSE inspectors.

Investigations: Investigate potential hazards and dangerous occurrence

Examine causes of accidents
Investigate complaints by employees
Employers must permit time off with pay during working hours to carry out functions
Dealing with employers: Make representations on specific and general matters
Attend safety committee meetings
Employers to consult representatives over the establishment of a committee
Inspections
Formal inspections are no substitute for daily observation, but they provide a useful opportunity
to carry out a full-scale examination of all part of the workplace. This includes the inspection of
documents required by health and safety legislation such as certificates concerning the testing of
equipment. During these inspections, safety representatives can network with other
representatives and discuss remedial action with their employers.

During inspections safety representatives are entitled to private discussion with the employer.

Following an inspection, safety representatives should complete an inspection report, recording

the date, time and details of an inspection. One copy of the completed form should be sent to the
employer and one copy should be retained by the safety representative for her/his own records
and for reference during safety committee discussion.

 Formally inspect the workplace every three months (or more frequently if agreed
with management)
 Inspect after a Notifiable Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, or Notifiable Disease
 Inspect after a substantial change in working conditions
 Inspect after new information has become available from the HSE

15
  Inspect relevant documents

1.4.5 Conditions for Success of Trade Union:

 Are independent: Trade unions should be able to make their own decisions, even while
working with employers.
 Are accountable: Trade unions should be transparent and consult with their members.
 Are democratic: Trade unions should be led through democratic elections.
 Have a strong financial base: Trade unions need to be able to manage their finances well.
 Have a plan for the future: Trade unions should plan for the long term.
 Have strong negotiating skills: Trade unions should be able to negotiate with employers
on behalf of their members.
 Have a solid foundation: Trade unions should have a strong foundation.
 Have unity among members: Trade unions should be united.
 Have efficient leadership: Trade unions should have efficient leadership.
 Have welfare programs: Trade unions should have programs to support their members.
 Are independent from political interference: Trade unions should be independent from
political interference.
 Have education initiatives: Trade unions should have education initiatives.
Trade unions can also use collective bargaining to negotiate with employers over terms and
conditions.

1.5 ERGONOMICS AND WORK PLACE

Ergonomics : Ergonomics is designing a job to fit the worker so the work is safer and more
efficient. Implementing ergonomic solutions can make employees more comfortable and
increase productivity.

Importance of ergonomics : Ergonomics is important because when you’re doing a job and your
body is stressed by an awkward posture, extreme temperature, or repeated movement your
musculoskeletal system is affected.

1.5.1 Factors and Advantage of Ergonomics:

Advantages

1. Increased savings
• Fewer injuries
• More productive and sustainable employees
• Fewer workers’ compensation
2. Fewer employees experiencing pain, implementing ergonomic improvements can reduce
the risk factors that lead to discomfort.

16
 3. Increased productivity, Ergonomic improvements can reduce the primary risk factors for
MSDs, so workers are more efficient, productive, and have greater job satisfaction.
4. Increased morale, Attention to ergonomics can make employees feel valued because they
know their employer is making their workplace safer.
5. Reduced absenteeism , Ergonomics leads to healthy and pain-free workers who are more
likely to be engaged and productive.

Factors of Ergonomics:
According to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), human factors (or ergonomic factors)
generally consist of three interconnected aspects—the job, the individual and the organisation.
THE JOB

To be thought of as ergonomic, a job (and the tasks it involves) should be designed to acknowledge
the physical and mental limitations and strengths of the person doing it. This includes things such
as:
 what the role entails
 the workload
 how equipment is designed (size, shape, suitability for tasks etc.)
 the working environment (temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, vibration etc.)
 how information is used and
accessed THE INDIVIDUAL
An ergonomic approach to the individual employee means designing jobs and working equipment
that will help make best use of the person’s capabilities, while at the same time protecting their
health and safety and increasing the organisation’s overall productivity.

This covers aspects such as the person’s:

 physical characteristics (body size and shape)
 fitness, strength and posture
 vision, hearing and touch
 skills and competence
 knowledge and experience
 personality and attitude
 training
THE ORGANISATION
How employees behave at work can’t usually help but be influenced by the characteristics of the
organization employing them. Assessing an organization from an ergonomic, human factors
perspective means looking at how business-level considerations affect people’s behavior and
actions.

17
This includes aspects such as:
 organizational culture
 management, supervision and leadership
 teamwork
 working patterns and hours
 communications
 resources

1.6 STATUS AND RELATIONSHIP OF ACTS

The main objectives of OHS related legislation are:

 Providing a statutory framework including the enactment of a general enabling

 legislation on OHS in respect of all sectors of economic activities, and designing suitable
control systems of compliance, enforcement and incentives for better compliance.
Providing administrative and technical support services.
 Providing a system of incentives to employers and employees so that they achieve
 higher health and safety standards. Establishing and developing research and
development capabilities in emerging
 areas of risk and effective control measures. Reducing the incidence of work related
injuries, fatalities and diseases.

 Reducing the cost of workplace injuries and diseases.

 Increasing community awareness regarding areas related to OHS.

The Factories Act

This is an Act to consolidate and amend the law regulating abour in factories. It came
into force on the 1st day of April, 1949 as the Factories Act, 1948 and extends to the
whole of India (Government of India, 1948).

The legislation for labour welfare, known as the Factories Act, 1948, was enacted with
the prime objective of protecting workmen employed in factories against industrial and
occupational hazards. With that intent it imposes upon owners and occupiers certain
obligations to protect unwary as well as negligent workers and to secure employment

18
 for them which is conducive and safe. The Act’s objective is to protect human beings
from being subjected to unduly long hours of bodily strain and manual labour. It
provides that employees should work in healthy and sanitary conditions as far as the
manufacturing process will allow and that precautions be taken for their safety and for
the prevention of accidents. In order to ensure that the objectives are carried out, local
governmentsareempoweredtoappointinspectorstocallforreturnsandtoensurethat the
prescribed registers are duly maintained.

The Act provides for the health, safety, welfare and other aspects of OHS for workers in
factories. It is enforced by the state governments through their factory inspectorates. It
also empowers the state governments to frame rules, so that local conditions prevailing
in the state are appropriately reflected in the enforcement, to make the punishments
provided in the Act stricter and that opportunities are taken advantage of to make
certain other amendments found necessary in the implementation of the Act.

It should not be forgotten that the Act sanctions interference with the ordinary rights
of the citizen and that the inquisitorial powers that are given should be used with act
and circumspection.

The Mines Act

This is an Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to the regulation o f labour and
safety in mines and extends to the whole of India.

The Indian Mines Act which is related to the regulation and inspection of mines was
passed in 1923. Although it has since been amended in certain respects, the general
framework has remained unchanged. Experience of the Act’s working revealed a
number of defects and deficiencies which hampered its effective administration. Some
of these necessitated new forms of control, while others required the tightening of
existing legal provisions. Therefore, it was considered necessary to thoroughly overhaul
the existing Act to amend and consolidate the laws relating to the regulation of labour
and safety in mines, which resulted in the enactment of the Mines Act, 1952
(Government of India, 1952).

The significant obligations under the Mines Act and the Mines Rules, 1955 include the
formation of safety committees in every mine where more than 100 persons are
19
 employed; providing a notification of accidents and the appointment of workmen’s
inspectors by the manager (one inspectorforevery500 miners) (Government of India,
1952; Government of India, 1955). According to this Act the owner, agent or manager
has to remove any dangerous or defective situation, as per the directions of the
inspector. Further, the Act states that adolescents (not completed 15 years) are
prohibited from any mining operation; the initial and periodical examination of miners
is to be conducted and notice has to be provided for any notifiable diseases.

The Workmen’s Compensation Act

The objective of the Workmen’s Compensation Act is to make provision for the
payment of compensation to a workman only, i.e., to the concerned employee himself in
case of his surviving the injury in question and to his dependants in the case of his death
(Government of India, 1923).

An additional advantage of this type of legislation is that by increasing the importance

of adequate safety devices, it reduces the number of accidents that workmen have in a
manner that cannot be achieved by official inspection. Further, the encouragement
given to employers to provide adequate medical treatment for their workmen should
mitigate the effect of those accidents which occur very often. The benefit so conferred
on the workmen, added to the increased sense of security which they will enjoy, should
render industrial life more attractive and thus increase the available supply of labour. At
the same time, a corresponding increase in the efficiency of the average workman may
be expected .A system of insurance would prevent the burden from pressing too
heavily on any particular employer (Government of India, 1923).

TheActprovidesforcheaperandquickerdisposalofdisputesrelatingtocompensation through
special tribunals are possible under the civil law. The passage of time has widened the
courts’ approach and their approach has become more liberal, leaning towards the
workman.
1.7 AIM AND EFFECTS OF SAFETY REGULATIONS
Safety regulations are intended to ensure that employees are protected from workplace hazards
and that employers maintain safe working environments. The effects of safety regulations
include:
 Improved workplace safety
Safety regulations help to prevent injuries and accidents by ensuring that employers properly
maintain equipment, protect employees from dangerous parts of machinery, and provide safe
working environments.
 Increased regulatory compliance

20
Regulatory compliance can help to protect a company from penalties and reputational damage, and
can prevent products and services from being used for unlawful purposes.
 Fostering a safety culture
A safety culture is when everyone feels responsible for safety and works to identify and correct hazards
and at-risk behaviors.

21
 UNIT-II OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Occupational health or industrial hygiene has been defined as that “science and art
devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of those environmental factors or
stresses arising in or from the work place, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-
being, or significant discomfort among workers or among the citizens of the community”.

Occupational hygiene is the discipline of protecting worker health by controlling

workplace hazards that can cause harm. It also helps in maintaining worker well being and safe
guarding community at large.

Occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety at the workplace with

special emphasis on primary prevention of hazards.

Scope of occupational health safety and hygiene

The scope of occupational health safety and hygiene includes prevention and control of hazards,
curative and rehabilitative programs. These are: -

1. Establishment of sound sanitary condition within the work place such as Water supply, waste
disposal, canteen, cloak room, shower and hand washing facilities, sanitary and safe storage of
chemicals.

2. Organization of health services including first aid

3. Health promotion in the work environment

4. Rehabilitation of those that have been injured 5. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of
occupational related diseases and accidents

22
2.1.1 SOCIAL ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGINE

 Protecting workers: Occupational hygiene programs can improve worker

health and quality of life, and reduce the number of workers who leave
their jobs early due to illness or injury.
 Reducing social costs: Occupational hygiene can help reduce healthcare and social
costs.
 Managing exposure risks: Occupational hygienists research, collect data, and develop
methods to control exposure risks to workers and consumers. For example, they may
use environmental controls to reduce toxic concentrations in the workplace, or personal
protection to prevent exposure
 Improving working processes: Occupational hygiene can lead to more efficient
working processes, increased productivity, and technological improvements.

2.1.2 GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENIST

Occupational hygienists, also known as industrial hygienists, perform a variety of
activities to prevent and control workplace health risks

1. Identify and evaluate risks: Occupational hygienists use science and engineering to
identify and evaluate health risks in the workplace. This includes taking air samples,
measuring sound levels, and checking for microbiological contamination.
2. Advise on compliance: Occupational hygienists advise on compliance with workplace
legislation and rules.
3. Develop solutions: Occupational hygienists use science and engineering to develop cost-
effective solutions to control health risks.
4. Confirm control measures: Occupational hygienists assess the performance of hazard
control measures and worker exposures. They also investigate existing or potential issues
and apply corrective actions.
5. Use engineering controls: Occupational hygienists recognize that engineering controls
are a primary means of reducing employee exposure to occupational
hazards. Engineering controls can reduce or remove the hazard at the source or isolate the
worker from the hazard.

2.1.3 MAIN STEPS FOR ASSESSING AND MANAGING OCCUPATIONAL

23
 EXPOSURE

 Basic Characterization
 Exposure Assessment
 Exposure Controls
 Further Information Gathering
 Hazards Communications
 Reassesment/ Management of Change

2.2 BASIC CHARACTERIZATION, HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND WALK

THROUGH SURVEY

Basic characterization, hazard identification, and walk-through surveys are all part of the process of
identifying and assessing potential hazards in a workplace.

24
  Basic characterization: Involves collecting existing information about workplace
hazards
 Hazard identification: Involves inspecting the workplace for safety hazards, identifying
health hazards, and identifying hazards associated with emergency and nonroutine
situations
 Walk-through survey: Involves examining the workplace to identify potential health
hazards, assess control measures, and gather detailed data on work processes, hazards,
and risk assessment efforts

A walk-through survey can include the following:

 Examining industrial processes and their sequence

 Examining the work environment, including neighboring areas

 Examining raw materials, end products, intermediates, and by-products

 Examining workers' activities, work practices and methods, and the degree of physical
effort involved in each activity

2.2.1 HAZARD CATEGORY

There are multiple types of hazard categories, including physical, health, and environmental
hazards:
1. Physical hazards : These hazards can damage the body, such as skin corrosion. Some
examples of physical hazards include flammable liquids, gases, solids, and aerosols.

The five main classes of physical hazards are:

 Explosives: These chemicals can release pressure, gas, and heat suddenly when exposed to
high temperatures, pressure, or shock.
 Flammable: These substances can pose a fire or explosion hazard. Flammable gases are
classified as Hazmat Class 2, and are often labeled with a red diamond and flame icon.
 Oxidizing: These substances can cause or intensify a fire, or cause a fire or explosion.

25
 Gases under pressure: These compressed gases can be dangerous if a container is broken,
dropped, crushed, or punctured.
 Corrosive to metals: These substances can hurt people and metal materials.
2. Health hazards: These hazards can be dangerous to human health, such as breathing or
vision.
There are many types of health hazards, including:
 Chemical hazards: These can include the use of pesticides or chlorine, which can cause
skin irritation or corrosion.
 Compressed gases: These can have inherent pressure hazards, and can also be toxic,
flammable, or corrosive.
 Oxidizing gases: These are a type of hazardous waste that produce oxygen, which is a
key ingredient in fire.
 Aerosols: These can be a fire or explosion hazard, and there is also a category for non-
flammable aerosols.
 Organic peroxides: These are among the most hazardous substances handled in a lab,
and are highly flammable and sensitive to shock, heat, and more.
 Other types of health hazards include: Physical hazards, Biological hazards, Ergonomic
hazards, Psychological hazards, Corrosive hazards, Toxic hazards, and Harmful hazards

3. Environmental hazards
These hazards can be environmental in nature. Physical hazards are classified based on the
chemical's intrinsic properties. The main classes of physical hazards are:
 Flammable gases: These gases are classified as flammable when they can cause a fire or
explosion. For example, acetylene is a flammable gas that is classified as a Hazmat Class 2.
 Flammable liquids: These liquids can emit flammable gases when they come into
contact with water. They can also be corrosive to metals.
 Flammable solids: These solids are highly combustible and can cause severe
conflagrations. They can also cause fire through friction.
 Corrosive to metals: These substances can hurt people and metal materials.
 Gases under pressure: These gases are dangerous because they are under pressure. If a
container of compressed gas is broken, it can cause a safety hazard.
 Explosives: These chemicals release pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden
shock, pressure, or high temperature.
 Oxidizing gases, liquids, and solids: These oxidizers can cause or intensify a fire or
cause a fire or explosion.

26
  Pyrophoric
liquids: These liquids and solids can ignite spontaneously when exposed to
oxygen and water.

4. Respiratory or skin sensitization

These hazards can cause allergic skin reactions or breathing difficulties when inhaled.

2.3 TOXICITY

Toxicity refers to the ability of a chemical to cause harmful effects to the body.
There are a number of factors that influence the toxic effects of chemicals on the body. These
include, but are not limited to:

 The quantity and concentration of the chemical.

 The length of time and the frequency of the exposure.
 The route of the exposure.
 If mixtures of chemicals are involved.

Toxic Effects:

Toxic effects are generally classified as acute toxicity or chronic toxicity.

 Acute toxicity is generally thought of as a single, short-term exposure where effects

appear immediately and are often reversible. An example of acute toxicity relates to the
over consumption of alcohol and “hangovers”.
 Chronic toxicity is generally thought of as frequent exposures where effects may be
delayed (even for years) and are generally irreversible. Chronic toxicity can also result
in acute exposures, with long term chronic effects. An example of chronic toxicity
relates to cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
 Evaluating Toxicity Data
 SDSs and other chemical resources generally refer to the toxicity of a chemical
numerically using the term Lethal Dose 50 (LD50). The LD50 describes the amount of
chemical ingested or absorbed by the skin in test animals that causes death in 50% of
test animals used during a toxicity test study. Another common term is Lethal
Concentration 50 (LC50), which describes the amount of chemical inhaled by test
animals that causes death in 50% of test animals used during a toxicity test study. The
LD50 and LC50 values are then used to infer what dose is required to show a toxic
effect on humans.
 As a general rule of thumb, the lower the LD50 or LC50 number, the more toxic the
chemical. Note there are other factors (concentration of the chemical, frequency of
exposure, etc.) that contribute to the toxicity of a chemical, including other hazards the
chemical may possess.

27
 Chemicals affect Health:
There are 3 ways to be exposed to chemicals and pollutants:

 inhaling (breathing in)

 absorption (skin and eye contact)
 ingesting (eating or drinking)

Inhaling (breathing in)

You are exposed to chemicals and pollutants when you inhale (breathe in). You take over 20,000
breaths a day. This number can be much higher for infants and children. The chemicals and
pollutants you inhale can end up in your lungs and blood stream. Sometimes, you can smell or
taste harmful chemicals, but it isn't always so easy. Some chemicals, like radon or carbon
monoxide, are odourless, tasteless and invisible.

Absorption (skin and eye contact)

You can be exposed to chemicals and pollutants by coming into contact with them through your skin
and eyes. These organs can be more sensitive to chemicals and may react more quickly than the
rest of your body.

Ingesting (eating or drinking)

You’re exposed to chemicals and pollutants when you eat and drink. Chemicals and pollutants are
found in both our food and water sources.

Potential health effects

Accidents or incorrect use of household chemical products may cause immediate health effects, such
as skin or eye irritation or burns, or poisoning.
There can also be longer-term health effects from chemicals. When these occur, they’re usually the
result of exposure to certain chemicals over a long period.
Depending on the chemical, longer-term health effects might include:

 cancer
 organ damage
 weakening of the immune system
 development of allergies or asthma
 reproductive problems and birth defects
 effects on the mental, intellectual or physical development of children

28
2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

The main objective of environmental monitoring is to manage and minimize the impact
an organization's activities have on an environment, either to ensure compliance with laws and
regulations or to mitigate risks of harmful effects on the natural environment and protect the
health of human beings.

Importance of Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring can detect harmful substances and pollutants in the

environment such as air, water and soil. Timely detection and treatment of pollution problems
can prevent and reduce the impact of environmental pollution on human health.

Advantages of an environmental Environmental Monitoring

 Better regulatory compliance - running an EMS will help ensure your environmental
legal responsibilities are met and more easily managed on a day-to-day basis.
 More effective use of resources - you will have policies and procedures in place that help
you manage waste and resources more effectively and reduce costs.
 Marketing - you can highlight your business' credentials as an environmentally aware
operation that has made a commitment to continual environmental improvement
through advertising or annual reporting.
 Finance - you may find it easier to raise investment from banks and other financial
institutions, which are increasingly keen to see businesses controlling their environmental
impact.
 Increased sales opportunities - large businesses and government departments may only
deal with businesses that have an EMS.
 Lighter regulation - even if an EMS is not a regulatory requirement, by showing your
commitment to environmental management, you may benefit through less frequent site
visits or reduced fees from environmental regulators.

Types of Environmental Monitoring

Air Monitoring: Environmental data gathered using specialized observation tools, such
as sensor networks and Geographic Information System (GIS) models, from multiple different
environmental networks and institutes is integrated into air dispersion models, which combine

29
emissions, meteorological, and topographic data to detect and predict concentration of air
pollutants.

Soil Monitoring: Grab sampling (individual samples) and composite sampling (multiple
samples) are used to monitor soil, set baselines, and detect threats such as acidification,
biodiversity loss, compaction, contamination, erosion, organic material loss, salinization, and
slope instability.

- Salinity Monitoring: Remote sensing, GIS, and electromagnetic induction are used to monitor
soil salinity, which, if imbalanced, can cause detrimental effects on water quality, infrastructure,
and plant yield.

- Contamination Monitoring: Chemical techniques such as chromatography and spectrometry

are used to measure toxic elements, such as nuclear waste, coal ash, microplastics,
petrochemicals, and acid rain, which can lead to the development of pollution-related diseases if
consumed by humans or animals.

- Erosion Monitoring: Monitoring and modeling soil erosion is a complex process in which
accurate predictions are nearly impossible for large areas. The Universal Soil Loss Equation
(USLE) is most commonly used to try to predict soil loss due to water erosion. Erosion may be
due to factors such as rainfall, surface runoff, rivers, streams, floods, wind, mass movement,
climate, soil composition and structure, topography, and lack of vegetation management.

-Water Monitoring: Environmental sampling techniques include judgmental, simple random,

stratified, systematic and grid, adaptive cluster, grab, and passive; semi-continuous and
continuous environmental monitoring; remote sensing and environmental monitoring; and bio-
monitoring are used to measure and monitor ranges for biological, chemical, radiological,
microbiological, and population parameters.

Limitations:

 Expensive
 Requires regular calibration
 Difficult to analyze statistics and examine long-term
 Precludes use of data in computational tools.

2.5 OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE/EXPOSURE LIMITS

An occupational exposure limit (OEL) is the maximum amount of a hazardous substance

that is considered safe for workers to be exposed to in the workplace over a period of time. OELs
are set by national authorities and enforced by legislation to protect workers' health and safety.

30
 In general, the occupational exposure limit (OEL) indicates the level of admissible
exposure, for a length of time (usually 8 hours), to a

The occupational hygiene is the branch of occupational health and safety which focuses
on the prevention of the occupational diseases.

The exposure to health hazards can lead to diseases and illnesses that can manifest either
immediately or after a long period of time after the exposure has stopped.

Since these diseases are a consequence of exposure to hazards present in the workplace,
they are known as occupational diseases. Occupational hygiene uses the techniques of
anticipation, identification, evaluation, and control to identify and evaluate exposure.

The goal is to identify solutions for eliminating or reducing the hazard, and monitoring to
ensure no further harm occurs. Occupational exposure limits are one tool or method used in this
process.

What are occupational exposure limits?

In general, the occupational exposure limit (OEL) indicates the level of admissible
exposure, for a length of time (usually & hours), to a chemical or physical hazard that is not
likely to affect the health of a worker.

These limits are set out by many professional organizations around the world, such as the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the United States. The OELs for chemical
substances are established based on the chemical properties of the

substance, experimental studies on animals and humans, toxicological and

epidemiological

data. Different organizations may use different terminology for the OEL.

For example, the ACGIH term for OEL is "Threshold Limit Value" (TLV)®, while the
NIOSH term is "recommended exposure limits" (REL).

The OELs for physical hazards are based on industrial experience and experimental
human and animal studies.

2.4.1. ADVANTAGES OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS

. Occupational exposure limits (OELs) are critical for ensuring workplace safety and health. Here
are some key advantages:

31
 1. Health Protection: OELs help protect workers from harmful exposure to chemicals,
physical agents, and biological hazards, reducing the risk of acute and chronic
health issues.
2. Regulatory Compliance: Establishing OELs aids organizations in complying with
legal and regulatory standards, minimizing the risk of fines and legal action.
3. Enhanced Safety Culture: Implementing OELs promotes a culture of safety within
the workplace, encouraging employees to prioritize health and safety practices.
4. Risk Management: OELs provide a framework for identifying and managing workplace
hazards, allowing employers to implement appropriate controls and preventive
measures.
5. Improved Productivity: A healthier workforce tends to be more productive, as
reduced exposure to harmful substances can lead to fewer sick days and higher morale.
6. Guidance for Monitoring and Assessment: OELs offer clear benchmarks for
monitoring exposure levels, helping organizations assess the effectiveness of their
safety measures.
7. Informed Decision-Making: OELs provide valuable information for risk
assessments and decision-making regarding the use of materials and processes in the
workplace.
8. Worker Education: OELs serve as a basis for training and educating workers
about potential hazards and safe practices, empowering them to protect their own
health.
9. Public Health Benefits: By controlling occupational exposures, OELs contribute
to broader public health efforts, reducing the risk of environmental contamination
and community health issues.
10. Insurance and Liability: Adhering to OELs can reduce insurance costs and liability
by demonstrating a commitment to worker safety and risk management.

2.6 HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

The hierarchy of control is a system for controlling risks in the workplace. The
hierarchy of control is a step-by-step approach to eliminating or reducing risks and it ranks
risk controls from the highest level of protection and reliability through to the lowest and
least reliable protection.

The hierarchy of control structure

1. Eliminate hazards and risks: Highest level of protection and most effective control.
Eliminating the hazard and the risk it creates is the most effective control measure.
2. Reduce the risk: Reduce the risk with one or more of the following controls:

 Substitution: Substitute the risks with lesser risks

 Isolation: Isolate people from the risks

32
  Engineering: Reduce the risks through engineering changes or changes to
systems of work.
3. Administrative controls: Low level of protection and less reliable control.
Use administrative actions to minimise exposure to hazards and to reduce the level of harm.
4. Personal protective equipment: Lowest level of protection and least reliable
control. Use personal protective equipment to protect people from harm.

2.6.1 Employer duties:

As an employer you have a duty under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (OHS Act) to
eliminate risks to health and safety, so far as is reasonably practicable. If it is not reasonably
practicable to eliminate risks to health and safety, you must reduce those risks, so far as is
reasonably practicable.
The hierarchy of controls helps employers fulfill their OHS Act responsibilities. In line with the
OHS Act, the hierarchy of control first instructs employers to eliminate hazards and risks. If
employers cannot eliminate hazards and risks, then they must work through the hierarchy and
select controls that most effectively reduce the risk.

2.6.2 Using the hierarchy of control:

1. Eliminate the risk
The most effective control measure involves eliminating the hazard and its associated risk. The best
way to eliminate a hazard is to not introduce the hazard in the first place. For example, you can
eliminate the risk of a fall from height by doing the work at ground level.

2. Reduce the risk through substitution, isolation or engineering controls, If it is not

reasonably practicable toeliminate the hazards and associated risks, minimise the risks by:
Substitution
Substitute the hazard with something safer. For example:
 use a scourer, mild detergent and hot water instead of caustic cleaners for cleaning
 use a cordless drill instead of an electric drill if the power cord is in danger of being cut
 water-based paints instead of solvent-based paints

Isolation
Isolate the hazard. For example:
 use concrete barriers to separate pedestrians and employees from powered mobile plant
 use remote controls to operate machines
 install guard rails around holes

Engineering controls
An engineering control is a control measure that is physical in nature, including a mechanical device
or process. Examples of engineering controls include:
 mechanical devices such as trolleys or hoists to move heavy loads
 guards around moving parts of machinery
 pedestrian-sensing systems

33
  speed-governing mechanisms

3. Reduce the risk using administrative controls

Administrative controls are work methods or procedures designed to minimise exposure to a hazard.
In most cases, administrative controls use systems of work to control the risk. For example:
 developing procedures on how to operate machinery safely
 limiting exposure time to a hazardous task
 using signs to warn people of a hazard

4. Reduce the risk using personal protective equipment (PPE)

PPE refers to anything employees use or wear to minimize risks to their health and safety. PPE includes
but is not limited to the following:
 Ear muffs and earplugs
 Goggles
 Respirators
 Face masks
 Hard hats
 Safety harnesses
 Gloves
 Aprons
 High-visibility clothing
 Protective eyewear
 body suits
 safety footwear
 sunscreen

2.7 ROLE OF PPE

 Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to
minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses.
 These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical, radiological,
physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
 Personal protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety glasses and
shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls, vests and full body suits.
 All personal protective equipment should be safely designed and constructed, and should
be maintained in a clean and reliable fashion. It should fit comfortably, encouraging
worker use. If the personal protective equipment does not fit properly, it can make the
difference between being safely covered or dangerously exposed.
 When engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are not feasible or do not
provide sufficient protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment to
their workers and ensure its proper use.

34
 2.7.1 PPE SELECTION CRITERIA
Selecting appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial for ensuring safety in various
work environments. Here are some key criteria to consider:

1. Hazard Assessment: Identify the specific hazards present (e.g., chemical, biological,
physical, electrical). Understanding the risks is fundamental to selecting the right
PPE.
2. Type of Protection Needed: Determine the type of protection required, such as:
o Head Protection: Hard hats for impact protection.
o Eye and Face Protection: Goggles or face shields for chemical splashes or
flying debris.
o Hearing Protection: Earplugs or earmuffs in noisy environments.
o Respiratory Protection: Masks or respirators for airborne contaminants.
o Hand Protection: Gloves suited for chemical, cut, or abrasion resistance.
o Foot Protection: Safety boots with steel toes or slip resistance.
3. Fit and Comfort: PPE should fit well and be comfortable to wear for extended
periods. Poorly fitting equipment can reduce effectiveness and lead to non-compliance.
4. Durability and Maintenance: Evaluate the material and construction quality. PPE
should withstand the specific work environment and be easy to maintain or
replace.
5. Compliance with Standards: Ensure that selected PPE meets relevant safety
standards (e.g., ANSI, ISO, OSHA) and regulations for your industry.
6. Training and Awareness: Workers should be trained on how to properly use
and maintain PPE. They should also be aware of the limitations of the equipment.
7. Cost Considerations: Factor in the budget, but balance cost with the level of
protection and durability required.
8. Environmental Factors: Consider the environmental conditions (e.g.,
temperature, humidity) that might affect the performance of the PPE.
9. User Feedback: Gather input from employees who will be using the PPE to
understand their experiences and preferences.
10. Availability and Supply Chain: Ensure that the PPE can be readily sourced and
that there's a plan for restocking when needed.

2.8 NOISE
Sound can be produced by vibration or as a result of aerodynamic systems.
Vibration-induced noises are produced by:

 Mechanical shocks and friction between parts (e.g., hammering, pressing, running gears,
bearings, cutting tools, chutes, hoppers, etc.)
 Out-of-balance moving parts (e.g., unbalanced rigid rotors)

35
  Vibration of large structures (e.g., ventilation ducts, guards on machines, equipment
supporting structures, etc.)

2.8.1 Steps to control the Noise in Work Place

The steps that must be taken in order to effectively and efficiently control the noise in the
workplace are:
 Identify the sound sources: vibrating sources and aerodynamic flow.
 Identify the path of the noise from the source to the worker.
 Determine the sound level of each source.
 Determine the relative contribution to the excessive noise of each source and rank the
source accordingly. To obtain significant noise attenuation, the dominant source should
be controlled first.
 Know the acceptable exposure limits identified in the health and safety legislation and
quantify the necessary sound reduction.
 Identify controls by taking into consideration the degree of sound attenuation, operation,
and productivity restraints and cost.
 Create a hearing conservation program that includes noise measurement, assessment, and
control. For more information, see Noise - Hearing Conservation Program.

2.8.2 Reduce the Noise in Work Place

The exposure to noise can be reduced by eliminating the source of noise (if possible), substituting
the source with a quieter one, applying engineering modifications, using administrative controls,
and by using protective equipment.
Engineering modifications include changes that affect the source or the path of the
sound. Engineering controls are the preferred method of noise control in already established
workplaces where noise protection was not factored in at the design stage. It is generally agreed
that controlling the source is more cost-effective than those controlling noise along the path. See
the engineering controls section below for examples.
Administrative controls are measures that control the noise at the worker. These controls
should be used in addition to engineering controls, and they may include:

 Scheduling noisy processes during off-peak hours when fewer workers are present
 Implementing a hearing conservation program
 Providing job rotation to reduce the length of time a worker is required to work in a noisy
area
 Developing safe work practices
 Training
 Regular audiometric testing
 Monitoring workplace exposure
 Implementing a preventive maintenance program and frequent inspections of noise-
generating or vibrating equipment
36
 Depending on the type and level of noise, the number of workers exposed, and the type of
work, engineering controls might not always be possible. A combination of administrative
control (e.g., limiting exposure length) and personal protection equipment such as ear muffs or
ear plugs may be considered. However, we must keep in mind that the administrative measures
and the use of PPE may not be effective in protecting the workers (e.g., PPE may be used
incorrectly or may not be used at all; administrative controls may not be followed, etc.). The use
of PPE should be the last resort for controlling the exposure to noise.
2.9 RADIATION

Radiation is energy. It travels in the form of energy waves or high-speed particles. Radiation can
occur naturally or be man-made. There are two types:

 Non-ionizing radiation, which includes radio waves, cell phones, microwaves, infrared
radiation and visible light
 Ionizing radiation, which includes ultraviolet radiation, radon, x-rays, and gamma rays
Sources Of Radiation Exposure
Background radiation is all around us all the time. Most of it forms naturally from minerals. These
radioactive minerals are in the ground, soil, water, and even our bodies. Background radiation
can also come from outer space and the sun. Other sources are man-made, such as x- rays,
radiation therapy to treat cancer, and electrical power lines.
2.9.1 Radiation Protection Program

Developing and implementing a radiation protection program is a best practice for protecting
workers from ionizing radiation. A radiation protection program is usually managed by a
qualified expert (e.g., health physicist), who is often called a radiation safety officer (RSO).
Another best practice is designating a radiation safety committee, which includes the RSO, a
management representative, and workers who work with radiation-producing equipment,
radiation sources, or radioactive materials (or who are otherwise at risk of exposure on the job).
A radiation protection program should include, at a minimum:
 Qualified staff (e.g., RSO, health physicist) to provide oversight and responsibility for
radiation protection policies and procedures.
 ALARA stands for As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).
 A dosimetry program (personal exposure monitoring)
 Surveys and area monitoring Radiological controls
 Worker training
 Emergency procedures also provides information about this topic.)
 Record keeping and reporting programs .
 Internal audit procedures

2.9.2 Equipment Registration/Licensing

Federal and state regulatory agencies require some types of radiation-producing equipment or
radiation sources to be registered or licensed by manufacturers and/or users.
37
Registration or licensing requirements apply to many specific radiation sources and occupational
settings. Equipment registration or licensing helps ensure that radiation sources emitting ionizing
radiation do not pose radiation hazards for workers (and the public).
Some radiation sources, such as most X-ray equipment andome accelerators, must be registered with
a state agency (or local agency (e.g., health department) and different registration requirements
may apply, depending on the agency. Registrants may be required to perform equipment tests or
allow state or local inspectors to perform equipment tests. In some states, equipment registration
requirements may include regular inspections, shielding, or signage.

2.9.3 Preventive measures

The guiding principle of radiation safety is "ALARA." ALARA stands for "as low as reasonably
achievable."

If there is no direct benefit from receiving a dose, even a small one, it should be avoided. To do this,
you can use three basic protective measures in radiation safety: time, distance, and shielding.

Time
 Time refers to the amount of time you spend near a radiation source.
 Minimize your time near a radiation source to only as long as it takes to accomplish a
task.
 First responders can use alarming dosimeters to help them minimize the amount of time
they are in an area with elevated radiation levels.

Distance
 Distance refers to how close you are to a radiation source.
 Maximize your distance from a radioactive source as much as possible.
 If you increase your distance from a radiation source, you will decrease your dose.

Shielding
 In a radiation emergency you may be asked to get inside a building and take shelter for a
38
 period of time.
 To shield yourself from a radiation source, put something between you and the source.
 In a radiation emergency, officials may instruct you to get inside and put as many walls
between you and the outside as possible. This is another way to use shielding.
 Protective clothing can shield first responders from alpha and beta particles but will not
protect them from gamma rays. Standing behind a wall or a fire truck can also serve as a
shield.

2.10 EXCESSIVE STRESS

Workplace stress is a growing problem that affects employees’ health and well-being, as
well as organizational productivity. In this article, we will explore the causes of workplace stress,
its negative effects, and effective strategies for preventing and managing it.

2.10.1 Main Causes of Workplace Stress

1. Work Overload: Requiring employees to handle more tasks than they can reasonably
manage can lead to high levels of stress.
2. Lack of Control: The inability to influence decisions and a lack of autonomy in the job
can cause frustration and stress.
3. Hostile Work Environment: Conflicts, workplace bullying, and negative interpersonal
relationships significantly contribute to stress.
4. Tight Deadlines: Constant pressure to meet strict deadlines can lead to high anxiety
levels and burnout.
5. Lack of Support: The absence of support from supervisors and colleagues can leave
employees feeling isolated and overwhelmed.
2.10.2 Effects of Workplace Stress
Workplace stress not only affects employees’ mental and physical health but also has
negative consequences for organizations. Some common effects include:
Mental Health Issues: Anxiety, depression, and burnout.
Physical Health Problems: Headaches, digestive issues, and cardiovascular diseases.
Reduced Productivity: Decreased concentration, increased errors, and lower efficiency.
Increased Absenteeism: Higher rates of sick leave and staff turnover.

2.10.3 Strategies to Prevent and Manage Workplace Stress

1. Psychosocial Risk Assessment: Conduct regular assessments to identify stress factors
in the workplace and take corrective measures.
2. Promote a Positive Work Environment: Encourage open communication,
collaboration, and mutual respect among employees.
3. Training and Education: Offer training programs on stress management and coping
techniques.
4. Flexible Work Arrangements: Implement flexible working hours and telecommuting
options to help employees balance their work and personal responsibilities.
39
 5. Support and Resources: Provide access to support resources such as counseling
services and wellness programs.

UNIT-III WORK PLACE SAFETY AND SAFETY SYSTEMS

3.1 WORK PLACE SAFETY
3.1.1 Need of Workplace Safety
It is not possible to measure the effects of human casualties. They can have grave consequences for
employees and their families and friends as well.

This is why workplace safety and health measures are necessary. They are essential for the well-
being of employers and employees alike. The feeling of assurance that one has, knowing that he
will return safely from work, is more significant than anything else.

40
There are occupational safety and health risks in every company. Factors affecting workplace safety
include unsafe working conditions, environmental hazards, substance abuse, and workplace
violence.

For example, employees working in an IT company may have to work with faulty wires or
electronics. Whereas in a construction company, employees may be exposed to the dangers of
operating heavy equipment.

To combat these risks, employers should create strategies that ensure and promote safety in their
workplaces.

Employers should also learn the desired aspects of their employees in terms of safety and protection.
This will help increase productivity and the quality of the products and services.

3.1.2 Benefits of a safe and healthy work place safety

 The safer the work environment, the more productive it is. Productive employees are an
asset to all companies. For instance, productive employees can produce more output in
less time, reducing operational costs.

 Workplace safety promotes the wellness of employees and employers alike. Better safety
equates to better health. Healthier employees do tasks more efficiently, and they are
happier in general.

 There are very few accidents in a safe working environment. This results in less
downtime for safety investigations and reduces costs for worker’s compensation. This
also reduces the time needed for employees to heal from injuries.

 Damage to industrial equipment creates costs for replacement and repair. Avoiding
workplace injuries and damage to industrial equipment will incur fewer expenses and
increase profit.

 If employers are concerned about the safety of their employees, the employees are more
confident and comfortable in general. Also, absenteeism rates drop, and employees are
more focused on doing their tasks.

3.1.2 Steps to create a Safe Working Environment

1. Being Aware and Identifying workplace Hazards

This is the first step to create a safe working environment. Employers need to identify workplace
hazards and safety issues first. Then they must take measures to address them accordingly.

Workplace safety hazards can include mechanical issues, dangerous chemicals, hazardous electrical
equipment, etc.

Mechanical problems can occur at any time while operating machinery in the workplace. Also,
working with heavy equipment is very risky and can cause accidents.
41
If employees need to work with chemicals, they have to be very cautious. Dangerous chemicals can
burn or poison employees. Inhaling or ingesting them can even cause death.

Also, working with electronic equipment can have risks as well. Faulty electrical equipment can
electrocute employees, causing severe problems.

To tackle all these hazards, employees should be aware of the types of equipment and know the
hazards in their workplace. For example, metal detectors can be instrumental in detecting
hidden metal hazards in a food packaging plant.

This enables them to stay clear of such dangers and unfortunate situations. Also, employers should
train employees in the proper operation and maintenance of machinery and equipment.
2. Implementing Workplace Safety Programs

The first step in building a safety program is to get all employees to commit to workplace safety.
One way to do this is to include workplace safety in the company’s mission statement. It should
be the duty of every employee to carry out the safety policies.

Employers should investigate all accidents in the workplace. They should encourage employees to
follow all safety procedures.

Moreover, employers should clearly state the hazards of not following them in writing. This reduces
the chances of mistakes.

3. Providing Proper Safety Training to Employees

Training is an important part of every company’s safety program to protect employees from
accidents. Research shows that new employees have a higher risk of workplace accidents. It
is the lack of knowledge of workplace hazards and proper work techniques that cause this greater
risk.

Employers should provide employees with the necessary training to reduce workplace accidents.
Employees should operate all equipment and machinery safely and adequately.

For instance, employers should adequately teach the operation of heavy machinery to employees.
Only trained or certified employees should operate such types of equipment. This is why it is
essential to provide safety training to employees by experts.

4. Using Protective Safety Equipment

The usage of equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause workplace injuries is
significant. Not doing so can cause injury or even death.

Employees may have to work with chemicals, machines, electronics, and other potential work
hazards. Employers must provide such employees with personal protective equipment (P.P.E.).

P.P.E. should be safely designed, constructed, and fit comfortably. Examples of P.P.E. are gloves,
protective eyewear, clothing, earplugs, hard hats, etc.
42
 5. Reporting Unsafe Working Conditions

Employees must inform any safety hazards or work risks to the management. Employers are legally
obligated to ensure safe working environments for their employees. They must end workplace
safety hazards and promote safety in the workplace.

6. Practicing Correct Posture

Bad posture is one of the main reasons for back pain. It is imperative to practice good and correct
posture to reduce the risk of getting hurt.
For example, if you have to sit for long hours, use specially designed chairs. Also, always sit
upright.

7. Reducing Workplace Stress

Workplace stress can cause many health problems like anxiety, depression, etc.

Job insecurity, workplace bullying, high workload, etc., cause workplace stress. Learn
how to combat workplace stress and avoid its adverse effects. Workplace stress can have drastic
effects on workplace productivity and employee health.

8. Promoting Regular Breaks

Employers should encourage employees to take regular breaks. Taking frequent breaks will prevent
tiredness and fatigue. This will further prevent injuries or illnesses. Breaks help employees stay
fresh and focused.

9. Staying Sober and Alert

One of the major reasons for workplace fatalities is substance abuse. Substance abuse causes
around 40% of all industrial workplace fatalities.

Individuals under the influence of alcohol or drugs are less alert. Their decision-making ability,
coordination, concentration, and motor control get compromised. This creates risks for
workplace injury and fatalities.

10. Easy Access to Exits in Case of Emergencies

If there is an emergency, it is important to have easy access to emergency exits. Easy access to
emergency exits will reduce injuries and casualties.

Also, it is important to have quick ways to shut down equipment in case of emergencies.

11. Using Mechanical Aids

An industrial job may need employees to work with heavy equipment. There are many injury risks
involved in trying to lift and move heavy objects. Employees can use a conveyor belt, forklift, or
wheelbarrow instead of lifting manually.
43
3.2 WORKPLACE SAFETY SYSTEM
A workplace safety system is a set of policies, procedures, and plans that help to manage
health and safety in the workplace. These systems can help to reduce the risk of injury and
illness.

3.2.1 WSS Guideline differ from industry and Organisational Needs.

Workplace safety system guidelines can vary significantly depending on both the industry and the
specific organizational needs. Here are some key differences:
1. Industry Standards
 Regulatory Requirements: Different industries have unique regulations. For example,
construction and manufacturing have strict OSHA guidelines, while healthcare might
focus more on infection control and patient safety.
 Risk Factors: Industries like mining or chemical manufacturing face higher physical
risks compared to sectors like finance or technology, necessitating more rigorous safety
protocols.
2. Organizational Size and Structure
 Scale of Operations: Larger organizations may require more formalized and complex
safety systems, while smaller businesses might implement simpler, more flexible
guidelines.
 Hierarchy: In larger firms, safety responsibilities might be distributed among various
departments, while in smaller organizations, one person might oversee all safety
protocols.
3. Work Environment
 Physical Layout: A factory floor will require different safety measures (e.g., machinery
safety, hazardous materials) compared to an office setting (e.g., ergonomics, fire safety).
 Remote Work: Organizations with remote workers may need to focus on different safety
considerations, such as mental health and home office ergonomics.
4. Cultural Considerations
 Workplace Culture: An organization with a strong safety culture may prioritize training
and employee involvement more than one that does not emphasize safety.
 Employee Engagement: Guidelines may vary based on how much input employees have
in safety protocols. Engaged employees may help shape more relevant and effective
safety practices.
5. Technology Use
 Automation and AI: Industries that utilize advanced technology may need safety
guidelines focused on the risks associated with automation, while more traditional
industries might focus on physical hazards.
6. Compliance and Accountability
 Reporting Structures: Different industries may have various expectations for reporting
incidents or near-misses, affecting how guidelines are structured and implemented.
 Training Needs: The level and frequency of safety training required can differ
significantly based on industry regulations and the specific risks associated with the
organization’s activities.

44
 7. Emergency Preparedness
 Specific Risks: Guidelines may need to account for specific risks pertinent to the
industry, such as hazardous material spills in chemical plants or medical emergencies in
healthcare facilities.

3.3 FEATURES OF SATISFACTORY AND SAFE DESIGN OF WORK PREMISES

3.3.1 Good House Keeping
Good housekeeping is not just about cleanliness. It includes all aspects of organization, tidiness,
maintenance and safety of the household.
3.3.2 Purpose House Keeping
Inadequate housekeeping can be a cause of incidents, such as:
 Tripping over loose objects on floors and stairs.
 Being struck by carelessly discarded falling objects.
 Slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces.
 Striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or misplaced material.
 Cutting, puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands or other parts of the body on protruding
nails, wire or steel fastenings.

To avoid these hazards (a hazard is something with the potential to cause harm), a
workplace must "maintain" orderliness throughout a workday. Although this effort
requires a great deal of management, preparation and planning, the benefits are many.

3.3.3 Benefits of Good House Keeping Practice

Effective workplace housekeeping results in:
 Reduced handling to ease the flow of materials.
 Fewer tripping and slipping incidents in clutter-free and spill-free work areas.
 Reduced fire hazards.
 Decreased worker exposures to hazardous products (e.g. dusts, vapours).
 Greater control of tools and materials, including inventory and supplies.

45
  More efficient equipment clean up and maintenance.
 Improved hygiene standards leading to improved health.
 Maximising usable space.
 A reduction in property damage by improving preventive maintenance.
 Improved morale.
 Improved productivity (tools and materials will be easier to locate).
3.3.4 House Keeping Program Plan
An effective housekeeping program is essential for maintaining cleanliness, safety, and
overall efficiency in any environment, whether it's a hotel, restaurant, office, or industrial
facility. Here are the key elements:
1. Standards and Procedures
 Establish Clear Guidelines: Create detailed procedures for cleaning different areas and
types of surfaces.
 Regular Updates: Keep procedures current based on best practices and new cleaning
technologies.
2. Training and Education
 Employee Training: Provide comprehensive training for all housekeeping staff on
cleaning techniques, safety protocols, and equipment use.
 Ongoing Education: Offer refresher courses and updates on new products and methods.
3. Scheduling and Planning
 Routine Cleaning Schedules: Develop daily, weekly, and monthly cleaning schedules to
ensure all areas are regularly addressed.
 Special Events Planning: Prepare for additional cleaning requirements during events or
peak seasons.
4. Inventory Management
 Supplies and Equipment: Maintain an adequate inventory of cleaning supplies and
equipment. Regularly check for stock and order supplies in advance.
 Sustainable Choices: Consider eco-friendly products to reduce environmental impact.
5. Quality Control
 Inspections: Implement regular inspections to assess cleanliness and adherence to
standards.
 Feedback Mechanisms: Encourage feedback from staff and guests to identify areas
needing improvement.
6. Safety Protocols
 Health and Safety Guidelines: Follow OSHA regulations and other safety standards to
ensure a safe working environment.
 Proper Use of Chemicals: Train staff on the safe handling and storage of cleaning
chemicals to prevent accidents.

46
 7. Communication
 Team Coordination: Foster effective communication among staff to address cleaning
needs and schedules.
 Reporting Issues: Encourage staff to report maintenance issues or unsafe conditions
promptly.
8. Technology Integration
 Cleaning Management Software: Use technology to streamline scheduling, inventory
management, and reporting.
 Automation: Consider using automated cleaning equipment where appropriate to
improve efficiency.
9. Guest and Employee Satisfaction
 Responsive Service: Ensure the housekeeping staff is approachable and responsive to
guest requests and needs.
 Employee Well-being: Promote a positive work environment to retain skilled staff and
maintain morale.
10. Sustainability Practices
 Reduce Waste: Implement practices that minimize waste and promote recycling.
 Energy Efficiency: Use energy-efficient equipment and practices to reduce
environmental impact.
By integrating these elements, a housekeeping program can enhance cleanliness, improve safety, and
contribute to the overall success of an organization.

3.4 LIGHTING AND COLOUR, VENTILATION AND HEAT CONTROL

3.4.1 Lighting
Importance of Lighting in workplace
Adhering to lighting regulations in the workplace can be difficult and complex within
various industries such as warehousing, office, manufacturing, pharmaceutical and hospitality for
example.

Unfortunately there are not always clear and concise guidelines demonstrating exactly
what lighting levels you should be maintaining. On top of this it can be tricky to know where to
look for relevant answers. Our lighting specialists at Safety First Group have years of experience
in dealing with the assessment and management of health and safety risks caused by lighting in
the workplace and we’ve noted some key factors below.

The important factors of lighting in the workplace are as follows

Hazards should be easily noticeable so they can be assessed
• All light is suitable for the work undertaken and the environment it is undertaken in
• The task or job being undertaken should have sufficient light (or illuminance)

47
 • Different colours should be distinguishable to promote safety
• No stroboscopic effects, flickers or glare should be caused by the lighting
• avoids the effects of veiling reflections
• Adjacent areas should not have substantially different levels of lighting
• Individuals needs must be considered and met
• No light should pose a health and safety risk
• It should be accessible so maintenance can be carried out or the unit can be replaced with ease
• Safe emergency lighting
Importance of Measuring Light Levels In The Workplace

Bad lighting can be detrimental to your business and your employees. Low lux levels (insufficient
light) are a common cause of fatigue and muscle strain. This becomes more likely if the
exposure is consistent over longer periods of time, thus resulting in employee sickness and
absences.

High lux levels (excessive light) can also be detrimental to your business. Glare and reflected light
can distract an individual and impair his or her vision. This is particularly dangerous when a job
requires the worker’s full attention. Those working with machinery or hazardous chemicals are at
a much greater risk.

Protecting your colleagues and employees in the workplace should be of paramount importance and
implementing an external lighting survey from Safety First will highlight best practices and the
recommended illumination levels that meet health and safety requirements in your workplace
and help you to avoid such issues.

Importance of Lighting Surveys

Different levels of light are required for different activities. Ideally, lighting at work should be
designed for specific tasks carried out by people within that environment. For example, higher
light levels are essential for close work where accuracy is essential, such as soldering a
control panel, while lower light levels are sufficient for corridors.

Lighting surveys will highlight any lighting hazards and risks in the workplace. Typical risks
include lighting effects, incorrect design, improper installation, poor maintenance, incorrect
disposal, and improper selection of emergency lighting.

48
 3.4.2 COLOUR
Safety colors are visual markers that can help keep employees safe in the workplace.
These colors may appear on machines, signs or materials to indicate hazards. When professionals see
these colors, they can quickly understand the meaning.

Importance of Colours

Safety colors are an important part of keeping employees safe at work. When employees
learn about safety color codes and see these colors, they're aware of the risk involved. This can
help them prevent accidents and stay safe. Safety colors may help companies in the following
ways:

 Adherence to guidelines: When companies use safety colors, they can help ensure
they meet the local guidelines for their industry.
 Improved production: When employees feel safer, it can lead to increased
efficiency and productivity.
 Increased well-being: When team members feel safe at work, they may feel happier
and healthier.
List of Safety Colours

Red
colour red represents a fire hazard or fire prevention tool. This includes fire alarms, fire
extinguishers and flammable materials. Red can also mark emergency signs and buttons. For
example, in construction or manufacturing, many machines contain a red shut-off button. The
color red may be easier to see for many individuals, so they can find the button quickly.

Red can also show a safety requirement. For example, in a factory or construction zone,
employees might see a red sign telling them which protective gear they need to enter the area

Yellow
Organizations can use the color yellow to represent situations that require caution in the
workplace. These can include tripping hazards or spills. For example, when a cleaning team mops
the floors, they often place a yellow sign near the wet floor. When employees see the yellow
sign, they know to be careful in the area.Organizations also use yellow on cautionary signs to
warn them about possible hazards. They may use a yellow caution sign to remind professionals
to wear protective gear. For example, in a factory, an employee might see a yellow caution sign
reminding them to wear goggles when working near machines. If this is a requirement in a
certain area, the sign would usually be red.

49
Orange
Orange indicates a warning sign. It's most often used near or on machinery and equipment. For
example, in a factory, the production machines may contain an orange sign warning employees
about moving parts on the equipment. This can help prevent accidents and can increase
workplace safety in industries that use machinery

Green
Organizations can display green signs and markings to represent safety items. These can include
safety first-aid kits and important safety tools. For example, companies that produce or handle
chemicals may have an eyewash station where employees can immediately rinse the material
away in the case of accidental exposure. Companies can mark eyewash stations and emergency
showers with green signs to help employees find the areas quickly

Blue
The color blue in the workplace often represents repairs or other important information.
Organizations can use blue signs to convey instructions or workplace policies. For example, you
may see a blue notice sign stating that an area is for employees only. This can help keep
customers or clients safe

Purple
The safety color purple represents a radiation hazard. Organizations often use this color
combined with yellow to help remind employees to take caution when working with radiation

Black and white

In the workplace, black and white often represent boundaries. You may see these black
and white stripes in a stairwell or traffic area. These markings can help professionals determine
which direction they should go

3.4.3 VENTILATION AND HEAT CONTROL

Ventilation and heat control are crucial components of workplace safety, particularly in
environments where heat-generating processes or equipment are present. Here are key
considerations for both:

Ventilation
1. Types of Ventilation:
o Natural Ventilation: Utilizes windows, doors, and vents to allow air movement.
o Mechanical Ventilation: Uses fans and duct systems to circulate air and remove
contaminants.
2. Purpose:
o Reduces airborne contaminants (e.g., dust, fumes, gases).

50
 o Maintains comfortable temperatures and humidity levels.
o Ensures a continuous supply of fresh air.
3. Best Practices:
o Regularly assess air quality and airflow patterns.
o Ensure exhaust systems are properly maintained and effective.
o Use air filtration systems where necessary.
o Implement local exhaust ventilation (LEV) for specific processes generating
pollutants.
Heat Control
1. Heat Stress Management:
o Monitor workplace temperatures and humidity.
o Provide shaded areas or cool rest areas for breaks.
o Encourage hydration and provide access to water.
2. Cooling Methods:
o Use fans and air conditioning to reduce ambient temperatures.
o Provide personal cooling devices (e.g., cooling vests, misting systems).
o Use reflective barriers or shades to reduce heat from sunlight.
3. Training and Awareness:
o Educate employees about the signs of heat stress (e.g., dizziness, fatigue).
o Train on safe work practices in hot environments.
4. Regulatory Compliance:
o Follow guidelines set by organizations like OSHA for ventilation and heat stress.
o Conduct regular assessments to ensure compliance with safety standards.
Monitoring and Maintenance
 Regular Inspections: Routine checks on ventilation systems and cooling equipment to
ensure proper function.
 Air Quality Testing: Conduct tests to monitor pollutants and ensure the effectiveness of
ventilation.
 Heat Exposure Monitoring: Use heat stress indices to evaluate risk levels in hot
environments.
By implementing these measures, workplaces can enhance safety, improve employee comfort, and
reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses and exposure to harmful airborne contaminants.

3.5 ELECTRICAL SAFETY

harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and
static electricity.

The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989 OSHA promulgated a nuch- needed
regulation in the General Industry Regulations.

Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was
successful in promulgation of regulations for utility.

51
In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization
dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace.

Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution,
contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for
power plant locations

Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association

Important to Work Safely with or Near Electricity

The voltage of the electricity and the available electrical current in regular businesses and homes
has enough power to cause death by electrocution.

Even changing a light bulb without unplugging the lamp can be hazardous because coming in
contact with the "hot", "energized" or "live" part of the socket could kill a person

KINDS OF INJURIES RESULT FROM ELECTRICAL CURRENTS

People are injured when they become part of the electrical circuit. Humans are more conductive
than the earth (the ground we stand on) which means if there is no other easy path, electricity
will try to flow through our bodies.

There are four main types of injuries: electrocution (fatal), electric shock, burns, and falls. These
injuries can happen in various ways:

 Direct contact with exposed energized conductors or circuit parts. When electrical current
travels through our bodies, it can interfere with the normal electrical signals between the
brain and our muscles (e.g., heart may stop beating properly, breathing may stop, or
muscles may spasın).

 When the electricity arcs (jumps, or "arcs") from an exposed energized conductor or
circuit part (e.g., overhead power lines) through a gas (such as air) to a person who is
grounded (that would provide an alternative route to the ground for the electrical current).

 Thermal burns including burns from heat generated by an electric arc, and flame burns
from materials that catch on fire from heating or ignition by electrical currents or an
electric arc flash. Contact burns from being shocked can burn internal tissues while
leaving only very small injuries on the outside of the skin.

 Thermal burns from the heat radiated from an electric are flash. Ultraviolet (UV) and
infrared (IR) light emitted from the arc flash can also cause damage to the eyes.

52
  An arc blast can include a potential pressure wave released from an are flash. This wave
can cause physical injuries, collapse your lungs, or create noise that can damage hearing.

 Muscle contractions, or a startle reaction, can cause a person to fall from a ladder,
scaffold or aerial bucket. The fall can cause serious injuries.

GENERAL SAFETY TIPS FOR WORKING WITH OR NEAR ELECTRICITY

Working with or near electricity can be hazardous, so it's essential to follow safety
procedures to minimize the risk of accidents. Here are some key safety procedures:

1. Training and Awareness:

o Ensure that all personnel are properly trained in electrical safety and
understand the risks involved.
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
o Wear appropriate PPE, such as insulated gloves, safety glasses, and
non- conductive footwear.
3. De-energization:
o Always de-energize circuits before working on them. Use lockout/tagout
(LOTO) procedures to ensure that circuits cannot be re-energized while being
serviced.
4. Use of Insulated Tools:
o Use tools that are insulated for electrical work. This helps prevent
accidental contact with live wires.
5. Proper Signage and Barriers:
o Use warning signs and physical barriers to alert others about electrical hazards in
the area.
6. Maintain a Safe Distance:
o Keep a safe distance from overhead power lines and any live electrical
components. The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) provides guidelines
for minimum clearances.
7. Regular Inspections:
o Conduct regular inspections of electrical equipment and wiring to identify
and address potential hazards.
8. Avoid Wet Conditions:
o Do not work on electrical systems in wet or damp conditions, as
moisture increases the risk of shock.
9. Use Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs):
o Use GFCIs in areas where water is present, such as bathrooms or kitchens,
to prevent electric shock.
10. Emergency Preparedness:
o Have an emergency plan in place, including knowledge of how to respond
to electrical shocks, fires, or equipment failures.
11. Reporting Hazards:
o Encourage workers to report any electrical hazards or unsafe

53
conditions immediately.

54
 12. Stay Alert and Focused:
o Avoid distractions while working with electricity, and maintain a high level
of focus on the task at hand.

By adhering to these safety procedures, you can significantly reduce the risks associated with
working near or with electricity.

TIPS FOR WORKING WITH POWER TOOLS

 Switch all tools OFF before connecting them to a power supply.

 Disconnect and lockout the power supply before completing any maintenance work tasks
or making adjustments.

 Ensure tools are properly grounded or double-insulated. The grounded equipment must

 have an approved 3-wire cord with a 3-prong plug. This plug should be plugged in a

 properly grounded 3-pole outlet. Test all tools for effective grounding with a continuity
tester or a Ground Fault Circuit

 Interrupter (GFCI) before use. Do not bypass the on/off switch and operate the tools by
connecting and disconnecting the power cord.

 Do not use electrical equipment in wet conditions or damp locations unless the equipment
is connected to a GFCI.

 Do not clean tools with flammable or toxic solvents.

 Do not operate tools in an area containing explosive vapours or gases, unless they are
intrinsically safe and only if you follow the manufacturer's guidelines.

CHECK LIST FOR BASIC ELECTRICAL SAFETY

The basic checklist for electrical safety that can help prevent accidents and ensure a safe
environment:
1. Inspect Electrical Equipment:
 Check for frayed or damaged cords.
 Ensure plugs are in good condition.
 Look for signs of overheating or burning.
2. Use Proper Outlets:
 Avoid using multiple devices on a single outlet.

55
  Ensure outlets are properly grounded.
 Use surge protectors for sensitive equipment.
3. Follow Load Limits:
 Know the wattage limits for outlets and circuits.
 Don’t overload circuits with too many devices.
4. Use Correct Tools:
 Use insulated tools when working with electricity.
 Keep tools and electrical devices dry.
5. Implement Safe Work Practices:
 Always turn off power at the circuit breaker before working on electrical systems.
 Use a voltage tester to ensure power is off before beginning work.
 Avoid working on electrical systems in wet conditions.
6. Educate About Electrical Hazards:
 Know the signs of electrical shock or fire.
 Train employees or family members on safe practices.
7. Install GFCIs:
 Use Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) in wet areas like kitchens and bathrooms.
8. Maintain Clear Access:
 Keep electrical panels and areas around outlets clear of obstructions.
9. Regular Maintenance:
 Schedule regular inspections of electrical systems by a qualified electrician.
 Replace outdated or worn-out equipment.
10. Emergency Preparedness:
 Know how to shut off power in case of an emergency.
 Keep a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires nearby.

3.6 FIRE SAFETY

Fire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce destruction caused by fire. Fire safety
measures include those that are intended to prevent the ignition of an uncontrolled fire and those
that are used to limit the spread and impact of a fire.

Fire safety measures include those that are planned during the construction of a building
or implemented in structures that are already standing and those that are taught or providedto
occupants of the building.

Threats to fire safety are commonly referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may include a situation
that increases the likelihood of a fire or may impede escape in the event a fire occurs.

Fire safety is often a component of building safety. Those who inspect buildings for violations of the
Fire Code and go into schools to educate children on fire safety topics are Fire Department
members known as Fire Prevention Officers.

56
The Chief Fire Prevention Officer or Chief of Fire Prevention will normally train newcomers to
the Fire Prevention Division and may also conduct inspections or make presentations.

COMMON FIRE HAZARDS

Some common fire hazards are:

 Kitchen fires from unattended cooking, grease fires/chip pan fires

 Electrical systems that are overloaded, poorly maintained or defective
 Combustible storage areas with insufficient protection
 Combustibles near equipment that generates heat, flame, or sparks
 Candles and other open flames
 Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, lighters, etc.)
 Equipment that generates heat and utilizes combustible materials
 Flammable liquids and aerosols
 Fireplace chimneys not properly or regularly cleaned
 Cooking appliances - stoves, ovens
 Heating appliances heaters, solid fuels fireplaces, wood-burning stoves, furnaces, boilers,
portable
 Household appliances - clothes dryers, curling irons, hair dryers, refrigerators, freezers,
boilers
 Chimneys that concentrate creosote
 Electrical wiring in poor condition
 Leaking/defective batteries
 Personal ignition sources - matches, lighters
 Electronic and electrical equipment
 Exterior cooking equipment – barbecue

FIRE SAFETY PLAN

A fire safety plan is required by all North American national, state and provincial fire codes
based on building use or occupancy types.

Generally, the owner of the building is responsible for the preparation of a fire safety plan.
Buildings with elaborate emergency systems may require the assistance of a fire protection
consultant. After the plan has been prepared, it must be submitted to the Chief Fire Official or
authority having jurisdiction for approval. Once approved, the owner is responsible for
implementing the fire safety plan and training all staff in their duties. It is also the owner's
responsibility to ensure that all visitors and staff are informed of what to do in case of fire.
During a fire emergency, a copy of the approved fire safety plan must be available for the
responding fire department's use.

57
FIRE SAFETY PLAN STRUCTURE
 Key contact information
 Utility services (Including shut-off valves for water, gas and electric)
 Access issues
 Dangerous stored materials
 Location of people with special needs
 Connections to sprinkler system
 Layout, drawing, and site plan of building
 Maintenance schedules for life safety systems
 Personnel training and fire drill procedure
 Create assemble point/safe zone
USE OF FIRE SAFETY PLANS
Fire safety plans are a useful tool for fire fighters to have because they allow them to
know critical information about a building that they may have to go into.

Using this, fire fighters can locate and avoid potential dangers such as hazardous material
(hazmat) storage areas and flammable chemicals.

In addition to this, fire safety plans can also provide specialized information that, in the
case of a hospital fire, can provide information about the location of things like the nuclear
medicine ward.
In addition to this, fire safety plans also greatly improve the safety of fire fighters.

According to FEMA, 16 percent of all fire fighter deaths in 2002 occurred due to a
structural collapse or because the fire fighter got lost.

Fire safety plans can outline any possible structural hazards, as well as give the fire
fighter knowledge of where he is in the building.

3.7 SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK FOR MANUAL HANDLING OPERATIONS

Safe systems of work for manual handling operations are crucial for minimizing the risk of
injury in the workplace. Here are key components to consider:
1. Risk Assessment:
o Identify tasks involving manual handling.
o Evaluate the risks associated with these tasks, considering factors like load
weight, size, and the distance to be moved.
2. Training and Instruction:
o Provide training for employees on safe lifting techniques and ergonomics.
o Ensure workers understand the importance of asking for help when needed.
3. Use of Equipment:
58
 o Encourage the use of mechanical aids (e.g., trolleys, forklifts) to minimize manual
lifting.
o Regularly inspect and maintain equipment used for manual handling.
4. Workplace Design:
o Organize the workspace to minimize unnecessary manual handling (e.g., store
heavier items at waist height).
o Ensure clear walkways and adequate space to maneuver.
5. Team Lifting:
o Promote team lifting for heavy or awkward loads to distribute the weight and
reduce individual strain.
6. Proper Techniques:
o Train employees on proper lifting techniques: bend knees, keep the back straight,
and lift with the legs.
o Encourage employees to turn their feet instead of twisting their bodies.
7. Pace and Breaks:
o Encourage regular breaks to reduce fatigue, which can increase the risk of injury.
o Monitor workloads to ensure they are manageable.
8. Monitoring and Review:
o Regularly review manual handling practices and adjust as necessary based on
feedback and incidents.
o Conduct audits to ensure compliance with safety procedures.

3.8 MACHINE GUARDING

Each piece of machinery has its own unique mechanical and non-mechanical hazards.
Machines can cause a variety of injuries ranging from minor abrasions, burns or cuts to severe
injuries such as fractures, lacerations, crushing injuries or even amputation. Machine guards are
your first line of defense against injuries caused by machine operation. Each machine must have
adequate safeguards to protect operators and other employees in the immediate work area from
hazards created by ingoing nip points, rotating parts, sparks and flying debris.

Importance of Machine Guarding

 Prevent contact – machine guards must provide a physical barrier that prevents the
operator from having any part of his/her body in the “danger zone” during the machine’s
operating cycle;
 Be secured in place or otherwise be tamper proof – machine guards must be
secure and strong so that workers are not able to bypass, remove, or tamper with them.
They must be attached to the machine where possible. If the guard cannot be physically
attached to the machine it must be attached elsewhere;

59
  Create no new hazard – A safeguard defeats its own purpose if it creates a hazard of its
own such as a shear point, a jagged edge, or an unfinished surface which can cause a
laceration. The edges of guards, for instance, should be rolled or bolted in such a way
that they eliminate sharp edges. Machine guards should not obstruct the operator’s view;
 Allow for lubrication with the guard still in place - If possible, one should be able to
lubricate the machine without removing safeguards. Locating oil reservoirs outside the
guard, with a line leading to the lubrication point, will reduce the need for the operator
or maintenance worker to enter the hazardous area.
 Not interfere with the machine operation - Any safeguard which impedes a worker
from performing the job quickly and comfortably might soon be overridden or
disregarded. Proper safeguarding can actually enhance efficiency since it can relieve
the worker’s apprehensions about injury.
Types of Hazards
A wide variety of mechanical motions and actions may present hazards to workers
operating or working around machinery. The three basic types of hazardous mechanical motions
and actions are:

 Hazardous Motions – including rotating machine parts, reciprocating motions

(sliding parts or up/down motions), and transverse motions (materials moving in a
continuous line);
 Points of Operation – the areas where the machine cuts, shapes, bores, or bends
the stock being fed through it;
 Pinch Points and Shear Points – the area where a part of the body or clothing could
be caught between a moving part and a stationary object. This would include power
transmission apparatuses such as flywheels, pulleys, belts, chains, couplings, spindles,
cams, gears, connecting rods and other machine components that transmit energy.
Methods of Safeguarding
There are five (5) general types of machine safeguards that can be used to protect workers and
personnel in the immediate vicinity of machinery. They are:

 Guards – these are physical barriers that prevent contact. They can be fixed,
interlocked, adjustable, or self-adjusting.
 Devices – these limit or prevent access to the hazardous area. These can be presence-
sensing devices, pullback or restraint straps, safety trip controls, two-hand controls, or
gates.
 Automated Feeding and Ejection Mechanisms – These eliminate the operator’s
exposure to the point of operation while handling stock (materials).
 Machine Location or Distance – this method removes the hazard from the
operator’s work area.

60
  Miscellaneous Aids – these methods can be used to protect both operators and people
in the immediate vicinity of operating machinery. Examples include shields to contain
chips, sparks, sprays or other forms of flying debris; holding tools that an operator can
use to handle materials going into the point of operation; and awareness barriers to warn
people about hazards in the area.

3.9 TYPES OF WORKING STYLES

Four broad, yet distinct categories define the main working styles. Each has its strengths,
weaknesses and unique approach to overcoming challenges, managing interactions and achieving
goals.
The four working styles are:

1. Logical
Individuals with this work style are often known as drivers or doers because they can analyze a
problem and tackle it head-on. Those that have this work style are typically data- oriented and
love a good challenge.
Their linear way of thinking allows them to dedicate an incredible amount of focus toward their
goals and get things done.
The amount of concentration these individuals have causes them to sometimes forget to
communicate their actions or overlook the importance of planning.
2. Detail-oriented
Sometimes referred to as guardians or learners, those with this working style are sequential,
strategic, organized and extremely detail-oriented.
These attributes are important in any team because they supply a sense of order and stability.
Individuals with this work style are usually extremely pragmatic, meaning they avoid risks and
approach situations slowly and thoughtfully.
3. Supportive
Some people have a more emotionally oriented work style that is deeply expressive and supportive.
Sometimes known as integrators or lovers, these individuals typically build relationships and bring
teams together to work in harmony.
4. Idea-oriented
Often thought of as pioneers, leaders or big-picture thinkers, individuals with this working style are
skilled at creating a vision and inspiring others to believe in it
These workers thrive on the endless risks and possibilities, making them an incredible source of
energy. These innovators are great at turning obstacles into opportunities, but get so wrapped up
in the bigger picture that they overlook details or forget to follow up with other members of their
team.

3.10 IMPACT OF WORKING LEVEL IN WORKPLACE

61
 (a) Create a structure for the hierarchy of a business
Job levels are meant to inform employees and outside contacts of how each employee
contributes to the organization. They are used to maintain a reporting system that delegates the
functions of a business from day-to-day operations to the long-term vision of a company.
Determine pay and experience needs for a position
HR managers help set job levels, including job descriptions based on responsibilities.
They identify the experience and professional background needed and set salary expectations.

Work levels are important to recognize current employees, too. They help define when an
employee qualifies for a promotion, ensuring pay equity and consistent, fair compensation
increases.
(b) Delegate tasks and responsibilities
Executives and managers contribute to the expectations of each position, too. They may assess a
team's or department's workflow and identify which tasks need to be assigned or reassigned to
new team members. Work levels can help them define role responsibility which can impact
decisions about promotions or dismissals.
(c) Attract the best candidates for a role
Work levels also help prospective employees understand the responsibilities of the role they are
seeking within a company, including day-to-day tasks and whether a position has supervisory
responsibilities. They can also help prospective employees understand the career paths available
at your company,
(d) Job levels, titles and sample positions
(i) Executive or senior management
Senior or executive managers, also known as "C-level" or "C-suite" positions, are responsible for
leading a company by overseeing its financial well-being, setting a vision and creating a growih
strategy for a business. They are also responsible for attracting top talent to fill mid-level and
advisory positions.
Executive or senior management can rise from experience within a company or be hired from an
outside business or even a competitor. They usually have a long history within a certain industry
with expertise in a specialized area of their chosen field.
Job titles might include:
 Chief officers
 President
 Vice president
 Senior executive
 Executive
(ii) Middle management

62
Middle managers act as a medium between executive-level management and first-level managers.
They often report to higher or executive-level managers who may not personally oversee the
specific objectives of each department. They may have teams that report to them or act as a high-
level adviser to senior management.
Job titles might include:
 Senior director
 Director
 Associate director
 Regional manager
 Adviser
(iii) First-level management
First-level management involves supervisory roles for both intermediate and entry-level positions.
Those with experience and qualifications, like a four-year degree or trade school certification, fill
these roles.
First-level management represents middle and senior management to the average worker. They are
often the main managerial contact for most employees in a company. They usually help ensure
the day-to-day operations of an organization are running smoothly
Job Titles include:
 Manager
 Supervisor
 Project manager
 Team leader
 Officer manager

(iv) Intermediate or experienced

The intermediate job level requires experience and often specialized training. The
intermediate job level has no supervisory duties but still requires knowledge and a history of
work experience within the industry.
At this level, the employee requires less supervision and may receive more opportunities
to work independently.
Job titles might include:
 Coordinator
 Analyst
 Specialist
(v) Entry-level
Most people who enter the workforce start their careers in entry-level positions. Recent
graduates or those starting in a new industry begin in an entry-level position to learn how to
perform the duties needed in their chosen field.

63
 Entry-level jobs involve routine daily tasks that mid-level managers supervise. At this level,
employees gain the skills and experience to be successful in their field.
Job titles might include:
 Staff member
 Representative
 Associate

3.11 SYSTEM SAFETY PROCESS

The system safety process is a structured approach used to identify, analyze, and mitigate
risks associated with complex systems, particularly in industries like aerospace, automotive, and
nuclear. It aims to ensure that systems operate safely and effectively throughout their lifecycle.
Here’s a breakdown of the key steps involved in the process:
1. System Definition: Clearly define the system, its components, functions, and interfaces.
This includes understanding operational environments and user interactions.
2. Hazard Identification: Identify potential hazards that could cause harm. This can be
done through various techniques such as brainstorming, checklists, and historical data
analysis.
3. Risk Assessment: Analyze identified hazards to determine their potential consequences
and likelihood of occurrence. This often involves qualitative and quantitative methods to
prioritize risks based on severity and probability.
4. Risk Control Measures: Develop strategies to mitigate identified risks. This can include
design modifications, operational procedures, training, or implementing safety features.
5. Safety Verification and Validation: Ensure that the safety controls are effective. This
may involve testing, inspections, and analysis to confirm that the system meets safety
requirements.
6. Documentation: Maintain thorough documentation of all safety analyses, decisions, and
control measures. This provides a traceable record that can be referenced throughout the
system's lifecycle.
7. Monitoring and Review: Continuously monitor the system in operation to identify new
hazards or changes in risk profiles. Regular reviews of the safety process help adapt to
new information or operational changes.
8. Communication: Ensure clear communication among stakeholders regarding safety
issues, procedures, and changes. This fosters a safety culture within the organization.
3.12. SOFTWARE SYSTEM SAFETY
Software System Safety is essential to perform system safety engineering tasks on safety-
critical systems to reduce safety risk in all aspects of a program.

64
 These tasks include software system safety activities involving the design, code, test,
independent verification and validation (IV&V), operation and maintenance, and change control
functions within the software engineering development and deployment processes

65
 UNIT IV HAZARDS AND RISK MANAGEMENT

4.1 HAZARDS AND RISK MANAGEMENT

What is a risk/hazard?

Hazards are things that exist and can cause harm (such as a drill press), where risk is the
combined likelihood of that hazard being in use or circumstance that allows harm. For example,
a guarded drill press that is used by a trained and experienced person and it is the right tool for
the job is unlikely to cause harm and be used in a same manner i.e. the risk of injury is low. The
purpose of risk and hazard management is to ensure that the work that is required to be done,
with the tools and processes is managed to minimise the risk of harm to any person on campus.

Reasonably Practicable

The HSWA legislative term "reasonably practicable" means what can reasonably be done in
relation to health and safety, taking into account matters including:
 the likelihood of the hazard or the risk concerned occurring
 the degree of harm that might result from the hazard or risk
 what the person concerned knows, or ought reasonably to know, about:
 the hazard or risk
 ways of eliminating or minimising the risk
 the availability and suitability of ways to eliminate or minimise the risk
 after assessing the extent of the risk and the available ways of eliminating or
minimising the risk, the cost associated with available ways of eliminating or
minimising the risk, including whether the cost is grossly disproportionate to the risk

Identifying risks and hazards

The first step in managing a risk or hazard is to identify it. The University of Otago has an online
risk assessment and hazard management system, Vault, to identify risks or hazards within the
university workplace to create controls. All workers should know how to access the department's
register, and how to report a risk or hazard.

Managing risks and hazards

The HSWA focuses on the management of work related risks and hazards, and requires the
university to follow this sequence:

1. IDENTIFY workplace hazards

2. ASSESS risks
3. MANAGE risks
4. MONITOR control methods

66
 Controlling risks and hazards

When a risk or hazard is identified, it must be assessed for control through elimination or minimisation.

Elimination: This is when the risk or hazard is removed from the workplace, such as removing a
hazardous substance that is no longer required. Even though the risk or hazard is removed, it
must be recorded in the register. If you are substituting a risk or hazard with another substance
or process, be sure to complete the risk and hazard identification for the new process or
substance. Record the decision in the register.

Minimisation: Where elimination is impracticable, minimise the risk or hazard through appropriate
controls, such as PPE, work organisation factors, etc. This means that the risk or hazard still
exists but exposure to the hazard is controlled to manage the risk.

67
Risk/hazard monitoring

When a risk or hazard is managed by minimisation, it's a requirement to monitor workers

exposure to the risk or hazard (in addition to monitoring their health in relation to the
exposure). Monitoring the risk or hazard ensures the control is effective.

Surveys that may be required in the university environment include:

 Noise levels
 Lighting
 Air contaminants
 Chemicals
 Radiation
 Air quality
 Biohazards
 Air Temperature
 Asbestos
 Vibration

If any of these risks or hazards are applicable to your department, contact the Health and Safety
Team to arrange the necessary monitoring.

Worker participation

Worker involvement is a key part of the legislation, as workers who do the work are
usually aware of the risks and hazards and have ideas on ways of controlling them. Workers are
also responsible for themselves, and to ensure their work does not become a risk or hazard to
them or any other person.

4.2 SAFETY APPRAISAL, ANALYSIS AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Safety or loss prevention programme. appraisal, therefore, includes all ways and means to
measure and indicate the value of any plant, machinery, process, method, exposure etc. in terms
of their individual and total safety effectiveness, performance, maintenance and control
techniques. This is the first step of any safety organization in its march toward accident or loss
prevention programme.

Safety Appraisal Types

(A) Qualitative appraisal Involves subjective analysis of risks based on expert judgment and
experience. It often includes risk matrices to categorize risks as high, medium, or low.

(B) Quantitative appraisal Utilizes statistical methods and data to assess risks. It involves
numerical estimates of the likelihood and consequences of hazards.
68
 (C) Preventive appraisal includes preventive maintenance before any. accident occurs. Plant
safety sampling, safety survey, fault tree analysis, risk. analysis. HAZOP and HAZAN studies,
safety inventory. system safety, safety standards, safety permit system, safety tag and lockout,
safety steward etc. are used for this purpose. Inspections by the plant personnel, Safety Officer.
safety expert and factory inspectors must be utilized for this objective.

(D) Corrective appraisal includes corrective maintenance after any accident takes place or any
defect(crack, corrosion, wear & tear etc.) detected. If such damage/injury valuation and repairing
is not carried out, it will, continue the interruption of activity and ill effect on health and safety.
Accident investigation, analysis, identifying the key facts, accident potential and causes,
application of the remedy (corrective action) are carrier} out for this objective.

Assess the Overall Standard of Safety Performance

the concept of Safety Audit developed by Chemical Industries Association is also useful in non-
chemical industry.
 The concepts of Total Loss Control and Total Loss Prevention are also useful to
measure and maintain the levels of safety
.
 Indirect cost of accident is more than the direct cost of compensation and medical
expenses. Injured party can also sue the employer; similarly compensation is also
payable for breach of product safety A manufacturer may be economically out due to
such accident losses. Therefore he must seriously think to save such high costs and losses
by ‘ adopting good safety appraisal systems.

Safety Appraisal System

A safety appraisal system is a structured approach used by organizations to evaluate and

improve their safety practices and policies. It typically includes several key components:

1. Risk Assessment: Identifying potential hazards and evaluating the risks associated
with them.
2. Safety Audits: Conducting regular inspections and assessments to ensure
compliance with safety regulations and standards.
3. Performance Metrics: Establishing key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure
safety performance over time.
4. Training and Education: Providing ongoing training for employees to ensure
they understand safety protocols and best practices.
5. Incident Reporting: Implementing a system for reporting and analyzing incidents
to identify root causes and prevent future occurrences.
6. Continuous Improvement: Regularly reviewing and updating safety policies and
procedures based on findings from audits, incidents, and feedback from
employees.

69
 7. Employee Involvement: Encouraging staff participation in safety initiatives
and promoting a culture of safety within the organization.

Damage Control:
Damage means severity of injury or physical, functional or monetary loss that could
result if control of a hazard is lost. Damage Control is directly concerned with the protection of
machinery, materials and manufactured goods assets from accidental loss within the factory.
Indirectly it is concerned with money asset and man power asset.
Therefore damage control problem should be property recognized to prevent all accidents
causing (a)damage to plant, machinery, equipment, tools, building and other property (b) loss of
quantity or quality of materials during storage, handing and transport and (c) delay to ‘ process,
function or ‘ activity due to need of repair or replacement Benefits of damage control scheme are
1. Reduction in potential accidents and chance of injury accidents
.2. Reduction in severe injuries, production delay, and costs of maintenance, replacement
and damaged materials.
3. Detection of unsafe conditions and unsafe actions which may contribute to injuries.
4. Increase of quality control, profit, importance and status of safety
organization, awareness of supervisors and management to control property damage.

Steps to introduce good damage control program are as follows:

1. Spot checking: Includes visiting repair canters, making observation and
taking notes.
2. Damage Reporting and Investigation: All unplanned or unintended happenings
likely to cause personal injury must be reported by workers and supervisors to
management. Such cases should be property investigated and corrected.
3. Damage Costing and Auditing: Cost of repairs arising out of accidental damage
must be marked by ‘D’ accounted for and their records must be maintained. A
full time damage control inspector can audit allwork orders, conduct regular
inspections spat checking of repair centers and analyzing damage costfactors
Computation of direct and indirect cost of damage accident should be carried out
another methodis ledger cost concept which concerned with damage to machines,
equipment, materials and loss 01production time. Having worked out the damage
cost for full year, the cost-severity rate can be evolved bythe formula –

This property damage severity rate can be compared ,from year to year 4 Remedial Engineering :
Collecting data of repetitive repairs to equipment and property from repair shop, redesign of
equipment, revision of layout or work method and engineering controls should be implemented
to prevent those damage accidents.

70
 Total Loss Control (TLC):-
The Concept clarified: The concept of Accident Prevention when applied to prevent human
injuries only it is called Injury Prevention or Control When it is applied to control property
damage (losses) only, it is called Damage Control. When it is applied to control injuries and
property damage (losses) both, and also extended to include injuries and property damage to
society or surrounding, it is called Total Loss Control (TLC), Total Accident Control (TAC)
or‘iota! Injury Control (TlC)When this concept of total loss control is applied or achieved by
means of engineering controls, it is known as Total Loss Prevention (TLP). .The terms damage
control, loss control; loss prevention and risk management are defined in Chapter-2 with other
terms to realize the total concept of safety.

The Fundamentals of Loss Control: Some fundamental principles are given below
1. Accidents, unsafe conditions and unsafe actions re symptoms of something wrong is
the management system.
2. Certain sets of circumstances can be predicted to produce sever injuries identified
and controlled.
3. Safety should be managed like any other company function. Management must direct the
safety efforts by setting achievable goals by planning, organizing, and controlling to
achieve them.
4. The key to effective line safety performance is management procedures that fix
responsibility andaccountability.5. The function of safety is to locate and define the operational
errors that allow to occur.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA):
Purpose & Definition Job safety Analysis is a procedure of analyzing job for the purpose of finding
the hazards in each step ad developing safety precautions to be adopted. Though this technique
an be applied, at any stage, it is most useful at the stage of planning, design and starting the
process. It can be used to review job method and uncover hazards (a) that may have been
overlooks at the designer planning stage of plant layout, building, machinery, equipment. Tools,
workstations, processes etc. (b)that were noticed subsequently (c) that were resulted from
changes in work procedure or personnel It isthe first step in hazard 1 accident analysis and safety
training It determines details f each job in terms of duties, skills abilities, qualification lion safety
aspect, tools required methods sequence of Operation and working condition It 1% useful for
routine or repetitive job as well ‘ as maintenance and shot orders. Advantages (Benefits)
1. It suggests what personal characteristics such as age, sex, qualification, skill, experience
.abilities, physical standards etc are necessary for selecting a right man for a right job.
2. The job breakdown sheets are useful to train new workers in proper sequence of doing the job
safely and efficiently.
3 The hazards are notice before they cause any accident
.4. It suggests preventive measures in advance to avoid accidents.
5. It helps for planned and effective inspection and accident investigation.

71
 6. It suggests improved job motions positions, actions and work standards.
7. Proper organization of methods consisted accepted safe and efficient practices.
8. Preplanning, preparedness and performance can be started by exe properly the requirements of
the Operation are:
A. Select the job.
B. Breakdown the job into successive steps.
C. Identify hazards and potential accidents each step.
D. Develop safety measures to eliminate hazards and consequential accidents

4.2 PLANT SAFETY INSPECTION

4.2.1 Objective and benefits of plant safety inspection
Plant safety inspections are critical processes aimed at identifying hazards and ensuring
compliance with safety regulations within industrial settings. Here’s a breakdown of their
objectives and benefits:

Objectives of Plant Safety Inspections

1. Hazard Identification: To systematically identify potential hazards in the

workplace, including mechanical, chemical, and ergonomic risks.
2. Compliance Verification: To ensure that the facility meets relevant local, national,
and international safety regulations and standards.
3. Risk Assessment: To evaluate the severity and likelihood of identified
hazards, prioritizing them for corrective action.
4. Preventive Measures: To recommend and implement safety measures that can
prevent accidents and injuries.
5. Training and Awareness: To promote safety awareness among employees and
provide guidance on safe work practices.
6. Emergency Preparedness: To assess the adequacy of emergency response plans
and ensure that safety equipment is available and functioning.

Benefits of Plant Safety Inspections

1. Improved Safety Culture: Fosters a culture of safety within the

organization, encouraging employees to prioritize safety in their daily
activities.
2. Reduction of Accidents: Helps to significantly decrease the number of
workplace accidents and injuries, leading to a safer working environment.
3. Financial Savings: Reducing accidents and injuries can lower costs associated
with workers' compensation, medical expenses, and legal fees.
4. Enhanced Productivity: A safer workplace leads to fewer disruptions and
absenteeism, improving overall productivity.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Helps avoid fines, penalties, and legal issues associated
with non-compliance with safety regulations.
72
 6. Continuous Improvement: Encourages ongoing evaluation and improvement of safety
practices and policies, fostering a proactive approach to risk management.
7. Employee Morale: Contributes to higher morale and job satisfaction, as employees
feel valued and protected in their work environment.

Overall, regular plant safety inspections are vital for maintaining a safe, compliant, and efficient
workplace.

4.2.2 Types and Check List of Plant Safety Inspection

Plant safety inspections are crucial for maintaining a safe working environment and ensuring
compliance with regulations. Here’s a breakdown of the types of inspections and a checklist to
guide you through the process.

Types of Plant Safety Inspections

1. General Safety Inspections:
o Assess overall safety practices, equipment, and work areas.
o Focus on compliance with safety regulations and standards.
2. Hazardous Material Inspections:
o Evaluate the storage, handling, and disposal of hazardous materials.
o Ensure proper labeling and availability of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
3. Equipment Inspections:
o Check machinery and tools for safety and functionality.
o Verify that maintenance schedules are being followed.
4. Environmental Inspections:
o Assess compliance with environmental regulations.
o Check for spills, waste management practices, and emissions.
5. Fire Safety Inspections:
o Evaluate fire safety equipment, such as extinguishers and alarms.
o Ensure clear evacuation routes and emergency procedures are in place.
6. Electrical Safety Inspections:
o Inspect electrical systems and equipment for safety hazards.
o Check grounding, wiring, and adherence to electrical codes.
7. Ergonomic Assessments:
o Evaluate workplace ergonomics to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.
o Focus on workstation design, lifting techniques, and repetitive motions.
8. Behavioral Safety Observations:
o Observe employee behavior and safety practices.
o Encourage safe practices and identify areas for improvement.

Plant Safety Inspection Checklist

General Safety

 Are safety signs and labels visible and legible?

73
  Are emergency exits clearly marked and accessible?
 Are safety data sheets (SDS) available for all hazardous substances?

Hazardous Materials

 Are hazardous materials stored correctly?

 Is there an inventory of hazardous materials?
 Are spill kits readily available and properly stocked?

Equipment

 Are all machines equipped with safety guards?

 Are maintenance logs up to date?
 Is personal protective equipment (PPE) available and in good condition?

Environmental

 Are waste disposal methods compliant with regulations?

 Are there any leaks or spills in the facility?
 Is air quality monitored and within acceptable limits?

Fire Safety

 Are fire extinguishers inspected and accessible?

 Are smoke alarms and fire alarms functional?
 Is there a fire evacuation plan displayed?

Electrical

 Are all electrical panels and cords in good condition?

 Is grounding properly maintained?
 Are there any exposed wires or hazards?

Ergonomics

 Are workstations designed to reduce strain?

 Are employees trained in proper lifting techniques?
 Is there a system for reporting ergonomic concerns?

74
 Behavioral Safety

 Are employees following safety protocols?

 Is there an active safety training program?
 Are safety observations regularly documented and reviewed?

Regular plant safety inspections using a comprehensive checklist help identify potential
hazards, ensure compliance, and promote a culture of safety. Tailoring the checklist to specific
operations and hazards unique to your facility can further enhance safety efforts.

4.3 ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Accident investigation is the process of determining the root causes of accidents, on-the-
job injuries, property damage, and close calls in order to prevent them from occurring again

4.3.1 IMPORTANTNCE OF INVESTIGATION

Accident investigation will lead you to the real cause of why something happened, and armed with
that knowledge, you can take affirmative steps to prevent future accidents from occurring.

4.3.2 WHAT IS REQUIRED?

• Develop an accident investigation process that focuses on: o fact finding, not fault finding o
determining the root causes of why the event occurred o making changes so the event does not
happen again.
• Set a policy that accidents and close calls (large and small) will be investigated with equal
vigor.
• Provide training and tools to staff conducting accident investigations.
• Audit completed investigations to ensure they are being completed on a timely basis with an
adequate level of detail.

4.3.3 STEPS FOR SUCCESSFUL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Successful accident investigation involves a systematic approach to understand the causes
and prevent future incidents. Here are the key steps:
1. Initial Response:
o Ensure safety: Ensure the scene is safe and provide medical assistance if needed.
o Secure the area: Prevent further accidents by securing the area and
keeping unauthorized personnel away.
2. Gather Information:
o Collect data: Document the scene with photographs, diagrams, and written notes.

75
 o Identify witnesses: Gather statements from witnesses, including those involved
in the accident.
3. Analyze the Scene:
o Look for evidence: Examine physical evidence such as vehicle
damage, environmental conditions, and safety equipment.
o Identify contributing factors: Consider human, mechanical, and environmental
factors that may have played a role.
4. Interview Involved Parties:
o Conduct interviews: Speak with all individuals involved to gather
their perspectives and clarify details.
5. Reconstruct the Incident:
o Create a timeline: Develop a sequence of events leading up to the accident.
o Use tools: Utilize diagrams or software to visualize the incident.
6. Identify Root Causes:
o Apply analysis methods: Use techniques like the "5 Whys" or fishbone diagram
to drill down to root causes.
o Look for systemic issues: Consider organizational practices, safety culture,
and compliance with regulations.
7. Develop Recommendations:
o Propose changes: Suggest corrective actions to address identified causes, such
as training, policy updates, or equipment maintenance.
o Prioritize actions: Determine which recommendations are most urgent
and impactful.
8. Report Findings:
o Create a detailed report: Summarize findings, analysis, and
recommendations clearly and concisely.
o Share the report: Distribute the report to stakeholders to promote transparency
and learning.
9. Implement Changes:
o Action plan: Develop a plan for implementing recommendations and
assign responsibilities.
o Monitor effectiveness: Track the effectiveness of changes over time to
ensure they are reducing risks.
10. Review and Learn:
o Conduct a follow-up: Periodically review the situation to assess whether
changes are having the desired impact.
o Foster a learning culture: Encourage ongoing education and improvement
within the organization to prevent future incidents.
o
76
 4.3.4 STEPS IN ACCIDENT REPORT WRITING
1. Prepare the Report Format:
o Use a standardized form if available, or create a clear structure.
2. Basic Information:
o Date, time, and location of the incident.
o Names and contact information of those involved (witnesses, victims, etc.).
o Weather conditions and environmental factors at the time.
3. Incident Description:
o Provide a clear and factual account of what happened.
o Describe the sequence of events leading up to the incident.
o Include actions taken immediately following the incident.
4. Injuries or Damages:
o Document any injuries sustained by individuals.
o Note property damage or loss.
5. Cause Analysis:
o Identify potential causes or contributing factors.
o Include any relevant observations or evidence (photos, diagrams).
6. Witness Statements:
o Include accounts from witnesses if available.
o Ensure statements are as objective as possible.
7. Recommendations for Prevention:
o Suggest measures that could prevent similar incidents in the future.
8. Report Review:
o Ensure the report is reviewed by relevant authorities or management.
o Include signatures of the report writer and reviewers, if applicable.
9. Follow-up Actions:
o Document any follow-up actions taken as a result of the report.

4.4 ANALYSIS AND REPORTING

After all fact-finding efforts are complete, analyze the data to determine all causes of the
accident. Then prepare a comprehensive report outlining the identified causes and describing
corrective measures to prevent similar future accidents. To best understand why an accident
occurred and to plan for preventive actions, it is important to realize that most accidents have more
than one cause. It is important to realize that an accident may be the result of the interaction of
seemingly unrelated events.

4.4.1 Causes
77
 The cause of an accident is any behavior, condition, act, or omission without which the
accident may not have happened, or the severity of the injuries would have been less. Causes can
be characterized as direct, indirect, or contributing.
• Direct causes are acts or omissions that directly relate to the accident. These could include
workers or other individuals who:
 operate equipment in an unsafe manner or operate equipment known to have safety defects
or deficiencies
 do not follow required or necessary safety precautions or procedures
 fail to correct known damage to or faulty operations of equipment, machinery, or vehicles.

• Indirect causes are conditions that directly contribute to the occurrence of a direct cause.
These causes could include:
 defective or unusual conditions of equipment, machinery, vehicles, buildings, or
grounds
 defective or unusual conditions of workers or other individuals, such as intoxication,
physical defects or limitations, or psychological defects or limitations
 hazardous or unusual conditions of weather.

• Contributing causes are conditions, programs, acts, or omissions that are not directly related to
the accident but did contribute to the occurrence or existence of a direct or indirect cause. These
causes could include lack of or inadequate:
 safety program
 training programs
 preventive maintenance programs
 corrective maintenance programs
 supervision
 enforcement
 design of equipment, machinery, vehicles, or facilities
 advisory or warning communication, labels, or signs.

• Review data and pose hypothetical causes. The investigator should review all pertinent data.
After the initial review, the investigator should outline potential direct, indirect, and contributing
causes. It is important that all potential causes be listed and that the investigator not draw
preliminary conclusions as to the probability that a potential cause was or was not related to the
incident. It may be helpful to have a second individual conduct an independent review of the
pertinent data to list all of the potential causes.

 Test potential causes. Review again the pertinent data looking for specific data that affirm or
reject each potential cause. Connect related direct, indirect, and contributing causes.

78
 4.4.2 Reporting
A written report should be generated that contains the following sections:
• Statement of the problem. This section should include:
1. a review of the incident
2. a summary of injuries, lost time, and equipment and/or property damage.
• Review of the data. This section should include:
1. a summary of witness statements
2. a summary of relevant findings concerning the accident and work history of affected
employees and the operation of machinery or equipment
3. a storyboard with photographs or sketches
4. an overview of existing, written company policies or directives.
• Causes. This section should list the direct, indirect, and contributing causes that have been
affirmed by the data. A reference should be made to the data that support each cause.
• Recommendations. These should be based directly on each of the noted causes. These
recommendations could include the following:
1. more or improved training for employees
2. new company policies or directives, or better clarification or dissemination of existing ones.
3. improved communication between employees, supervisors, and management
4. design or operation changes or improvements to machines, equipment, or processes
5. different or improved safety equipment
6.different or improved protection from natural phenomena or disasters
7.different or improved systems to account for possible physical, physiological, or
psychological limitations of employees, customers, or others.

4.5 HAZARD AND RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Hazards and risk management techniques are essential for identifying, assessing, and
mitigating risks in various environments, whether in the workplace, community, or natural
settings. Here’s a breakdown of key techniques:

1. Hazard Identification
Checklists: Use pre-defined lists to identify potential hazards.
Inspections: Regular walkthroughs of the workplace or site to spot hazards. Incident
Reports: Analyze past incidents to identify trends and areas of concern.

2. Risk Assessment
Qualitative Risk Assessment: Use subjective methods to evaluate risks based on likelihood and
impact.
Quantitative Risk Assessment: Apply statistical methods to calculate risks numerically,
often involving data analysis.

79
Risk Matrix: A visual tool that plots the probability of an event against its impact to
prioritize risks.

3. Risk Control Measures

Elimination: Remove the hazard completely if possible.
Substitution: Replace the hazard with a less dangerous option.
Engineering Controls: Design modifications to isolate people from the hazard (eg. guards,
barriers).
Administrative Controls: Implement policies, procedures, or training to minimize risk. Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE): Use equipment to protect individuals from hazards.

4. Monitoring and Review

Regular Audits: Conduct audits to ensure compliance with safety procedures.
Feedback Mechanisms: Encourage reporting of hazards and near-misses to continuously
improve safety measures.
Incident Investigations: Analyze incidents to determine causes and prevent recurrence.

5. Emergency Preparedness
Emergency Plans: Develop and communicate plans for potential emergencies (e.g., fire,
chemical spill).
Training and Drills: Conduct regular training sessions and drills to ensure readiness. Resource
Allocation: Ensure necessary resources (first aid kits, fire extinguishers) are readily
available.

6. Training and Awareness

Safety Training Programs: Regularly train employees on hazard recognition and risk
management techniques.
Awareness Campaigns: Promote safety culture through newsletters, posters, and workshops.
7. Continuous Improvement
Feedback Loops: Create systems for continuous feedback on safety practices and policies.
Benchmarking: Compare safety performance against industry standards or best practices.
Implementing these techniques effectively requires commitment at all levels of an
organization and a proactive approach to safety.

80
4.6 RISK ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES AND IMPORTANCE OF RISK
ASSESSMENT

Risk analysis and assessment are crucial components of effective decision-making in various
fields, including finance, healthcare, engineering, and project management. Here’s a breakdown
of the methodologies involved and the importance of risk assessment:

Risk Analysis Methodologies

1. Qualitative Risk Analysis

o Description: This approach involves assessing risks based on their nature
and potential impact using subjective judgments.
o Techniques: Interviews, brainstorming sessions, and expert judgment.
o Tools: Risk matrices, SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, Threats).
2. Quantitative Risk Analysis
o Description: This method uses numerical data to estimate the probability
and impact of risks.
o Techniques: Statistical analysis, simulation models (e.g., Monte
Carlo simulations), and decision trees.
o Tools: Software tools for risk modeling and forecasting.
3. Risk Mapping
o Description: This visual representation helps to identify and prioritize risks
based on their likelihood and impact.
o Techniques: Heat maps that plot risks in a grid format.
o Tools: Risk assessment software and visualization tools.
4. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
o Description: A systematic approach to identifying potential failures in a
product or process and assessing their impact.
o Techniques: Identifying failure modes, analyzing causes, and prioritizing risks.
o Tools: FMEA worksheets and risk priority number (RPN) calculations.
5. Bowtie Analysis
o Description: A risk assessment method that visualizes the relationship between
causes, consequences, and controls for a specific risk.
o Techniques: Creating a bowtie diagram that illustrates preventive and
mitigative measures.
o Tools: Bowtie software tools for diagram creation.

Importance of Risk Assessment

1. Informed Decision-Making: Risk assessment provides critical data that informs

strategic decisions, allowing organizations to weigh potential risks against
opportunities.
2. Resource Allocation: Understanding risks helps organizations allocate resources
effectively, ensuring that time and budget are spent where they can have the
81
most significant impact on risk mitigation.

82
 3. Enhanced Safety and Compliance: Regular risk assessments ensure that organizations
comply with regulations and maintain safety standards, minimizing legal and operational
risks.
4. Stakeholder Confidence: Demonstrating a proactive approach to risk
management builds trust with stakeholders, including investors, employees, and
customers.
5. Crisis Preparedness: Risk assessment enables organizations to prepare for potential
crises, developing contingency plans that can be activated when necessary.
6. Continuous Improvement: The ongoing process of risk assessment encourages
organizations to continually evaluate and improve their processes, leading to
greater efficiency and effectiveness.
7. Competitive Advantage: Organizations that effectively manage risks can capitalize on
opportunities faster than their competitors, positioning themselves favorably in the
market.

4.7 RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Risk management involves identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks, followed by

coordinated efforts to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate
events. Here are some common risk management techniques:

1. Risk Avoidance: Altering plans to sidestep potential risks. This might mean changing a
project scope or selecting different strategies.
2. Risk Reduction: Implementing measures to reduce the impact or likelihood of risks. This
could involve using safer technology or improving training.
3. Risk Transfer: Shifting the risk to another party, often through insurance or outsourcing.
This means someone else bears the consequences.
4. Risk Acceptance: Acknowledging the risk and deciding to proceed anyway, often used
for low-level risks where the cost of mitigation exceeds the risk itself.
5. Contingency Planning: Developing backup plans and responses for potential risk
events. This ensures preparedness and minimizes disruption.
6. Regular Monitoring and Review: Continuously assessing risk factors and the
effectiveness of risk management strategies. This helps adapt to changing conditions.
7. Diversification: Spreading investments or resources to reduce exposure to any single
risk. This technique is common in finance and project management.
8. Scenario Analysis: Evaluating potential future events by considering alternative
outcomes. This helps in understanding the impact of different risks.
9. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis: Using descriptive methods to assess risks
(qualitative) or numerical data to quantify risks (quantitative) to inform decision-making.
10. Communication and Training: Ensuring that all stakeholders are aware of risks and that
staff are trained in risk management practices to mitigate risks effectively.

83
Each technique can be adapted based on the specific context and nature of the risks involved.

84
4.9 EVALUATION OF RISK
It involves assessing the likelihood and potential impact of adverse events that could affect
an organization or project. Here are the key steps in the risk evaluation process:

Identify Risks: Recognize potential risks that could affect your objectives. This could include
financial, operational, strategic, compliance, and reputational risks.

Analyze Risks: Determine the likelihood of each risk occurring and its potential impact. This
can involve qualitative methods (like expert judgment) and quantitative methods (like statistical
analysis).

Prioritize Risks: Rank risks based on their severity and likelihood. This helps focus attention on
the most significant risks.

Develop Mitigation Strategies: For high-priority risks, create strategies to minimize their
impact or likelihood. This could include avoidance, reduction, sharing, or acceptance.

Monitor and Review: Continuously monitor risks and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies.
Reassess risks periodically to account for changes in the environment.

Document Findings: Keep a record of identified risks, analysis, and responses to ensure
transparency and facilitate future evaluations.

4.10 MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARDS

Major accident hazards can be categorized into several types, each with distinct consequences.
Here’s a breakdown:

Types of Major Accident Hazards

1. Chemical Hazards
o Examples: Toxic releases, explosions, fires.
o Sources: Chemical manufacturing, storage, and transport.
2. Physical Hazards
o Examples: Fires, explosions, structural failures.
o Sources: Industrial equipment, construction sites.
3. Biological Hazards
o Examples: Exposure to pathogens or biohazardous materials.
o Sources: Laboratories, waste treatment facilities.
4. Radiological Hazards
o Examples: Radiation leaks or exposure.

85
 o Sources: Nuclear power plants, medical facilities.
5. Environmental Hazards
o Examples: Pollution, ecological damage.
o Sources: Industrial discharges, spills.
Consequences of Major Accident Hazards
1. Human Impact
o Injuries and fatalities: Direct harm to employees, first responders, and
the public.
o Long-term health issues: Chronic illnesses from exposure to hazardous
substances.
2. Economic Impact
o Financial losses: Damage to property, business interruptions, and legal liabilities.
o Cost of cleanup and recovery: Significant resources needed to restore safety
and health.
3. Environmental Impact
o Ecosystem damage: Harm to wildlife, vegetation, and natural resources.
o Pollution: Long-lasting effects on air, water, and soil quality.
4. Social Impact
o Displacement of communities: Evacuations or relocations due to
unsafe conditions.
o Psychological effects: Trauma and stress for affected individuals
and communities.
5. Regulatory Impact
o Increased regulation: Stricter safety and compliance measures imposed on
industries.
o Changes in public policy: Potential for new laws and standards to prevent
future incidents.
Understanding these hazards and their consequences is crucial for developing effective safety measures
and emergency response plans.

4.11 ONSITE AND OFF SITE EMERGENCY PLAN

4.11.1 Onsite and Off Site Emergency Plan

An Onsite Emergency Plan and an Offsite Emergency Plan are two critical components
of an organization's overall emergency management strategy, each addressing different aspects
of potential emergencies.

Onsite Emergency Plan

Purpose: This plan focuses on emergencies that occur within the organization's premises.

86
 Key Elements:
1. Identification of Hazards: Recognizing potential risks such as fires, chemical spills,
natural disasters, or medical emergencies.
2. Emergency Procedures: Detailed steps for responding to specific emergencies,
including evacuation routes, shelter locations, and lockdown procedures.
3. Roles and Responsibilities: Designation of individuals or teams responsible for
implementing the plan, including emergency coordinators and first responders.
4. Communication Protocols: Procedures for alerting employees, notifying emergency
services, and communicating with stakeholders.
5. Training and Drills: Regular training sessions and drills to ensure staff are familiar with
the plan and can respond effectively.
6. Resource Management: Inventory of emergency supplies, such as first aid kits, fire
extinguishers, and emergency contact lists.

Offsite Emergency Plan

Purpose: This plan addresses emergencies that may impact the organization but occur outside its
premises.
Key Elements:

1. Impact Assessment: Evaluating how external emergencies (e.g., natural disasters,

industrial accidents, or community crises) could affect the organization.
2. Business Continuity Planning: Strategies for maintaining operations during and after an
offsite emergency, including remote work arrangements and backup facilities.
3. External Communication: Guidelines for communicating with external stakeholders,
including customers, suppliers, and local authorities.
4. Coordination with Local Agencies: Collaboration with emergency services,
government agencies, and community organizations for coordinated response efforts.
5. Crisis Management: Procedures for managing the organization’s reputation and
stakeholder relationships during an external crisis.
6. Recovery Plans: Steps for recovering operations and assessing damage after the
emergency has passed.

4.11.2 Emergency Action plan for On-Site

An Emergency Action Plan (EAP) outlines the procedures and responsibilities for
responding to emergencies in the workplace. Here’s a breakdown of key components to consider
for an on-site EAP:
1. Purpose and Scope
 Define the purpose of the EAP and the types of emergencies it addresses (e.g., fire,
medical emergencies, natural disasters, chemical spills).
87
2. Emergency Response Team
 Identify and train a team responsible for managing emergencies. Include roles and
contact information for team members.
3. Evacuation Procedures
 Outline clear evacuation routes and exits.
 Specify assembly points where employees should gather after evacuating.
 Include procedures for accounting for all personnel.
4. Emergency Contacts
 List emergency contact numbers (fire department, medical services, security).
 Provide a way to contact designated personnel for specific emergencies.
5. Communication Plan
 Establish methods for alerting employees about emergencies (alarms, PA systems, text
alerts).
 Designate individuals responsible for communicating with external agencies.
6. Training and Drills
 Regularly train employees on the EAP and conduct drills to ensure preparedness.
 Keep records of training sessions and drills.
7. First Aid and Medical Assistance
 Identify first aid stations and ensure they are stocked.
 Designate employees trained in first aid and CPR.
8. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment
 Conduct assessments to identify potential hazards on-site.
 Develop specific procedures for addressing identified risks.
9. Special Considerations
 Address needs for individuals with disabilities or special requirements.
 Plan for handling sensitive information or critical operations during an emergency.
10. Review and Update
 Regularly review and update the EAP to reflect changes in the workplace, personnel, or
regulations.
 Solicit feedback from employees to improve the plan.
An effective EAP not only ensures the safety of employees during emergencies but also
minimizes potential disruptions to operations. Regular training and communication are key to its
success.

4.11.3 Emergency Action Plan (EAP) for off-site

An Emergency Action Plan (EAP) for off-site situations outlines the procedures and
responsibilities to ensure safety and effective response during emergencies away from the main
facility. Here are the key components typically included in an off-site EAP:
1. Purpose and Scope
 Define the aim of the EAP and the situations it covers, such as natural disasters,
accidents, or security threats.

88
 2. Emergency Contact Information
 List key personnel, emergency services (fire, police, medical), and relevant stakeholders,
including local authorities and emergency management agencies.
3. Roles and Responsibilities
 Assign specific roles to team members (e.g., incident commander, communications
officer) and outline their responsibilities during an emergency.
4. Emergency Procedures
 Detail step-by-step actions to take during various emergencies, including evacuation
routes, shelter-in-place protocols, and first aid measures.
5. Communication Plan
 Establish how information will be communicated to employees, stakeholders, and the
public, including methods for notifying and updating them during an emergency.
6. Training and Drills
 Schedule regular training sessions and drills to ensure all personnel are familiar with the
EAP and can respond effectively in an emergency.
7. Resource Management
 Identify resources available off-site, such as emergency supplies, equipment, and nearby
facilities, and how to access them during an emergency.
8. Post-Emergency Procedures
 Outline steps for evaluating the response after an incident, including reporting and
documentation processes, debriefing sessions, and follow-up actions.
9. Review and Update Process
 Establish a timeline for regularly reviewing and updating the EAP to incorporate new
information, changes in personnel, or lessons learned from drills and real incidents.
10. Compliance and Regulations
 Ensure the plan adheres to relevant local, state, and federal regulations regarding
emergency management and workplace safety.
By having a comprehensive off-site Emergency Action Plan, organizations can enhance their
preparedness and resilience in the face of unexpected emergencies.

89
 UNIT-V ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT

5.1 Concept of Environmental Health and Safety Management

Environmental Health and Safety Management (EHS) is a systematic approach that aims
to protect the health and safety of employees, the public, and the environment. It
encompasses a variety of practices, policies, and regulations to ensure compliance with
health, safety, and environmental laws and standards. Here’s an overview of its key
components:
1. Health Management
 Occupational Health: Focuses on preventing work-related injuries and illnesses through
risk assessments, health screenings, and wellness programs.
 Ergonomics: Addresses workplace design to minimize physical strain and
improve comfort and efficiency.
2. Safety Management
 Hazard Identification: Recognizing potential hazards in the workplace, such
as chemical exposure, machinery risks, and ergonomic issues.
 Risk Assessment: Evaluating the likelihood and impact of identified hazards to
prioritize interventions.
 Training and Education: Ensuring employees are informed about safety practices
and emergency procedures.
3. Environmental Management
 Sustainability Practices: Implementing initiatives to reduce waste, conserve energy,
and use resources efficiently.
 Pollution Prevention: Strategies to minimize environmental impact through
waste reduction, recycling, and responsible disposal of hazardous materials.
4. Compliance and Regulation
 Ensuring adherence to local, national, and international regulations related to
health, safety, and environmental protection.
 Conducting audits and inspections to verify compliance and identify areas
for improvement.
5. Emergency Preparedness and Response
 Developing plans to address potential emergencies, including spills, natural disasters,
and workplace accidents.
 Training employees on emergency protocols and conducting drills.
6. Continuous Improvement
 Implementing a feedback loop to evaluate the effectiveness of EHS programs
and practices.
 Utilizing data and metrics to drive improvements and foster a culture of safety.
Benefits of EHS Management
 Risk Reduction: Minimizes accidents and injuries, leading to safer workplaces.

90
  Regulatory Compliance: Helps organizations avoid fines and legal issues.
 Reputation Enhancement: Demonstrates commitment to employee welfare
and environmental stewardship.
 Cost Savings: Reduces costs associated with accidents, liability, and waste management.
Needs of EHS Management:
1. Regulatory Compliance: Organizations must comply with environmental laws
and safety regulations to avoid legal penalties and ensure public health.
2. Risk Management: Identifying and mitigating risks associated with
environmental hazards and workplace safety helps prevent accidents and health
issues.
3. Sustainability Goals: Businesses increasingly aim to reduce their environmental
footprint, making effective EHS management critical for achieving sustainability
targets.
4. Public Awareness: With growing public concern about health and environmental
issues, companies need to demonstrate responsible practices to maintain their reputation.
5. Employee Well-Being: Protecting workers from hazards improves morale,
reduces absenteeism, and enhances productivity.
Benefits of EHS Management:
1. Health Protection: Effective EHS practices reduce workplace injuries and
illnesses, promoting a healthier workforce.
2. Environmental Protection: EHS management helps minimize pollution, waste,
and resource depletion, contributing to a healthier ecosystem.
3. Cost Savings: By preventing accidents and reducing waste, organizations can lower
costs related to healthcare, cleanup, and fines.
4. Enhanced Reputation: A strong commitment to EHS can enhance a
company’s reputation, attracting customers and investors who prioritize
sustainability.
5. Operational Efficiency: Implementing EHS practices can streamline operations,
leading to better resource management and productivity.
6. Innovation and Competitiveness: Companies focused on EHS often develop
innovative solutions that can give them a competitive edge in the market.

5.2 Steps in Health And Safety Management Systems

Health and safety management systems (HSMS) are designed to help organizations manage
health and safety risks effectively. Here are the key steps involved in establishing and
maintaining an HSMS:
1. Policy Development:
o Create a health and safety policy that outlines the organization’s commitment to
health and safety, its objectives, and the roles and responsibilities of staff.
2. Planning:
91
 o Identify hazards: Conduct risk assessments to identify potential health and safety
hazards in the workplace.
o Set objectives: Establish measurable health and safety objectives based on the
identified risks.
3. Implementation:
o Develop procedures: Create specific procedures and protocols to manage
identified risks.
o Training and communication: Ensure employees are trained on health and safety
policies and procedures and promote open communication regarding safety
concerns.
4. Monitoring and Measurement:
o Regularly monitor compliance with health and safety procedures.
o Use key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure effectiveness and track
incidents or near misses.
5. Review:
o Conduct regular reviews of the HSMS to evaluate its performance and identify
areas for improvement.
o Gather feedback from employees and stakeholders to inform changes.
6. Continuous Improvement:
o Implement corrective actions based on the findings from reviews and monitoring.
o Update policies and procedures as needed to adapt to new risks or regulatory
requirements.
7. Documentation and Record Keeping:
o Maintain records of all health and safety activities, including risk assessments,
training sessions, incidents, and reviews.
By following these steps, organizations can create a systematic approach to managing health and
safety, ensuring a safer workplace for all employees.

5.3 Elements of Environmental Health And Safety Management Policy And Methods of
Its Effective Implementation
Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) management policies are crucial for ensuring
the well-being of employees, the community, and the environment. Here are the key elements
and methods for effective implementation:
Key Elements of EHS Management Policy
1. Commitment to Safety and Health:
o A clear statement of the organization’s commitment to maintaining a safe
and healthy work environment.
o Leadership involvement and accountability at all levels.
2. Compliance with Regulations:
o Adherence to local, national, and international regulations and standards related

92
 to environmental health and safety.
o Regular updates to stay informed about changes in laws.
3. Risk Assessment and Management:
o Identification and evaluation of potential hazards (physical, chemical,
biological, ergonomic).
o Implementation of control measures to mitigate identified risks.
4. Training and Education:
o Ongoing training programs for employees on EHS practices, policies,
and emergency procedures.
o Promoting a culture of safety and awareness.
5. Incident Reporting and Investigation:
o Establishing a system for reporting incidents, near misses, and unsafe conditions.
o Conducting thorough investigations to identify root causes and
prevent recurrence.
6. Emergency Preparedness and Response:
o Development of emergency response plans and regular drills to ensure
readiness for potential incidents.
o Clear communication protocols during emergencies.
7. Continuous Improvement:
o Regular audits and assessments of EHS performance.
o Setting measurable objectives and targets for EHS initiatives.
8. Stakeholder Engagement:
o Involvement of employees, management, and external stakeholders in
the development and implementation of EHS policies.
o Open lines of communication for feedback and concerns.
Methods of Effective Implementation
1. Leadership Involvement:
o Active participation and support from senior management to emphasize
the importance of EHS.
2. Clear Communication:
o Disseminating information about EHS policies, procedures, and
expectations throughout the organization.
o Utilizing various channels (meetings, newsletters, posters).
3. Integration into Business Processes:
o Incorporating EHS considerations into all business operations, including decision-
making and planning.
4. Regular Training and Awareness Programs:
o Scheduling regular training sessions and workshops to keep EHS practices
fresh in employees' minds.
5. Monitoring and Reporting:
o Implementing metrics to track EHS performance and compliance.
o Regularly reviewing and reporting on EHS initiatives to all stakeholders.
6. Incentives for Compliance:
o Creating reward systems for teams or individuals who demonstrate
exceptional commitment to EHS practices.

93
 7. Utilization of Technology:
o Employing software and tools for tracking incidents, training, and compliance
to streamline EHS management.
8. Feedback Mechanism:
o Establishing a system for employees to provide feedback and suggestions
related to EHS policies.
5.3 METHODS / TYPES OF EHS
Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) encompasses various methods and types aimed at ensuring
the safety of employees, protecting the environment, and maintaining compliance with
regulations. Here are some key methods and types of EHS:
Methods of EHS
1. Risk Assessment:
o Identifying hazards and evaluating risks to determine the likelihood and impact
of incidents.
o Conducting audits and inspections to pinpoint areas of concern.
2. Training and Education:
o Providing regular training for employees on safety procedures,
emergency response, and environmental practices.
o Offering workshops and seminars to enhance awareness of EHS issues.
3. Policy Development:
o Establishing clear EHS policies that outline responsibilities, procedures,
and expectations for employees.
o Creating a culture of safety and environmental stewardship.
4. Monitoring and Reporting:
o Implementing systems for tracking EHS performance metrics (e.g.,
incident reports, compliance checks).
o Regularly reviewing and analyzing data to identify trends and areas
for improvement.
5. Emergency Preparedness:
o Developing and practicing emergency response plans for various scenarios
(e.g., spills, accidents).
o Ensuring proper communication channels and resources are in place.
Types of EHS Programs
1. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS):
o Focuses on protecting employee health and safety in the workplace.
o Includes ergonomics, exposure assessments, and health monitoring.
2. Environmental Management Systems (EMS):
o Structured framework for managing environmental responsibilities.
o Often aligned with standards like ISO 14001 to improve environmental
performance.
3. Process Safety Management (PSM):
o Aimed at preventing the release of hazardous chemicals and ensuring
safe operations in industries like oil and gas.
o Involves hazard analysis, operating procedures, and mechanical integrity
assessments.
94
 4. Sustainability Programs:
o Initiatives designed to reduce environmental impact through waste
reduction, energy efficiency, and resource conservation.
o Focus on long-term environmental stewardship and corporate
social responsibility.
5. Regulatory Compliance Programs:
o Ensure adherence to local, national, and international regulations
regarding workplace safety and environmental protection.
o Involves regular audits and updates to stay compliant with changing laws.

5.4 EHS Management Software

Implementing Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) management software effectively
involves several key steps. Here’s a structured approach:
1. Define Objectives and Scope
 Identify Goals: Determine what you want to achieve (e.g., compliance tracking,
incident management, reporting).
 Scope of Implementation: Decide which areas of EHS the software will cover
(e.g., environmental management, occupational health, safety protocols).
2. Engage Stakeholders
 Involve Key Personnel: Include representatives from EHS, IT, HR, and operations in
the planning process.
 Gather Feedback: Understand their needs and concerns regarding current processes.
3. Choose the Right Software
 Research Options: Evaluate different EHS software solutions based on
features, scalability, and user-friendliness.
 Consider Integration: Ensure the software can integrate with existing systems
(e.g., ERP, HR systems).
4. Plan the Implementation Process
 Create a Timeline: Develop a detailed project timeline with milestones.
 Assign Responsibilities: Designate a project manager and assign tasks to team members.
5. Data Migration
 Audit Existing Data: Review current EHS data and ensure it’s accurate.
 Import Data: Transfer necessary data into the new system, ensuring it aligns with
the new software’s format.
6. Training and Support
 Develop Training Programs: Provide training sessions for all users to familiarize
them with the software.
 Offer Ongoing Support: Set up a support system for troubleshooting and questions post-
implementation.
7. Test the System
 Conduct Pilot Testing: Run the software with a small group to identify issues.
 Gather Feedback: Adjust based on user experience and feedback from the pilot.
8. Full Rollout
 Launch the System: Implement the software across the organization.

95
  Communicate Changes: Inform all employees about the new system and its benefits.
9. Monitor and Evaluate
 Track Usage: Monitor how the software is being used and identify any challenges.
 Collect Feedback: Regularly seek user feedback for continuous improvement.

96
 10. Continuous Improvement
 Update and Upgrade: Keep the software up to date and incorporate new features
as needed.
 Review Objectives: Periodically reassess goals and adjust processes accordingly.

5.5 ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES (EHS)

The elements of management principles, especially in the context of Environmental, Health,
and Safety (EHS), typically encompass the following key components:
1. Leadership Commitment: Strong support and involvement from management
to promote a culture of safety and environmental stewardship.
2. Policy Development: Establishing clear policies that outline the
organization’s commitment to EHS, including objectives and responsibilities.
3. Planning: Identifying EHS goals, assessing risks, and developing plans to achieve
these objectives, including compliance with regulations.
4. Implementation: Putting plans into action through training, resource allocation,
and establishing procedures and practices.
5. Monitoring and Measurement: Regularly evaluating EHS performance through
audits, inspections, and tracking metrics to ensure compliance and effectiveness.
6. Continuous Improvement: Utilizing feedback and performance data to improve
EHS practices, incorporating lessons learned, and adapting to changes.
7. Employee Involvement: Engaging employees at all levels in EHS initiatives to foster a
sense of ownership and responsibility.
8. Communication: Maintaining open channels for sharing information regarding
EHS policies, procedures, and incidents.
9. Risk Management: Identifying potential hazards and implementing controls to mitigate
risks associated with environmental and safety concerns.
10. Compliance: Ensuring adherence to relevant laws, regulations, and standards related
to environmental protection and workplace safety.
These elements work together to create a robust management system that promotes a safe and
sustainable workplace.

5.6 Education and Training

Education and training in Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) management is crucial for
ensuring workplace safety, environmental protection, and regulatory compliance. Here are some
key components:

1. Formal Education
 Degree Programs: Many universities offer undergraduate and graduate degrees in EHS,
environmental science, occupational health, or related fields.
 Certificates: Shorter certification programs provide specialized knowledge in areas like
hazardous materials management, workplace safety, and environmental compliance.

97
2. Professional Certifications
 Certified Safety Professional (CSP): Focuses on safety management and risk
assessment.
 Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH): Concentrates on health risks and workplace
exposure.
 Environmental Professional (EP): Emphasizes environmental management and
compliance.
3. Training Programs
 On-the-job Training: Practical training that covers company-specific safety protocols
and procedures.
 Workshops and Seminars: Focus on current EHS issues, best practices, and regulatory
changes.
 E-learning: Online courses covering various EHS topics for flexibility and accessibility.
4. Regulatory Compliance Training
 Understanding OSHA, EPA, and other relevant regulations is essential. Training often
includes compliance standards, reporting requirements, and emergency response.
5. Soft Skills Development
 Leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills are vital for EHS professionals to
effectively manage teams and influence organizational culture.
6. Continuous Education
 Staying updated with industry trends, emerging technologies, and changes in regulations
through ongoing training and professional development.
7. Field Experience
 Internships and co-op programs provide practical experience and exposure to real-world
EHS challenges.

Education and Training Difference

In the context of Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS), education and training serve
distinct purposes, although they often overlap. Here are the key differences:
Education
 Focus: Provides a broad understanding of EHS principles, theories, and regulations.
 Content: Covers foundational topics such as environmental science, occupational health,
safety regulations, and risk management.
 Duration: Typically longer-term, often involving degree programs or formal courses.
 Outcome: Aims to develop critical thinking, analytical skills, and a comprehensive
understanding of EHS concepts.
Training
 Focus: Designed to develop specific skills and competencies needed to perform
particular tasks or comply with regulations.
 Content: Includes practical applications, procedures, and protocols (e.g., emergency
response, equipment operation, hazard identification).
 Duration: Usually shorter, often consisting of workshops, seminars, or on-the-job
training.
98
  Outcome: Ensures employees can safely and effectively perform their jobs and respond
to EHS-related situations.

5.7 EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION

Employee participation in Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) programs is crucial for
creating a safe and sustainable workplace. Here are some key aspects to consider:
1. Engagement and Communication
 Regular Training: Conduct training sessions to educate employees about EHS
policies, procedures, and best practices.
 Open Dialogue: Encourage employees to voice concerns and suggestions regarding
EHS matters.
2. Involvement in Decision-Making
 Safety Committees: Form committees that include employee representatives to
discuss EHS issues and propose solutions.
 Feedback Mechanisms: Implement systems (like surveys or suggestion boxes)
for employees to share ideas on improving EHS practices.
3. Empowerment and Accountability
 Roles and Responsibilities: Clearly define EHS roles for employees, making
them accountable for their safety and the safety of their coworkers.
 Recognition Programs: Acknowledge and reward employees for their contributions
to EHS initiatives.
4. Reporting and Response
 Incident Reporting: Create an easy and non-punitive process for reporting safety
incidents or hazards.
 Follow-Up: Ensure there’s a response system to address reported issues promptly.
5. Continuous Improvement
 Regular Audits: Involve employees in safety audits and inspections to foster a culture
of continuous improvement.
 Review and Update Policies: Regularly revisit EHS policies based on
employee feedback and changes in regulations.
6. Promoting a Culture of Safety
 Leadership Commitment: Leaders should actively promote EHS values
and demonstrate their importance.
 Peer Support: Encourage teamwork in promoting safety practices and supporting
each other.
Key Elements of Employee Participation in EHS
1. Clear Communication:
o Provide clear, accessible information about EHS policies, procedures, and
the importance of participation.
o Use multiple channels (meetings, emails, posters) to ensure everyone is informed.
2. Training and Education:
o Offer training programs that educate employees about EHS standards and
their roles in maintaining a safe environment.

99
 o Use interactive methods like workshops or simulations to engage
employees effectively.
3. Involvement in Decision-Making:
o Encourage employees to contribute to EHS planning and policy formulation.
This can include forming safety committees or holding regular feedback sessions.
o Allow employees to voice concerns and suggestions, ensuring their input
is valued.
4. Recognition and Rewards:
o Implement recognition programs to reward individuals or teams for
proactive EHS contributions. This can boost morale and motivate others to
participate.
o Celebrate successes and improvements in safety metrics.
5. Accessible Reporting Systems:
o Establish easy-to-use reporting mechanisms for safety concerns, incidents,
or suggestions.
o Ensure anonymity if desired, to encourage honest feedback.
6. Regular Feedback and Follow-Up:
o Conduct regular assessments and surveys to gauge employee attitudes toward
EHS initiatives.
o Share results and follow up on action items, demonstrating that employee
input leads to real changes.
7. Leadership Commitment:
o Leadership should visibly prioritize EHS, modeling safe behaviors and
actively participating in initiatives.
o Leaders should communicate the importance of a safety culture and
their commitment to employee well-being.
8. Empowerment:
o Empower employees to take ownership of their safety and that of their colleagues
by providing them with the tools and authority to address hazards.
o Encourage a proactive approach to safety, where employees feel responsible
for identifying and mitigating risks.
Strategies to Improve Participation
1. Engaging EHS Programs:
o Develop engaging EHS programs that make participation enjoyable, such as
team challenges or safety competitions.
2. Open-Door Policies:
o Foster a culture where employees feel comfortable discussing EHS issues
with management without fear of repercussions.
3. Tailored Initiatives:
o Customize initiatives to fit the specific needs and concerns of different
10
0
 departments or teams, making participation relevant to their daily
tasks.
4. Use of Technology:
o Leverage technology, such as mobile apps or platforms, to facilitate easy access to
EHS resources and communication.

10
1