9 10.
What was the problem encountered with parallel
Chapter 5 organum? What was the rule? What is the term for the
Polyphony through the Thirteenth Century new style?
Tritone; when chant has an e, the organal voice can't go below
1. (84) Explain these terms: a) St. Francis, St. Dominic, c; when the chant has a b, the organal voice can't go
St. Clare [see timeline, pp.100-101]; b) Romanesque below g; mixed parallel and oblique organum
(11th-early 12th c.); c) Gothic (mid-12th cent.);
d) St. Anselm, St. Thomas Aquinas; e) Scholasticism; 11. The next treatise is _____________ by
f) fresco, tracery; g) musical gloss. _______________.
a) founders of new religious orders; b) rounded arch and Micrologus (c. 1025-28); Guido of Arezzo
Roman basilica; c) high vaults, pointed arches, slender
columns, stained-glass; d) scholasticism; e) reconcile 12. The ___________ ____________ (TQ: Why is it called
classical philosophy of Aristotle et al. with Christian that?) contains ____ organa, which proves that organum
doctrine; f) painting on wet plaster, ornamental work could be:
with branching lines; g) a gloss is an explanation; thus Winchester Troper; Winchester, England; 178; performed
the added voices in polyphony interpret/explain/add to (improvised) and composed; the pieces must be tropes
the meaning of the chant text that serves as the
structure/foundation of the composition 13. (87) T/F. The newer style of polyphony always displaced
the previous style. Explain.
2. Define polyphony. It was equated to monophonic False. Parallel organum is mentioned by Jacques de Liege in
_______ and ________ commentary on scripture. 1330.
Two or more voices singing together in independent parts;
trope and Scholastic 14. (88) What's the next kind of organum? TQ: Transliterate
the alternative name and to get what English word with
3. (85) What are the four precepts (= laws) that distinguish which you are familiar?
Western music? Free organum, note-against-note organum; punctus contra
Counterpoint, harmony, notation, composition punctum = counterpoint
4. Summarize what you understand about the paragraph 15. What's the name of the next treatise c. 1100? Where's the
"Polyphony began as a manner…." chant voice now?
How we get from monophony to polyphony is not known. Ad organum faciendum (On Making Organum); on the bottom
What we have is the finished product (manuscript
evidence), but we know nothing of the oral tradition, its 16. What pitches are considered consonant? Describe the
reception, its evolution, which are the cadence. TQ: What does it mean that "the organal voice
research/testing/development stages. is more disjunct"?
P1, P4, P5, P8; 3d or 6th to unison/octave
5. A predecessor of polyphony is what? The melody moves/skips around more than the chant, which is
Melody with accompanying drone stepwise.
6. Which treatise first describes polyphony? 17. Who sings organum? TQ: What do the other singers
Musica enchiriadis and Scolica enchiriadis sing?
Soloists; monophonic chant
7. The first type of polyphony is called ___________. It
flourished from the ____ through ______ centuries. 18. What pieces were set polyphonically? TQ: What was the
Organum, 9th, 13th original performance practice?
Graduals, alleluias, office responsories, troped sections of the
8. Polyphony where the voices move in the same direction ordinary; responsorial
is called _____________ organum. The voice with the
chant, called the ____________ voice, is on 19. (89) The next style is ____________ polyphony (also
__________, and the newly-composed voice, called called St. Martial, florid, and melismatic). The sources
____________, is on ___________. are:
Parallel; principal, top, organal, bottom Aquitanian; three mss. and the Codex Calixtinus taken in 1173
to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
9. (86) Which voice can be doubled?
Either 20. What pieces were set?
Sequences, Benedicamus Domino, responsorial chant, and
versus [rhyming, scanning, accentual Latin poem],
which are the earliest known polyphony not based on
chant.
Burkholder/Grout/Palisca, Ninth Edition, Chapter 5
21. Describe the two different styles. What's the name for 33. (94) SR: Define organista, quadrupla, colores, and tripla.
the chant voice at this time? Why is it called that? Singer or composer of organum, four-voice organa, melodic
1-3 notes in upper voice (discant), and many notes (organum); formulas, three-voice organa
tenor; it is held
34. (95) What are the three styles in Viderunt omnes?
22. (90) What is score notation? Plainchant, organum, and discant
Voices written above one another
35. What is the name of the upper voice?
23. (91) Apse, choir, transept, nave, façade Duplum
Projecting part, semicircle, vaulted; part of the chancel
between sanctuary and nave; cross; main part, long 36. (96) In discant style the tenor is in mode ___ and the
narrow hall; outside discant voice is in mode ___. How would the composer
know when to use discant style?
24. Have we lost oral composition by now? What is the 5; 1; when there's a melisma in the original chant
name of the next style and what is its main feature?
No; Notre Dame; rhythm 37. Are we totally reliant on notation yet as the definitive
repertoire?
25. (92) Who is the theorist? NO!
Johannes de Garlandia
38. (97) What is a clausula? Substitute clausula?
26. How did they indicate different lengths of notes? What Section; a section that is changed for another
are the two notes?
Ligatures instead of note shapes like we do now; longa (long), 39. What does Example 5.8 illustrate? TQ: What would you
breves (short) do to make it more convincing?
One chant, two compositions; line up the chant notes
27. How many rhythmic modes were there? What is the
basic pulse called? How would you know which mode to 40. (98) What's the term for two-voice organum? Three?
use? Four?
6; tempus (tempora), by the ligatures Organum duplum; triplum, quadruplum
28. (93) What do the brackets over the notes in Example 41. Could you explain voice exchange? The proper term is
5.5b mean? Stimmtausch.
Ligatures
42. (100) How does conductus differ from organum?
29. What are the two benefits of the rhythmic modes? Newly composed tenor; all voices sing the text together in
1. Preserved the repertory, aided memory, helped in learning essentially the same rhythm; syllabic; cauda (pl. caudae)
new pieces, and transmission to other European centers;
2. Gave shape to the music and thus easier to memorize 43. How do we get a motet?
and recall (confer poetry to prose) Add words to the upper voice of a clausula
30. Which English theorist about 1275 describes Notre 44. (101) Why is the motet a kind of trope?
Dame polyphony? TQ: What were his parents thinking The new text glosses the chant text
about when they named their son?
Anonymous IV; see p. 94 (SR) 45. The motet started off sacred but soon became _______.
Secular
31. What are the names of the Notre Dame composers?
Léonin, Pérotin 46. What, then, were the possibilities for reworking a motet?
Duplum text in Latin or French and not related to the chant;
32. What was the first name's greatest contribution? Is he the adding a third or fourth voice; give text to the third and
sole author? What did it contain? How has it come down fourth voice (double, triple); delete duplum, write a new
to us today? one
TQ: How many pieces would that be? TQ: Would this
help us to understand the definitive performance practice 47. (103) Name the two manuscripts.
of the time? Montpellier codex, Worcester fragments
Magnus liber organi (great book of polyphony); no, probably
not; graduals, alleluias, office responsories for the 48. What is the 1270 term for a preexisting melody?
church year; Wolfenbüttel X 2 and Florence; 1,000?; no, Cantus firmus
it was his interpretation but others altered it
© 2014, 2009, 2006, 2001, 2000 Ted A. DuBois
10 23.
49. (104) Who wrote the Ars cantus mensurabilis?
Franco of Cologne; the art of measurable music; 1280
50. What are the notes and what are their symbols?
Double long, long, breve, semibreve
27.
51. The ______ is the tempus. It is transcribed as a _______
note. Three tempora make a ____________. LB trochaic apple, picture
Breve; quarter; perfection BL iambic describe, include
LBB dactylic annotate
52. TQ: What's the name of the new score layout? BBL anapest unabridged, comprehend
Choirbook LL spondaic enough
BBB tribrachic tribachic
53. Describe a Franconian motet.
The top voice moves faster than the middle voice, which
moves faster than the tenor
54. Describe a Petronian motet.
Like a Franconian motet except the top voice moves really fast
and you should look for quintuplets, etc.
55. (107) Could you write a modal cadence? Do one ending
on G.
f to g; c to d; a to g
56. What are English characteristics?
3ds and 6ths in parallel motion; improvised; four-voice
textures
57. (108) What is a rondellus?
An English motet with voice exchange
58. What is a rota? Pes?
A round ("Row, row, row your boat"); an ostinato bass
Burkholder/Grout/Palisca, Ninth Edition, Chapter 5
© 2014, 2009, 2006, 2001, 2000 Ted A. DuBois
