Themes and Motifs in "Untouchable"
"Untouchable," a novel by Mulk Raj Anand, explores several profound themes that reflect the social
realities of India during the colonial period. The narrative centers around Bakha, a young boy from the
untouchable caste, and his experiences with social discrimination, identity search, religious hypocrisy,
and colonial influence.
Social Discrimination
The theme of social discrimination is central to "Untouchable." The novel vividly portrays the harsh
realities faced by those belonging to the untouchable caste. Bakha's daily life is filled with humiliation
and exclusion due to his caste status. For instance, he is forced to clean latrines and is ostracized by
society. Anand writes, “He was an untouchable; he was a pariah” 1 . This quote encapsulates the stigma
attached to being an untouchable in Indian society.
The systemic discrimination against untouchables is depicted through various interactions Bakha has
with members of higher castes. He faces verbal abuse and physical violence simply for existing within
a societal structure that deems him inferior. This theme highlights the entrenched caste system in
India and its devastating impact on individuals' lives.
Search for Identity
Bakha's journey also represents a quest for identity amidst societal oppression. Throughout the novel,
he grapples with his self-worth and aspirations beyond his prescribed role as an untouchable. His
longing for acceptance and dignity drives him to seek validation from others, particularly from those
who belong to higher castes.
An important moment occurs when Bakha encounters Western influences through technology and
ideas of equality. He admires the British soldier’s boots, which symbolize power and freedom: “He
wanted to wear those boots” 2 . This desire reflects Bakha's yearning not only for material possessions
but also for a sense of belonging in a world that constantly marginalizes him.
Hypocrisy of Religion
Anand critiques the hypocrisy inherent in religious practices within Indian society. Characters like
Pandit Kali Nath represent this hypocrisy as they uphold rituals while simultaneously perpetuating
social injustices. The novel illustrates how religion can be manipulated to justify discrimination rather
than promote compassion.
For example, when Bakha seeks solace in religion after facing humiliation, he finds that even spiritual
leaders reinforce his low status: “The priest had no time for him” 3 . This moment underscores how
religious institutions often fail to provide true support or equality, instead maintaining existing
hierarchies.
Colonial Influence
The impact of colonialism on Indian society is another significant theme in "Untouchable." Anand
portrays how British colonial rule exacerbates existing social divisions while simultaneously
introducing new ideas about rights and freedoms. The presence of Western education and technology
offers Bakha glimpses of a different life—one where he could be treated as an equal.
The character of Dr. Ambedkar serves as a symbol of hope for change; he advocates for the rights of
untouchables and challenges traditional norms. His influence suggests that liberation from caste
oppression may come through education and reform rather than mere acceptance of one's fate: “We
must fight against our own people” 4 . This call to action emphasizes the need for self-advocacy among
marginalized communities.
In conclusion, "Untouchable" serves as a powerful exploration of social discrimination, identity
search, religious hypocrisy, and colonial influence through its poignant narrative centered on Bakha’s
experiences. Anand’s work remains relevant today as it addresses issues that continue to resonate
within contemporary discussions about caste and inequality in India.
