Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.

Prof,CSE,BMSIT 1
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 2
 What is Human intelligence?
• It’s a composi?on of abili?es like

Learning Reasoning Perceiving

Understanding of Feeling
Language 3
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT
 What is intelligence?
• The ability to learn or understand from experience
• The ability to acquire and retain knowledge
• The ability to respond quickly and successfully to a
new situa?on
• The ability to use reason to solve problems

If intelligence is learning, understanding, retaining,

responding, and using reason then what is AI?

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 4

Quick Answer from Academia
q Modeling human cogni8on using computers.
q Study of making computers do things which at the moment people
are beNer at..
q Making computers do things which require intelligence.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 5

More Formal Definition of AI
qAI is a branch of computer science which is concerned with the study
and crea?on of computer systems that exhibit
Some form of intelligence.
Or
Those characteris?cs which we associate with intelligence in
human behavior.

qIt is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,

especially intelligent computer programs.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 6

What’s Involved in Intelligence?
q Ability to interact with the real world
Ø To perceive, understand, and act
• e.g., speech recogni?on and understanding

q Searching the best solu?on - medical

q Reasoning and Planning
Ø Modeling the external world – delivery robot
Ø Solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
Ø Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertain?es
q Learning and Adapta?on
Ø We are con?nuously learning and adap?ng
Ø our internal models are always being “updated”
• e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 7

John McCarthy
• (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American
Computer Scien?st And Cogni?ve Scien?st.
• McCarthy was one of the founders of the discipline of
Ar?ficial Intelligence.
• He coined the term "Ar?ficial Intelligence" (AI)

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 8

Views of AI fall into four categories in Two
dimensions:
Two dimensions
• Thinking/Reasoning vs. Behavior/Ac?on.
• Success according to human standards vs. success according to an ideal concept of intelligence ( ra?onality ):
Four Categories.
ü Systems that think like humans (focus on reasoning and human framework).
ü Systems that think ra?onally (focus on reasoning and a general concept of intelligence).
ü Systems that act like humans (focus on behavior and human framework).
ü Systems that act ra?onally (focus on behavior and a general concept of intelligence).

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 9

Definition of AI
Systems that Think like Humans Systems that Think Rationally
“The exciting new effort to make computers “The study of mental faculties through the use
think…. Machine with minds,….” (Haugeland, of computational models” (Charnaik and
1985) McDermott,1985)

“[The automation of] activities that we “The study of the computations that make it
associated human thinking, activities such as possible to perceive, reason and act” (Wintson,
d e c i s i o n – m a k i n g , p r o b l e m s o l v i n g , 1992)
learning…”(Bellman,1978)
Systems that Act like Humans Systems that Act Rationally
“The art of creating machines that perform “A field of study that seeks to explain and
functions that require intelligence when emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
performed by people” (Kurzwell, 1990) computational processes” (Schalkoff,1990)

“The study of how to make computers do things “The branch of computer science that is
at which, at the moment, people are concerned with the automation of intelligent
better” (Rich and Knight,1991) behavior” (Luger and Stubble field)

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 10

 Acting Humanly : Turing Test
¨ “Can Machine think?” -> “Can Machines behave
intelligently”

¨ Opera?onal test for intelligent behavior: the Imita?on

Game.
¨ The computer would need to possess the following
capabili?es: Alan Turing
Born: 23 JUN 1912, London
Died: 17 JUN 1954
• Natural Language Processing computer scien?st, mathema?cian,
• Knowledge Representa<on logician, cryptanalyst and theore?cal
biologist.
• Automated Reasoning
• Machine Learning

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 11

Place both a human and a machine mimicking human
responses outside the field of direct observation and use an
unbiased interface to interrogate them. If the responses are
distinguishable, the machine is not displaying intelligence.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 12

Thinking Humanly
qCogni?ve Science approach
- Try to get “inside” our minds- Introspec?on- trying to catch our own
thoughts as they go by and through psychological experiments.
- E.g.. Conduct experiments with people to try to “reverse-engineer”
how we reason, learning, remember, predict.
qProblems
- Humans don’t behave ra?onally.
- The reverse engineering is very hard to do.
- The brain’s hardware is very different to a computer program.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 13

 Thinking Rationally: The “laws of thought”
approach
qThe Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the first to aNempt to codify ``right
thinking,'' that is, irrefutable reasoning processes.

qHe gave Syllogisms that always yielded correct conclusion when correct premises are given.

qThese laws of thought were supposed to govern the opera?on of the mind, and ini?ated the field
of logic.

qThe logicist tradi?on in AI hopes to create intelligent systems using logic programming.

qHowever there are two obstacles to this approach.

Ø First, It is not easy to take informal knowledge and state in the formal terms required by logical
nota?on, par?cularly when knowledge is not 100% certain.
Ø Second, solving problem principally is different from doing it in prac?ce.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 14

Acting Rationally: The rational agent approach
qWhat means “behave ra<onally” for a person/system:
ØTake the right/ best ac?on to achieve the goals, based on his/its knowledge
and belief

qExample. Assume I don’t like to get wet (my goal), so I bring an umbrella (my
ac?on). Do I behave ra?onally?
ØThe answer is dependent on my knowledge and belief
ØIf I’ve heard the forecast for rain and I believe it, then bringing the umbrella is
ra?onal.
ØIf I’ve not heard the forecast for rain and I do not believe that it is going to rain, then
bringing the umbrella is not ra?onal.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 15

The rational agent approach
qAn agent is en?ty that perceives its environment
and is able to execute ac?ons to change it.
qAgents have inherent goals that they want to
achieve.
qA Ra?onal agent acts in a way to maximize the
achievement of its goals
qTrue maximiza?ons of goals requires omniscience
and unlimited computa?onal abili?es
qLimited ra?onality involves maximizing goals within
the computa?onal and other resources available.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof, CSE,BMSIT 16

History
1943 Mc Culloch & PiNs: Boolean circuit model of brain
1950 Turing’s “Compu?ng Machinery and Intelligence”
1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel’s checkers program, Newell & Simon’s
Logic Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometry Engine.
1956 Dartmouth mee?ng : “Ar?ficial Intelligence” adopted
1965 Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning
1966-73 AI discovers computa?onal complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
1969-79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980AI becomes an industry
1986 Neural networks return to popularity
1987 AI becomes a science
1995 The emergence of intelligent agents
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 17
Applications of AI:
qNatural Language Understanding
qExpert Systems
qPlanning and Robo?cs
qMachine Learning
qGame Playing

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 18

Natural Language Processing
qTo design and build soqware that will analyze understand and
generate languages that human use naturally.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 19

Modes of communication
qText based.

qDialogue based.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 20

Speech Recognition
qProcess of conver?ng sound signal captured by microphone or
mobile/telephone to a set of words.
q70-100 words / min with accuracy of 90%

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 21

Computer Vision
qAbility of a machine to extract informa?on from an image that is
necessary to solve a task

— Image Acquisi?on
— Image Processing
— Image Analysis
— Image understanding

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 22

Intelligent Robot
qTend to mimic human sensing and decision
making abili?es so that they can adopt
themselves to certain condi?ons and
modify their ac?ons.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 23

Expert Systems
qThese are Soqwares used for decision making .
qAutomated Reasoning and Theorem Proving.
qTroubleshoo?ng Expert Systems.
qStock Market Expert System.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 24

Fields of AI

qComputer science: qTelecommunica?on:

— Graphical User Interface • Automated Online Assistants
— Automa?c Storage • Voice dialing
management
• Speech Recogni?on
— Object Oriented Programming
— Data miming
— computer gaming

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 25

Fields of AI
Avia?on & Automa?on:
• NASA's fight research center.
• Voice recogni?on in fighter jets.
• Direc?ons to A.I pilots through air traffic
controllers.
• Automa?c Gearing System in Cars.

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 26

Fields of AI
Robo?cs:
• Assembling Robots
• Welding Robots
• Behavior based robo?cs
• Dancing Robots
• Robot naviga?on

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 27

Daily life applications
• Home Security
• Bank
• Post office
• Websites
• Digital cameras
• News and publishing
• Financial trades
• Health and medicine
• Games and toys
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 28
How AI is different????????

Ar?ficial Intelligence Natural Intelligence

Non Crea?ve Crea?ve

Precise May Contain Error

Consistency Non Consistent

Mul?tasking Can’t Handle

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 29

Drawbacks of A.I
• Limited Ability
• Slow Real Time Response
• Can’t Handle Emergency Situa?on
• Difficult code
• High Cost

Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 30

 Many Hollywood movies come with the future technology, that technology we can see in our future. Have a look
some of them….

In this movie Alex (Robocop) at first

people to rejects his current
purchase condition upon seeing
remote that his original body
controlled now consists of only

humanoid lungs, throat, head and

robots right hand when the
through which armor and
they interact Cybernetic components
with society. are fully removed, but
he is convinced by
Norton to be strong for
These fit, attractive, remotely controlled robots
his wife and son.
ultimately assume their life roles, enabling
He had loose his body parts in a car bomb blast.
people to experience life vicariously from the Alex has him outfitted with the cybernetic body and
comfort and safety of their own homes. software.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 31