r4

Chapte
Navigation
NAVAIDClasses
DME 4-4
voR 4-7
HSr 4-18
ADF 4.23
RMI 4-28
RNAVand LORAN
ILS 4-33
MLS 4-38

lnstrument Test Prep ASA 4 - I

 Chapter4 Navigation

NAVAIDGlasses
are classedaccording
voRandvoRTAC facilities use.Therearethreeclasses:
to theiroperational
1. T (Terminal).
2. L (Lowaltitude).
3. H (Highaltitude).

Theclassdefinestheseruicevolumeof theNAVAID(whichis thereception limitto whichan unrestricted

NAVAID maybe usedfor randomor unpublished routenavigation).
Directory
canbe foundin theAirporVFacility and in th-eAIM'
Theservicevolumeof VOF/VORTACs
classandanyrestrictionsto use(unusable will
radials) alsobe found in the AirporVFacility
TheNAVAID
SeeFigure4-1.
Directory.

Standard Low Altitude Standard Terminal

StandardHigh Altitude Service Volume
Service Volume Service Volume
100nmi

40 nmi 25 nmi

ft,
18,000 fr.
12,000

----f---
't t 1,000ft.
1,000ft. I

Note: All elevationsshownare with respect

to the station'ssite elevation(AGL).
Coverageis not availablein a cone
fr.
1,000 of airspacedirectlyabovethe facility.

Figure 4-l

ALL ln FAAFigure30,theNFD listsrestrictionsto theuseof

to theuse
4271.(Referto Figure30.)Whichrestriction radio aidi underthenameof thatradioaid,foundunder
oftheOEDVORTAC would be applicable? RadioAidsto Navigation.tn thiscase,333ofalls within
-
the unusablerangesbetween280" and 345'' (Jl6)
A-R-333beyond30 NM below6,500feet'
AtM 111-1-8
B-R-210beyond35 NM below8,500feet'
C-R-251within15 NM below6,100feet.

tnstrument Test PleP ASA 4 - 3

 Chapter4 Navigation

ALL ALL ALL

44OO.For operationsoff establishedairwaysat 17,000 4273. (RefertoFigures27 and30.)Towhich maximum 467t
feet MSL in the contiguousU.S., (H) Class VORTAC servicevolumedistancef romthe OED VORTACshould dete
facilitiesusedto definea directrouteof flightshouldbe you expect to receiveadequate signal coverage for port
no fartherapartthan navigationat the flightplannedaltitude?
A_
A-75 NM. A-100 NM. B-
B-100 NM. B-80 NM. c--
c-200 NM. c-40 NM.

Normal usable radius distance for high-altitude VOR/ Lookingat FAA Figure 30, the OED (Medford) VORTAC AE
VORTAC navaids (H) within the contiguous united c/ass is writtenin parenthesis in front of the facitityin the LO
Slalesbetween 14,500feet and 17,999feet is 100NM. A/FD. ln this case it is (H), or high. By referring to the DN
A direct-routeflight should have a distance of no more radio classdesignationsin FAA Legend 26, note that at unl
than 200 NM between two H-class navaids. (J}t) - 8,000 feet (flightplanned altitude shown in FAA Figure All
AIM 111-1-8 27), the High altitude voRTAC normal usabte range is
40 NM. (J01) - AtM fll-1-8
ALI
44
yo
6,(
DME
A-
DistanceMeasuringEquipment(DME)operateson theprincipleof a timedUHFsignalthatis transmitted B-
fromthe aircraftto the groundstationand backto the aircraft.This time is translatedintoa distance.The c-
DME readout is presentedin nauticalmiles (NM) and is slant range distance,not actual horizontal
distance.When passingovera station,the rangeindicatorwilldecreaseuntilit indicatesthe heightabove D
the station.Aftercrossingthe station,it will startto increase.(lf an aircraftpassesover a stationat 6,000 8r
feet,the DME readoutwill be 1 NM). sr
1
The greatesterror in DME indicationsoccur when an aircraftis very close to the stationat a high (
altitude.The accuracyof the DME unit is valid only for 1 or more nauticalmilesfrom the groundfacility A
for each 1,000feet of altitude. a
h
The identifierheardon the VORTACor VOR-DMEfrequencyis actuallythe identifiersof two separate I
radioson a time-sharedbasis.The DME portionidentifiesitselfonceeverythirtyseconds.The remaining
identifiers
are the VOR portion.Assumingboth componentsare operatingnormally,there will be an
uninterrupted seriesof identifiers. I
a
I
ALL ALL
1
4397.Whichdistanceis displayedbytheDMEindicator? 4399. Wheredoesthe DME indicatorhavethe greatest
A-Slant rangedistancein NM. error between ground distanceto the VORTAC and
B-Slant rangedistancein SM. displayeddistance?
C-Line-of-sightdirectdistancefromaircrafttoVORTAC A-High altitudesfar from the VORTAC.
i nS M . B-High altitudescloseto the VORTAC.
C-Low altitudesfar from the VORTAC.
The DME indicator displays slant range distance in
nauticalmiles.(108)- AC 61-27C,page 119 The greatest slant-range error occurs when flying di-
rectly over the DME facility (VORTAC, VOR/DME),
when the displayed distance is the height above the
facilityin nautical miles. Slant-rangeerror is negligible if
the aircraft is 1 mile or more from the ground facility for
each 1,000 feet of altitude above the elevation of the
facility.(108)- AC 61-27C,page I t 9

Answers
4400 tcl 4273 tcl 43e7 tAl 43e9 tBl

4 - 4 ASA Instrument Test Prep

LI:
 ch"GA Navigation

to minimize.DMEslantrange
Hrr.As a ruleofthumb' you toconsider
snouro be
t n.(*r,",,o Fisure or13:lli:,'::TJl1,i,*:
12-8 error,howfa' t'o* tn" ii"iiiv
l'
:'i'.tHlfl B Jiplicl)barnoncountvAir- in" ifuoingasaccurate?
f lj.'fi feet of altitude
oortisinoPerative? ",it" A-Two miles or more
for each 1'000
indicate"0l.lniq1g-e; above tE^fTiIX;"
A-rheairborn:Plf!.yil|i:Y?ff
o149Y111 .ltiififfi mll ror each 1'000
feet ot altitude
f,
R-The ;il;;n" "
ili;alrDorne
DMEt
::i:* normal,
urvrL ":,,:;'"-k"-"'
but there B-One or mole
above the facttttY'te
LTne airuorne reception
""v "pp6ar is specifiedsincethe
willbenocodetone' C-No sPecificdistat
VOR/ is line-of-sight'
ADME toneis heardoncefor "."*^tli7"^:::"ur
LICtones.A singte-.col"e'Juii
operative'
Dt'tiEis No.ilZ;;i';i
eventhougn"igi",i
unreliable
so
""con'ds
es
'indicates
the'MvAID
^r" received' (J01)-
is
",!tri:'i:trf:;:;i;x[{fzi:y
attftudeabove the e
;"i
AtMll1'1'7(f) iC ot'zzc,Page119

ill
indicationshouldyou receivewhen
A tI

lb.r. wn.n aVoR/DME iscollocated underlreqU0l\C\l II

llrs. WnicnDME sitsat approximately theDME
vouaredirectlyovera VOnfnC pairings andtheVoFftililllnonentive'
b,ooo feetAGL? identitierwill repeatat an interualot
A-0. A-20 secondintervals at 1020Hz'
B-1' li-ao second intervals at 1350Hz'
c,-1.3. C-60 iecond intervals at 1350Hz'
is L9:/DME faciti-
Distance receivedfromDMEequipment
information VOH/DME,voRTAC, IL)/DME ry|
andnothorizontatait1?19": It is mea- byZqiiiii'"d
which
ide.ntifications
iiiiiTitiit" 6'000,feet equals fies areidentified eitherthe
suredin nauticalmitei' ini
tince
are transmittedon iiii" ini'" basiswhen
above the VORTAC' recos'
1NM,theDMEwitt sh;;1'0 NM ioii iiniouE is inoperatue; lti1,nn-2rtantto facility'
-
(tr/l) AtM lll-1'7(b) nize which iaenttier iiiiiiiied for theop.e.rative
zero intervatof
iaeniitiJai'iii-iitna repe.titionDMEis
Answer(A)is incorrectbec.ause the-D-Meyoyt!-9n!'ndicate
Answer'(c) is incorrect A singtecoaea th.atthe
at around level next 'o 'iJ'ioCinc' 8'000feet so seiiiJs inarcates
approximatety
biause 1.3 would inctic"'"'"''Jiiiiiiof
approximately
ii
DMEisid"entified i,c.odedtone modulated
x 1.3)' ooerative.
AGL rc,0o0
Jliio ir- ttorl - AtM lll'1-7(r)

t"t. o. aruleofthumb,-to *l1ti1:.?fE^:l*::lt":

ffi ;'#i"#i;il; ;;;iiitv voubetoconsider
snouto
thereadingas accurate?
1,000feet of altitude
A-Two miles or more for each
abovethe facilitY'
1,000 feet of altitude
+-One or more miles for each
abovethe facilitY'
sincethe reception
C,-Nospecific distanceis specified
is line-of-sight'
is 1 mile or
Siant-rangeerror is neotigibteif the aircraft
eaclt1.,!00feet of
from tnegrouni'iZ"it;tvfo'the facility'(107)-
more
altitudeabovetneetevitioi of
AC61-27C,Page 119

4472 tB1 4663 tBl

4413 tBl 4487 tBl
4-5
lnsttument Test PreP A S A
 Chapter 4 Navigation

ALL ALL
tm {674.(RefertoFigure128or 128A.)Howshoulda pilot 4472. As a ruleof thumb,to minimizeDME slantrange
lld determinewhenthe DMEat Price/Carbon CountyAir- error,howfar f romthe facilityshouldyou be to consider
or port
isinoperative? the readingas accurate?
A-Theairborne DMEwillalwaysindicate"0"mileage. A-Two miles or more for each 1,000feet of altitude
B-.The DMEwill"search,"
airborne "lockon'"
butwillnot above the facilitY.
C-TheairborneDME may appearnormal,but there B-One or more miles for each 1,000 feet of altitude
willbenocodetone. above the facilitY.
C-No specific distanceis specifiedsincethe reception
C ADMEtoneis heardonce for eachthreeor four VOR/ is line-of-sight.
1e LOCtones.A singlecode each 30 secondsindicates
7e DtlEis operative.No ident indicatesthe NAVAIDis Slant-range error is negligible if the aircraft is 1 mile or
at even thoughsignalsare received.(J01)-
unreliable more from the ground facility for each 1,000 feet of
-
'e altitude above the etevation of the facility' (107)
AtMlll-1-7(t)
,5 AC 61-27C,page | 19

ALL
{413.WhichDMEindicationshouldyoureceivewhen ALL
youaredirectlyovera VORTACsiteat approximately 4663.Whena VOR/DME iscollocatedunderfrequency
feetAGL? pairingsandthe VORportionis inoperative, the DME
6,000
willrepeatat an intervalof
identifier
A-0.
j B-1. A-20 secondintervals at 1020Hz'
) c-1.3. B-30 secondintervals at 1350Hz.
I C-60 second at 1350Hz.
intervals
Distance informationreceivedfromDMEequipmentis
VOR/DME,VORTAC,ILS/DMEand LOC/DMEfacili-
,f

) actualdistance and not horizontaldistance.lt is mea'

sured in nauticalmiles,and since6,000 feet equals tiesare identifiedby synchronizedidentificationswhich
1 NM,theDMEwitlshow 1.0 NM above the VORTAC. are transmittedon a time share basiswheneitherthe
(t08) - AtM lll-1-7(b) VOHorthe DMEis inoperative'lt is importanttorecog'
nizewhichidentifieris retainedforthe operativefacility'
Answer(A) is incorrect because the DME would only indicate zero
at ground'leve! next to the VORTAC. Answer (C) is incorrect A singtecodedidentificationwitha repetitioninterualof
beiause1.3 would indicate an altitude of approximately 8,000 feet approximately30 secondsindicatesthat the DME is
AGL(6,000x 1.3). operative.DMEis identifiedby a codedtonemodulated
at 1350Hz. (J01)- AtM lll-1-7(f)
ALL
4487.As a ruleof thumb,to minimize DMEslantrange
error,how far fromthe you
should
facility beto consider
theleadingas accurate?
A-Two milesor morefor each1,000feetof altitude
abovethe facilitY.
B-One or moremilesfor each1,000feetof altitude
abovethe facilitY.
C,-Nospecificdistanceis specifiedsincethereception
is line-of-sight.

Slant-rangeerror is negligibleif the aircraftis 1 mile or

morefrom the ground facitityfor each 1,000feet of
-
attitudeabove the elevationof the facility. (107)
AC6l-27C,Page119

Anewers
4413 tBl 4487 tBl 4472 tBl 4663 tBl
4674 tcl

Instrument Test PreP A S A 4 - 5

L.
 Chapter4 Navigation

ALL ALL
4412.Whatis the meaningof a singlecodedidentifica-
tionreceivedonlyonceapproximatelyevery30 seconds
4664. When installedwith the ILS and specifiedin the
approachprocedures,DME may be used
vo
froma VORTAC?
A-in lieuof the OM.
VOR
A-The VOR and DME componentsare operative. B-in lieu of visibilityrequirements. or by
B-VOR and DME componentsare bothoperative,but C-to determinedistancefrom TDZ. Faci
voiceidentification
is out of service. Cha
C-The DME componentis operativeand the VOR When installed with the ILS and specified in the sho
componentis inoperative. approach procedure, DME may be used in lieu of the rec€
oM. (J01)- AtM fll-1-10(e) pub
VOR/DME, VORTAC, ILS/DME, and LOC/DME facili- des
ties are identified by synchronized identifications which
the
are transmitted on a time-share basis. When eitherthe ALL
4669. Howdoesa pilotdetermineif DME is availableon
per
VOR orthe DME is inoperative, it is importantto recog-
nize which identifier is retained forthe operative facility. an ILS/LOC?
A single-codedidentification with a repetitioninterualof A-lAP indicate DME\TACANchannel in LOC fre- mu
approximately 30 seconds indicates that the DME is quencybox.
operative.(J01)- AIM lll-1-7(f) B-LOC\DME are indicatedon en route low altitude ide
Answer (A) is incorrect because a constant series of identity codes frequencybox. Ab
indicatesthat the VOR and DME are both working properly. Answer C-LOC\DME frequenciesavailablein the Airman's
(B)is incorrectbecause voice identificationoperatesindependentlyof no
the identity codes. Information
Manual.

DME/TACAN channels are associated with LOC fre-

ALL quenciesand are on theplan viewof the approach chaft.
4320' (Refer to Figures55 and 55A.) As a guide in (J01)- AtM 111-1-7
makingrangecorrections,how many degreesof rela-
ra
Answers (B) and (C) are incorrect because the frequenctes are on
tive bearingchange should be used for each one-half the instrument approach charts (not low attitude enroute chafts
TI
miledeviationfrom the desiredarc? ot the AIM). th
A
A-2'to 3".
B-5'maximum.
r€
C-10'to 20". T
S
As a guide in making range corrections, change the a
relative bearing 10 to 20" for each 1/2-mile deviation S
from the desiredarc. (108)- AC 61-27C,page 144 c
t
s
(
I

Answers
4412 tcl 4320 tC1 4664 tAl 466e tAl

4-6 A S A Instrument Test Prep

+
 Chapter 4 Navigation

v0R
VQRaccuracy may be checkedby meansof a VOR Test Facility(VOT),groundor airbornecheckpoints,
orbychecking VORs againsteach other.A VOT locationand frequencycan be found in the AirporV
dual
Directory(A/FD)and on the Air-to-GroundCommunicationsPanelof the Low AltitudeEnroute
Facility
Chart.Tousethe VOT,tune to the appropriatefrequencyand centerthe CDl. The omni-bearingselector
should read0'with a FROM indication, or 180'with a TO indication. The allowableerroris t4'. VOR
receivercheckpoints are listedin the A/FD.With the appropriate frequency tunedand the OBS set to the
published certifiedradial,the CDI shouldcenterwith a FROM indicationwhen the aircraftis over the
designated checkpoint.Allowableaccuracyis +4ofor a groundcheck,and +6ofor an airbornecheck.lf
treiircraftis equippedwith dual VORs, they may be checked against each other. The maximum
permissible variationwhen tunedto the same VOR is 4'.
Thepilotmustlog the resultsof the VOR accuracytest in the aircraftlogbookor other record.The log
e- must includethe date, place,bearingerror,if any, and a signature.
AIIVOR stationstransmitan identifier.lt is a three-letterMorsecodesignalinterruptedonly by a voice
fe identifieron some stations,or to allow the controllingflight servicestationto speak on the frequency.
's Absence of a VOR identifierindicatesmaintenanceis beingperformedon the stationand the signalmay
notbereliable.
AIIVORreceivershave at least the essential
)- components shown in Figure4-2.
t.
The pilot may select the desired course or
.| radialby turningthe OmniBearingSelector(OBS).
The CourseDeviationIndicator(CD|) centerswhen
theaircraftis on the selectedradialor its reciprocal.
A full-scale deflectionof the CDI from the center
represents a deviationof approximately10"to 12o'
TheTO/FROMIndicator (ambiguityindicator)
shows whetherthe selectedcourse will take the
aircraft TO or FROM the station.A TO indication
shows thatthe OBS selectionis on the other side
oftheVORstation.A FROM indicationshowsthat
theOBSselectionand the aircraftare on the same
sideoftheVOR station.When an aircraftfliesover
a VOR,the TO/FROMindicatorwill reverse,indi-
cating stationpassage. Courseselector Two degreedots

The position of the aircraft can always be Figure 4-2. VOR indicators
determined by rotating the OBS until the CDI
centers with a FROM indication.The coursedis-
playedindicatesthe radial FROM the station.The VOR indicatordisplaysinformationas though the
iirirattwere going in the directionof the courseselected.However,actualheadingdoes not influence
thedisplay.See Figure4-3 on the next page.
VORradials,all of whichoriginateat the VOR antenna,divergeas they radiateoutward.Forexample,
whilethe 011. radialand the 012' radialbothstartat the same point,1 NM from the antenna,they are
100feetapart.When they are 2 NM from the antenna,they are 200 feet apart.So at 60 NM, the radials
wouldbe 1 NM (6,000feet) apart.See Figure4-4 on the next page.

lnstrument Test Prep ASA 4 - 7

Chapter4 Navigation

The V(

#
OBS SET TO O"
equal
f "'vo' ,\
would

w
T(
(; ":\
= the O
-N :/" FRO
:
4r-J is fro
Rem

ALL
4o,4t
othe
OBS SET TO O'
tioni
,,D
a A-
D

N :/

t>
&,,11,
aaoa

,,,\)
To

g\
"-J
:
B-

c-

Ee
er
lot
Figure 4-3. VOR disPlaY
Ar
fic

A
4
(
(

Note:
is exaggerated
Angulardivergence purposes'
for illustrative

Figure 4-4. Radialdivergence

4 - I ASA Instrument Test PreP

 Chapter 4 Navigation

TheVOR usesa seriesof dotsto indicate

indicator anydeviation f romtheselectedcourse,witheachdot
equaltoapproximately 2 of deviation.Thus,a one-dotdeviation at a distanceof 30 NMf romthestation
wouldindicatethatthe aircraftwas 1 NMfromtheselectedradial(200feetx 30 = 6,000feet).
Toorientwherethe aircraftis in relationto the VOR,firstdetermine whichradialis selected(lookat
theOBSsetting).Next,determine whethertheaircraftisflyingto or awayfromthestation(lookat theTO/
FROM to findwhichhemisphere
indicator), theaircraftis in.Last,determine howfaroffcoursetheaircraft
isfromtheselectedcourse (look at the CDI needle deflection) to findwhich quadrantthe aircraftis in.
Remember thataircraftheadingdoes not affect orientationto the VOR.

ALL ALL
4044. Whichdatamustbe recordedin the aircraftlog or 40,54.When makingan airborneVOR check,what is
appropriate
other log by a pilot makinga VOR opera- the maximum allowabletolerance between the two
tionalcheckfor IFR operations? indicatorsof a dual VOR system(unitsindependentof
each otherexceptthe antenna)?
A-VORnameor identification,date of check,amount
of bearingerror,and signature. A-4o betweenthe two indicatedbearingsof a VOR.
B- Placeofoperationalcheck,amountof bearingerror, B-Plus or minus 4o when set to identicalradialsof
dateof check,and signature. a VOR.
C-Dateof check,VOR nameor identification, placeof C-6' betweenthe two indicatedradialsof a VOR.
operationalcheck, and amount of error'
bearing
lf dual system VOR (units independent of each other
Eachperson making the VOR operational check shall except for the antenna) is installed in the aircraft, the
enterthedate,place, bearing error, and sign the aircraft pilot shalltune both systems to the same VOR ground
logor otherrecord. (810) - FAR 591.171(d) facility and note the indicated bearings TO that station.
Answers (A) and (C) are incorrect because the VOR name or identi' The maximum permissible variation between the two
licationis not required. indicatedbearingsis 4" on the ground or in the air. (810)
- FAR 5e1.171(c)
Answer (B) is incorrect because the VORI are not set to identical
ALL radialsof aVOR, but ratherthe CDI iscentered andthe bearingnoted'
4046.What recordshall be made in the aircraftlog or Answer (C) is incorrect because the maximum allowable tolerance
otherpermanentrecordby the pilot makingthe VOR between the two VORs is 4 degrees (not 6).
ooerationalcheck?
A-The date, place,bearingerror,and signature. ALL
B-The date, frequencyof VOR or VOT, number of 4s62. (Referto Figure76.) Which indicationwould be
flighthourssince last check,and signature. an acceptableaccuracy check of both VOR receivers
C-The date,place,satisfactoryor unsatisfactory,and when the airplane is located on the VOR receiver
signature. checkpointat the HelenaRegionalAirport?
A-A.
Eachperson making the VOR operational check shall B-B.
enterthedate, place, bearing error, and sign the aircraft c-c.
logor other record. (810) - FAR 591.171(d)
Answer isincorrectbecause necessary
(B) itisnot tologthefrequency lf a test signal is not available at the airport of intended
ofVORor VOT,orthenumberofflighthoutssincelastcheck.Answer departure, use a point on an airport surface designated
(C)is incorrect because it is not necessary to log whether the check
wassatisfactoryor unsatisfactory. as a VOR system checkpoint by the Administrator, the
maximum permissible bearing errorfor a ground check
is t4". The tail of the RMI will show which radialthat the
aircraft is on. The ground check point for Helena is
located on the 237' radialfrom the HLN VOR, therefore,
both RMI tails should be indicating237" t4". (J01) -
AtM 111-1-4

4046 tAl 4054 tAl 4362 tcl

lnstrument Test Prep ASA 4 - 9

 r
Chapter4 Navigation

ALL ALL ALL

4383.Whileairborne,
whatisthemaximum permissible 4377.Howshouldthepilotmakea VORreceivercheck 43a7.
variationbetweenthe two indicatedbearingswhen whenthe aircraftis locatedon the designatedcheck- when
checking oneVORsystemagainsttheother? pointon the airportsurface?
A-3(
A-Plus or minus4owhensetto identicalradialsof a A-Set the OBSon 180"plusor minus4.; the CDI B-0(
VOR. shouldcenterwitha FROMindication. c-1'
B-4'between thetwo indicated bearings
to a VOR. B- SettheOBSonthedesignated radial.
TheCDImust
C-Plus or minus6owhensetto identicalradialsof a centerwithinplusor minus4. of that radialwitha To te
VOR. FROMindication. need
C-With the aircraftheadeddirectlytowardthe VOR the T
lf dualsystemVOR (unitsindependentof each other and the OBS set to 000",the CDI shouldcenter flag t
exceptfor the antenna)is installedin the aircraft,the withinplus or minus4' of that radialwith a TO Ther
pilot may check one system against the other. Both indication. rece
systems shallbe tunedto the sameVORgroundfacility acce
and note the indicatedbearingsto that station. The A VORreceivergroundcheckpointrequiressettingthe
maximumpermissiblevariationbetweenthe two indi- OBSon a designatedradial(foundin theNFD) froma
catedbearingsis 4' on thegroundor in theair. (J01)- nearby VOR. lt requirest4o accuracywith a FROM ALL
AtMll1-1-4 (Jot) - AIM llt-1-4
indication. 4381
Answer (A) is incorrect because the CDI needles must be centered Answer (A) is incorrect because the designated radial (not 180.) is chec
(not set to identical radials). Answer (C) is incorrect because the used. Answer (C) is incorrect because the aircraft heading does not
maximumpermissible variation is 4. (not 6.).
A_
effect the VOR indications.
B_
C-
AI..L ALL
4382.(Referto
Figure81.)Whenchecking a dualVOR 43a5. (Referto Figure82.) Whichis an acceptable Ali
systembyuseof a VOT,whichillustration
indicates
the rangeof accuracywhen pedormingan operational Fac
VOR'saresatisfactory? checkof dual VOR'susingone systemagainstthe Fat
A-1. other?
B-2. A-1. ALL
\J-+- B-2. 43l.
c-4. ind
The maximum permissible indicated bearing error is dir
t4', when using a VOT to check the equipment.A valid Usingan RMltopertorma dualVORcheck,thebearing
VOT signal should be indicated as the 360" radial pointersmust be within4" of each other, whichis the A_
FROM the station. Since RMI arrows point TO the casein RMI4. (J01)- AIM 111-1-4 B-
station,an RMI should indicate 180" !4" on any OBS C-
Answer (A) is incorrect because RMI 1 shows needles with lg0.
setting when using a VOT facility, which is the case in difference.Answer (B) is incorrectbecauseRMl2 shows needleswith
RMt 1. (J01)- AtM 111-1-4 10'difference. Tf
ov
Answer(B) is incorrect because RMI 2 indicates 0" and 180. TO (not
360" FROM).Answer (C) is incorrect because RMI 4 indicates 001" tt
and 0o TO hot 360" FROM). ALL FI
4386, Where can the VOT frequencyfor a particular
airportbe found?
A- On the IAPChartand in the AirporUFacility AI
Directory.
4l
B-Only in the AirporUFacilityDirectory.
C-ln the AirpodFacilityDirectoryand on the A/G tr
VoiceCommunicationPanelof the En Route Low ir
AltitudeChart. e
A
Locations of airborne checkpoints,ground checkpoints E
and VOTs are published in the Airpoft/Facility Directory
and on the NG Voice Communication panel of the
EnrouteLow Altitude Chart. (J01) - AtM lll-t-4

Answers
4383 tBl 4382 tAl 4377 tBl 438s tcl 4386 tCI

4 - I O ASA Instrument Test Prep

 Chapter4 Navigation

ALL lf duat system VOR (units independentof each other

dgz. wni"n indicationsare acceptabletolerances except for the antenna) is installed in the aircraft, the
whencheckingbothVOR receiversby use of the VOT? pitot may check one system against-the other' Both
'systemi
shallbe tuned to the same VORgroundfacility
A-360"TO and 003'TO, respectively'
ind note the indicated bearings to that station' The
B-001"FROMand 005' FROM, respectively' maximum permissible variation between the two indi'
C-176"TO and 003" FROM, respectively' -
catedbeaiings is 4" on the ground or in the air' (J01)
AtM lll-1-4
To test for VOR receiver accuracy center the CDI
needle. The omnibearingselectorshould read 0'with
I theTO/FROM tlag showing FROM and 180' with the ALL
rr iagshowingTO. The allowable bearing error is t4o' iizz. Whatis the maximumtoleranceallowedfor an
) fititor", i tzo' To indication for one of the voR VORequipment
operational checkwhenusinga VOT?
and a 003" FROM for the other VOR is an
receivers
combination.(J01) - AIM lll
-1-4 A-Plus or minus4o'
acceptable
B-Plus or minus6o'
I
C-Plus or minus8o'
I ALL
publication
iie. tnwnicrr cantheVORreceiverground The maximumtoleranceallowed for an operational
be
airport
for a particular
checkpoint(s) found? iOA equipmentcheckwhenusinga VOTis !4"' (J01)
- AtMlll-1-4
A-Airman'sInformation Manual'
B-EnRouteLowAltitudeChart'
C-AirporVFacilitYDirectory. ALL
es}+.How shouldthe pilotmakea VOR receivercheck
A listof VOR receivercheck points and VOR Test when the airplaneis locatedon the designatedcheck-
(VOT)can be foundin thebackof theAirporU
Facitities pointon the airPortsurface?
Directory'(J01)- AIM 111-1-4
Facitity
A-With the aircraftheadeddirectlytoward the VOR
and the OBS set to 0OO',the CDI shouldcenter
ALL within plus or minus 4' of that radial with a TO
legs. Wni.n is the maximumtolerancefor the VOR indication.
whenthe CDI is centeredand the airplaneis
indication B- SettheOBSon the designatedradial.The CDI must
overthe airbornecheckpoint?
directly centerwithinplus or minus4' of that radialwith a
radial' FROM indication.
A-Plusor minus6'of the designated
C-Set the OBS on 180" plus or minus 4'; the CDI
B-Plus or minus7" of the designatedradial'
radial' shouldcenterwith a FROM indication'
C-Plusor minus8' of the designated
tf a test signatis not availabteat the airporl of intended
TheindicatedVOR bearing when over the airborne(or departure, usea point on the airpoft suiace designated
overthegroundpoint) checkpointcannotbe more than as a VOR system checkpoint. The maximum permis-
t6" froi the designated radial. The flag will have a sible bearing error is t4" with a FROM indication' (J01)
FROMindication.(J01) - AIM ll1-1-4 - AtM lll-1-4
Answer(A) is incorrect because the heading of the aircraft does not
tie VOR indications. Answer (C) is incorrect because the
ai'tfeci;t
ALL
designated radial (not 180') should be used.
lggt. Wh"n makingan airborneVOR check,what is
the maximum allowabte tolerance between the two
of a dual VOR system(unitsindependentof
indicators
eachotherexceptthe antenna)?
A-4" betweenthe two indicatedradialsof a VOR.
B-Plus or minus 4o when set to identicalradialsof a
VOR.
C-6" betweenthe two indicatedradialsof a VOR'

Answers
4388 tcl 438e tAl 43e1 tAl 4372 iAl 4384 tBl
4387 tcl

Instrument Test PreP ASA 4 - t I

Chapter4 Navigation

ALL ALL ALL

4376.WhenusingVOTto makeaVOR receivercheck, 4337. (Referto Figure64.) The coursedeviationindi- 4411. I
the CDI shouldbe centeredand the OBS shouldindi- cator(CDl) are centered.Which indicationson the No. mainte
catethat the aircraftis on the 1 and No. 2 VOR receiversoverthe LafayetteRegional A-ren
A-090 radial. Airport would meet the requirementsfor the VOR B-bro
B-180 radial. receivercheck? voi
C-360 radial. VOR TO/FROM VOR TO/FROM C-rer
No.1 No.2
To use a VOT seruice, tune in the VOT frequency with The or
A-162" TO 346" FROM
the VOR receiver. With the Course Deviation Indicator Morse
B-160" FROM 162 FROM
(CDl)centered,the omni-bearingselector(OBS) should voice t
c-341" FROM 330" FROM
read 0o with a FROM flag, or 180" with a TO flag. The "voR
questionasksfor radial,so you are "0" or 360oFROM.' maint
The top-half of the A/FD excerpt for LFT contains the
(Jo1)- AtM 111-1-4 lfan
VOR receivercheck points. The Lafayette checkpointis
corre
airborneat 1,000 feet over the rotatingbeacon and the
out fc
ALL azimuth from the VOHTAC is on the R-340. Once
established on R-340, the CDI needle should be Answe
4378. When the CDI needle is centeredduringan tansn
airborne
VOR check,the omnibearingselectorand the centered with an OBS setting of 160" TO or 340" FROM, becau
TO/FROMindicatorshould read withan acceptableerrorbeingt6". (J01) - AIM lll -1-4
A-within 4'of the selectedradial. Answer (B) is incorrect because the radial from the station is 340"
which wouldresultin a TO indicationwith the OBS set to 160o.Answer ALL
B-within 6'of the selectedradial. (C) is incorrectbecause the No.2 VOR OBS exceeds the acceptable 4541
C-0'TO, only if you are due southof the VOR. error of !6'.
cen
the I
lf no check signal or point is available while in flight,
select a VOR radialthat lies along the centerline of an ALL A-
established VOR airway and maneuver the aircraft 4410' What indicationshould a pilot receivewhen a B-
directly over a prominent ground point. Note the VOR VOR stationis undergoingmaintenanceand may be c-
bearing indicated by the receiver. The maximum per- considered unreliable?
missiblevariationbetween the published radialand the A-No coded identification,but possible navigation Fu
indicatedbearing is t6". (J01) - AIM 111-1-4 indications. sid
B-Coded identification, but no navigationindications. col
C-A voice recordingon the VOR frequencyannounc- AC
ALL
ing that the VOR is out of servicefor maintenance.
4326. (Referto Figure58.) Which indicationson the
VOR receiversand DME at the EasterwoodFieldVOR The only positive method of identifying a VOR is by its
AL
receivercheckpointwould meetthe regulatoryrequire- 4l
Morse Code identificationor by the recorded automatic
mentfor thisflight? fo
voice identification which is always indicated by use of
VOR TO/FROM VOR TO/FROM DME "VOR" following the range's name. During periods of A
No.1 No.2 maintenance, the coded faciIity identificationis removed.
A_097' FROM 101' FROM lf a navigational signal is being received without the B
3.3
B-097" TO 096" TO J.Z corresponding Morse Code identification, the VOR is
c-277" FROM 280' FROM 3.3 out for maintenance.(Jl0) - AIM fll-1-3(c)
Answer (B) is incorrectbecause the coded identificationis unavailable
The bottom of FAA Figure 58 gives the VOR receiver when the station is undergoingmaintenance.Answer (C) is incorrect
because an out-of-serviceVOR is not identifiedbv a voice recordina.
checkpoints. Looking at College Station (Easterwood
Field),the checkpoint is on the ground (G), the azimuth
is on R-097, and the distance from the facility is 3.2 NM.
Whileon R-097, the CDI should be centered with an
OBSsettingof 097 FROM or 277 TO the station,withan
acceptableerror of +4. Therefore the acceptable VOR
indicationsor 097 FROM and 101 FROM the station.
(Jo1)- AtM lll -1-4

Answers
4376 tcl 4378 tBl 4326 tA1 4337 tAl 4410 tAl

4-12 A S A Instrument Test Prep

hru
 Chapter4 Navigation

ALL
ALL as
di- VOR stationis undergoing
llir. n parlicular routine ello. Which of the followingshouldbe considered
stationPassage when usingVOR?
lo. maintenance.Thisis evidenced bY
tal of the navigationalfeature' A-The first flickeringof the TO-FROM indicatorand
A-removal
)R a maintenance alert signalon the CDI as the stationis aPProached'
B-broadcasting
B-The firstfull-scaledeflectionof the CDI'
channel.
voice
feature' C- The f irstcompletereversaloftheTO-FROMindicator'
C-removal of the identification
Station passageis shown by the firstpositive, complete
Theonlypositivemethodof identifyinga VORis by its - AC61-27C'
(108)
i*t, Coa"identification or by therecordedautomatic i"i"rti oftnirof aou indicator.
which alwaysindicatedby use of.
is page 137
identification
iaci;e the TO-FROM
'iOA'nnowingtherange'sname' During.periods of Answer(A) is incorrect because the first flickering of
Answer (B) is
is
identification
facitity removed' iia-iiiio) means the aircraft is approach the statio.n.
'iiiiiiia
naintenance,tie coded because the first full-iiate deflection of the CDI needle
1e
ii navigationat signatis being receivedwithoutthe indicatesthe aircralt is in the cone of confusion'
/s Code identification,the VOR is
cwrespinding Moise
1e (J01)- AIM lll-1-3(c)
)e outformaintenance.
Answer (A)is incorrectbecausethe navigational signalmay stillbe ALL
)e cllr. Whencheckingthe sensitivityof a VOR receiver'
tiiiii:rii, ^inioughit witl be inaccurate'Answer(B) is incorrect is
V, tiii,ii; ii iit voR is notidentifiedby a voicerecording. the numberof degreesin coursechangeas the OBS
-4 "f-iervice to the last dot on
iot"t"O to movethe CDI from center
0" eitherside shouldbe between
er ALL
lscs. Wn"t angulardeviationfrom a VOR course A-5" and 6".
by a full-scale
is repiesented
centerline of
deflection B-8' and 10".
theCDI? C-10'and 12'.

Course sensitivitymay be checked by noting the num'

A la

a you
B-5". ber of degreesof change in the course selectedas
c c-10". center to the last
rotateth; OBS to mov-ethe CDtfrom
be between 10" and 12" '
Joton eitherside' This.shoutd
deftectionfrom thecenterpositionto either
Full-needle -
(t08) AC 61-27C,Page 134
siieof thedial indicatesthe aircraftis 10" or more off
-
course, assumingnormal needlesensitivity'(lO7)
AC61-27C, Page118 ALL
lssz. A VOR receiverwith normalfive-dotcourse
showsa three-dot
sensitivity at 30 NM from
deflection
ALL
whichof the the station.The aircraftwouldbe displacedapproxt-
ilig. wn"n usingVoR tor navigation, matelyhowfarfromthe coursecenterline?
toltowingshouldbe considered as stationpassage?
A-2 NM.
A-Thefirstmovement oftheCDlastheairplaneenters B-3 NM.
thezoneof confusion. c-s NM.
B-The momentthe TO-FROMindicatorbecomes
blank.
of the TO- Aircraftd isp! acement from cou rseis app roximateIy 200
reversal
feetper dot per nauticalmite.For example,at 30 NM
C-The first positive, complete
FROMindicator. from tne station,one dot deftectionindicatesapproxi'
iately 1 NM displacementof the aircraft from the
Approach to the stationis indicatedby flickeringof the ioursecentertine. Therefore,a three-dotdeflectio n would
TO/FROM indicatorand CDtas theaircraftfliesintothe meantheaircraftisapproximately 3 NMfromthecourse
'ioneof confusion" (no-signatarea)'Stationpassageis
centerline. (t08)- AC 61-27C,page 137
iioii ov tn" first pisitive,
complete reversal of the To/
per 200 feet per 30
Answers(A) and (C) are incorrect because 3 dots
FROMindicator.(t08)- AC 61-27C,page 137 NM=3NM
Answer (A)is incorrectbecause thelirst movementsof the CDI as the
')iiL'",.'"'r't"rt
lh" ,on" of confusion indicates the airplane is ap'
nnswer because momentthe
pl isincorrect .the is in the
iriiiirglii;;tittoi.
TO_FROM indicator oecomei blank indicates the airplane
coneof confusion over the VOR'

Answers 4552 tBl

454e tcl 4s5o ICI 4551 tcl
4411 tcl 4548 tcl

lnstrument Test PreP ASA 4 - 13

Chapter4 Navigation

ALL Answer (A) is incorrectbecause the deflectionwouldhave to decreasa CurrentlY

4553. An aircraftwhichis located30 milesfrom a VOR (not stay constant) to signity the airplane is getting closet to the rudid. head of t'
Answer (B) is incorrect because with the OBS set on the reciprd
stationand shows a 1/2 scale deflectionon the CDI heading, the CDI would give reverse indications (not stay constanl).
indicatio
wouldbe how far from the selectedcoursecenterline? to the ta
A-1 1/2 miles. deflectio
B-2 1/2 miles. ALL on R-34!
C-31/2 miles. 4557. (RefertoFigure95.)What is the lateraldisplac+ ambigu
mentof the aircraftin NM fromthe radialselectedonthe b the re
Aircraft displacementfrom course is approximately200 No.1NAV? Ac 61-2
feet per dot per nautical mile. For example, at 30 NM A-5.0 NM.
from the station, a 1-dot deflection indicates approxi- B-7.5 NM. ALL
mately 1 NM displacement from the course centerline. c-10.0 NM. 4560. (
Assuming a receiver with normal course sensitivityand
mentin
full-scaledeflection being five dots, a half-scale deflec- Aircraft displacementfrom course is approximately200
tion would be two and one-half dots. Therefore, at 30 feet per dot per nautical mile. For example, at 30 NM A-1".
NM, the aircraft would be approximately 2.5 NM from from the station, a one dot deflection indicates approxt- v2".
course centerline. (l0B) - AC 61-27C, page 137 mately a 1 NM displacement of the aircraft from the c-4"
course centerline. ln this case, the CDI is displaced2.5
dots at 60 NM, which equals 2 NM times 2.5 dots,or Full-s
ALL approximately a 5 NM displacement from course The (
4554. What angular deviationfrom a VOR course centerline.(108)- AC 61-27C,page 137 disPle
by a 1/2scaledeflectionof the
centerlineis represented
Answer (B) is incorrect because 7.5 NM would be indicated by a 3/4
c Dt ? needle deflection.Answer (C) is incorrect because 10 NM wouldbe
indicated by full needle deflection. ALL
A-2. 4561
B-4". No' I
c-5'. ALL A-
4558. (RefertoFigure95.)On whichradialis the aircraft B-
Full-needle deflection from the center position to either as indicatedby the No. 1 NAV?
side of the dial indicates the aircraft is 10" or more off C-
coLtrse, assuming normal needle sensitivity. There- A-R-175.
fore, a half-scale deflection would indicate an angular B-R-165. Ful
deviationof one-halfof 10", or 5". (lO7)- AC 61-27C, c-R-345. Thr
page 137 17
The TO/FROM indicator is the triangular shaped the
pointe(s) ( L ). When the indicatorpoints to the head of rol
ALL the course arrow, it indicates that the course selected, A(
4s56. After passing a VORTAC,the CDI shows 1/2 if properly interceptedand flown, willtake the aircraftTO
scale deflectionto the right. What is indicatedif the the selected facility, and vice versa. ln this case, the
deflectionremainsconstantfor a periodof time? indicator is pointing to the TAIL of the course arrow, so Al
if flown, the courseselected (350) would take the aircraft 4l
A-The airplaneis gettingcloserto the radial. N
B-The OBS is erroneouslyset on the reciprocal away FROM the selected facility. Each dot represents
2'. ln this case, the aircraft is two and one-half dots (5') a
heading.
C-The airplaneis flyingaway from the radial. to the LEFTof the selected course, therefore the aircraft I
is on R-345. (108)- AC 61-27C,page 135 t
Aircraft displacement from course is approximately200 I
feet per dot per nautical mile. Therefore,in this instance,
ALL
the aircraft is two and one-half dots, or 500 feet, from the
4559. (RefertoFigure95.)WhichOBS selectionon the
radial per nautical mile from the station (at 10 miles,
No. 1 NAV would center the CDI and chanoe the
5,000 feet; at 20 miles, 10,000 feet, and so on). The
ambiguityindicationto a TO?
constant deflection indicates the airplane is flying away
from the radial. (108)- AC 61-27C,page 137 A- 175".
B-165".
c-345'.

Answers
45s3 tBl 4554 tol 4556 tcl 4557 tAl 4s5B tcl 455e tBl

4 - 14 ASA Instrument Test Prep

 Chapter 4 Navigation

se Currently,the course selector is set to 350 (the arrow ALL

'al.
headof the needle is pointing to 350), with a FROM 4601. (Referto Figure106.)The courseselectorof
)al
It) indrcation(the triangular shaped pointers are pointing eachaircraftis seton360'.Whichaircraft
wouldhavea
tothe tail of the needle), and a left 2.5 dot needle FROMindication on the ambiguity
meterandthe CDI
deflection(5" left of course). This means the aircraft is pointingleftof center?
onR-345 (350 - 5). To center the CDI and change the A-1.
)- ambiguityindicationto a TO, the OBS should be turned B-2.
re tothereciprocalof 345" (345 - 180),or 165'. (108)- c-3.
AC61-27C, page 135
A FROM indication, with a 360" course selection,
meanstheaircraftis in thenorthernhemisphere.A left
ALL CDIneedlemeansthe aircraftis in the right quadrant.
f560.(Refer
to Figure95.)Whatis thelateraldisplace- Airplane 2 fits this description.Rememberthat the
o mentindegrees
fromthedesired
radialontheNo.2 NAV? VORworkswithoutregardto theaircraftheading.(108)
I A-1". - AC 6l-27C,page 135
i- B-.2. Answer (A) is incorrectbecause aircraft 1 would have the CDI pointing
? C-4o. right (not left) of center. Answer (C) is incorrect because aircraft 3
5 would have a TO (not FROM) indication, and the CDI would be
pointing right (not left) of center.
r Full-scab
deflectionis 10", so each dot represents 2".
TheCDI is displaced two dots, therefore the lateral
is 4'. (108)- AC 61-27C,page 137
displacement ALL
4666. Full scale deflectionof a CDI occurs when the
coursedeviationbar or needle
ALL
f561.(RefertoFigure95.)WhichOBSselection
on the A-deflects f rom leftsideof the scaleto rightsideof the
No.2 NAVwouldcenterthe CDI? scale.
B- deflectsf romthecenterof the scaleto eitherf ar side
A-174'.
of the scale.
B- 166".
C-deflects from half scale left to half scale right.
U_JJC'.

Full-scale deflection of thb CDI represents 10' or more

Full-scale
deflection is 10", so each dot represents 2".
or a five-dot deflection to one side or the other from
TheCDIis displaced two dots (4"). The OBS is set at
center. This will be indicated when the needle moves
170"witha FROM indication, and the aircraft is 4'to
from the center of the scale to either far side of the scale.
theRIGHTof course (or on the 174" radial). Simply
(107)- AC 61-27C,page 137
the OBS to 174owould center the CDl. (108)-
rotating
AC61-27C, page 137
ALL
4338. (Refer to Figures 65 and 66.) What is your
ALL positionrelativeto GRICE intersection?
4562.(RefertoFigure95.)WhichOBS selectionon the
No.2 NAV would center the CDI and change the A- Rightof V552and approachingGRICEintersection.
indicationto a TO?
ambiguity B-Right of V552 and past GRICE intersection.
C-Left of V552 and approachingGRICE intersection.
A- 166'.
B-346'.
The #1 VOR (set to TIBBY VOR) shows you should fly
c-354'. leftto getbackon course (headingeastbound on V552).
Consequently, you are right of course. The #2 NAV
Rotatingthe OBS until the reciprocal of 170" (350") is
indicator is tuned to a localizer, which is why there is no
shownunder the course arrow will cause the ambiguity
TO/FROM indication. The CDlposition indicates that if
indication
to change to TO. The CDI now indicates that youwere inbound onthe localizer,the course centerline
theaircraftis 4" to the right of course (or on the 354"
courseTOthe selected facility).Simply rotatingthe OBS Continued
t0354"willcenterthe CDl. (108)- AC 61-27C,page 137

Answers
4s60 tcl 4561 IA1 4562 tol 4601 tB1 4666 tBl 4338 tAl

lnstlument Test Prep ASA 4 - 15

Chapter4 Navigation $
would be to your left. This corresponds to a position
approachingGRICE intersection.(108)- AC 61-27C,
pages 129 and 136
Answet (B) is incorrect because the CDI on the #2 NAV indicator
wouldbe to the right if you had passed GRICE.Answer (C) is incorrect
ALL
45(J7,(Referto Figures89 and 90.) What is
relationship
to the ainvaywhile en routefrom
VORTACto HVEVORTACon V8?
A-Left of courseon V8.
,*l ALL
46|J7
from
A-l
B-l
because the CDI on the #1 NAV indicator would be to the right if you I
B-Left of courseon V382. c-
were left of course.
C-Right of courseon V8. I
The
ALL The OBS #1 indicatesyou are to the right of V382 (033' ist
4347. (Refer to Figures 71 and 71A.) What is your radial FROM BCE) which coincides with OBS #2's airc
Dositionrelativeto the Flosiintersection
Nofihboundon indicationthat you to the left of V8 (046' radial TO HVE), def
v213? (108)- AC 61-27C,page 135 of
A-West of V213 and approachingthe Flosiintersec-
VC
pa
tion. ALL
B-East of V213 and approachingthe Flosi intersec- An
4606.(Referto Figure109.)ln whichgeneraldirection wo
tion. fromtheVORTACis theaircraftlocated? wa
C-West of V213 and past the Flosiintersection.
A- Northeast.
The #1 VOR is tuned to Kingston VORTAC (IGN). With B-Southeast.
the OBS set to 265, a FROM indication, and the CDI C-Southwest.
deflected to the right, the aircraft is south of the 265
radial and approaching the Flosi intersection. The #2 Thecourseselectedis 180"andtheTO/FROMindicator
VOR is tuned to Sparta VORTAC (SAX). With the OBS is pointingto the course,which means the aircraftis
set to 029, a FROM indication, and the CDI deflected to northof the course.TheCDIneedleis deflectedto the
the right, the aircraft is west of the 029 radial. (108)- AC right,whichmeanstheaircraftis left (or east)of course.
61-27C,page 135 Therefore,theaircraftis northeastof the VORTAC.See
thefigurebelow.(108)- AC 61-27C,page 135
Answer (B) is incorrect because the #2 VOR would have a left
deflectionof the CDI needle, if the aircraft was east of V213.Answer Answer (B) is incorrect because if the aircraft was southeast there
(C) is incorrect because the #1 VOR would have a left-deflectedCDI would be a FROM indication.Answer (C) is incorrect because if the
needle, if the aircraft was past the Flosi intersection. aircraft was southwestthere wouldbe a FBOM indication.and the CDI
needle would be deflected to the left.

ALL
449s. (Refer to Figures 87 and 88.) What is your
positionwith referenceto FALSEintersection(V224 rt
your VOR receiversindicateas shown?
A-South of V222 and east of FALSEintersection.
B-North of Y222 and east of FALSEintersection.
C-South ot V222 and west of FALSEintersection.

The #1 VOR is tuned to Beaumont VORTAC (BPT).

With the OBS set to 264, FROM, and the CDI needle
deflectedright, the aircraft is south of V222. The #2 VOB
is tuned to Daisetta VORTAC (DAS). With the OBS set
to 139, FROM, and the CDI needle deflected right, the
aircraft is right (east) of the DAS 139 radial. Since the
139 radial is east of the 142 radial (which def inesFALSE _w_{J)_
intersection),the aircraftis easf of FALSE intersection. II
(108)- AC 61-27C,page 138 J

Answer (B) is incorrect because the #1 VOR would have a left CDI I
deflectionif it was north of V222.Answer (C) is incorrect because #2
VOR would have a Ieft CDI deflection if it was west of FALSE Question 46O6
intersection.

Answers
4347 tAl 44e5 tA1 4507 tA1 4606 tAl

4 - 16 ASA Instrument Test Prep

t
 Chapter4 Navigation

ALL
AtL
direction i-ooe.(Referto Figure111') Inwhichgeneraldirection
)ur mOz.1n.t"t to Figure110') In which general fiomtnbVORTACisthe aircraftlocated?
)E thLVORTACisthe aircraftlocated?
lrom
A- Northeast.
A-Southwest. B-Southeast.
B-Notthwest. C-Northwest.
C-Northeast.
Thecourseselected is 360"andtheTO/FHOMindicator
selectedis 060' and theTO/FHOMindicator meansthe
Thecourse
means the ii-piiiiig away from the course,which
,3" o piiiing away from the course, which
'iiian it"northof the The
course' CDI needle is de-
is
2',s iJ ni,tneastof thecourse' The CDI needle "i["i"in b theright,which meansthe aircraft
'i"ii-oi"orrsi'
itiiectea
is left (or
E). right,which meanstheaircraftis left (ornorrh) norihwest of
ietteciei 'ii" Therefore,theaircraft.is
of the
ii roror.ihierefore, the aircraft is northeast
- iOnrnC. Seethefiguiebetow' (tls) - AC 61-27C'
(08) AC 61-27C'
ioilfia. See fhe figurebetow' page 135
page 135 if theaircraftwasnortheastthe CDI
wassouthwestthere Answer(A)is incorrectDecause
'i"iii
(A)is because
incorrect
'**ilii^'tOira"^r;on'
laswer if the aircraft to
'iiiriiiin iolu oe deflected theteft Answer(B)is incorrectbecause
if theaircraft
461'ver(B)is incorrectbecause was southeasttherewouldbe a To indication'
wasnorthwesttheCDtneedlewouldbefullydeftectedtotheright'

tor
,'s
he
;e.
-ag

tre
he
DI

_w_ c) o-E-
I
I S
I
l
I
Question 46O8
Question4607

Answers
4607 tcl 4608 tol

Instrument Test PreP ASA 4 - 17

 Chapter4 Navigation

ALL ALL
to Figure110.) In which generaldirection
(Refer
1607. 4608. (Referto Figure111.) In which generaldirection
theVORTACis the aircraftlocated?
from from the VORTACis the aircraftlocated?
A-Southwest. A-Northeast.
B-Norlhwest. B-Southeast.
G-Northeast. C-Nodhwest.

Thecourse selectedis 060' and theTO/FROM indicator The course setectedis 360' and the TO/FROM indicator
's is pointing away from the course, which means the
pointingaway from the course, which means the
airaaftis northeastof the course. The CDI needle is aircraft is north of the course. The CDI needle is de-
deflectedright,which means the aircraft is left (or north) ftected to the right, which means the aircraft is left (or
ol course. Therefore,the aircraft is noftheast of the west) of course. Therefore, the aircraft is northwest of
-27C,
VORTAC. See the figure below' (108)- AC 61-27C' the VORTAC.See fhe figurebelow-(108)- AC 61
page135 page 135
lA) is incorrect because if the aircraft was southwest there
Attswer Answer (A) is incorrect because if the aircraft was northeast the CDI
wouldbea'TOindication.Answer (B) is incorrectbecauseif the aircraft needte would be deflectedto the left' Answer (B) is incorrect because
llasnorthwestthe CDt needte woutd be fully deflected to the right' if the aircraft was southeast there would be a TO indication'

tr
s
I

_w- cf -E -

I
S

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Question 46O8
Ouestion 46O7

4608 tcl

tnstrument Test PreP ASA 4 - 17

Chapter4 Navigation

ALL
HSr 4564. (F
position
The Horizontal SituationIndicator(HSl)is a combination of two instruments: and
the headingindicator
A-11.
the VOR.See Figure4-5. B-5 ar
The aircraftheadingdisplayedon the rotatingazimuthcard underthe upperlubberline in Figure C-7 ar
4-5is 330..The courseindicatingarrowheadthat is shownis set to 300'. The tail of the courseindicating
arrowindicatesthe reciprocal, or 120o. HSI lnc
The coursedeviationbar operateswith a VOR/LOCnavigationreceiverto indicateeitherleft or right Pointin
aircraf
deviations fromthe coursethat is selectedwiththe courseindicatingdrfow:lt movesleftor righttoindicate hdicat
deviationf romthe centerlinein the same mannerthatthe angularmovementof a conventionalVOR/LOC 090",(
needleindicatesdeviationfrom course. the lot
The desiredcourseis selectedby rotatingthe courseindicatingarrowin relationto the azimuthcard relatio
-Ac
by meansof the courseset knob.This givesthe pilota pictorialpresentation.The fixed aircraftsymbol
anOtf," coursedeviationbar displaythe aircraftrelativeto the selectedcourseas thoughthe pilotwas Answe
270oh
abovethe aircraftlookingdown.
pointer.When this indicatorpointsto the head of the
The TO/FROMindicatoris a triangular-shaped
coursearrow,it indicatesthat the course
TO the selectedfacility,and vice versa.
selected, if properlyinterceptedand flown,willtake the aircraft

of the aircraftto the glideslope.Whenthe

t-
\
The glideslopedeviationpointerindicatesthe relationship
pointerii belowthe centerposition,the aircraftis abovethe glideslopeand an increasedrateof descent
is reouired.
L- (lue
To orientwherethe aircraftis in relationto the facility,firstdeterminewhichradialis selected(lookat
ALL
thearrowhead).Next,determinewhetherthe aircraftis flyingto or awayf romthe station(lookat the TO/ 451
FROMindicator)to find which hemispherethe aircraftis in. Next,determinehow far from the selected pos
coursethe aircraftis (lookat the deviationbar)to find whichquadrantthe aircraftis in. Last,considerthe A-
aircraftheading(underthe lubberline)to determinethe aircraft'spositionwithinthe quadrant. B-
c-
ALL
Selectedheading Lubberline 4563. (Referto Figures96 and 97.) To which aircraft HI
Compasscard position(s)does HSI presentation"A" correspond? p(
A-9 and 6. ol
B-9 only. o
C-6 only. ir
p
Lateral HSI Indicator "A" is set up with the head of the arrow I
Glide deviation pointing to 270". The Course Deviation lndicator is (
srope bar centered; therefore, the aircraft is on the extended {
pointer
Miniature centerline of RW #9 and #27. With a heading of 360",
Lateral airplane lndicator "A" representsan airplane at position #6 or #9.
deviation See fhe figurebelow. (108)- AC 61-27C,page 53
scale
Answers (B) and (C) are incorrect because HSI indicator A corre-
sponds to both aircraft positions 6 and 9.
Heading
select
knob

To / From pointer

Figure 4-5. HorizontalSituationIndicator(HSl)

Question 4563

Answers
4563 tAl

4 - 18 ASA lnstrument Test PreP

 Chapter4 Navigation

ALL ALL
f564.(Referto Figures96 and 97.) To which aircraft 4566. (Referto Figures96 and 97.) To which aircraft
does HSI presentation"8" correspond?
position(s) positiondoes HSI presentation"D" correspond?
lnd
A - 1 1. A-1.
B-5 and 1 3 . B-10.
Jre c-2.
G-7 and 1 1 .
Ing
Hsltndicator"8" is set up with the head of the arrow HSI lndicator "D" is set up with the head of the arrow
to 090". The CDI indication is reversed and the
pointing pointing to 090". The aircraft is to the south of course, on
)ht a headingof 310" withposition#2 being the only possible
rte isactualtyto the south of the ertended centerline.
aircraft
then, with the aircraftflying on a heading of choice. See the figure below. - (l0S) - AC 61-27C'
)c lndicator"B"
page 53
090",coutdbe at position #13 and #5. Rememberthat
thetocatizerreceiver does not know where you are in Answer (A) is incorrect because aircraft t has a heading of 225' (not-
rrd to the antenna slte. See the figure below. (108)
relation 310"). Answer (B) is incorrect because aircraft 10 has a heading of
)ol -AC 61-27C,Page 53 135" (not 310').

as Answers(A)and (C) are incorrect because aircrafts 11 and 7 have a

270"heading(not 90').
'le
rft
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nt WI WI Question 4566
Ouestion4564
rt
)/ ALL ALL
4565.(Referto Figures96 and 97.) To which aircraft 4567. (Referto Figures96 and 97.) To which aircraft
d
does HSI presentation"C" correspond?
oosition position(s)does HSI presentation"E" correspond?
e
A-9. A-8 only.
B--4. B-3 only.
c-12. C-8 and 3.

HSttndicator "C" is set up with the head of the arrow HSt tndicator "E" is set up with the head of the arrow
to 090". With the CDI centered, the aircraft is
pointing pointing to 090". The aircraft is to the south of the
on the extended centerline. Witha heading of
obviously extended centerline, with position #8 or #3 being the
potsition#12 is the only one which would have that
090", onty possibte answer for an aircraft on the heading of
See the figure below. (108)- AC 61-27C,
indication. 045".5ee the figurebelow.(108)- AC 61'27C,page 53
page53 Answers(A) and (B) are inconect because both aircraft I and 3 are
positioned south of the course with a 045" heading.
Answer (A) is incorrect because aircraft t has a 360'heading (not
OllO1.eniwer 151is incorrect because aircraft 4 has a 270" heading
(not090").

Question 4567
Question 4565

Answers
4564 tBl 4s6s tcl 4566 tol 4567 tcl

tnstrument Test PreP ASA 4 - 19