1.
Introduction to Management
Management is the process of getting work done with and
through people to achieve goals effectively and efficiently. It
involves using resources like money, manpower, and time in a
planned way. Management is both an art (because it needs
creativity and experience) and a science (because it follows
principles and techniques). It helps organizations work smoothly
and achieve success.
2. Definitions of Management
Koontz & O’Donnell: “Management is the art of getting
things done through and with people in formally organized
groups.”
Peter Drucker: “Management is doing things right;
leadership is doing the right things.”
Simple Definition: Management means planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve
set objectives.
3. Roles of Management
According to Henry Mintzberg, managers play three major
roles:
Interpersonal Role: Leader, figurehead, and liaison
(maintaining relationships).
Informational Role: Collecting, sharing, and monitoring
information.
Decisional Role: Taking decisions, handling problems, and
allocating resources.
Managers perform these roles daily to guide their teams.
4. Functions of Management
1. Planning – Thinking in advance about goals and actions.
2. Organizing – Arranging resources and assigning work.
3. Staffing – Recruiting, training, and developing employees.
4. Directing – Guiding, motivating, and communicating.
5. Controlling – Checking progress and correcting mistakes.
Together these functions form the basic cycle of
management.
5. Levels of Management
Top Level: Creates long-term strategies and policies (CEO,
Directors).
Middle Level: Passes plans to lower levels and coordinates
between departments (Managers, Heads).
Lower Level: Supervises workers and ensures daily tasks
are completed (Supervisors, Foremen).
All levels must cooperate for smooth operations.
6. Skills Required for the 21st Century
Managers today need new skills to survive in a competitive
world:
Communication skills – To clearly express ideas.
Problem-solving skills – To handle challenges quickly.
Leadership skills – To inspire teamwork.
Adaptability – To adjust to changes in the environment.
Technology knowledge – To use digital tools and
innovations.
Global mindset – To work across cultures.
7. Importance of Management
Achieves organizational goals in a systematic way.
Improves efficiency and reduces wastage of resources.
Brings coordination between people and departments.
Helps in adapting to changes in environment.
Motivates employees by giving direction and guidance.
Maintains discipline and stability in the organization.
Without management, resources are wasted and goals
remain unachieved.
8. Evolution of Management Thoughts
Classical Approach: Focused on efficiency and rules
(Taylor, Fayol).
Behavioral Approach: Focused on human relations and
motivation (Elton Mayo).
Quantitative Approach: Used mathematical models for
decision-making.
Modern Approach: Combines technology, teamwork,
innovation, and social responsibility.
Thus, management has grown from simple efficiency to
human and social focus.
9. Indian Ethos in Management
Indian ethos means using Indian cultural values and spirituality
in management. It teaches honesty, teamwork, self-discipline,
and ethics.
Eight Shlokas (Values):
1. Atmano Mokshartham Jagat Hitaya Cha – Work for self
and society.
2. Yogah Karmasu Kaushalam – Excellence in action is yoga.
3. Na Karmana Na Prajaya Dhanena Tyagenaike
Amritatvamanashuh – Selflessness leads to greatness.
4. Paropakarartham Idam Shariram – Our body is for helping
others.
5. Tena Tyaktena Bhunjitha – Enjoy life with detachment.
6. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – The whole world is one family.
7. Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah – Let everyone be happy.
8. Trikaran Shuddhi – Purity in thought, word, and action.
10. Significance of Indian Ethos
Builds ethical and moral values in work.
Promotes teamwork, honesty, and discipline.
Balances profit with social responsibility.
Improves employer-employee relations.
Creates harmony and long-term growth.
Indian ethos makes management more people-centered and
value-based.
11. Contribution of Management Thinkers
F.W. Taylor (Father of Scientific Management)
Focused on efficiency and productivity.
Introduced time study, motion study, standardization,
and division of work.
Believed in “the right person for the right job.”
Aim: Maximum output with minimum effort.
Henry Fayol (Father of Modern Management)
Gave 14 Principles of Management, like division of work,
unity of command, authority, discipline, etc.
Introduced five functions: Planning, Organizing,
Commanding, Coordinating, Controlling.
Focused on the whole organization, not just workers.
Peter Drucker (Father of Modern Management Practice)
Popularized Management by Objectives (MBO).
Said “Management is about human beings.”
Focused on results, innovation, and knowledge workers.
Believed in balancing profit-making with social
responsibility.
1. Concept of Planning
Planning means thinking in advance about what to do, how to do it,
when to do it, and who will do it. It is the first step of management and
gives a direction to all activities. Planning reduces uncertainty, saves
time, and helps to face future challenges. It also improves coordination
between different departments. Without planning, an organization works
without focus and wastes resources.
2. Importance of Planning
Gives direction: Guides employees towards common goals.
Reduces uncertainty: Prepares for future risks.
Efficient use of resources: Avoids wastage of time, money, and
effort.
Helps in decision-making: Provides clarity on what should be
done.
Improves coordination: Brings unity between departments.
Sets standards for control: Helps compare actual results with
planned goals.
Encourages innovation: Managers think creatively to solve
problems.
3. Elements of Planning
Objectives: Clear goals of what is to be achieved.
Policies: Guidelines for decision-making.
Procedures: Steps to perform tasks.
Rules: Specific instructions to be followed.
Budgets: Estimates of income and expenses.
Programs: Detailed action plans for work.
These elements together make planning effective and practical.
4. Process of Planning
1. Set objectives – Decide what to achieve.
2. Identify problems – Study limitations and risks.
3. Develop alternatives – Think of possible solutions.
4. Evaluate alternatives – Compare pros and cons.
5. Select best alternative – Choose the most suitable plan.
6. Implement the plan – Put it into action.
7. Follow-up – Check progress and make corrections.
This process ensures plans are practical and result-oriented.
5. MBO (Management by Objectives)
Management by Objectives means managers and employees set goals
together and then work to achieve them. Each employee knows what is
expected, and performance is measured against these objectives.
Steps in MBO:
Set organizational goals.
Break them into departmental and individual goals.
Monitor progress regularly.
Reward achievement of objectives.
MBO motivates employees and aligns personal goals with
company goals.
6. MBE (Management by Exception)
Management by Exception means managers focus only on important
problems and unusual cases, not on routine matters. Routine decisions
are left to lower managers, while top managers deal with exceptions.
Advantages:
Saves time and effort.
Managers focus on major issues.
Improves efficiency and decision-making.
Example: If sales are as expected, no action is needed. But if sales
fall below target, managers take corrective steps.
