English with teacher Emran Ahmadyar

Linking verb vs Action verb.

.‫افعال ربطی و افعال عملی‬
Linking verbs: A linking verb connects the subject to more information about it.
It does not show action, but helps describe the subject.
‫ این افعال عمل‬.‫ یک فعل است که فاعل را به اطالعات بیشتری در باره آن وصل می کند‬:‫افعال ربطی‬
.‫ بلکه به توصیف فاعل کمک می کند‬،‫نشان نمی دهند‬

 Be ( is / am / are / was / were / being)

Ex: She is a teacher.
Ex: We were happy.

 Seem ‫به نظر رسیدن‬ Ex: He seems tired.

 Become ‫شدن‬ Ex: The weather became cold.
 Feel ‫ احساس شدن‬/ ‫ احساس کردن‬Ex: She feels happy.

Action verbs: Are verbs that show what the subject of the sentence is
doing. These verbs describe an action, movement or activity.
‫ این افعال‬.‫ افعالی هستند که نشان می دهند فاعل جمله چه کاری انجام میدهد‬:‫افعال عملی‬
.‫ یا فعالیت را بیان می کنند‬،‫ حرکت‬،‫یک‬
Run ‫دویدن‬ She runs every morning.
Eat ‫خوردن‬ He eats an apple.
Write ‫نوشتن‬ She writes a letter.
Speak ‫صحبت کردن‬ They speak English.

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Auxiliary verbs.
.‫افعال کمکی‬
Auxiliary verbs: They also called helping verbs, are verbs that
help the main verb to make sentences in different tenses,
questions, negatives, or passive voice. They do not have a full
meaning alone but help other verbs.
‫ افعالی هستند که‬،‫ ) نیز گفته می شود‬Helping verbs ( ‫افعال کمکی که به آنها‬
‫ جمالت منفی یا‬،‫ سواالت‬،‫به فعل اصلی کمک می کنند تا جمالت را در زمان های مختلف‬
‫ اما به فعل اصلی کمک‬،‫ این افعال به تنهایی معنای کاملی ندارند‬.‫جمالت مجهول بسازند‬
.‫میکنند‬
Is Am Are Was Were Have Has Had Do Does
Did Can Could May Might Must Shall Should Will Would
Ought Dare Need Used
to to

Auxiliary verbs=helping verbs.

How do they help?
1. To make tense. e.g. She is helping me.
2. To make negative. e.g. I do not come late.
3. To make questions. e.g. Am I late?

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AUX MV
Both
Is,Am,Are,Was,Were,Have,Has,Had

She has a book. She has not a book.

MV Both
Are they coming? Are they teachers?

AUX MV Both

The auxiliary verbs are divided into 3 parts.

1. Principle auxiliary verbs. .‫افعال کمکی اصلی‬
2. Modal auxiliary verbs. .‫افعال کمکی نمونه یی‬
3. Semi modal auxiliary verbs. .‫افعال کمکی نیمه نمونه یی‬

1. The principle auxiliary verbs form the main part of auxiliary

verbs.

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.‫افعال کمکی اصلی بخش اساسی افعال کمکی را تشکیل میدهند‬

Is Am Are Was Were Have Has Had Do Does Did

Parts of principle verbs.

a. To be verbs. .‫افعال بودن‬
b. To have verbs. .‫افعال داشتن‬
c. To do verbs. .‫افعال انجام دادن‬

(Note) The principle auxiliary verbs can be used as ordinary verbs and
auxiliary verbs.
.‫(یاداشت) افعال کمکی اصلی می توانند به حیث افعال اصلی و کمکی استعمال گردند‬

Ex: He is happy. .‫فعل اصلی‬

Ex: He is playing soccer right now. .‫فعل کمکی‬

Ex: I was tired. .‫فعل اصلی‬

Ex: I was working hard. .‫فعل کمکی‬

Ex: We have a car. .‫فعل اصلی‬

Ex: We have gone to Mazar. .‫فعل کمکی‬
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Ex: She does her homework every day. .‫فعل اصلی‬

Ex: He does not study a lot. .‫فعل کمکی‬

(Modal auxiliary verbs)

)‫(افعال کمکی نمونه یی‬

What are modal auxiliary verbs?

Modal auxiliary verbs are a special type of helping verbs that express
ability, possibility, necessity, permission, or obligation.

،‫ امکان‬،‫افعال کمکی نمونه یی گروهی از افعال کمکی هستند که برای نشان دادن توانایی‬
.‫ یا اجبار استفاده میشوند‬،‫ اجازه‬،‫ضرورت‬

Ability )‫(توانایی‬: He can play the guitar.

Permission )‫(اجازه‬: You may leave now.

Necessity )‫(ضرورت‬: You must wear a mask.

Possibility )‫(احتمال‬: It might snow tonight.

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Can Could
Will Would
Shall Should
May Might
Ought to Must
Can Could Be able (ability)
)‫(در زمان آینده‬
Can
(1) Express present ability.
Ex: She can speak English.
Ex: She cannot speak English.
Ex: Can she speak English?

(2) Informal permission. With (I)

Ex: Can I go to the party?
Ex: Can I come in?

(3) Informal request. With (you)

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Ex: Can you open the door?

Ex: Can you play game with me?

(4) 50% informal possibility.

Ex: It can get very hot in Kabul.
.‫هوا ممکن است در کابل بسیار گرم شود‬
Ex: It can rain a lot in the spring.
.‫ممکن است در بهار زیاد باران ببارد‬
Ex: Mistakes can happen even to the best of us.
.‫اشتباهات حتی برای بهترین ها هم ممکن است اتفاق بیافتد‬

(5) It has three functions.

a. noun b. main verb c. auxiliary verb

Ex: She can can vegetables every summer, and she keeps each
can on a shelf.
‫قوطی کند و هر قوطی را روی یک‬/‫او هر تابستان می تواند سبزیجات را کنسرو‬
.‫قفسه نگه دارد‬

Could
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(1) shows general pat ability

Ex: When I was a child, I could run fast.
Ex: She could read English at the age of five.
Ex: We could climb trees when we were children.

 Was/were able to: Use them when you did

something successfully one time.

Ex: I was able to find my phone yesterday.

Ex: I was able to solve the problem.
Ex: My father was able to fix the car.

 Managed to: Use it when it was hard, but you

succeed in the end.
Ex: I managed to open the jar.
Ex: We did not manage to stay awake during the meeting.
Ex: After working for hours, we managed to fix the car.
Ex: How did you manage to find your way back after being
lost in the mountains for 2 days?
(2) Formal request. With (you)
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Ex: Could you open the door?

Ex: Could you call on time?

(2) Formal permission. With (I)

Ex: Could I go to the party?
Ex: Could I use your phone?

50 % formal possibility.
Ex: It could rain tomorrow.
.‫ممکن است فردا باران ببارد‬
Ex: She could be at home now.
.‫ممکن است حاال او در خانه باشد‬

Ex: He could have missed the train.

.‫ممکن است قطار را از دست داده باشد‬

Ex: He will be able to play piano well.

Ex: He will not be able to play piano well.
Ex: Will he be able to play piano well?
Will
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(1) It shows future tense. (Possibility)

)‫(احتمال‬
Ex: We will meet them tomorrow.
Ex: By tomorrow, you should memorize all of these.

(2) It shows willingness. .‫برای نشان دادن تمایل‬

Ex: I will carry that for you.
.‫من آنرا برایت میبرم‬
Ex: I will open the door.
.‫من دروازه را باز میکنم‬
(3) It is used for informal request. .‫برای درخواست غیر رسمی‬
Ex: Will you open the door?
‫دروازه را باز میکنی؟‬
Ex: Will you pass me the salt?
‫نمک را برایم میدهی؟‬
Ex: Will you help me?
‫کمکم میکنی؟‬

Would

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(1) Would + action verbs = past repeated action, storytelling or

remembering the past.
Ex: When we lived in the village, we would swim in the river
every afternoon.
‫ هر روز بعد از ظهر در رود خانه آب بازی‬،‫وقتی در قریه زنده گی می کردیم‬
.‫میکردیم‬
Ex: My grandfather would always smile when I visited him.
.‫پدر بزرگم همیشه لبخند می زد وقتی من می رفتم دیدنش‬
Ex: He would feed the chickens every day.
.‫او هر روز به مرغ ها غذا می داد‬

Ex: She would dance in the rain when she was young.
.‫او وقتی جوان بود در باران می رقصید‬

(2) For polite request.

Ex: Would you wait here for a moment.
‫ممکنه همینجا یک لحظه منتظر بمانی؟‬
Ex: Would you call me later?
‫ممکنه بعدا ً به من زنگ بزنی؟‬

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Would + Sub + Mind + Verbing (more polite)

Ex: Would you mind answering this question?
‫مشکل نیست به این سوال پاسخ بدهی؟‬/‫ناراحت نمیشی‬

‫برای پاسخ مثبت‬ ‫برای پاسخ منفی‬

1. No, not at all. 1. Actually, I do mind.
.‫ اصالً مشکلی نیست‬،‫نه‬ .‫در حقیقت برایم مشکل است‬
2. No, I don’t mind. 2. I’m sorry, I can’t right now.
.‫ ناراحت نمیشم‬،‫نخیر‬ .‫ببخش فعالً نمی توانم‬

3. Of course not. 3. Sorry, I’m busy at the moment.

.‫البته که نه‬ .‫ببخشید در حال حاضر مصروف هستم‬
4. Sure, go ahead. 4. I’d rather not.
.‫البته بفرما‬ .‫ترجیح میدهم این کار را نکنم‬

5. No problem. .‫مشکل نیست‬

6. I’d be happy to. .‫خوش حال میشوم این کار را انجام بدهم‬

(3) Second conditional. ‫برای جمالت شرطی غیر واقعی‬

Ex: If I had wings, I would fly over the mountains.

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.‫ باالی کوه ها پرواز می کردم‬،‫اگر بال میداشتم‬

Ex: If I were rich, I would buy a big house with a big yard.
.‫ یک خانه همراه یک حویلی بزرگ میخریدم‬،‫اگر پول دار می بودم‬
Ex: If I were you, I wouldn’t live in a big house.
.‫ در یک خانه بزرگ زنده گی نمی کردم‬،‫اگر به جای تو باشم‬

(4) Unreal situation without (IF)‫وضعیت خیالی بدون‬

Ex: I would travel more, but I don’t have enough money.
.‫ اما پول کافی ندارم‬،‫بیشتر سفر می کردم‬
Ex: She would forgive him, but he never says sorry.
.‫ اما او هرگز معذرت نمی خواهد‬،‫او او را میبخشد‬
Ex: They would join us for dinner, but they have guests tonight.
.‫ اما امشب آنها مهمان دارند‬،‫آنها برای غذای شب با ما یکجا می شدند‬
Ex: He would play soccer with us, but he injured his leg.
.‫ اما پایش را زخمی کرده‬،‫او با ما فوتبال بازی میکرد‬

(5) Wish sentence with “wish + would”‫جمالت آرزویی با‬

Ex: I wish it would stop raining.
.‫ای کاش باران بند می شد‬
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Ex: She wishes her son would study harder.

.‫او آرزو دارد پسرش زیاد تر درس بخواند‬
Ex: We wish the teacher would give less homework.
.‫ای کاش استاد کمتر کارخانگی می داد‬
Ex: He wishes he were taller.
.‫او آرزو دارد که بلند تر می بود‬
(6) Future in the past or past of will. ‫آینده در گذشته‬
Ex: She said she would come to the party.
.‫او گفت به مهمانی خواهد آمد‬
Ex: I knew it would rain yesterday.
.‫من می فهمیدم که دیروز باران خواهد می بارید‬
Ex: He thought he would be late for the meeting.
.‫او فکر می کرد برای جلسه دیر خواهد رسید‬
Ex: I knew that the guests would arrive late.
.‫می دانستم که مهمان ها دیر خواهند رسید‬

Shall
(1) To make future tense in British English with (I,We).
Ex: I shall go to school tomorrow.
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Ex: We shall meet at 6 o’clock.

(2) To make suggestion. ‫برای پیشنهادات‬
Ex: Shall we go for a walk?
‫آیا می خواهید برای پیاده روی برویم؟‬
Ex: Shall I open the window?
‫آیا می خواهید کلکین را باز کنم؟‬

(3) To give instructions or commands.

Ex: you shall not enter here.
.‫تو نباید وارد اینجا شوی‬
Ex: They shall do their homework.
.‫آنها باید کارخانگی خود را انجام دهند‬
Ex: He shall not work here.
.‫او نباید اینجا کار کند‬
Ex: Visitors shall leave the building by 6 p.m.
.‫ عصر ساختمان را ترک کند‬۶ ‫بازدید کننده گان باید تا ساعت‬

Should
(1) For giving advices. ‫برای مشوره دادن‬
Ex: you should study your lessons.
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Ex: you should not study your lessons. Should not Shouldn’t
Ex: Should you study your lessons?
Ex: Shouldn’t you study your lessons?
Ex: Should you not study your lessons?

Ex: You should go to the bed early.

.‫تو باید زود بخوابی‬
Ex: He should apologize to his friend.
.‫او باید از دوستش معذرت بخواهد‬
Ex: We should exercise every day.
.‫ما باید هروز ورزش کنیم‬
Ex: You should drink more water.
.‫شما باید آب بیشتر بنوشید‬
(2) For expectations.‫برای انتظارات‬
Ex: The train should arrive on time.
.‫قطار باید سر وقت برسد‬
Ex: He should arrive home by now.
.‫او باید تا حاال به خانه رسیده باشد‬
Ex: She should pass the exam; she studied a lot.
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.‫او باید امتحان را موفقانه سپری کند؛ او بسیاردرس خوانده است‬

Must
(1) Strong obligation. ‫الزام قوی‬
Ex: you must study your lessons.
Ex: you must not study your lessons. Must not Mustn’t
Ex: Must you study your lessons? Must Had
Ex: Mustn’t you study your lessons?
Ex: Must you not study your lessons?

(2) Probability 95%.‫ احتمال‬۹۵٪

Sub + must + base verb. Sub + must have + 3rd verb

(for present) (for past)
(for present)
Ex: She must be very tired.
.‫او باید بسیار خسته باشد‬
Ex: They must be rich – look their car.
.‫آنها باید بسیار پولدارباشند – موتر شان را نگاه کن‬
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Ex: That must be her brother – they look alike.

‫آن باید برادر او باشد – شباهت دارند‬
Ex: They must be at home now – the lights are on.
.‫آنها حاال باید در خانه باشند – چراغ ها روشن هستند‬

(for past)
Ex: It must have rained last night – the ground is wet.
.‫شب گذشته باید باران باریده باشد – زمین تر است‬
Ex: She must have been crying – her eyes are red.
.‫او باید گریه کرده باشد – چشم های او سرخ است‬
Ex: They must have gone out already.
.‫آنها باید قبالً بیرون رفته باشند‬
Ex: He must have lived in the gym – look at his muscles.
.‫او باید در جیم زنده گی کرده باشد – به عضالت او نگاه کن‬

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Semi Auxiliary Verbs

‫افعال کمکی نمونه یی‬
 They usually begin with (Be to) and (Have to).
[ Have to, Has to, Had to, Be going to, Be to, Be supposed to, Be able to, Want to, Need to, Ought to,
Be willing to ]
All three forms express (obligation, necessity, or
(Have to / Has to / Had to) something required) usually by rules, laws.
e.g., I have to wake up early for school.
Have to / Has to present obligation.
e.g., I don’t have to wake up early for school.
Had to past obligation
e.g., Do I have to wake up early for school?
I / you / we / they / Have to

e.g., She has to study for her exam. He / she / it Has to

e.g., She doesn’t have to study for her exam.
For all subjects Had to
e.g., Does she have to study for her exam?

90 – 100 %
e.g., We had to study hard for the exam.
Structure sub + be + going to + verb
e.g., We didn’t have to study hard for the
exam. I am I am going to visit my friend.

e.g., Did we have to study hard for the exam? You/We/They are We are going to help our friend.
(Be going to)
He/She/It He is going to buy a computer.
e.g., I am going to study tonight.

e.g., I am not going to study tonight. “Be going to” is used to talk about:

e.g., Am I going to study tonight? 1. Future plans or intention – what someone plans to do.

e.g., I am going to study tonight. = I paln to study tonight.

e.g., You are going to study tonight.
2. future predictions – based on present evidence.
e.g., You are not going to study tonight.

e.g., Are you going to study tonight? e.g., look at thr clouds! It is going to rain.

Use (not) after to be to make negative sentences.

Use (to be) in ther beginning to make intrrogative sentences.

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Tip: Use (be going to) when you already decided or see something
e.g., He is going to study tonight. is about to happen. Use(will) for instant decisions or promises.

e.g., He is not going to study tonight. Reduction of be going to: in spoken English, “be going to” is often
e.g., Is he going to study tonight? shortened to sound faster and more natural. This is called a
reduction.

1
Full form Reduction Fast speech
I am going to call the police. I’m gonna call the police. I‘mma call the police. /Amana call the police.

We are going to buy a house. We’re gonna buy a house. We‘rema buy a house.

You are going to cook tonight. You’re gonna cook tonight. You‘rema cook tonight.

They are going to go home now. They’re gonna go home now. They‘rema go home now.

He is going to eat dinner. He’s gonna eat dinner. He‘sma eat dinner.

She is going to clean the room. She’s gonna clean the room. She‘sma clean the room.

It is going to get dark. It’s gonna get dark. It‘sma get dark.

(Be to) ‫ وظیفه بودن‬،‫ موظف بودن‬،‫ مجبور بودن‬،‫باید‬ Be to is more formal than must or have to.

1 Formal obligation (rules or duties). You must finish this work today.
e.g., You are to finish this work today.
.‫تو باید این کار را امروز تمام کنی‬
e.g., You are not to leave the office before 5 p.m.

e.g., Are you to finish this work today? You have to finsh this work today.

e.g., The soldiers are to follow the commander’s orders. .‫تو موظف هستی این کار را امروز تمام کنی‬
e.g., Students are not to cheat on the exam.
You are to finsh this work today.(More formal)
e.g., Are employees to wear uniforms?
.‫تو موظف هستی این کار را امروز تمام کنی‬
e.g., She is to wear mask at all times.

e.g., She is not to wear mask at all times. Be = (Is/am/are/was/were)

e.g., Is she to wear mask at all times?

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e.g., She was to speak during the meeting. e.g., You are to finish this work yesterday.

e.g., She was not to speak during the meeting. e.g., You were not to finish this work yesterday.

e.g., Was she to speak during the meeting.? e.g., Were you to finish this work yesterday?

(Be to) ‫قرار است‬

2 Official plans or important news. ‫ اخبار مهم یا اطالع رسان‬،‫برنامه های رسیم‬

e.g., The president is to visit another country next week. Be to is more formal than be going to that is why
e.g., The president is not to visit another country next week. people do not use it in daily conversations.

e.g., Is the president to visit another country next week?

e.g., They were to marry in July, but it was postponed.

e.g., They were not to marry in July.

e.g., Were they to marry in July?

(Be supposed to ) ‫ انتظار ر‬/ ‫باید یا وظیفه‬

‫میود یا قرار است‬

1 Obligation or Duty / Expectation.

e.g., You are supposed to wear a seatbelt in the car. Difference between must, have to, be supposed to.
e.g., You are not supposed to park here.
Be supposed to: is weaker than must and have to.
e.g., You are supposed to be at school.
e.g,. You are supposed to wear a uniform at school.
e.g., The movie is supposed to start at 7 p.m.

e.g., You are supposed to be at school. The school or rule says so, not just me.

e.g., Are we supposed to meet them next week? Must: must is very serious or forceful.
e.g., You are supposed to be at school.
e.g,. you must wear a uniform at school.
e.g., You are supposed to be at school.
Have to: = It is stronger than be supposed to and
e.g., The concert isn’t supposed to start at 8 p.m.
common in everyday speech.
e.g., We were supposed to meet at the café, but it rained.
e.g,. I have to wear a uniform at school.
e.g., Was the teacher supposed to call the parents yesterday?

e.g., They weren’t supposed to bring pets at the office. Be going to: = future plan.

e.g., You were supposed to clean your room yesterday. e.g,. I am going to wear a uniform at school.

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Have to ‫مجبور بودن‬ I have to go on time.

Has to ‫مجبور بودن‬ She has to make examples.
Had to ‫مجبور بودن‬ We had fight with them.
Be going to ‫قصد داشتن‬ They are going to travel to Mazar.
Be to ‫ قرار است‬/ ‫باید‬ Soldiers are to obey their commander.
Be supposed to ‫انتظار داشتن‬ You are supposed to help.
Be able to ‫توانستن‬ He is able to swim.
Want to ‫خواستن‬ I want to eat more.
Need to ‫ نیازداشتن‬/ ‫باید‬ You need to study hard.
Ought to ‫باید‬ We ought to be honest.
Be willing to ‫حاضر بودن‬ He is willing to marry her.
Be about to ‫نزدیک است‬ She was about to cry.

Modal Idioms
‫اصطالحات وجهی‬
 They are expressions with special meanings.

Had better ‫ باید‬You had better come with us.

‫ بهتر است‬We had better not be late.

Would rather I would rather stay home
‫ترجیح دادن‬
tonight.
formal
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I would rather not go to the

party.
Would prefer I would prefer to stay home.

‫ ترجیح دادن‬I would prefer not to stay

home.

Marginal Auxiliary Verbs

‫افعال کمکی حاشیه ای‬

 They sometimes act like auxiliaries but are not true

auxiliaries.
‫آنها بعضی اوقات به صورت افعال کمکی به کار میروند اما به طور کامل افعال کمکی‬
.‫نیستند‬
(Both main verb and auxiliary verb)

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(-) , (?) Auxiliary (+) Main verb

Need / ‫نیاز داشتن‬ Need you go now?
‫باید‬ I need not go now.

I need to go now.
I don’t need to go now.
Do I need to go now?
Dare ‫جرات داشتن‬ He dare not speak a word.
Dare he challenge the boss?

He dares to tell the truth.

He doesn’t dare to fight.
Does she dare to talk to me like this?

Used to + 1st verb shows past habits.

Ex: I used to exercise. .‫من قبالً تمرین می کردم‬
Ex: I didn’t use to exercise. .‫من قبالً تمرین نمی کردم‬
Ex: Did I use to exercise? ‫آیا من قبالً تمرین می کردم؟‬
Ex: Didn’t I use to exercise? ‫آیا من قبالً تمرین نمی کردم؟‬
Ex: Did I not use to exercise? ‫آیا من قبالً تمرین نمی کردم؟‬

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Be used to + verbing shows present habit.

Ex: He is used to dancing alone.
.‫او به تنها رقصیدن عادت دارد‬
Ex: He is not used to dancing alone.
.‫او به تنها رقصیدن عادت ندارد‬
Ex: Is he used to dancing alone?
‫آیا او به تنها رقصیدن عادت دارد؟‬
Ex: Isn’t he used to dancing alone?
‫آیا او به تنها رقصیدن عادت ندارد؟‬
Ex: Is he not used to dancing alone?
‫آیا او به تنها رقصیدن عادت ندارد؟‬

Get used to + noun/verbing shows that you are slowly

becoming ok with something new.

Ex: I am getting used to the cold.

.‫من دارم به سرما عادت میکنم‬
Ex: I am getting used to walking to school.
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.‫من دارم به پیاده رفتن به مکتب عادت می کنم‬

Must / Have to / Has to / Had to / Shall / Should

‫تفاوت‬

‫فعل‬ ‫زمان‬ ‫نظر شخصی یا‬ ‫مثال‬

‫قانون‬
‫حال‬ You must finish it now.
Must ‫دستور‬/‫نظر شخصی‬
She must call him tonight.
‫آینده‬
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Have to ‫حال‬ ‫شرایط بیرونی‬/‫ قانون‬I have to work today.

She has to go home.
Has to ‫حال‬ ‫شرایط بیرونی‬/‫قانون‬
‫شرایط بیرونی‬/‫قانون‬
Had to ‫گذشته‬ We had to cancel the class.
‫گذشته‬
‫حال‬ You should eat more fruit.

You should see a doctor

Should ‫آینده‬ ‫ پسشنهاد‬tomorrow.

‫گذشته‬ She should have studied a lot.

He shall receive his certificate
Shall ‫آینده‬ ‫ قول رسمی‬soon.

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