• Anglo – Australia, England, Canada, Ireland, New
Zealand, South Africa & United States.
• Latin America – Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico & Venezuela.
• Latin Europe– France, Italy, Spain, Portugal,
Switzerland, (French speaking) & Israel.
• Eastern Europe – Albania, Georgia, Greece, Hungary,
Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia & Slovenia.
• Germanic Europe – Austria, Germany, Netherlands &
Switzerland,(German speaking).
Source: Gupta, Hanes, & Dorfman (2002).
• Nordic Europe – Denmark, Sweden and Finland.
• Sub-Sahara Africa– Nigeria, Zambia, Malawi, South
Africa, Namibia, & Zimbabwe.
• Arab– Egypt, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar & Turkey.
• Southern Asia – India, Indonesia, Iran, Philippines,
Malaysia & Thailand.
• Confucian Asia – China, japan, Singapore, Taiwan &
South Korea.
Source: Gupta, Hanes, & Dorfman (2002).
Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance
The level of acceptance by Short term Vs long The extent to which people
a society of the unequal term orientation in a society feel threatened
distribution of power in by ambiguous situations
institutions Emphasis on time horizons
for business planning and
performance
Indulgence Vs
restraint
Individualism Vs Masculinity Vs Femininity
The degree to which a
Collectivism population enjoys leisure Masculine societies are guided
and the importance placed by symbols of achievement,
The tendency of people to competition and status.
look after themselves and in freedom of expression
Feminine societies value caring
their immediate families for the weak, cooperation and
only and to neglect the quality of life.
needs of society
MAL ARAB MEX IND FRA ITA JPN SPN ARG U.S. GER UK DEN ISR AUSTRIA
GRE JPN FRA KOR ARAB GER AUSTRALIA CAN U.S. UK IND DEN SIN
Source: Hofstede (1983)
AUSTRALIA US UK CAN FRA GER SPA JPN MEX ITA KOR SIN
JPN MEX GER UK US ARAB FRA KOR POR CHC DEN SWE
Source: Hofstede(1983)
CHI HK JPN TAI VIE BRA IND US CAN UK E/W AFR
Source: Hofstede(1983)
Source: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/china/
Collectivism I
Power Distance (Individual) Gender Egalitarianism
Degree to which members of Degree to which orgnisational Degree to which gender
a collective expect power to and social institutional differences and inequity are
be distributed equally practices encourage and minimised
reward collective distribution
of resources and collective
Uncertainty Avoidance actions
Future Orientation
Extent to which a society, Extent to which individuals
organization, group relies on Collectivism II (In Group)
engage in future-oriented
social norms, rules and Degree to which individuals behaviours such as delaying
procedures to alleviate express pride, loyalty and gratification, planning and
unpredictability of future cohesiveness in their investing in the future
events organisations or families
Performance
Humane Orientation Assertiveness Orientation
Degree to which the ideals Degree to which individuals Degree to which a
of fairness, generosity, are assertive, collective encourages and
altruism and care confrontational and rewards group members
encouraged and rewarded aggressive in their for performance
relationships with others improvement and
excellence
Source: GLOBE Project (House et al. 2004)
AUSTRIA GRE US FRA IRE EGT JAP SWZ SWE
SING NETH CAN IND IRE EGT ITA ARG RUS
Source: GLOBE Project (House et al. 2004)
HK NZ US JPN ENG SPN ITA VENEZ ARGEN
PHIL IRE MALAY US SWE HK BRA FRA GER
Source: GLOBE Project (House et al. 2004)
Obligation (universalism
Vs particularism)
To what extent do the same rules
apply in all situations, or are they
Relationship with different according to Individualism Vs
circumstances?
nature/environment Collectivism
To what extent do we control Is it more important to be able to
our environment, or does our act as an individual or to be able to
environment control us? contribute to and stay loyal to
Emotional orientation group goals?
(neutral Vs affective)
Is it better to show emotion or
keep them hidden
Privacy in relationship Source of power & status
(Specific Vs Diffuse) (achievement Vs
Is it important to Relationship with aspiration)
compartmentalize or to time (sequential vs Do I gain success from what I do
generalise: Is everything linked (achieve) or from who I am
or nothing linked? synchronic) (ascribed)?
Is time a finite resource to be
closely managed, or can we use
it flexibly to juggle lots of
different events?
High Low
US GER SWE UK ITA FRA JPN SPA CHI
High Low
JPN UK GER SWE UK FRA SPA ITA CHI
High Low
UK US FRA GER ITA JPN SWE SPA CHI
High Low
US UK SWE GER FRA ITA SPA JPN CHI
Source :https//www.slideshare.net/dimiterbak/the-impact-of-national-culture
• Time – differences in temporal values
• Change – control and pace of change
• Material Factors – physical goods and
status symbols versus aesthetics and
spiritual realism
• Individualism – “me/I” versus “we”
• Managers can gather considerable information on cultural
variables from current research, personal observation, and
discussion with people.
• Managers can also develop cultural profiles of various countries.
• Managers can use these profiles to anticipate drastic
differences that may be encountered in a given
• It is difficult to pull together descriptive cultural profiles in other
countries unless one has lived there and been intricately
involved with those people.
• •
• •
• •
* Values * Norms * Beliefs
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•
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Source: Deresky (2014)
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