Multiple Choice Questions

Which of the following is a common cause of acute kidney disease in

horses?

a) Vitamin C overdose
b) Nephrotoxic substances like aminoglycoside antibiotics
c) Excessive exercise
d) Viral infections

Answer: b) Nephrotoxic substances like aminoglycoside antibiotics

Which diagnostic method is used to confirm cystitis in horses?

1. a) Endoscopy of the lungs

2. b) Blood culture tests
3. c) Urine sediment analysis and culture
4. d) Radiography of the abdomen

Answer: c) Urine sediment analysis and culture

True/False Questions

Kidney disease in horses is clinically obvious when more than 50% of the
renal tissue is non-functional.

False (It becomes clinically obvious when >75% of the renal tissue is non-functional.)

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most commonly reported bladder

neoplasm in horses.

True

Matching Questions
Match the terms with their definitions:

Terms Definitions
a) Oliguria 1) Increased thirst and water intake
b) Isosthenuria 2) Low urine output than expected
c) Polydipsia 3) Urine with similar osmolarity to plasma

 Answer:
o a) 2
o b) 3
o c) 1

Short Writing Question

1. Describe the treatment strategy for acute kidney disease in horses.

1. Answer:
Treatment for acute kidney disease includes:
1. Removing or treating the primary cause (e.g., nephrotoxic substances or
dehydration).
2. Providing fluid therapy to replace deficits and correct electrolyte
imbalances.
3. Administering fluids intravenously or via a nasogastric tube at 20–50
ml/kg/day until the horse resumes eating and drinking voluntarily.

Below is a comprehensive set of questions (20 for each type) based on the provided
document.

20 Multiple Choice Questions

1.

Which of the following is not a cause of kidney disease in horses?

1. a) Nephrotoxic drugs
2. b) Bacterial infection
3. c) Excessive carbohydrate intake
4. d) Dehydration
5. Answer: c) Excessive carbohydrate intake

What is the primary diagnostic method for urolithiasis in horses?

1. a) Rectal palpation
2. b) Blood tests
3. c) Ultrasonography of the abdomen
4. d) Endoscopic examination
 Answer: a) Rectal palpation

 What does the term "anuria" mean?

  a) Increased urine output

 b) No urine production
 c) Painful urination
 d) Frequent urination
 Answer: b) No urine production

 Which of the following is a treatment method for phimosis in horses?

  a) Antibiotics
 b) Surgical removal of the cicatrix
 c) Fluid therapy
 d) Dietary changes
 Answer: b) Surgical removal of the cicatrix

 Which bacteria commonly cause pyelonephritis in horses?

  a) Escherichia coli
 b) Streptococcus equi
 c) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 d) Staphylococcus aureus
 Answer: a) Escherichia coli

 What is the main component of uroliths in horses?

  a) Sodium chloride
 b) Calcium carbonate
 c) Potassium sulfate
 d) Magnesium phosphate
 Answer: b) Calcium carbonate

 What condition involves an inability to retract the penis into the prepuce?

  a) Phimosis
 b) Paraphimosis
 c) Stranguria
 d) Pollakiuria
 Answer: b) Paraphimosis

 What is the most common neoplastic bladder condition in horses?

  a) Renal carcinoma
 b) Squamous cell carcinoma
 c) Lymphosarcoma
 d) Adenoma
 Answer: b) Squamous cell carcinoma

 What is a clinical sign of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in horses?

   a) Rapid weight gain
 b) Hematuria
 c) Weight loss and ventral edema
 d) Thickened urine sediment
 Answer: c) Weight loss and ventral edema

 Which drug is commonly used for treating RAO (Recurrent Airway

Obstruction)?

  a) Clenbuterol
 b) Metronidazole
 c) Dexamethasone
 d) Both a and c
 Answer: d) Both a and c

Which urinary term refers to urine that has the same osmolarity as serum?

1. a) Azotemia
2. b) Hyposthenuria
3. c) Isosthenuria
4. d) Pigmenturia
5. Answer: c) Isosthenuria

Which diagnostic test is used for identifying bladder neoplasms?

1. a) Blood tests
2. b) Endoscopy and ultrasonography
3. c) Radiography of the bladder
4. d) Protein analysis of urine
5. Answer: b) Endoscopy and ultrasonography

Which of the following is a rare but serious fungal infection of the

guttural pouch?

1. a) Guttural pouch empyema

2. b) Guttural pouch tympany
3. c) Guttural pouch mycosis
4. d) Pneumonia
5. Answer: c) Guttural pouch mycosis

Which equine respiratory disease is caused by Streptococcus equi?

1. a) Strangles
2. b) RAO
3. c) Guttural pouch empyema
4. d) Equine influenza
5. Answer: a) Strangles
What is the principal vector of African Horse Sickness (AHS)?

1. a) Mosquitoes
2. b) Tabanus flies
3. c) Culicoides imicola
4. d) Fleas
5. Answer: c) Culicoides imicola

Which term refers to frequent urination without increased volume?

1. a) Anuria
2. b) Polyuria
3. c) Pollakiuria
4. d) Dysuria
5. Answer: c) Pollakiuria

What is a typical clinical sign of cystitis in horses?

1. a) Thickened kidney walls

2. b) Frequent urination with pus in urine
3. c) Nasal discharge
4. d) Elevated temperature
5. Answer: b) Frequent urination with pus in urine

What condition is described as a pathological increase in blood urea

nitrogen and creatinine?

1. a) Uremia
2. b) Azotemia
3. c) Hyperkalemia
4. d) Hypocalcemia
5. Answer: b) Azotemia

What is the best treatment for urolithiasis?

1. a) Surgery
2. b) Fluid therapy
3. c) Antibiotics
4. d) Dietary management
5. Answer: a) Surgery

What is the prognosis for chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

1. a) Good with fluid therapy

2. b) Guarded to grave
3. c) Excellent with early treatment
4. d) Poor without surgery
5. Answer: b) Guarded to grave
I'll continue with True/False, Matching, and Writing Questions in the next part due
to length constraints.

20 True/False Questions

Acute kidney disease in horses can result from exposure to nephrotoxic

substances.

True

Horses with chronic kidney disease often show rapid weight gain.

False (They show weight loss.)

Cystitis is more common in male horses than in females.

False (It is more common in females due to their shorter urethra.)

Pollakiuria refers to an increase in the frequency of urination without an

increase in volume.

True

Pyelonephritis commonly occurs due to ascending infections in horses.

True

Calcium carbonate is the most common component of equine uroliths.

True
Paraphimosis in horses can result from trauma or penile paralysis.

True

Chronic kidney disease is a reversible condition in horses if detected early.

False (CKD is progressive and has a grave prognosis.)

Pigmenturia refers to the presence of abnormal pigment in urine.

True

RAO (Recurrent Airway Obstruction) is similar to asthma in humans.

True

Endoscopy is not useful in diagnosing bladder neoplasia in horses.

False

Guttural pouch mycosis is associated with fungal infections, often involving

Aspergillus.

True

African Horse Sickness is highly contagious among horses.

 False (It is vector-borne, not contagious.)

Hematuria is the presence of blood in urine.

True

Antibiotics are the first-line treatment for all cases of guttural pouch empyema.

True

The "heave line" is a clinical sign seen in RAO due to chronic respiratory
effort.

True

Phimosis is a condition where the penis cannot retract into the sheath.

False (It is the inability to protrude the penis.)

Horses with pyelonephritis typically have bacterial infections like E. coli.

True

In cases of urolithiasis, antibiotics alone are sufficient for treatment.

False (Surgical removal is often required.)

 Chronic kidney disease in horses often leads to metabolic acidosis.

True

20 Matching Questions

Match the terms with their definitions:

Terms Definitions
1) Increased levels of BUN and creatinine in
a) Azotemia
the blood
b) Pollakiuria 2) Frequent urination without increased volume
c) Isosthenuria 3) Urine with the same osmolarity as serum
4) Inability to retract the penis into the
d) Paraphimosis
prepuce
e) Cystitis 5) Inflammation of the urinary bladder
f) Guttural pouch
6) Accumulation of pus in the guttural pouch
empyema
7) Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney
g) Pyelonephritis
tissue
h) Strangles 8) Infection caused by Streptococcus equi
i) Urolithiasis 9) Formation of stones in the urinary tract
10) Chronic respiratory condition similar to
j) RAO
asthma in humans

Answer Key:

 a) 1
 b) 2
 c) 3
 d) 4
 e) 5
 f) 6
 g) 7
 h) 8
 i) 9
 j) 10
20 Writing Questions

Describe the clinical signs of acute kidney disease in horses.

o Answer: Sudden depression, anorexia, dehydration, colic, reluctance to move, and

hematuria in cases of NSAID toxicity.

Explain the primary treatment for RAO in horses.

o Answer: Preventing allergen exposure, using corticosteroids to reduce inflammation,

and bronchodilators to relieve bronchoconstriction.

What are the diagnostic methods used for urolithiasis in horses?

o Answer: Rectal palpation, ultrasonography, and cystoscopy.

Write the main differences between acute and chronic kidney disease in horses.

o Answer: Acute kidney disease is sudden and reversible, often caused by toxins,
dehydration, or infections, while CKD is progressive, characterized by weight loss,
anemia, and ventral edema.

Explain the role of the guttural pouch in equine anatomy and how diseases like
empyema affect it.

o Answer: The guttural pouch is an extension of the eustachian tube and can
accumulate pus during empyema, leading to respiratory distress and nasal discharge.

What is the prognosis for CKD in horses?

 o Answer: Guarded to grave, depending on the response to supportive treatments.

List and define three urinary terms: polydipsia, polyuria, and oliguria.

o Answer:

 Polydipsia: Excessive thirst and water intake.

 Polyuria: Increased urine output.
 Oliguria: Low urine output.

What is the most common form of urolithiasis in horses, and what are its signs?

Answer: Cystic calculi; clinical signs include dysuria, hematuria, and tenesmus.

Describe the clinical signs of strangles in horses.

Answer: Fever, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes, and difficulty swallowing.

What treatment options exist for guttural pouch mycosis?

Answer: Topical antimycotic medications, surgical ligation of affected arteries, and

supportive care.

Define and differentiate between phimosis and paraphimosis.

Answer:

Phimosis: Inability to protrude the penis.

Paraphimosis: Inability to retract the penis.

How does African Horse Sickness spread?

Answer: Through vectors like Culicoides imicola.

Why is CKD uncommon in horses compared to other species?

Answer: Horses have a large functional reserve in their kidneys.

What are the diagnostic criteria for cystitis in horses?

Answer: Urine sediment analysis, ultrasonography, and culture.

How is stranguria different from pollakiuria?

Answer: Stranguria involves painful urination, while pollakiuria involves frequent

urination.

List common nephrotoxic substances that cause kidney damage in horses.

Answer: Aminoglycoside antibiotics, NSAIDs, heavy metals, and toxic plants.

What is the role of fluid therapy in treating AKD?

Answer: To correct dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and maintain urine production.

Describe the symptoms of purpura hemorrhagica in horses with strangles.

 Answer: Fever, edema, and petechial hemorrhages on mucous membranes.

What is the primary method for diagnosing RAO?

Answer: Clinical signs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and history of allergen exposure.

Explain the complications of untreated urolithiasis in horses.

Answer: Obstruction, infection, and possible rupture of the urinary bladder.

AREA 51 FOREVER