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2011 考研真题单词（英语二）
（例句来源于考研英语真题）
说明：1. (pl.)代表复数形式。2.考研词汇的意思大部分比较抽象，建议结合短语例句理解
记忆。

完形填空

afford v 提供，给予

匿名，名字不 The Internet affords anonymity to its

anonymity n
公开 users，a blessing to privacy and freedom
好事，有益之 of speech.
blessing n
事
But that very anonymity is also behind
explosion n 激增
the explosion of cyber-crime that has
swept across the Web.
cyber-crime n 网络犯罪
Can privacy be preserved while bring-
preserve v 保护，维护 ing safety and security to a world that
seems increasingly lawless?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the na-
cyber-czar n 网络总管
tion's cyber-czar, offered the federal
自愿的，自动 government a proposal to make the
voluntary adj Web a safer place – a “voluntary trusted
的
身份，身份认 identity” system.
identity n
证
The system might use a smart identity
credential n 证书，凭据
card, or a digital credential linked to a
证实，证 specific computer, and would authenti-
authenticate v
明……是真的 cate users at a range of online services.
联合，联邦， The idea is to create a federation of pri-
federation n
联盟 vate online identity systems.
注册的，登记 Users could select which system to join,
registered adj
过的 and only registered users whose identi-
ties have been authenticated could nav-
navigate v 浏览（网站）
igate those systems.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “volun-
ecosystem n 生态系统
tary ecosystem” in which “individuals
and organizations can complete online
transaction n 交易，买卖
transactions with confidence, trusting
the identities of each other and the iden-
基础设施，基
infrastructure n tities of the infrastructure on which the
础建设
transaction runs.”

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administration n 政府
Still, the administration's plan has di-
积极分子，活 vided privacy rights activists.
activist n
跃分子
applaud v 称赞，赞许
Some applaud the approach; others are
担忧的，焦急 concerned.
concerned adj
的
initiative n 倡议，新方案
（因法律或规 It seems clear that such a scheme is an
compulsory adj 则而）必须做 initiative push toward what would even-
的，强制的 tually be a compulsory Internet “driver's
心态，思想状 license” mentality.
mentality n
况
Some computer security experts worry
that the “voluntary ecosystem” envi-
envision v 展望，想象 sioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave
much of the Internet vulnerable.

阅读理解 Text1
For the rest of the decade she apparently
criticism n 批评，批判 managed both roles without attracting
much criticism.
But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons
was under fire （受到攻击和批评）for
compensation n 报酬，薪水
having sat on Goldman's compensation
committee;
巨大的；庞大 How could he have let those enormous
enormous adj
的 bonus payouts(奖金支出).
Outside directors are supposed to serve
有偏见的；结
biased adj as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a
果偏倚的
firm's board.
They presumably have enough inde-
据推测；大
presumably adv pendence to disagree with the chief ex-
概；可能
ecutive's proposals.
If the sky, and the share price, is falling,
平安渡过（难
outside directors should be able to give
weather v 关），挨过，
advice based on having weathered their
经受住
own crises.
Then they simply checked which direc-
代表权，委托
proxy n tors stayed from one proxy statement to
书
the next.

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departure n 离开，离去
They found that after a surprise depar-
其后，随后， ture, the probability that the company
subsequently adv
接着 will subsequently have to restate earn-
重申，重新申 ings increases by nearly 20%.
restate v
报
The likelihood of being named in a fed-
likelihood n 可能，可能性 eral class-action lawsuit also increases,
and the stock is likely to perform worse.
Although a correlation between them
leaving and subsequent bad perfor-
提示的；暗示
suggestive adj mance at the firm is suggestive, it does
的，提醒的
not mean that such directors are always
jumping off a sinking ship.
打击，意外的 But the researchers believe that outside
blow n
灾害，摧毁 directors have an easier time of avoid-
ing a blow to their reputations if they
leave a firm before bad news breaks,
名气，信誉，
reputation n even if a review of history shows they
声望
were on the board at the time any
wrongdoing occurred.
Firms who want to keep their outside di-
动机，鼓励，
incentive n rectors through tough times may have to
刺激
create incentives.
Otherwise outside directors will follow
otherwise conj. 否则，不然 the example of Ms. Simmons, once
again very popular on campus.

阅读理解 Text2
经济衰退，不 The recession threatened to remove the
recession n 景气，经济萎 advertising and readers that had not al-
缩 ready fled to the internet.
Newspapers like the San Francisco
chronicle v 记录（大事） Chronicle were chronicling their own
doom.
commission n 委员会，委员
America's Federal Trade Commission
发动；开展 launched a round of talks about how to
launch v （活动、计划 save newspapers.
等）
公益的，慈善 Should they become charitable corpora-
charitable adj
的 tions?

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Should the state subsidize them?

subsidize v 以津贴补助
Even American newspapers, which in-
居住；在…… habit the most troubled corner of the
inhabit v
出现；填满 global industry, have not only survived
but often returned to profit.
Not the 20% profit margins (利润空
margin n 利润，盈余
间)that were routine a few years ago,
常规，通常情 but profit all the same.
routine n
况
漂流着的，漂 Many papers stayed afloat by pushing
afloat adv
浮不定 journalists overboard.
stay afloat 维持运营
越过船边坠入
overboard adv put sb/sth overboard 抛弃、甩掉某人、
水中
某事
Some papers even had the nerve to（好
delivery n 传送，投递 意思做某事，有胆量做某事） refuse
delivery to distant suburbs.
Newspapers are becoming more bal-
（复数）总收 anced businesses, with a healthier mix
revenues n
入 of revenues from readers and advertis-
ers.
American papers have long been highly
reliance n 依靠，依赖
unusual in their reliance on ads.
比，比率，比 In Japan the proportion is 35%.
proportion n
例
Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers
stable adj 稳定的
are much more stable.
旋风；猛烈的 The whirlwind that swept through
whirlwind n
势力 newsrooms harmed everybody, but
much of the damage has been concen-
有特色的，与
distinctive adj trated in areas where newspapers are
众不同的
least distinctive.
局，处，科；
bureau n
办事处 Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut
野蛮地；残忍 off.
savagely adv
地；粗野地
美德；德行； But completeness is no longer a virtue
virtue n
价值；长处 in the newspaper business.

阅读理解 Text3
We tend to think of the decades imme-
繁荣，兴旺，
prosperity n diately following World War II as a time
昌盛
of prosperity and growth.

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抑制，控制， During the Depression and the war,

restraint n
限制，约束 Americans had learned to live with
less，and that restraint, in combination
时髦的，流行 with the postwar confidence in the fu-
stylish adj
的，入时的 ture, made small, efficient housing pos-
itively stylish.
刺激物，刺激 Economic condition was only a stimu-
stimulus n
因素 lus for the trend toward efficient living.
使受欢迎，普 The phrase “less is more” was actually
popularize v
及，使流行 first popularized by a German, the ar-
chitect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who
like other people associated with the
建筑师，设计 Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated
architect n to the United States before World War II
师
and took up posts at American architec-
ture schools.
These designers came to exert enor-
发挥；运用；
mous influence on the course of Ameri-
exert v 使受（影响
can architecture, but none more so than
等）
Mies.
签名，署名； Mies's signature phrase means that less
signature n 识别标志，鲜 decoration, properly organized, has
明特征 more impact than a lot.
□超 由薄片叠成 Like other modern architects, he em-
laminated adj
的，分层的 ployed metal, glass and laminated
wood — — materials that we take for
象征，用符号 granted （认为……理所当然）today
symbolize v
表现 but that in the 1940s symbolized the fu-
ture.
Mies's sophisticated presentation
复杂的，精致 masked the fact that the spaces he de-
sophisticated adj
的 signed were small and efficient, rather
than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers
Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore
优美的，漂亮
Drive, for example, were smaller - two-
elegant adj 的，简练的，
bedroom units under 1,000 square feet -
简洁的
than those in their older neighbors along
the city's Gold Coast.

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But they were popular because of their

airy glass walls, the views they afforded
and the elegance of the buildings' de-
equivalent n 对等物
tails and proportions, the architectural
equivalent of the abstract art so popular
at the time.
外国的，外来 The trend toward “less” was not entirely
foreign adj
的 foreign.
In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started
building more modest and efficient
适度的，适中 houses - usually around 1,200 square
modest adj
的，端庄的 feet- than the spreading two-story ones
he had designed in the 1890s and the
early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commis-
sioned from talented modern architects
by California ArtsArchitecture maga-
commission v 委任，授予
zine between 1945 and 1962 were yet
another homegrown influence on the
“less is more” trend.
美学的，审美 Aesthetic effect came from the land-
aesthetic adj
的 scape, new materials and forthright de-
直率的，明确 tailing.
forthright adj
的
机械的，机械 In his Case Study House，Ralph Rapson
mechanical adj
驱动的 may have mispredicted just how the
mechanical revolution would impact
acquire v 获得，取得
everyday life - few American families
令人满意的， acquired helicopters, though most even-
desirable adj tually got clothes dryers-but his belief
可取的
不可避免的； that self-sufficiency was both desirable
inevitable adj and inevitable was widely shared.
必然发生的

阅读理解 Text4
Now even the project's greatest cheer-
啦啦队长；
leaders talk of a continent facing a“ Ber-
cheerleader n （强有力的）
muda triangle” of debt， population de-
支持者
cline and lower growth.
慢性的，长期 As well as those chronic problems, the
chronic adj
的，习惯性的 EU faces an acute crisis in its economic
尖锐的，严重 core, the 16 countries that use the single
acute adj currency.
的

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（线条、运动 Markets have lost faith that the euro

的物体等）会 zone's economies, weaker or stronger,
converge v
于一点；使聚 will one day converge thanks to the dis-
集 cipline of sharing a single currency,
which denies uncompetitive members
devaluation n （货币）贬值
the quick fix of devaluation.

disintegration n 瓦解，崩溃
Yet the debate about how to save Eu-
动不了的，被 rope's single currency from disintegra-
stuck adj 卡住的，被难 tion is stuck.
住的
占优势的，统 It is stuck because the euro zone's dom-
dominant adj inant powers ， France and Germany,
治的，支配的
agree on the need for greater har-
和谐，协调，
harmonisation n monisation within the euro zone, but
相称
disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved
by stricter rules on borrowing, spending
quasi-auto- 半自动的，准
adj and competitiveness, backed by quasi-
matic 自动的
automatic sanctions for governments
that do not obey.
sanction n 制裁，处罚
These might include threats to freeze
EU funds for poorer regions and EU
suspension n 暂停，悬挂
mega-projects and even the suspension
内阁的，部长 of a country's voting rights in EU min-
ministerial adj 的，行政 isterial councils.
（上）的
It insists that economic co-ordination
should involve all 27 members of the
rigour n 严苛，严酷 EU club, among whom there is a small
majority for free market liberalism and
economic rigour.
介于……之
intervene v 间，干预，介 Translated, that means politicians inter-
入 vening in monetary policy and a system
（尤指钱或土 of redistribution from richer to poorer
redistribution n 地的）重新分 members, via cheaper borrowing for
配 governments through common Euro-
bonds or complete fiscal transfers.
fiscal adj 财政上的

transfer n 转移，调动

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咕哝，发牢 Finally，figures close to the French gov-

murmur v
骚，私下抱怨 ernment have murmured , euro-zone
members should agree to some fiscal
制止，束缚； and social harmonisation: e. g., curbing
curb v
限制，抑制 competition in corporate- tax rates or la-
bour costs.
引人注目地，
remarkably adv 明显地，非常 At its best, the European project is re-
地，奇异地 markably liberal.
开明的，自由
liberal adj
的
It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the
blunt v 使迟钝
sharpest edges of globalization, and
温和的，仁慈 make capitalism benign.
benign adj
的，善良的

新题型
参加，加入 Leading doctors today weigh in on the
weigh in v
（争论等） debate over the government's role in
promoting public health by demanding
that ministers impose “fat taxes” on
impose v 强加；征税 unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-
style warnings to children about the
dangers of a poor diet.
But senior medical figures want to stop
figure n 人物
fast-food outlets opening near schools,
经销店；廉价 restrict advertising of products high in
outlet n fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship
经销店
赞助者的地 of sports events by fast-food producers
sponsorship n 位；赞助行 such as McDonald's.
为，资助行为
使停止；使中
halt v
断；阻止 They argue that government action is
盘旋上升（或 necessary to curb Britain's addiction to
下降），（物价 unhealthy food and help halt spiraling
spiral v 等）不断急剧 rates of obesity, diabetes and heart dis-
地上升（或下 ease.
降）
<医>糖尿病；
diabetes□
超
n
多尿症
儿科学；小儿 Professor Terence Stephenson, presi-
Paediatrics□
超
n
科 dent of the Royal College of Paediatrics

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and Child Health, said that the con-

过度的，极度 sumption of unhealthy food should be
excessive adj
的，过分的 seen to be just as damaging as smoking
or excessive drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been
不能想象的，
inconceivable to have imagined a ban
inconceivable adj 不可思议的，
on smoking in the workplace or in pubs,
难以置信的
and yet that is what we have now.
alarm v 警告
Lansley has alarmed health campaign-
（尤指政治或 ers by suggesting he wants industry ra-
社会变革的） ther than government to take the lead.
campaigner n （带头，为首）
运动领导者，
运动参加者
He said that manufacturers of crisps and
candies could play a central role in the
最重要的项目
centerpiece n Change4life campaign, the centerpiece
（或物品）
of government efforts to boost healthy
eating and fitness.
名人，知名人 He has also criticized the celebrity chef
celebrity n
士，名流 Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to
给……作演 improve school lunches in England as
讲；教训（通 an example of how “lecturing” people
lecture v 常是长篇大论 was not the best way to change their be-
的）；（尤对大 haviour.
学生）讲课
潜在的，有可 Stephenson suggested potential re-
potential adj
能 strictions could include banning TV ad-
vertisements for foods high in fat, salt
广告牌；告示
billboard n or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them
牌
on billboards or in cinemas.
If we were really bold we might even
begin to think of high-calorie fast food
in the same way as cigarettes-by setting
勇敢的，无畏
bold adj strict limits on advertising, product
的，莽撞的
placement （产品植入；植入式广告）
and sponsorship of sport events," he
said.
Such a move could affect firms such as
McDonald's, which sponsors the youth
scheme n 计划
coaching scheme run by the Football
Association.
诱导，诱惑， Fast-food chains should also stop offer-
inducement n
诱因 ing “inducements ”such as toys, cute

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animals and mobile phone credit to lure

lure v 吸引，引诱
young customers, Stephenson said.
If children are taught about the impact
可获得的，可 that food ha as on their growth, and that
available adj
购得的 some things can harm, at least infor-
mation is available up front.
催促，推进， He also urged councils to impose fast-
urge v
力劝 food-free zones around schools and
外卖食品，外 hospitals-areas within which takeaways
takeaway n cannot open.
卖店
A Department of Health spokesperson
said: “We need to create a new vision
vision n 视力，视野 for public health where all of society
works together to get healthy and live
longer.
back v 支持
The food industry will be alarmed that
激进的，彻底 such senior doctors back such radical
radical adj moves, especially the call to use some
的
战术，策略， of the tough tactics that have been de-
tactics n ployed against smoking over the last
手段
展开，施展， decade.
deploy v
部署

翻译
Who would have thought that, globally,
volume n 量
the IT industry produces about the same
排放，排放 volume of greenhouse gases as the
emission n 物，散发物 world's airlines do-roughly 2 percent of
（尤指气体） all CO2 emissions?
A Google search can leak between 0.2
leak v 使泄露
and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on
how many attempts are needed to get
attempt n 试图，尝试
the “right” answer.
To deliver results to its users quickly,
保持，维持； then, Google has to maintain vast data
maintain v
保养，维护 centres round the world, packed with
powerful computers.
搜集，记录； However, Google and other big tech
monitor v
测定；监督 providers monitor their efficiency
closely and make improvements.
efficiency n 效率，效能

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