INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADAPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN ENGINEERING AND

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April 24-25, 2025, KK GEC KR Pete

A REVIEW OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS

FOR WI-FI APPLICATIONS
Pallavi R1, Aishwarya B R 2
and Dr.Imran khan3

1. Undergraduate Student,Department of Electronics and Communication,GEC

Chamarajanagar 571313,India. pallaviram321@gmail.com
2. Undergraduate Student,Department of Electronics and Communication,GEC
Chamarajanagar 571313,India. aishwaryabr2004@gmail.com
3. Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication,GEC Chamarajanagar
571313,India. imrangce@gmail.com

ABSTARCT: Television broadcasts, microwave ovens, cell phones, wireless local area
networks (WLAN), Bluetooth etc., are the wireless communication devices , which use
microstrip patch antennas made for 2.45 GHz. This study has investigated and assessed
a 2.45GHz microstrip patch antenna. Various Substrates of variable substrate thickness
have been used to make these Antennas. Although the radiating patch can be designed
in a variety of shapes based on the desired properties, the most frequent shapes are
square, rectangular, and circular because they are simple to fabricate and analyze. To
improve gain and bandwidth, other dielectric substrates were utilized, such as FR4,
rogers, and RT duroid. CST, HFSS, FEKO, and ADS were among the software tools used
to model the Microstrip Patch antenna. A thicker substrate is taken into consideration
because it has a direct proportionality with bandwidth, whereas the dielectric constant is
inversely proportional to bandwidth; the lower the relative permittivity, the better the
fringing is achieved. A dielectric substrate is an insulator that is a major component of
the microstrip structure.

Keywords: 2.45GHz,Microstrip patch antenna,Dielectric substrate,

INTRODUCTION

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains frequencies between 3 Hz and
3,000 GHz (3 THz) is known as the radio spectrum.The figure below shows the radio
spectrum ranging from 3kHz and 300GHz. The electromagnetic waves in this frequency
range, known as radio waves, are used extensively in modern technology, particularly in
telecommunication. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), an international
organization, coordinates the severe national rules governing the emission and
transmission of radio waves to minimize interference between various users [1].

Figure 1:Radio Frequency bands [4]

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April 24-25, 2025, KK GEC KR Pete

Since its launch for residential use in the late 1990s, WiFi has revolutionized networking.
Additionally, some of the older WiFi standards are being phased out and replaced, while
others are completely outdated [2].

The main distinctions between wireless frequencies are the data transfer rate, or bandwidth
connection speed, and the coverage range. When utilized with dual-band, tri-band, and the
most recent quad-band routers, each frequency range offers advantages.

The RF spectrum is a particular range of frequencies that radio waves use to deliver
information. In the radio frequency spectrum, some bands—groups of frequencies—are
utilized for communications. It is possible to further classify these bands into a variety of
subfrequencies, or channels. Government entities oversee how frequency bands and
channels are allocated for specific applications such as air traffic control, television, radio,
and Wi-Fi.

2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz are the precise radio frequency bands that have been authorized
for unlicensed wireless use. A higher number indicates a greater repetition rate that may
send more data over shorter distances, whereas a lower number indicates few wave pattern
repetitions over time and hence a longer wave with a larger range. One gigahertz (GHz) has
one billion repetitions per second, while one hertz (Hz) has one repetition per second.

Wireless connectivity can be easily understood by comparing each frequency band to a

distinct kind of road, with channels representing the quantity and width of lanes that each
road can accommodate. 2.4 GHz can carry you further into more rugged terrain, much like
a one-lane country road that isn't meant for high traffic. Although 5 GHz is larger than
country roads, it is frequently congested and functions similarly to a multilane freeway.
Additionally, 6 GHz, the most recent band, is substantially bigger and offers a lot more high-
speed lanes reserved for the quickest and newest cars [3].

• The 2.4 GHz band provides greater range coverage despite slower data transmission
speeds. The first widely recognized WiFi standard was in the 2.4 GHz range. At the inception
of WiFi networking, this ground-breaking bandwidth opened up an entirely new world of WiFi
connections. However, as the potential of WiFi increased, the 2.4 GHz band quickly became
congested as multiple devices, such as microwaves, baby monitors, and garage door
openers, attempted to make use of same radio space simultaneously. Convenient WiFi
networking would not become a reality for a few more years.

• The 5 GHz spectrum transmits quicker than the 2.4 GHz band but has less coverage. Next
came the 5 GHz spectrum, which had several benefits over the 2.4 GHz range. To begin,
there is less network congestion and twice as many channels available on the 5 GHz
frequency. Mobile Wi-Fi within congested spaces like libraries, Internet cafes, and other W-
iFi networking hotspots was revolutionized by the 5 GHz spectrum. Even now, 5Ghz is still
extensively utilized.

• The 6 GHz band allows very fast data transfer, however it offers the least coverage. A few
years back, the WiFi 6GHz standard was released, introducing the 6 GHz band. With the
newest Wi-Fi 6GHz and Wi-Fi 7 routers and other compatible devices, the 6 GHz band is
widely utilized. You can versatile a whole Wi-Fi system for years to come by purchasing the
newest Wi-Fi 7 equipment that support the 6 GHz band [2].

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LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE REVIEW IN GENERAL

Rana, M. S.'s research [5] This article describes the design, simulation, and analysis of an
S-band microstrip patch antenna for use in wireless networks. As substrate materials, FR-
4 (lossy) and Rogger RT/duroid have been developed; Their dielectric constants are 4.3
and 2.2. The two substrates have a thickness of 1.5 mm, and the suggested antenna uses
the inset feeding method to perform feeding. Software called Computer Simulation
Technology (CST) Suite Studio 2019 is used for simulation.The figure 2 shows,The antenna
structure developed for the CST. Wireless applications on distant networks will make use
of the recently developed antenna structure. The provided antenna is appropriate for
wireless communication, as shown by simulations.

Figure 2:The antenna structure developed for the CST

Analysis by Abdulhussein [6] The MPA with very low RL and magnificent voltage standing
wave ratio (VSWR) for 2.4 GHz applications is designed and manufactured in this study.
For design and simulation, the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) studio is utilized.
The suggested MPA has a depth of 1.59mm and is made on a flame-retardant (FR-4)
substrate. The suggested antenna uses the inset-feeding approach to feed its rectangular
patch as seen in the Figure 3. As a result, the MPA results reveal that Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
and ZigBee applications are suitable.

Figure 3: Structure of the proposed MPA

The proposed patch antenna design covers a 2.4GHz frequency range with a return loss
of -39.008dB. The simulation was conducted using ADS 2014. The implemented MSPA has
a rectangle shaped patch, and the feeding method is either microstrip line or rectangular
feed as illustrated in the figure 4. Karthick, M. [7] This paper describes a high-gain; single
band microstrip antenna printed on FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 29.2x29.2x1.6mm3
with a ground plane. The simulation model shows that the mentioned antenna performed
well for WLAN applications.

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Figure 4: Patch Antenna Model

Rooted in the study report put forth by Colaco, J. [8], the author has constructed and
examined a circular microstrip patch antenna for 5G communication and its uses utilizing
FEKO software. The Figure 5 depicts the geometry of the Microstrip circular patch antenna
proposed in the paper.In order to make a circular microstrip patch antenna with a
microstrip feed line usable for 5G applications, the primary goal of this article is to analyze
its design. As a result, we employed Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate material with a
substrate height of 0.6 mm, a electric permitivity of Ꜫr=2.2, and the dissipation factor of
0.0010.The proposedgeometry figure(5) is suitable for 5G communications and its
applications.

Figure 5: Proposed geometry of microstrip circular patch antenna

The study that ÇAKIR, A. C., [9] suggested In this study, a rectangular microstrip patch
antenna with a characteristic frequency of 2.4 GHz is built as represented in the Figure 6.
A FR-4 substrate with a permitivity of Ꜫr-4.4 and a depth of 1.6 mm is used .It has three
slots. The ground plane has one and the patch has two. With CST, the desired patch
antenna design is simulated. It has been determined that this antenna can be employed
in modern communication.

Figure 6:Patch antenna design

Rana, A. and Arora, A. [10] This study uses a rectangular patch antenna with a design
frequency of 2.4 GHz and a copper-coated substrate made of FR-4 Epoxy, which has a
density of 1.5 mm and a rwlative permitivity of ε=4.4. Microstrip 50 Ω feed lines are the
feeding method utilized in MSA as indicated in the Figure 7. The proposed antenna design
will function effectively for Bluetooth and Wi-Fi applications in the ISM band, according to
a parametric study.

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Figure 7: A Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (MSA)

H. K. Ravi kiran [11] This study's main goal is to create an extremely small, rectangular
microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with a fundamental freuency of 2.4 GHz that is specifically
designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. With a 28% length reduction and an
18% width reduction, the new suggested design outperforms traditional 2.4 GHz microstrip
antennas in terms of size reduction.The Figure 8, shows the upper and lower views of the
miniature rectangular MPA, which has a resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz. The high-
frequency structure simulator (HFSS) tool was used to evaluate the design. The preferred
substrate material is RT/Duroid 5880, which has a dimension of 1.575 mm and an
insulating constant of 2.2. The resultant antenna is perfect for Internet of Things
applications.

Figure 8: Depicts the top and bottom views of the miniature rectangular MPA,
which is intended to function at 2.4 GHz as its resonance frequency.

A. S. Oluwole [12] In this overview, the 2.45 GHz Inset-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna
(IFMPA) design for a WiFi application is presented. The IFMPA design that is being
suggested uses FR-4 epoxy substrate. Inset feeding is the approach utilized as illustrated
in the figure 9, to accomplish simplicity. Accordance with the perform of design, simulation,
and optimization, CST microwave software is used. The suggested antenna design is
suitable for Wi-Fi applications.

Figure 9: The Proposed antenna view

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A. H. Khidhir [13] The circular patch antenna was constructed as shown in the Figure 10,
and examined in this study. The circular patch antenna was configured using computer
simulation technology (CST) in Microwave Studio version 2019. This antenna was
constructed utilizing the computer numerical control (CNC) technology and the material
FR-4. The resonant frequency, dielectric constant, and dielectric thickness of the material
utilized to achieve this design are 4.424, 2.4 GHz, and 0.159 cm, respectively. The
implemented circular patch antenna is applicable for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee
applications.

Figure 10: Structure of the presented microstrip patch antenna

Monika Mohinani [14] The circular patch antenna was formulated as shown in the Figure
11, and analyzed in this work using Microwave Studio (version 2019) computer simulation
technology (CST). The material used to construct the antenna was FR-4, and the computer
numerical control (CNC) method was used to implement this work. The resonant
frequency, dielectric constant, and dielectric thickness of the material used were 4.424,
2.4 GHz, and 0.159 cm, respectively, in order to accomplish this design. The suggested
antenna can be utilized for communications, WLAN, and WiMaX.

Figure 11:Structure of the proposed microstrip patch antenna

Tables 1 and 2 summarize findings from a range of previously published studies.

Specifically, Table 1 outlines key parameters such as the substrate material, substrate
thickness, and the simulation software utilized across several past publications.

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Table 1: Antenna substrate materials, patch shape,substrate

thickness,Software used for simulation

Software Patch shape Substrate Substrate

used for Used Thickness(mm)
simulation
[5] CST Rectangular FR-4 1.5
CST Rectangular Rogers 1.5
[6] CST Rectangular FR-4 1.59
[7] ADS Rectangular FR-4 1.6
[8] FEKO Circular Rogers 0.6
[9] CST Rectangular FR-4 1.6
[10] HFSS Rectangular FR-4 1.5
[11] HFSS Rectangular RT Duroid 1.575
[12] CST Rectangular FR-4 1.6
[13] CST Circular FR-4 0.159
[14] HFSS Base-shaped FR-4 1.6

LITERATURE REVIEW BASED ON PARAMETRIC RESULTS

The several applications of microstrip patch antennas shall be covered in this section. The
utilize of microstrip patch antennas by the authors will be covered in this study. Up until
now, this antenna has been operate in a variety of scenarios. Current technology is
increasing demand for the use of these antennas.There is discussion of several earlier
publications based on the 2.45 GHz Microstrip patch antenna and its results are compared.

In accordance with the study paper by Tanjil-Al Mamun, Sen, B. K., and Rana, M. S. [5],
two substrate materials were utilized independently in the development and modeling of
a microstrip patch antenna. Two of these are Rogers RT/duroid 5,880 and FR-4 material.
Among the outcomes of Rogers' RT/5880 are efficiency of 94.24%, 8.092 dB, 8.587 dBi,
1.617, 0.0349GHz, VSWR, return loss, gain, and directivity gain, respectively. In addition,
the FR-4 results show efficiency of -20.405 dB, 2.592 dB, 7.47 dBi, 1.221, 0.0746GHz,
and 34.69% for return loss, gain, directivity gain, VSWR, and bandwidth, respectively.

According to Abdulhussein's research [6], we can determine which antenna is most

effective for S-band frequencies by looking at statistics like gain, VSWR of 1.02, return
loss of -38.86dB, and bandwidth of 58MHz. By terms of RL and VSWR, the presented
antenna performs better than other benchmarks. Additionally, the bandwidth and gain
values are comparable to the findings of earlier research.

A lightweight, rectangular microstrip patch antenna with minimal cross-polarization

characteristics and high gain is created for 5G wireless applications, according to research
by M. Karthick [7]. The suggested antenna has a return loss of -39.008dB, a gain of
4.685dBi, and a bandwidth of 2.2% at 10dB.

The primary goal of this paper is to analyze the development of a circular microstrip patch
antenna at resonance frequency 28.5 GHz with a microstrip feed line in order to make it
useful for 5G applications, as per research by John Colaco [8]. The practical results indicate
that the amount of return loss, gain, VSWR, and bandwidth are -32.86dB, 10dB, 1.03729,

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and 1.6369GHz. A Recomended microstrip circular patch antenna was designed and
implemented at resonance frequency 28.5 GHz for future 5G applications.

In this review, ÇAKIR, A. C., and seker[9] discussed ways to improve the 2.4GHz antenna's
performance. It has been recognized that this antenna can be used in modern
communication. According to the literature, the return loss can be considered sufficient,
and observed the return loss is -44.78dB, which is quite efficient.The VSWR of the
suggested antenna is 1.0131 and its directivity is 4.702dB.Additionally, 70MHz, or 2.91%
of the resonant frequency, is the antenna's bandwidth.

According to research by Ayush Arora and Arpith Rana [10], the antennas' gain is 0.16dB,
but their corresponding directivity is 4.14dB. They are appropriate for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
services because of their 10 dB operational bandwidth, which ranges from 80 to 200
MHz.The return loss is -29.601dB, and the VSWR is 1.58.

Study carried out by Dr. Ravikiran H. K. [11], This study suggested a microstrip patch
antenna with The practical findings demonstrated that the values of VSWR, gain,
bandwidth, and return loss were, respectively, -31.7447dB, 1.0531, 4.9347dBi, and
85.0MHz. Developing a small, rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with a
resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz for Internet of Things (IoT) applications is the main
objective of this project.During the optimization process, analytical understanding of the
antenna's behavior allowed for the identification of design modifications that would
enhance its functionality.

Microstrip Patch Antenna with a bandwidth of 2.423 GHz to 2.495 GHz, Oluwole's [12]
suggested antenna uses an inset feeding approach. The bandwidth is a narrow band with
directivity of 5.99dBi and gains of 2.28 dB and 5.99 dB, respectively, to be intended. The
VSWR of the offered antenna is less than 2. However, at different frequencies across the
outlined antenna's bandwidth, the radiation parameters show good values at phi=00 and
phi=900.

In this work, Khidhir, A. H. [13] implemented a circular patch antenna operating on the S
frequency region band, within the internationally approved wireless communication
frequencies. The practical results indicate that the input impedance, return loss, and
VSWR, which are -25.72 dB, 1.1092, and 54.391Ω at the 2.360 GHz sequentially, are good
and acceptable to implement the circular patch antenna operating within the wireless
communication frequency range applied in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee applications, as
well as Smart technology home applications that use antennas designed within frequency
regions.

Kumar, S., and Mohinani, M. [14].In this work, the coaxial feeding technique was used to
design a base-shaped patch antenna. The proposed MSPA has a return loss of -24.788dB,
a bandwidth of 260.06MHz, and a VSWR of 2. This demonstrates the suitability of the
suggested antenna for high-speed wireless communications such as WLAN and WiMaX.

Table 2 presents the return loss,gain,VSWR,and bandwidth values reported in previous

studies

Table 2: Comparion of publishesed other antenna

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Return Loss(dB) Bandwidth Directivity Gain (dBi)

(dBi)

[5] -20.405 0.0746 GHz 7.471 2.592

-12.542 0.0349 GHz 8.587 8.092

[6] -38.86 58 MHz 6.8 3.121

[7] -39.008 - 6.287 4.685

[8] -32.86 1.6369 GHz - 10

[9] -44.78 70 MHz 4.702 -

[10] -29.601 80MHz 4.14 0.16

[11] -31.7447 85 MHz - 4.9347

[12] -27 2.423-2.495 GHz 5.99 2.28

[13] -25.72 48MHz 2.97 -

[14] -24.7883 260.06MHz - -

Conclusion

 This paper examines and evaluates the many microstrip patch antenna designs and
their applications in contemporary technology.
 Applications of these antennas are also covered in the survey.This is because the
use and applications of antennas are growing daily.
 Microstrip patch antennas are a great option for wireless communication and other
possible uses because they are costeffeffective and, low-weight, and easy to
construct.
 This gadget features a low gain, a small bandwidth, and a low power output.

REFERENCES

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SCIENCES(ICOATES 2025)
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1. Wikipedia contributors. (2025, March 16). Radio spectrum. Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum
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3. 2.4 GHz vs. 5 GHz vs. 6 GHz: What’s the Difference? - Intel. (n.d.). Intel.
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