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Series
BIOLOGY
FOR CAPF AC / CDS
Booklet 11

COMPREHENSIVE REVISION BOOKLET

COVERAGE OF STANDARD BOOKS & NCERTS

EXAM ORIENTED (BASED ON PYQS)

INCREDIBLE ABHISHEK
 CELL
CELL (latin meaning of “little room”)- Cell theory is formulated by Matthias
Robert hooke(1665)- cork (honeycomb Schleiden and Theodore Schwann in
structure with help of primitive 1839, later on in 1855, Rudolf
microscope) Virchow has given the final shape to
1. Leeuwenhoek(1674) – free living cell the theory by explaining that new cell
in pond water arises out of pre-existing cells
2. Robert brown(1831) – “nucleus” in the Postulate of cell theory
cell • All organisms are composed of
3. Purkinje(1839) – “protoplasm” (fluid one or more cells.
in the cell) • Cell is the most basic unit of
4. Schleiden(1838) and Schwann(1839) – structure, function and
“cell theory” (cell is basic unit of life) organisation in all organisms.
5. Virchow(1855) – “expanded cell • All cells arise from pre-existing
theory” (all cell arise from pre-existing living cells.
cell) Note:- Viruses are the exception of
• Unicellular (single cell perfrom every cell theory.
action) – amoeba , chlymodomonas ,
paramoecium , bacteria Types of cells
• Multicellular (different cell perform On the basis of structure there are
different function) – some fungi , two types of cells
plants , animals Prokaryotic cells :-
• The shape and size of cells are related • Nucleus: Absent; DNA is located in
to the specific function they perform. an undefined region called the
• Division of labour seen within a single nucleoid.
cell also. • Size: Small (typically 0.1–5 µm in
diameter).
Characteristics of cells • Organelles: Lacks membrane-
• Cells are capable of independent bound organelles (e.g.,
existence and they have the ability to mitochondria, ER).
replicate independently • Cell Structure: Simple internal
• They contain hereditary information structure.
which passes from one generation to • DNA: Single, circular DNA
another molecule without histones.
• Number of cells present depend on • Cell Division: Reproduces through
the size of an organ or body binary fission.
organisation • Ribosomes: Smaller in size (70S
• Each living cell has the capacity to type).
performs certain basic functions
depending upon its location Eukaryotic Cells
• They are lesser in number in small Nucleus: Present; DNA is enclosed
organism and large animals like beer, within a nuclear membrane.
whale etc have greater number of Size: Larger (typically 10–100 µm in
cells diameter).
Cell theory
Organelles: Contains membrane- • Mode of Nutrition: Autotrophic
bound organelles like mitochondria, (photosynthesis).
Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum,
etc. Cell Structure
Cell Structure: Complex and • PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL
compartmentalized. MEMBRANE (selectively permeable or
DNA: Multiple, linear DNA molecules semi-permeable membrane) :-
associated with histones. 1. Outermost covering of cell
Cell Division: Reproduces through 2. Made of fat (fat soluable) or lipids
mitosis (or meiosis in reproductive 3. Allows Entry or exit of some materials
cells). (done by diffusion)
Ribosomes: Larger in size (80S type). 4. Plasma membrane is flexible.
Examples: Animals, plants, fungi, and 5. Plasma membrane is made of lipids &
protists. protein (lipo-protein / phospholipids)
Examples: Bacteria and Archaea. 6. Amoeba acquires food through
endocytosis (engulf food direct from
Difference between Animal and plant plasma membrane)
cell • Diffusion :- spontaneous movement of
Animal Cell substance from high to low
• Cell Wall: Absent. concentration ( o2 enters cell through
• Shape: Generally round or it)
irregular. • Osmosis :- special type of diffusion
• Plastids (Chloroplasts): Absent through selectively permeable
(except in some protozoans). membrane ( low solute to high solute
• Vacuole: Small and temporary. / high to low concentration) –
• Centrioles: Present and help in cell absorption of water by roots ,
division. unicellular freshwater organisms are
• Energy Storage: Stores glycogen as through osmosis.
reserve food. • Reverse osmosis :- water purification
• Lysosomes: More prominent; process that uses a semi-permeable
involved in intracellular digestion. membrane to separate water
• Mode of Nutrition: Heterotrophic. molecules from other substances.
Applies pressure. Used in water
• Plant Cell purification /filtration.
• Cell Wall: Present, made of • Hypotonic solution :- outer
cellulose. concentration more than cell (cell
• Shape: Regular and rectangular. swell up)
• Plastids (Chloroplasts): Present for • Hypertonic solution :- outer
photosynthesis. concentration less than cell (cell
• Vacuole: Large central vacuole for shrinks) – salt water , honey , alcohol
storage and turgidity. etc.
• Centrioles: Generally absent • Isotonic solution :- outside and inside
(except in some lower plants). cell concentration remains same (no
• Energy Storage: Stores starch as effect on cell)
reserve food. • CELL WALL : -
• Lysosomes: Less prominent.
1. Present in plants (cellulose) , fungi • Plasmolysis :- phenomena when
(chitin) and bacteria (murines) plant cell loses water through osmosis
2. Extra covering over plasma , there is shrinkage / contraction
membrane away from cell wall.
3. Cell wall is rigid
4. Provide strenght/ rough
5. Helps withstand very dilute hypotonic CELL ORGANELLS
media without bursting

• Storage , modify , packaging &

1. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) :- transport
• It was discovered by Albert Claude • Helps in manufacture of “lysosomes”
and keith Porter • 1st Described by camillio golgi ( he
• Provides surface for some biochemical carried out method of staining
activities of cell in “liver cell” of individual nerve and cell structures.
vertebrate animals. This method is referred as “Black
• Some Proteins and lipids reaction (uses weak solution of silver
manufactured by ER helps in building nitrate and is valuable in tracing the
cell membrane , process is known as processes and most delicate
“membrane biogenesis”. ramifications of cells)”
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum • It also help in formation of cell wall in
(RER) :- ribosomes attached (protein plant cell
manufacturer) , transport
• Smooth endoplasmic reticukum 3. Lysosomes (Suicide bag of cell) :-
(SER) :- detoxify drugs , production of • Deals with digestive enzymes
fats / lipids , tranport , large network • Breaks in simpler forms (waste
of lone tubules disposal system of cell)
• Formed of golgi bodies and digestive /
2. Golgi apparatus :- hydrolytic enzymes produced within
RER(rough endoplasmic reticulum)
• May burst & enzymes digest their own • In unicellular , specialised vacuoles
cells helps in expelling excess water &
• It helps in cell defence system some wastes from cell.
• The main function of vacuole is to
4. Mitochondria (powerhouse of cell):- collect the food stuffs in which sugar,
• Two layered covering O2, CO2, mineral salts, organic acids
• Formation of “energy currency” called and residual substances are dissolved
ATP(adenosine triphosphate)
• Contains own DNA & RIBOSOME 7. Nucleus :-
• Able to make their own protein • Nuclear membrane is double layered
• Outer layer Porus & inner layer folded • Contains chromosomes (rod shaped
creating large surface area for ATP structure)
reaction • Chromosomes :- composed of DNA &
• It may store and release calcium PROTEIN. – contains information in
when required form of DNA molecule (functional
segment of DNA is Gene)
5. Plastids (only in plant cell):- • When cell not dividing , DNA is
• Contains own DNA & Ribosomes for present as part of chromatin material
protein formation • Prokaryotes lack nuclear membrane.
• Chromoplast :- help in • Nucleoid :- undefined nuclear region
photosysnthesis by containing in containing only nucleic acids in
chlorophyll prokaryotes (lack nuclear membrane)
• Leucoplast :- starch , protein , oil • The chlorophyll in photosynthetic
stored and white in colour prokaryotic bacteria is associated
with membranous vesicles (bag like
6. Vacuoles :- structure) but not with plastids as in
• Stroage sac for solid & liquids case of eukaryotic cells.
• Large in plants , small in animals
• 50-90% of plant is vacuole
• Provides strength & turgidity
 Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell cycle Interphase involve three phases
• Cell cycle was introduced by G1 Phase :- First gap represent time
Howard and Pele in 1953. between mitosis and initiation of DNA
• It is defined as the series of events replication, cells are metabolically
by which a cell duplicates its active, grow continuously produce
genome and synthesises other cell carbohydrate, lipids, protein etc DNA
components and then divides into content remains same
two daughter cells. S phase:- Synthesis phase, DNA
Phases of Cell Cycle replication occurs thus, DNA content
doubles from 2C to 4C
Cell cycle occurs in the following two
phases G2 Phase:- Second gap phase,
preparatory phase for cell division,
1. Interphase (undividing phase)
protein and RNA synthesis led to cell
2. M Phase or Mitosis Phase (dividing division or mitosis
phase)
Interphase
M Phase (Dividing Phase)
• It represents the phase between
• It is the phase of cell division in
two successive M phases.
which already duplicated
• It constitutes or lasts for more chromosomes get distributed into
than 95% of the whole duration of two daughter nuclei.
cell cycle.
• It starts with the karyokinesis and
• Though it is called the resting terminates after cytokinesis.
phase, but it is the time during
• Karyokinesis is the division of
which the newly formed cells
daughter chromosomes and
prepare themselves for division i.e.,
nucleus and cytokinesis is the
to undergo both growth and DNA
division of cytoplasm. During this
replication in an orderly manner.
phase, all components of the cell
reorganise for cell division. Since,
the number of chromosomes
remain same in both parent and
progeny cells, it is also known as
equational division.
Cell Division
Concept of cell division was firstly
propounded by a scientist Nageli and
was observed by Flemming in 1882
Modes of Cell Division
Cell division usually occurs in
following three ways
1. Amitosis • It was first explained by Eduard
Strasburger. It usually takes place
2. Mitosis
in somatic cells (i.e. Skin,liver,
3. Meiosis bone, etc related cells) of animals.
Thus, it is known as somatic
Amitosis
division.
It occur only in some specialised cell • Mitosis occurs in gonads for the
like mammalian cartilage, embryonic multiplication of undifferentiated
membrane of some vertebrates, old germ cells.
tissues, diseased tissue etc. • It is a continuous process that
gives rise to two identical cells but
the number of chromosomes in
them remains the same.
• It starts with karyokinesis which
occurs in four phases such as
prophase, metaphase, anaphase
and telophase followed by
Mitosis cytokinesis.

At the end of mitosis, division of cytoplasm and equal distribution of cell

organelles in two daughter cells occurs by the process of cytokinesis. During this
process, the original larger cell divides into two smaller identical cells, which
individually takes food, grow, divide and the process continues
Meiosis
• The term was given by JB Farmer
and morre in 1905
• Meosis is division process is
restricted to only reproductive cells
due to which gametes are
produced
• It occurs at a particular time
during which a diploid cell divides
to give rise to four haploid cells
• It produces gametes in animals
• As a result of meiosis the reduction
in chromosome numbers in
daughter cells by half, so it is also
known as reduction division
• It also consist of two phases
o Meiosis I
o Meiosis II
 TISSUES
1. Group of cells performing specific in both direction -transports food
function is called tissue. from leaves)
2. Plant tissues are supportive , dead ➢ Epidermis :- made of a single layered
cells providing mechanical strength cell
and need less maintenance. ➢ Desert plants :- epidermis has thick
waxy coat of “cutin” for protection
3. PLANT TISSUE :- against water loss, mechanical injury
➢ Two types of plant tissue – & invasion by parasitic fungi
a) Meristmatic (dense cytoplasm, lack ➢ Suberin :- chemical present in cork
vacuoles, thin cell wall, prominent cell to make impervious to water &
nuclie) :- gases.
• Apical :- at tip of stem & roots to
increase their length 4. Animal tissue :-
• Lateral (cambium):- width, girth of ➢ Epithelial tissue :-
stem & root increase • Covering & protection of organs,
• Intercalary:- at base of leaves or skins, mouth lining, lining of blood
internodes (on either side of node) on vessels, alveoli, kidney tubules
twigs • Tightly packed, continuous sheets, no
intercellular space
b) Permanent :- • Simple squamous epithelial tissue (
i. SIMPLE :- -extremely thin & flat -in oesophagus,
• Parenchyma (store food) skin(single layered), lining of mouth)
• Chlorenchyma (magnesium present in • Stratified squamous epithelium ( -in
chrlorophyll used in photosynthesis) layers -skin multi layer to prevent
• Aerenchyma (aquatic plants) wear & tear)
• Collenchyma (flexibility) • Ciliated columnar epithelium ( -hair
• Sclerenchyma (hard & stiff due to like projections in inner lining of
lignin, most cells are dead) small intestine/large intestine -
respiratory tract -absorption &
ii. Complex :- secretion)
• Vascular / conductive tissue is its • Cuboidal (-salivary galnd(cube
distinctive feature to make is possible shaped cells) -lining of kidney tubule
for survival in terrestrial environment. -ducts of salivary gland)
• XYLEM ( -thick walls -trachieds & • Grandular ( -inward folded -same as
vessels are tubular for transport of cuboidal but inward)
water & minerals “vertically” - ➢ Connective tissue :-
parenchyma (living) stores food, help • Loosely spaced, fluid, dense, rigid
in sideways conduction of water - • Blood ( -fluid matrix called “plasma”
fibres for support) in which RBC(age 120 days), WBC(age
• PHLOEM (-made of sieve tubes, 5-7 days) & platelets are suspended -
companion cells, phloem fibre(dead) & transports gases, digested foods,
parenchyma -sieve tubes are tubular hormones, waste materials -plasma
with perforated walls -materials move contains proteins, salts, hormones -
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil)
• Ligament ( -flexible -joins bone to • Voluntary/skeletal muscles ( -can
bone) be controlled -attached to bones -long
• Tendons ( -joins muscles to bones - cyclindrical, unbranched &
less flexible) multinucleated
• Cartilage/hyaline ( -solid matrix of -shows alternate light & dark bands
proteins & sugar -smoothens bone when stained)
surface at joints -nose, ears, trachea, • Involuntary /smooth muscles ( -
larynx -chondrocyte) cannot be controlled -movement of
• Bones ( -strong non flexible tissue - food, contraction & relaxation of blood
hard matrix of calcium & phosphorus vessels
-osteocyte) -iris of eye, ureter -long with pointed
• Adipose tissue ( -fat storing tissue - ends (spindle shape) & uninucleated -
between skin & organs -filled with fat unstriated muscles -cardiac muscle:
globulus) heart muscle, cyclindrical, branched,
• Areolar ( -between skin & muscles, uninucleated)
around blood vessels -fills the gap - ➢ Nervous tissue :-
repair tissues & nerves & in bone • Contains brain, spinal cord, nerves
marrow -support internal organs - • Cells are neurons/nerve cells
mast cell) • May be upto 1 metre long
➢ Muscular tissue :- • Gap between two axon is called
• Contains elongated cells called “synapse”
muscle cells • Functional combination of nerve &
• Contain special protein(actin & muscle tissue is fundamental to most
myosine) called contractile protein for animals
relax & contract to cause movement
 WHY DO WE FALL ILL
➢ Health as per WHO is sate of being MalariaPlasmodium Bacteeria
well enough to function well (anopheles)
physically, mentally & socially. Dengue Dengue Virus
➢ Disease – disturbed ease – meaning (aedes
being uncomfortable. mosquito)
i. Acute :- last for very short period of Common Rhino Virus
time. Eg: common cold cold
Mers Corona Virus
ii. Chronic :- last for a long time even for
lifetime. Eg: infection causing
elephantiasis ➢ Antibiotics block biochemical
iii. Infectious :- disease where pathways important for bacteria.
microbes(infected agents) are Bacteria makes cell wall to protect
immediate causes themselves but penicillin(antibiotic)
iv. Non-infectious :- disease where cause blocks the bacterial process that build
vary internally. Eg: some cancers the cell-wall. Viruses donot use these
caused by genetic abnormalities. High pathways and so antibiotics do not
blood pressure cause by excessive work against viral infections.
weight & lack of exercise ➢ Bacteria contains cytoplasm but
➢ Symptoms of disease are things we viruses do not contain it.
feel being “wrong”. ➢ Japanese encephalities/brain fever
➢ Signs are what physicians will look enter through mosquito bite.
on basis of symptoms. ➢ Inflammation is process in which an
➢ Virus :- cold, aids, dengue, polio, active immune system recruits cells
measles, smallpox, hydrophobia, to affected tissue to kill off the
mumps, chicken pox, chickengunya, disease-causing microbes. Local
ebola, foot & mouth, hepatitis A, effects as swelling & pain , fever
MERS(middle east respiratory occurs.
syndrome), rabies ➢ HIV-AIDS donot kill a person but
➢ Bacteria (doesn’t have mitochondria) other infections caused by HIV-AIDS
:- typhoid, cholera, pneumonia, kills the person.
diptheria, leprosy, tetnus, ➢ Making anti-viral medicines is
tuberculosis, gonorrhea, plague, difficult than anti-bacterial medicines
whooping cough because viruses have few biochemical
➢ Protozoan :- kala azar, malaria, mechanisms of their own.
amoebic dysentry, sleeping sickness, ➢ Rabies virus spread through dogs
and bats.
Peptic Helicobacter Bacteria ➢ Antigen :- foreign substance entering
ulcer pylori our body. Eg: bacteria, virus.
Kala- Leishmania Protozoan ➢ Antibodies :- protein produced by
azar immune system to fight antigens.
Sleeping Trypanosoma Protozoan ➢ Edward jenner :- made smallpox
sickness vaccine with help of mild disease,
Acne Staphylococci Bacteria cowpox.
 Life Process
➢ The process of acquiring oxygen from conversion of light energy to chemical
outside the body & to use it in the energy & splitting of water to hydrogen
process of break-down of food sources & oxygen. Reduction of CO2 to
for cellular needs is called respiration. carbohydrates(rich in O2). In desert,
➢ In single-celled organism, the entire plants take CO2 in night because of
surface is in contact with lack of water.
environment. • Some cells contain green dots
➢ NUTRITION:- (chloroplast) contains chlorophyll.
1. Autotrophic nutrition(green plants • Massive amounts of gaseous
& bacteria) :- take substance from exchange(stems, leaves, roots) in
outside & convert them into stored leaves is through stomata (opening &
form of energy. closing control by guard cells).
• Co2 + water Carbohydrates • Materials like nitrogen, phosphorus,
(by photosynthesis in presence of iron, magnesium taken from soil.
sunlight & chlorophyll) 2. Heterotrophic nutrition :-
• Carbohydrates not use immediately • Some organism break down food
but stored in form of “starch” in outside body and then absorb it.Eg:-
plants bread mould, yeast, mushrooms.
• Energy derived from food we eat is • Other takes in whole material & break
stored in form of “glycogen” in it down inside their bodies.Eg:-
humans animals, humans
6CO2 + 6H2O photosynthesis • Parasitic animals like cuscuta(amar-
C6H12O6 + 6O2 bel), lice, leeches, tape-worms etc.
(glucose) derive nutrition from plants or animals
• Events in photosynthesis :- absorption without killing them.
of light energy by chlorophyll,
• In amoeba, through endocytosis, take
food through pseudopodia.
INGESTION DIGESTION
ABSORPTION ASSIMILATION
EGESTION(follow not only in amoeba
but nearly everyone)

➢ DIGESTION IN HUMAN :-
• The exit of food from stomach is
regulated by sphincter muscle.
• Herbivores eating grass need longer
small intestine to allow cellulose to be • 4 chamber(double circulation):-
digested. mammels, birds, crocodile
• Small intestine is site of complete • 3 chamber:- reptiles, ambhibians
digestion of carbohydrates, proteins & • 2 chamber(single circulation):- fishes
fats. • Cockroaches have 13 chamber heart
• Inner lining of small intestine has • Octupus have 3 hearts
numerous finger-like projections • Arteries:- heart to body – pure
called villi, which increase surface blood(oxygenated blood)
area for absorption. Villi are richly • Veins :- body to heart – impure
supplied with blood vessels which blood(deoxygenated blood)
take absorbed food. • Coronary artery:- carries blood to
• Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice heart muscle
trypsin & lipase for digest of protein • Blood pressure measured by
& fts respectively. sphygmomanometer.
• Finally, proteins to amino acids, • Arteries have more pressure.
carbohydrates into glucose & fats • Systolic pressure:- ventricular
into fatty acids & glycerol are systole(contraction) – 120mm of hg.
converted. • Diastolic pressure:- ventricular
• Small intestine is the largest part of diastole(relaxation) – 80mm of hg.
alimentary canal. • Smallest vessels- capillaries
• Herbivores:- longer small intestine • Veins have valve, arteries lack valve.
• Carnivores :- shorter small intestine Artery is thicker than veins. Lumen of
(meat is easier to digest) artery is narrow.
• Platelets:- bleeding is stops by
➢ TRANSPORTATION/CIRCULATORY platelets. Helps in blood clotting.
SYSTEM :- • Lymph(colourless & contains less
• HEART- pumping set protein):- some amount of plasma,
• Blood contains O2, CO2, waste, protein & blood cell escaped from
minerals cells of capillaries through the pores
• Rbc contains haemoglobin. In male, to form tissue fluid or lymph.
13-16 and in female, 11-15 gram per ➢ Tooth decay :-
deciliter. ➢ Gradual softening of enamel &
• Blood made of rbc, wbc, platelets. dentine. Due to production of acid by
• Blood purified at lungs(gaseous) & bacteria acting on sugar produced
kidney(other than gaseous exchange)
 acid. It demineralised/softens • Excess water excrete by transpiration.
enamel. • Transpiration :- excess water
➢ Saliva can’t reach to tooth surface as evaporated in form of water vapours
it’s covered by plaque. through stomata.
➢ Must use paste having “fluoride”. • Guttation :- liquid droplets from
➢ Excretion in human :-

pores
• Gums, oils, latex, resins through
barks, stems, leaves, rootes etc.
• Plants shed off these parts.
• Sometimes plants even excrete in
roots.
➢ Respiration :- exchange of gases
• Removal of nitrogenous material (alveoli)
• Urine is filtered in kidney passes • Absence of oxygen – anaerobic
through ureters, stored in urinary respiration
bladder which is under nervous • Presence of oxygen – aerobic
control & released through urethra. respiration
• Urine(uric acid) is produced in liver • Breathing rate of aquatic animals is
but remove by kidney. much faster than that of terrestrial
• Each kidney has large number of organisms.
filtration units called nephron. • CO2(mostly transported in blood) is
• Glucose, amino acid, salts & major more soluble in water than O2.
amount of water are selectively re- • Alveolar surface – 80m2
absorbed as urine flows through tube. • If diffusion were to move oxygen in
• If kidney fails, haemodialysis is done our body, it would take 3 years to
in which blood is filter by dialyzer or reach from heart to toe.
artificial kidney to remove excess
water and salt to balance other
electrolytes & remove waste.
➢ Excretion in plants :-
• Oxygen is a waste product of plant.
 REPRODUCTION
➢ Chromosomes in the nucleus of a produce seeds. Eg:- bryophyllum
cell contain information for from leaves, turmeric/ginger from
inheritence of features in form of stem, grass runner/strawberry from
DNA. DNA is information source for runner/stalon, onion/lily from bulb.
making proteins. DNA is similar but • Spore formation :- stored in sacs
not identical. Variation is necessary called sporangia which burst &
for existence. become new plant. It need moisture.
➢ MODES OF REPRODUCTION:- Eg:- bread mould/rhizopus.
1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION :- 2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION :-
unicellular + some multicellular & few plants(mostly) + animals + humans.
plants. • Humans – germ cells : male – testis
• FISSION :- if divides into two then (both work) which focus on quantity,
known as binary fission. Eg:- produces “sperm” that are male
paramecium, leishmania etc. If gamete and motile. Female – ovaries (
divides into many daughter cells then works only one in a month) which
known as multiple fission. Eg:- yeast, focuses on quality, produces
plasmodium etc. “ovum/egg” that are female gamete,
• Fragmentation :- ability to give rise stable & chooses best suited sperm
to new individual organisms from not fastest.
their body & each piece grows into a • Male gamete & female gametes
whole new organism. Eg:- spirogyra fertilise to form zygote then embryo
• Regeneration :- ability to give rise to and finally into foetus inside the body
new individual from their body parts. of female is called internal
Regeneration is carried out by fertilisation.
specialised cells. Eg:- planaria, hydra • Human beings are vivoporous(give
etc. birth to young ones).
• Budding :- new individual formed by
a small cyst like structure. Eg:- hydra Male sex hormone called
• Vegetative propogation :- plants “testosterone” is produced by
raised by this method can bear flower leydigcell/interstitial cell. Scrotum is
& fruits earlier than those produced outside body as it requires lower
from seeds. Helps in growing of plants temperature than normal body
like banana, orange, rose, jasmine temperature.
that have lost their capacity to • Female sex hormones called
“estrogen” & “progestron”.
 Oxytocin is hormone related to • Contraceptives :- used to prevent
emotional attachment. unwanted pregnancy & STDs. Eg:-
• When girl is born, she already contain pills (chemical barrier), condoms,
thousands of immature eggs. loop/copper-T (physical barrier).
• Puberty (ready for fertilization) :- in • Vasectomy:- male – vas deferens
males- facial hairs, voice modulation blockage
& pubic hair. In females- body fat • Tubectomy :- female – fallopian tube
restructuring (breast developemt), blockage
voice gets shrill, pubic hair, eggs start 3. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
maturing. PLANTS :-
• Embryo get nutrition from mother’s
blood with a special tissue called • Pollen grains + ovule = zygote
“placenta”. embryo seed
• Menstrual cycle :- if egg not • Unisexual :- have only female or male
fertilised, it lives for 1 day. If not part. Eg :- papaya, watermelon.
recieves sperm, then lining slowly • Bisexual :- have both female & male
breaks & comes out through vagina part. Eg :- hibiscus, mustard.
as blood & mucus. The lining is made • Stamen produces pollen grain which
by cell & tissue and becomes thick. is yellowish in colour.
Menstrual takes place roughly a • Cross pollination :- pollen transfer in
month called “menstruation” & last different flowers.
for 2-8 days. • Self-pollination :- pollen transfer in
• Reproductive health :- deals with same flower.
prevention of STDs(sexually
transmitted diseases) & unwanted
pregnancy.
It transmits mostly by blood contacts.
Infections caused by STD are
bacterial (gonorrhoea, syphilis) &
viral (warts, HIV-AIDS).
 CONTROL & COORDINATION
1. Hormones – chemical messengers • Oestrogen – ovaries – development of
2. Plant hormones/ phytohormones :- female sex organs
• Auxin- helps in growth of plant • Progestrone – ovaries – regulates
tissue, delay ageing, cell growth away menstrual cycle
from light, growth hormone 4. Nervous system – animals – all
• Gibberellins – growth of stem, seed information of control & coordination
germination, promote flowering, provided by nervous & muscular
growth hormone tissue. Detected by specialised tips of
• Cytokinin – promote cell division, nerve cells.
delay ageing of cells, growth hormone • Receptors present in inner ear, nose,
• Abscisic acid – inhibits growth, tongue etc.
wilting of leaves, promotes dormancy ➢ Gustatory receptors – detects taste
of buds & seeds ➢ Olfactory receptors – detects smell
• Ethylene – gaseous hormone, causes • Neuron – structural & functional unit
ripening of fruits, both growth of nervous system. It contains
inhibitor & promoter dendrite, cyton/soma, axon.
3. Human/ Animal hormone :- ➢ Dendrites receives electrical impulses
hormones released from glands. ➢ Cyton/soma processes the impulses
• Glands are of two types :- ➢ Axon transmits the impulses
➢ Endocrine gland :- secretes ➢ Impulses transmission is faster in
hormones in human, do not have myclinated neurons.
ducts, directly into blood. Eg:- 5. Reflex action :- involuntary reaction
adrenal gland, pituitary gland. of the body in response to stimuli.
➢ Exocrine gland :- have ducts to 6. Thinking tissue (thinks before
secrete. Eg:- liver, pancreas. responding) consists of dense network
• Gonadotropin – hypothalamus – of intricately arranged neurons in the
controls body temperature, hunger, forward end of skull, receives signals
mood, stimulate pituitary gland etc. from all over the body.
• Growth hormone – pituitary (master 7. Human brain :-
gland) – growth of body (height) • Spinal cord is made of nerves
• Melatonin – pineal – hormone of • Brain + spinal cord = central nervous
darkness, controls sleeping pattern system
• Thyroxin – thyroid – regulates • Communication between central
carbohydrates, protein, fats & nervous system & other part of body
metabolism for body growth. Iodine is is done by peripheral nervous
necessary for making of thyroxin systeem which consists of cranial
hormone. nerves & spinal nerves.
• Glucagon/insulin – pancreas –
maintains blood sugar level • Pons + medulla + cerebellum = hind
• Epinephrine – adrenal – stress brain
hormone, regulates heart rate & blood • Fore-brain is main thinking part of
pressure brain. It receives sensory impulses
• Testosterone – testes – sperms & from receptors. Associated with
male characteristics
 hearing, smell, sight etc. Sensation of ground & stem upwards, plant cells
feeling full is due to fore brain. change their shape by changing
• Many involuntary actions are amount of water in them resulting in
controlled by mid-brain & hind-brain. shrinking or swelling of cells etc.
• Blood pressure, salivation & vomiting • Nastic movements/thigmonastic :-
is controlled by medulla of hind- growth independent movements i.e.
brain. movement which is not related to
• Walking in straight line, riding a growth of plant. Eg :- touch me not
bicycle, picking up a pencil is plant.
controlled by cerebellum of hind • Tropic movement :- growth related
brain. Precision of voluntary actions, movement i.e. movement related to
body posture & balance is related to growth. Eg:- pea plant climb up other
cerebellum. plants or fence by means of tendrils.
• Brain is protected by three(3) main • Types of tropic movements :-
layers :- ➢ Phototropic – bending towards light
➢ Bony skull (cranium) ➢ Geotropism – pull of earth or gravity
➢ Cerebro-spinal fluid ➢ Hydrotropism – in response to water
➢ Menings ➢ Chemotropism – chemical stimuli.
8. Coordination in plants :- plants don’t Eg:- growth of pollen tube towards
have nervous system or muscles. It is ovule.
carried out by hormones.
• Eg:- “touch me not” (mimosa
pudica), movement of roots towards
 HEREDITY & EVOLUTION
1. Heredity means inheritance of traits 4. Sex determination :-
& characteristics from parents. • In Few reptiles, the temperature at
2. Gregor johonn mendel studied about which fertilised egg are kept
inheritance of traits in peas and gave determines whether animals
some rules. He choose peas as it developing in the eggs will be male or
shows maximum variation. female.
• Mendel used number of contrasting • In snails, individuals can change sex,
visible pea plants & cross them. indicating that sex is not genetically
• TT – pure tall plant determined.
• Tt – tall plant • In humans, genes from parents
• tt – short/small plant determine whether an individual will
TT tt be a male or female.
• F1 progeny :- All are tall plants. • Every human has 22 pairs of
T T chromosomes. In these 22 pairs, one
pair called sex chromosomes is odd
t Tt Tt and determine the sex of baby.
t Tt Tt • Women have a perfect pair of sex
chromosomes, both called X. but men
Tt Tt have a mismatched pair in which one
• F2 progeny :- 3 tall plants & 1 short is a normal sized X while other is a
plant (1:3 ratio) short one called Y. so women are XX
T t while men are XY.
• The sex of child is always determined
T TT Tt by what he/she has inherited from
his/her father.
t Tt tt
(short) 5. Evolution :- since genes control
3. Mechanism of heredity work as traits, the frequency of certain genes
cellular DNA is the information in a population changed over
source for making proteinin the cell. A generations. This is the essence of
section of DNA that provides evolution.
information for one protein is called 6. Genetic drift :- it provides diversity
GENE for that protein. without any adaptation.
• Plant height depend on amount of 7. An acquired trait is a character that
particular plant hormone. an organism develops as a result of
• Both parents must contribute equally environmental influences. Therefore,
to DNA of progeny during sexual the main characteristic feature of
reproduction. these traits is that genes do not
encode these traits in the DNA of the
• Sub-units of DNA is known as
organism. Since organisms do not
“Nucleotide”.
encode these traits, these traits do
• Each gene is present not as a single
not pass to the next generation.
long thread of DNA but as separate
8. Inherited traits are the traits that
independent pieces, each called a
pass from one generation to their
chromosomes.
offspring. Some examples include
 hair, skin, eye color, body type,
height, and susceptibility to certain
diseases. The main characteristic
feature of inherited traits is that
organisms encode each of the
inherited traits in individual genes.
9. Experiences of an individual during
its lifetime cannot be passed on to
its progeny & cannot direct
evolution.
10. Darwin’s theory of evolution
tells us how life evolved from
simple to more complex forms &
mendel’s experiments give us the
mechanism for the inheritance of
traits from one generation to the
next.
• J.B.S Haldane :- in 1929, suggested
that life must have developed from
simple inorganic molecules which
were present on earth soon after it
was formed.
11. Homologous organs :-
organisms that have similar structure
but different function. Eg:- hands of
frog, lizard, bird, human.
12. Analogous organs :- organisms
with different structure but similar
functions. Eg:- wings of bat & birds.
13. All preserved traces of living
organisms are called Fossils.
14. Molecular phylogen :- This
approach is based on idea that
organisms which are more distantly
related will accumulate a greater no.
of differences in their DNA.
15. Changes in DNA during
reproduction is the basic event in
evolution.
 DIVERSITY (smallest living cell organism),
anabaena.
1. Charles darwin- idea of evolution – • PROTISTA :-
1859 in “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES” ➢ Unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
book. ➢ Some use appendges (hair like cilia or
2. Following tried classification into whip like flagella)
broad categories called “kingdom”. ➢ Mode of nutrition can be autotrophic
• Ernst haeckel – 1894 or heterotrophic.
• Robert whittaker – 1959 ➢ Eg:- unicellular algae, diatom,
• Carl woese – 1977 protozoan (like paramecium,
3. Whittaker proposed five kingdoms amoeba, euglena)
:- monera, protista, fungi, plantae, • FUNGI :-
animalia. ➢ Heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
4. Woese divide monera into ➢ Some are saprotrophs (use decaying
archaebacteria (or archana) & organic material as food)
eubacteria (or bacteria). ➢ Some lives in permanent mutually
5. Sub-groups at various levels :- dependent relationships with blue
kingdom < phylum(for animals) green algae (or cynobacteria). Such
/division(for plants) < class < order relationships are called symbiotic.
< family < genus < species These symbiotic life forms are called
• MONERA :- lichens.
➢ Some have cell wall, some don’t. ➢ Cell wall made of tough sugar
➢ Unicellular complex called chitin.
➢ May be autotrophic or heterotrophic ➢ Eg:- yeast, mushrooms, molds,
➢ Eg:- bacteria, blue-green aspergillus.
algae(cynobacteria), mycoplasma
• PLANTAE :- ➢ Has specialised tissue for conduction
➢ Multicellular eukaryotes with cell wall of water & other substances.
➢ Autotrophs (use chlorophyll) ➢ Eg:- marsilea, ferns, horse-tails.
• ANIMALIA :- ➢ Cryptogams are one with hidden
➢ Multicellular eukaryotes without cell reproductive organs. Thallophyta,
wall bryophyta & pteridophyta are
➢ Heterotrophs crytogams.
➢ Phanerogams are one with well
defined reproductive organs. These
6. PLANTAE : include angiosperms & gymnosperms.
• Thallophyta :- • Gymnosperms :-
➢ mostly known as “algae” ➢ perennial, evergreen & woody
➢ do not have well differentiated body ➢ gymno- means naked & sperma-
➢ pre dominantly aquactic means seed (bear naked seeds)
➢ Eg:- spirogyra, ulothrix, cladophora, ➢ eg:- pines, deodar
chara, ulva. • Angiosperms :-
• Bryophyta :- ➢ These are flowering plants.
➢ “Amphibians of plant kingdom” Monocots- single cotyledons &
➢ Body is differentiated to form stem & Dicots- two cotyledons.
leaf like structure. ➢ Plant embryos in seeds have
➢ No specialised tissue for conduction structure called “cotyledons”.
of water & other substance. Cotyledons are called ‘seed leaves’.
➢ Eg:- riccia, moss(funaria), ➢ They bear naked seeds.
marchantia.
• Pteridophyta :-
➢ Body differentiated into roots, stems,
leaves
7. ANIMALIA :- eukaryotic, multi- ➢ Largest group of animals, bilateral
cellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall. symmetry, jointed legs, blood filled
• Porifera :- cavity(coelom) & open circulatary
➢ non-motile attached to solid support system (blood does not flow in vessels)
with holes/pores (leads to canal ➢ Eg:- prawns, butterflies, houseflies,
system helping in circulation of water spider, scorpions, crabs.
& oxygen) • Mollusca :-
➢ Covered with skeleton or hard outside ➢ Bilateral symmetry, coelomic cavity
layers reduced, little segmentation, open
➢ Mainly found in marine habitats. circulatory system, kidney like organ
➢ They are commonly called “sponges”. for excretion & foot used for moving
➢ Eg:- sycon, euplectelia, spongilla around.
• Coelenterata (Cnidaria) :- ➢ Eg:- snails, mussels, octopus, chiton,
➢ Lives in water, have cavity in pila, unio
body(very differentiated body) • Echinodermata :-
➢ Body is made of two layers of cell- ➢ Have hard calcium carbonate
outside & inner lining structure as skeleton
➢ Some of these lives in colonies(corals) ➢ Are triploblastic free living marine
while others have a solitary like animals with coelomic cavity & have
span(hydra). spiny skinned.
➢ Eg:- jellyfish, sea anemones, hydra ➢ Echino- means hedgehod(spine)
• Platyhelminthes :- ➢ Eg:- starfish, sea urchins, star
➢ also known as “flatworm”, have no fish(sea star), sea cucumber,
cavity or ‘coelom’. feather star.
➢ Have three layers of cells, hence • Protochordata :-
called “triploblastic” ➢ Bilateral symmetry + triploblastic +
➢ are bilateral symmetrical & more coelom + marine animal
complex body design. ➢ New features of body design
➢ Eg:- planaria, liverflukes, tape “notochord”- long rod like support
worm along the back seperates nervous
• Nematoda (aschelminthes) :- tissue from guts.
➢ Cyclindrical body, bilaterally ➢ Eg:- amphioxus, herdemania,
symmetrical & triploblastic balanoglossus
➢ Are worm causing elephantiasis • Vertebrata :- segmented, notochord,
(filarial worms) or worms in intestines internal skeleton
(roundworm or pinworms) ➢ Cyclostomata :- jawless, elongated,
➢ Eg:- ascaris, wuchereria circular mouth, slimmy skin,
scaleless. Eg:- hagfish, lamprey
• Annelida :- ➢ Pisces :- fish, skin covered with
➢ bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, have scales/plates, uses gills- respiration,
true body cavity (or coelom), found in “cold-blooded” & heart have two
freshwater, marines & land. chambers, lay eggs. Eg:- shark(dog
➢ Have segmented layers fish, skeleton “cartilage”), tuna/rohu
➢ Eg:- nereis, earthworm, leeches (skeleton “bone” & cartilage)
• Arthropoda :- ➢ Amphibia :- lack of scale, mucus
gland in skin, both land & water, lay
 eggs, respiration through gills & ➢ Aves :- “warm blooded”, 4 chamber
lungs. Eg:- frogs, toads, heart, lay eggs, two forelimbs are
salamanders. modified to flight. Eg:- all birds
➢ Reptilia :- have scales, “cold ➢ Mammalia :- “warm blooded”- few
blooded”, lay eggs with tough lay eggs like platypus & echidna, 4
covering(don’t lay egg in water), 3 chamber heart, mammary glands,
chamber heart (except crocodile). skin has hairs, sweats & oil glands.
Eg:- snakes, turtles, lizards, Kangaroos give birth to very poorly
crocodiles, chamaeleon. developed yoting ones. Some lay
babies like human, bat, whales etc.
MISCELLANEOUS
 ABHISHEK KUMAR
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