NCC GD AND EXTEMPORE PART 2

1 Isro and nasa

2 Iot (internet of things )
3 Facial recognising tech
4 E governance
5 5g and beyond
6 Block chain
7 Deep fake tech
8 Paris climate agreement
9 Ban on plastic
10 Deforestation and afforestation
11 Water crisis in India
12 Pollution in cities
13 Role of DRDO and Initiatives
14 National Security Threats
15 Role of Indian Air force, Indian Army, Indian navy in disaster relief
16 Role of BSF
17 Make in India in defence
18 Surgical Strikes
19 Role of India in UN peace keeping
20 Modernisation of Indian armed forces
21 AFSPA: Armed forces special forces act
22 Acid attack survivors
23 Child labour
24 Casteism in India
25 Drug abuse among youth
26 LGBTQ+ Right
27 Population explosion
28 India’s g20 precedency
29 Israel and Hamas Conflict
30 Israel and Iran conflict
31 Role of India in BRICS
32 Uniform civil code
33 Ram mandheer inauguration
34 NRC and CAA
35 Indo-china Border disputes
36 India in space
37 Women Empowerment
38 Reservation Bill in India
39 Unemployment in India
40 Indias road to net 0
41 Waqf Bill
42 Privatisation in defence sector
43 Indus water treaty
44 Effects of enrolment of women in armed forces
45 Effects of drones in the modern world
46 Factors that contribute to indias GDP
47 Effects of NISME
48 SDG in India
49 OBR Policy : State of INDIA
50 Bluedot Network and india
51 Apaar ids impact on students Page
52 Road to Viksith Bharath 2047 |1
53 Healthcare nowadays service or business
54 Are leaders born or made
55 Indigenous defence system india
 ISRO and NASA
Topic Introduction: Good morning/afternoon, everyone. Today, we delve into the fascinating world
of space exploration, focusing on two giants: ISRO, our very own Indian Space Research
Organisation, and NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States. Page
These agencies, while distinct in their operations and scale, share a common goal: to push the | 2
boundaries of human knowledge and explore the cosmos. Their collaborative efforts are shaping the
future of space science.
Short, Crisp, and Impressive Points:
ISRO: Cost-effectiveness: Known for achieving remarkable feats on tight budgets (e.g., Mars Orbiter
Mission "Mangalyaan" at a fraction of the cost).
Self-reliance: Developed indigenous launch vehicles (PSLV, GSLV) and technologies.
Application-oriented: Strong focus on satellites for national development
(telecommunications, remote sensing, navigation - NavIC).
Recent Successes: Chandrayaan-3 (first to land on lunar South Pole), Aditya-L1 (India's first
solar observatory).
NASA: Pioneer in Space: First to put humans on the Moon (Apollo missions), deep space exploration
(Voyager, Perseverance).
Unrivaled Infrastructure: Largest budget, advanced research facilities, and global
collaborations.
Cutting-edge Science: James Webb Space Telescope (revolutionizing astronomy), Artemis
Program (returning humans to the Moon).
Diverse Portfolio: From human spaceflight to robotic exploration and Earth science.

Positives and Negatives (Comparison):

Positives:
Complementary Strengths: ISRO's cost-efficiency and NASA's technological prowess create a
powerful synergy.
Knowledge Sharing: Collaboration fosters exchange of expertise, data, and scientific findings,
accelerating progress.
Global Problem Solving: Joint missions like NISAR address critical global issues (climate change,
disaster management) more effectively.
Increased Accessibility: Partnerships can make space more accessible to diverse nations.
Inspiration: Joint ventures inspire a new generation globally to pursue STEM careers.
Negatives:
Budget Disparity: NASA's significantly larger budget can sometimes lead to an imbalance in
resources or leadership roles in collaborations.
Technology Transfer Issues: While beneficial, there can be complexities in intellectual property and
sensitive technology transfer.
Bureaucracy and Delays: Coordinating between two large government agencies can sometimes lead
to bureaucratic hurdles and mission delays.
Dependency Risks: Over-reliance on one agency's capabilities could create vulnerabilities.

Current Affairs Related to the Topic:

NISAR Mission (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar): This is the most prominent example of
collaboration.
Launch: Expected in July 2025 from India's Satish Dhawan Space Centre. (Note: Previous
reports mentioned June, latest indicates July).
 Purpose: To map Earth's surface using dual-frequency radar (L-band by NASA, S-band by
ISRO) to monitor environmental changes with unprecedented precision (down to
centimeters).
Significance: Critical for understanding climate change impacts (glacier melt, sea-level rise),
natural hazards (earthquakes, landslides), forest biomass, and water resources. It will provide Page
freely available, high-resolution data globally, day or night, through clouds. |3
Artemis Accords: India (ISRO) recently joined the NASA-led Artemis Accords, a non-binding
agreement outlining principles for responsible space exploration. This signifies a deepening
partnership for future lunar and Martian missions.
Axiom-4 Mission: An Indian astronaut, Shubhanshu Shukla, is involved in the Axiom-4 mission to the
International Space Station, a private US-based company initiative, highlighting growing
international participation beyond traditional government-to-government projects.

Benefits to Cadets (and the Nation):

Inspiration & Career Paths: Witnessing these achievements inspires young minds, including NCC
cadets, to consider careers in science, engineering, and space technology, crucial for nation-building.
Technological Advancement: Exposure to such advanced missions fosters an understanding of
cutting-edge technology and its applications.
National Pride & Global Standing: The successes of ISRO, often in collaboration with agencies like
NASA, boost national pride and elevate India's standing on the global stage. Cadets can embody this
pride.
Problem-Solving & Critical Thinking: Understanding complex space missions encourages analytical
thinking and problem-solving skills, valuable in any field.
Understanding Global Challenges: Learning about missions like NISAR helps cadets grasp the
importance of space technology in addressing global challenges like climate change and disaster
management.

Government Initiatives & Schemes (India - broadly related to space):

Space Policy Reforms: The Indian government has significantly reformed its space policy, liberalizing
FDI (100% allowed) and promoting private sector participation. This aims to boost innovation and
make India a global space-tech powerhouse.
IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre): Established to streamline
and promote private sector activities in the Indian space domain.
Gaganyaan Programme: India's ambitious human spaceflight mission, aiming to send Indian
astronauts to Low Earth Orbit, with a vision for a "Bharatiya Antariksh Station" by 2035 and a crewed
lunar landing by 2040.
Productivity Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Bolsters domestic manufacturing of satellite
components and propulsion systems.
Space Vision 2047: India's long-term roadmap for space, outlining future missions to Venus, next-
generation launch vehicles, and more.
Space Diplomacy: India uses its space program for diplomatic outreach, launching satellites for
friendly nations under the 'Neighbourhood First' policy.
Conclusion: In essence, the relationship between ISRO and NASA exemplifies how international
cooperation can transcend national boundaries for the greater good of humanity. By leveraging each
other's strengths, they are not only unraveling the mysteries of the universe but also providing
invaluable data to safeguard our planet. Their continued collaboration is a beacon of hope for a
future where space exploration benefits all. Thank you.
 Internet of Things (IoT)
Good morning/afternoon everyone. Today, I'll be speaking on a topic that is rapidly shaping our
present and future: the Internet of Things, or IoT.
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What is IoT? (Short, Crisp, Impressive Points)
|4
Simply put: It's a network of everyday objects, from your smart watch to streetlights, equipped with
sensors and software that allow them to connect and exchange data over the internet.
"Things" that talk: Imagine devices that can "talk" to each other and to us, gathering information
from their environment and acting on it.
Data-driven decisions: IoT allows us to collect massive amounts of data, analyze it, and make
informed decisions, often without human intervention.
Ubiquitous connectivity: It's all about connecting the physical world to the digital world, creating a
seamless flow of information.
Positives of IoT: The Smart Revolution
Enhanced Efficiency & Automation:
Smart Homes: Automated lighting, climate control, and security systems save energy and
provide convenience.
Industrial IoT (IIoT): Predictive maintenance in factories, real-time tracking of assets, and
optimized supply chains reduce downtime and costs.
Smart Agriculture: Sensors monitor soil health and weather, enabling precise irrigation and
maximizing crop yields.
Improved Safety & Security:
Healthcare: Wearable devices monitor vital signs, enabling remote patient monitoring and
timely alerts.
Public Safety: Smart cameras and sensors can detect unusual activities, helping in crime
prevention and disaster management.
Defense (Internet of Military Things - IoMT): Real-time battlefield intelligence, enhanced
military logistics, and smart weapons for improved situational awareness and operational
efficiency.
Cost Savings:
By optimizing resource usage (e.g., energy, water), preventing equipment failures through
predictive maintenance, and streamlining operations.
Better Quality of Life:
From smart city initiatives like intelligent traffic management and waste disposal to
personalized customer experiences in retail.
Negatives of IoT: The Challenges We Face
Security and Privacy Concerns:
Vulnerability to Cyberattacks: The vast network of connected devices creates a huge attack
surface. A breach in one device can compromise the entire system, leading to data leaks,
device hijacking, or even critical infrastructure disruption. This is a major concern, especially
in defense applications where classified information could be at risk.
Data Privacy: IoT devices collect extensive personal data, raising questions about who owns
this data and how it's used.
Complexity and Interoperability Issues:
Lack of standardized protocols between devices from different manufacturers can lead to
compatibility problems and integration challenges.
High Implementation Costs:
The initial investment in hardware, software, and infrastructure can be substantial.
Dependence on Internet Connectivity:
IoT systems heavily rely on stable internet connections, making them vulnerable to network
outages.
Job Displacement:
Automation enabled by IoT can lead to job losses in certain sectors, as machines perform Page
tasks more efficiently than humans. |5

Current Affairs & Relevance (2024-2025)

Growth Trajectory: The number of active IoT-connected devices is projected to grow significantly,
reaching over 32 billion by 2030, with the global IoT market expected to hit $875 billion in 2025.
Emerging Trends:
Industrial IoT (IIoT) & Smart Factories: Continued focus on optimizing manufacturing
processes.
Edge Computing: Processing data closer to the source, reducing latency and increasing
speed, especially crucial for real-time applications. Global investment in edge computing
reached $228 billion in 2024 and is expected to grow.
IoT Cybersecurity: With increasing threats, the IoT security sector is projected to rise to
$11.36 billion in 2025.
5G Connectivity: The high speed and low latency of 5G are enabling seamless real-time
interaction and faster data transfer for IoT devices.
AI and Machine Learning: Crucial for analyzing the massive amounts of data generated by
IoT devices and making intelligent decisions. AI-powered cyberattacks are also a growing
concern.
Real-world examples:
Smart Buildings: Reducing energy consumption by up to 35% by automatically adjusting
lighting and climate.
Precision Farming: Minimizing water usage by up to 50% and maximizing crop yields through
real-time data.
Connected Logistics: Efficient tracking of shipments, reducing fuel consumption.
Government Initiatives & Schemes in India
The Indian government recognizes the immense potential of IoT and has launched several initiatives:
Draft IoT Policy (2015): A vision to develop connected and smart IoT-based systems for the
economy, society, environment, and global needs.
Centre of Excellence for IoT (CoE IoT) - MeitY, NASSCOM, ERNET: Launched in 2015 as part of the
Digital India Initiative, it aims to foster the IoT startup ecosystem, create innovative applications
(Smart City, Smart Health, Smart Manufacturing, Smart Agriculture), build skilled talent, and
promote indigenization of IoT components. It has successfully incubated numerous startups and
showcased prototypes.
Digital India Program & Smart City Project: These broader initiatives provide the foundational digital
infrastructure for IoT growth. The Smart City project, with a plan to develop 100 smart cities,
integrates IoT for smart homes, parking, transportation, and more.
Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): This flagship program uses sensor-based IoT devices to remotely monitor
rural drinking water supply systems in over six lakh villages, ensuring real-time information on water
quantity, duration, quality, and pressure.
FutureSkills PRIME: A project approved by MeitY to create an ecosystem for reskilling and upskilling
in emerging technologies, including IoT.
IoT System Certification Scheme (IoTSCS): Operated by STQC Dte, MeitY, this scheme aims to
support IoT products and systems by providing certification for security and functionality, building
user confidence.
5G Rollout and BharatNet: These initiatives are crucial for providing the high-speed and widespread
connectivity required for a robust IoT ecosystem.
Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023: This act provides a legal framework for data
protection, addressing privacy concerns associated with IoT.
Benefits to NCC Cadets
Understanding IoT is not just about staying updated with technology; it offers significant advantages
for NCC cadets: Page
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Future-Ready Skills: IoT is a rapidly growing field, and knowledge of its principles, applications, and
challenges will make you highly sought after in various industries, including defense.
Enhanced Problem-Solving: Learning about IoT exposes you to complex systems and encourages
analytical thinking, crucial for leadership roles.
Awareness of National Security: Understanding the role of IoT in military applications (IoMT) will
give you insights into modern warfare, surveillance, logistics, and the importance of cybersecurity in
national defense.
Contribution to Smart Initiatives: As future leaders, you can contribute to the implementation of
smart city projects, disaster management systems, and other societal benefits enabled by IoT.
Career Opportunities: Proficiency in IoT can open doors to careers in cybersecurity, data analytics,
smart infrastructure development, and defense technology.
Innovation and Entrepreneurship: The CoE IoT specifically fosters a startup ecosystem, encouraging
cadets with innovative ideas to develop IoT-based solutions for national needs.
Leadership in Technology Adoption: As NCC cadets, you can become ambassadors for technology
adoption, promoting the responsible and effective use of IoT in your communities.
In conclusion, the Internet of Things is not merely a technological advancement; it's a paradigm shift
that is reshaping industries, improving lives, and presenting both immense opportunities and
significant challenges. As responsible citizens and future leaders, it is imperative for us to understand
IoT, embrace its potential, and work towards mitigating its risks, ensuring a secure and prosperous
digital future for our nation.

Thank you.
 Facial Recognition Technology

 Good morning/afternoon everyone. Today, we're going to delve into a topic that's increasingly
shaping our world: Facial Recognition Technology. Page
|7
Explaining the Topic: Facial Recognition Technology

 In simple terms, facial recognition technology is a biometric system that identifies or verifies an
individual by analyzing their unique facial features. Think of it as a digital fingerprint for your
face. It works by:
 Image Capture: A camera or sensor captures an image or video of a person's face.
 Face Detection: The system identifies and isolates the face from the background.
 Feature Extraction: It analyzes key facial landmarks – like the distance between eyes, shape of
the nose, jawline – and converts them into a unique mathematical code, often called a
"faceprint."
 Face Matching: This faceprint is then compared against a database of stored faceprints to find a
match.
 Decision: Based on the comparison, it either verifies the person's identity (1:1 match, like
unlocking your phone) or identifies an unknown individual from a database (1:N match, like in
surveillance).

Short, Crisp, and Impressive Points:

 Biometric Powerhouse: It's a cutting-edge AI-driven biometric tool.

 Unique Identity: Uses unique facial features for identification.
 Speed & Efficiency: Offers rapid and contactless verification/identification.
 Ubiquitous Use: From smartphones to airports, its applications are expanding rapidly.

Positives of Facial Recognition Technology:

 Enhanced Security:
o Crime Prevention & Law Enforcement: Helps identify criminals, track suspects, and
locate missing persons. Delhi Police, for instance, is rolling out city-wide FRT.
o Border & Airport Security: Streamlines immigration, enhances passenger screening (e.g.,
"Digi Yatra" in India for seamless airport boarding).
o Access Control: Securely unlocks devices, buildings, and systems, replacing passwords or
physical keys.
 Increased Convenience & Efficiency:
o Contactless Transactions: Enables payments and access without physical interaction.
o Streamlined Services: Faster check-ins at hotels, hospitals, and public services.
o Attendance Tracking: Automated attendance in schools (Karnataka is implementing this)
and workplaces.
 Fraud Prevention: Robust identity verification reduces identity theft in banking, finance, and e-
commerce.
 Improved Public Safety: Can assist in crowd management and monitoring for suspicious
activities.

 Negatives of Facial Recognition Technology:

 Privacy Concerns:
 o Mass Surveillance: The biggest concern is the potential for pervasive government
surveillance and tracking of individuals without consent, leading to a chilling effect on civil
liberties.
o Data Storage & Misuse: Collection and storage of sensitive biometric data raises
questions about its security, potential for hacking, and misuse by organizations or Page
malicious actors. |8
o Accuracy Issues & Bias: False Positives/Negatives: The technology can misidentify
individuals, especially with poor image quality, changes in appearance, or for certain
demographic groups (women, children, and people with darker skin tones have shown
higher error rates). This can lead to wrongful arrests or denial of services.
o Algorithmic Bias: If training datasets lack diversity, algorithms can perpetuate existing
societal biases, leading to discriminatory outcomes.
 Ethical Dilemmas: Raises fundamental questions about individual rights, consent, and the
balance between security and freedom.
 Potential for Abuse: Can be exploited for unauthorized profiling, tracking, and even blackmail.
 Security Vulnerabilities: FRT systems are susceptible to hacking and "spoofing" attacks (using
photos, videos, or masks to bypass systems).

 Current Affairs Related to the Topic (India Specific): Delhi Police Rollout: Delhi Police is
planning a city-wide implementation of FRT for law enforcement, raising significant privacy
concerns due to the lack of a robust data protection law.
 Digi Yatra: This government initiative aims for seamless, paperless travel at airports using facial
recognition for passenger identification. It's already operational in several airports like Delhi,
Bengaluru, and Varanasi.
 Aadhaar Integration: The government has been integrating facial recognition with the Aadhaar
biometric database for various public services, which has also been a point of contention
regarding privacy.
 Karnataka Schools: Karnataka recently announced the implementation of facial recognition
systems in primary and high schools for attendance tracking.
 National Automated Facial Recognition System (NAFRS): A pan-India system proposed by the
National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) to use facial recognition for identifying criminals, missing
persons, and unidentified bodies.
 Debate on Data Protection Bill: The ongoing discussions around India's data protection law are
crucial for establishing a legal framework to govern the use of facial recognition technology and
safeguard privacy rights.

Benefits to Cadets (NCC Perspective):

 Understanding Emerging Technologies: As future leaders and responsible citizens, understanding such
advanced technologies is vital.
 Security Awareness: Appreciating how FRT can enhance security in defense, public spaces, and personal
devices.
 Critical Thinking: Engaging in discussions about its ethical implications fosters critical thinking and a
balanced perspective.
 Disaster Management: Potential application in identifying victims or missing persons in disaster
scenarios.
 Access Control in NCC Camps/Facilities: Could streamline entry/exit, enhancing security.
 Parade/Attendance Management: Efficiently track attendance during drills and events.

Government Initiatives & Schemes:

 Digi Yatra: As mentioned, this initiative by the Ministry of Civil Aviation facilitates facial recognition-
based boarding at airports.
 Safe City Project: Many smart city initiatives, like Delhi's Safe City Project, incorporate FRT for
surveillance and crime prevention.
 Aadhaar-based Authentication: While controversial, FRT is explored for secure authentication in various Page
government schemes linked to Aadhaar. |9
 Policy Discussions: The government is actively engaged in discussions and framing policies regarding the
responsible use of FRT, especially with the upcoming data protection framework.

Conclusion for GD/Extempore: Facial recognition technology is a double-edged sword. While it

offers immense potential for enhancing security, convenience, and efficiency across
various sectors, it comes with significant privacy, accuracy, and ethical concerns. As a
nation, India needs to leverage this technology responsibly, with robust legal frameworks,
transparent implementation, and strong safeguards to protect fundamental rights. The
discourse surrounding FRT is crucial to ensure that technological advancements serve
humanity without compromising individual liberties. We must strive for a balance where
innovation and security coexist with privacy and trust.

Thank you.
 E-GOVERNANCE: The Digital Spine of Modern India
(For Extempore - Start strong, define, explain, then hit key points)
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(For GD - Use these points as your arguments and counter-arguments, ensuring you actively listen and | 10
build upon others' contributions)

1. Introduction: What is E-Governance? (The Core Idea): Crisp Definition: E-Governance is simply
the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by the government to
enhance efficiency, transparency, accountability, and citizen participation in public service
delivery.

 "E" for "Electronic": It's about moving from physical files and queues to digital platforms and seamless
online interactions.
 Vision: To bring government services closer to the common man, making them accessible, affordable,
and reliable.

2. Why E-Governance? (The Need & Objective) : The "SMART" Governance Model: Simple, Moral,
Accountable, Responsive, and Transparent. E-governance directly aligns with these principles.

 Bridging the Gap: Aims to reduce the state-society gap by creating an accessible, inclusive, and efficient
administrative ecosystem.
 Empowering Citizens: Provides information, enabling citizens to hold the government accountable and
participate in decision-making.

3. Positives/Advantages (The Bright Side) : Transparency & Accountability: Reduces corruption by

making processes visible (e.g., online tracking of applications, public information portals like Jan
Soochna Portal in Rajasthan).

 Efficiency & Speed: Faster service delivery, reduced paperwork, quicker decision-making (e.g., online
submission of forms, digital payment gateways).
 Accessibility: Services available 24/7, from anywhere, breaking geographical barriers (e.g., applying for
certificates from home).
 Cost-Effectiveness: Reduces administrative overheads, printing costs, and travel expenses for citizens.
 Citizen Empowerment: Gives citizens greater control over their interactions with the government.
 Promotes Economic Development: Streamlines business operations (e.g., easier company registration
via SPICe+, MCA21) and reduces transaction costs.

4. Negatives/Challenges (The Hurdles)

 Digital Divide: Unequal access to the internet and digital literacy, especially in rural areas and among
the elderly (BharatNet is addressing this, but a gap remains).
 Cybersecurity & Data Privacy: Risk of data breaches, cyber-attacks, and misuse of personal information,
leading to public distrust.
 High Setup Costs: Initial investment in infrastructure, hardware, and software can be substantial.
 Technical Glitches & Maintenance: Online systems can experience downtime, and require continuous
maintenance and updates.
 Lack of Interpersonal Communication: Reduced face-to-face interaction can be a concern for some,
especially in grievance redressal.
 Resistance to Change: Bureaucratic inertia and lack of digital skills among government employees.
 Language Barrier: Many portals are primarily in English or Hindi, posing a challenge for regional
language speakers (initiatives like BHASHINI are crucial).

5. Current Affairs & Indian Context (Make it Relevant!)

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 Digital India Mission (2015): The umbrella initiative driving e-governance. Its vision areas include | 11
"Digital infrastructure as Utility to Every Citizen," "Governance and services on demand," and "Digital
empowerment of citizens."1
 Aadhaar-Enabled Services: From DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) to Jeevan Pramaan (digital life certificates
for pensioners), Aadhaar is a cornerstone.
 UMANG App: Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance – a single platform integrating over
1,700 government services.
 DigiLocker: Secure platform for storing and sharing digital documents, eliminating the need for physical
copies.
 e-Courts Project: Digitizing judicial processes for faster justice delivery.
 PM-KISAN, Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: Examples of how e-governance is transforming specific
sectors like agriculture and healthcare.
 National e-Governance Awards 2025: Recently, Rohini Gram Panchayat in Dhule district, Maharashtra,
won the Gold Award for its exemplary implementation of digital services at the grassroots level,
providing over 956 digital services. This highlights success in tribal areas.
 BharatNet Phase III: Targeting high-speed broadband connectivity for all 6.25 lakh villages via optical
fibre, crucial for last-mile delivery.
 Government's "Digital-First Governance" Resolve: Reiterated at recent conclaves, positioning e-
governance as a cornerstone for Viksit Bharat.

6. Government Initiatives & Schemes (Specific Examples)

 National e-Governance Plan (NeGP): Approved in 2006, it laid the foundation with 31 Mission Mode
Projects (MMPs) and 8 components.
 Common Service Centres (CSCs): Physical access points for digital services in rural areas, fostering
entrepreneurship (Village Level Entrepreneurs - VLEs).
 MyGov: Platform for citizen engagement, discussions, polls, and feedback on government policies.
 Mobile Seva: Aims to deliver government services through mobile phones and tablets.
 SVAMITVA Scheme: Uses drone technology for property documentation in rural areas, empowering
citizens economically.
 iGOT Karmayogi: Online training platform for government employees for continuous learning and
career development.
 PRAGATI: A multi-purpose platform for Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation, monitoring
key government projects.

7. Benefits to NCC Cadets (Personal Connection) : Understanding Modern Governance: E-

governance provides a practical understanding of how modern governments function, leveraging
technology for public welfare.

 Digital Literacy & Skills: Exposure to various government apps and portals enhances digital literacy, a
crucial skill in today's world.
 Citizen Responsibility: Cadets learn about their rights and responsibilities in a digitally empowered
society, including online civic participation.
 Leadership in Digital Transformation: As future leaders, understanding e-governance equips them to
champion and implement digital solutions in their respective fields, contributing to nation-building.
 Career Opportunities: Awareness of digital government initiatives can open doors to careers in public
service, IT, and related sectors.
 Efficiency in Personal Life: Cadets can personally benefit from simplified access to services like
scholarships (National Scholarships Portal), certificates, and utility payments.
 Promoting Awareness: Cadets can act as ambassadors of digital literacy, helping their communities
understand and access e-governance services, especially in rural or underserved areas.
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5G and Beyond | 12

Topic Explanation: 5G and Beyond

"5G and Beyond" refers to the current fifth generation of cellular technology (5G) and the subsequent
advancements that will lead to 6G and even further generations of wireless communication.

5G is more than just faster internet; it's a foundational technology for a hyper-connected world. It
offers:

 Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB): Significantly higher speeds (up to 20 Gbps peak) and capacity
compared to 4G, allowing for seamless streaming, gaming, and large file downloads.
 Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (uRLLC): Near-instantaneous response times (as low as
1ms), critical for applications like autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and industrial automation.
 Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC): The ability to connect a vast number of IoT devices
simultaneously, enabling smart cities, smart agriculture, and smart factories.

Beyond 5G (often referred to as 6G and future generations) will build upon these foundations, aiming
for:

 Even higher speeds and capacities: Terahertz (THz) frequencies for unprecedented data rates.
 Ubiquitous connectivity: Seamless integration of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (satellites,
drones, HAPS).
 Deeper integration of AI/ML: Intelligent networks that can self-optimize, predict issues, and enhance
security.
 New immersive experiences: Real-time holograms, advanced AR/VR, and truly digital twins.
 Sustainable networks: Energy-efficient solutions to reduce environmental impact.

Short, Crisp, and Impressive Points:

 5G: The Digital Backbone: Not just speed, but a platform for IoT, AI, and immersive tech.
 Ultra-Low Latency: Enabling real-time control, from remote surgery to autonomous vehicles.
 Massive Connectivity: Connecting billions of devices for smart everything – cities, farms, factories.
 Beyond 5G: A Quantum Leap: Towards terahertz speeds, ubiquitous coverage, and AI-driven networks.
 India's Digital Transformation: 5G is a key enabler for Digital India, Make in India, and a $5 trillion
economy.

Positives and Negatives:

Positives of 5G and Beyond:

 Economic Growth: Boosts productivity, creates new business models, and generates employment across
sectors (healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, education, entertainment).
 Innovation Catalyst: Fosters research and development in AI, IoT, AR/VR, and other emerging
technologies.
 Improved Public Services: Enhances e-governance, smart city initiatives (traffic management, waste
disposal), disaster management, and tele-services (health, education, law).
 Enhanced Connectivity: Bridges the digital divide, connecting rural and remote areas.
 Global Leadership: Positions India as a frontrunner in advanced communication technologies.
 National Security: Enables real-time secure communication for armed forces, drone surveillance, and
cyber threat detection.
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Negatives/Challenges of 5G and Beyond: | 13

 High Infrastructure Costs: Significant investment required for widespread rollout, especially in rural
areas.
 Limited Coverage (Initial Phase): Rural and remote areas may experience slower adoption compared to
urban centers.
 Cybersecurity Risks: Increased attack surface due to massive device connectivity; requires robust
security measures.
 Spectrum Availability: Need for sufficient and harmonized spectrum for optimal deployment.
 Technological Readiness: Modernization of IT systems and workforce upskilling are crucial.
 Health Concerns (Perception): Public apprehension regarding radiation and health effects, though
scientific consensus generally finds current levels safe.
 Digital Divide Amplification: If not implemented inclusively, it could worsen the gap between connected
and unconnected populations.

Current Affairs Related to the Topic (India Specific):

 Fastest 5G Rollout: India has achieved one of the fastest 5G rollouts globally since its launch in October
2022, with services available in nearly all districts.
 Indigenous Development: India has emphasized indigenous 5G technology, positioning itself to offer its
solutions to other countries.
 Bharat 5G Labs: Initiatives like Bharat 5G Labs support R&D and innovation in 5G use cases.
 Focus on Beyond 5G: Research and development are underway for 6G technologies, including work on
Terahertz communication and integrated AI/ML for future networks.
 Semicon India Programme: Government initiatives like the Semicon India Programme (with a
substantial outlay) aim to develop the semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem, crucial for
future communication technologies.
 Public-Private Partnerships: Government is funding R&D projects in collaboration with IITs and other
institutions to accelerate digital transformation.
 PM-WANI and BharatNet: Ongoing projects like PM-WANI (Wi-Fi Access Network Interface) and the
amended BharatNet aim to provide broadband connectivity to Gram Panchayats and beyond, leveraging
5G.

Benefits to NCC Cadets:

 Enhanced Learning and Training:

o Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) based training: Immersive simulations for drills,
battlefield scenarios, and specialized skills.
o Remote Learning: Access to high-quality educational resources and expert instructors from anywhere.
o Data-intensive simulations: Running complex training models with real-time feedback.
 Improved Communication and Operations:
o Real-time information sharing: Faster and more reliable communication during field exercises and
disaster relief operations.
o Drone-based surveillance and reconnaissance: High-definition video feeds and immediate data
transmission.
o Connected equipment: IoT integration for monitoring and managing gear, vehicles, and personnel.
 Skill Development and Future Readiness:
o Exposure to cutting-edge technology: Understanding how 5G and beyond will shape future defense and
civilian applications.
o Digital literacy and technological proficiency: Cadets become adept at using advanced communication
tools.
o Opportunities in tech-driven fields: Prepares them for careers in areas like cybersecurity, data analytics, Page
and telecommunications. | 14
 Smart Campus/Camp Management:
o Efficient resource management: Smart systems for energy, water, and waste.
o Enhanced security: AI-powered surveillance and real-time monitoring.

Government Initiatives, Schemes, etc.:

 National Digital Communications Policy 2018: Aims to provide universal broadband and prepare India
for 5G, emphasizing its role in accelerating digital transformation.
 Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Telecom and Networking Products: Encourages domestic
manufacturing of 5G equipment and software.
 5G Testbeds: Established by IITs and other institutions to facilitate R&D and innovation in 5G use cases
for startups and MSMEs.
 PM GatiShakti Sanchar Portal and RoW Rules: Streamlining permissions for telecom infrastructure
deployment, accelerating 5G rollout.
 Financial Reforms: Measures to rationalize Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR), Bank Guarantees (BGs), and
interest rates to support telecom operators.
 Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN): Funds projects to increase telecommunication connectivity in remote areas,
including LWE affected areas and Aspirational Districts.
 BharatNet Project: Aims to provide broadband connectivity to all Gram Panchayats and villages.
 Quantum Communication and AI in Telecom: Government is also investing in research for these
advanced technologies that will be crucial for beyond 5G networks.

By mastering these points, you'll be well-prepared for both your GD and extempore on "5G and
Beyond." Good luck!
 Blockchain
Good morning/afternoon everyone. Today, I'll be speaking on a topic that is revolutionizing industries
and shaping our digital future: Blockchain Technology. Page
| 15
1. Topic Explanation: What is Blockchain?

Imagine a digital ledger, like a traditional accounting book, but with a few crucial differences:

 Distributed: Instead of being held by one central authority (like a bank), copies of this ledger are spread
across a vast network of computers. Every participant in the network has a copy.
 Immutable: Once a transaction or piece of data is recorded on this ledger (in a "block"), it cannot be
altered or deleted. It's permanent, like writing in stone.
 Secure: Each new "block" is cryptographically linked to the previous one, forming a "chain." Any attempt
to tamper with a block would break this chain, immediately alerting the entire network.
 Transparent: All participants can see the transactions on the ledger, fostering trust and accountability
without needing a middleman.
 Decentralized: There's no single point of control, making it highly resistant to fraud, censorship, or
single points of failure.

In essence, Blockchain is a secure, transparent, and unchangeable way to record information and
transactions across a network. Think of it as a highly secure, shared digital history book that everyone
can see but no one can rewrite.

2. Short, Crisp, and Impressive Points:

 Trust without intermediaries: Blockchain builds trust through technology, not third parties.
 Tamper-proof records: Once data is on the blockchain, it's virtually impossible to manipulate.
 Enhanced security: Cryptography ensures data integrity and prevents unauthorized access.
 Increased efficiency: Streamlines processes by eliminating middlemen and paperwork.
 Global reach: Facilitates secure transactions and data sharing across borders.

3. Positives of Blockchain:

 Transparency and Auditability: Every transaction is recorded and viewable by all participants, providing
a complete and auditable trail. This is crucial for supply chain management, financial reporting, and
government records.
 Security and Immutability: The cryptographic linking of blocks makes data highly secure and resistant to
fraud or hacking. Once data is added, it's permanent.
 Decentralization: No single entity controls the network, making it resilient to single points of failure,
censorship, or manipulation.
 Efficiency and Speed: Automation through smart contracts can significantly reduce transaction times
and operational costs by removing intermediaries.
 Reduced Costs: Eliminating third-party verification and manual processes can lead to substantial cost
savings.
 Innovation: Blockchain is enabling entirely new business models and applications, from decentralized
finance (DeFi) to non-fungible tokens (NFTs).

4. Negatives of Blockchain:
 Scalability Issues: Some public blockchains, like Bitcoin, can be slow and consume significant energy due
to their consensus mechanisms.
 High Energy Consumption: "Proof-of-Work" blockchains (like Bitcoin) require massive computational
power, leading to high energy usage. Newer mechanisms are addressing this.
 Regulatory Uncertainty: The rapidly evolving nature of blockchain technology means that legal and Page
regulatory frameworks are still catching up in many jurisdictions. | 16
 Complexity and Adoption: Understanding and implementing blockchain technology can be complex,
and widespread adoption still faces hurdles.
 Data Storage: As the ledger grows, the storage requirements for each node can become substantial.
 Immutability can be a double-edged sword: While good for security, errors cannot be easily rectified. A
new transaction is required to reverse a mistake, and both remain on the ledger.

5. Current Affairs Related to Blockchain (India Focus - 2024-2025 context):

 India Blockchain Week (IBW): India is actively hosting and participating in major blockchain events like
the India Blockchain Week Conference (IBW2024/2025 in Bengaluru), bringing together global leaders
and fostering innovation in the Web3 space.
 Government Initiatives: The Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) has launched the
Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology Stack under the National Blockchain Framework (NBF). This aims to
provide "Blockchain-as-a-Service" (BaaS) and promote research, application development, and trusted
digital service delivery to citizens.
 NBFLite: MeitY also launched NBFLite, a blockchain sandbox platform for startups and academia to
prototype applications and conduct research.
 Praamaanik: A solution leveraging blockchain for verifying mobile app origins, powered by the National
Blockchain Framework.
 Potential in Governance: The Indian government is exploring blockchain's potential in various sectors
for transparent, efficient, and accountable public services, including land records, supply chain
management, and digital identity.
 Industry Adoption: Indian companies across sectors like finance, healthcare, and logistics are
increasingly exploring and adopting blockchain solutions for improved efficiency and security.

6. Benefits to NCC Cadets:

Understanding blockchain isn't just for tech enthusiasts; it offers significant benefits for NCC cadets,
preparing them for future leadership roles:

 Future-Ready Skills: Blockchain is a foundational technology of the digital economy. Understanding it

equips cadets with vital skills for future careers in various industries, from cybersecurity to logistics.
 Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: Learning about blockchain encourages analytical thinking about
secure systems, distributed networks, and real-world problem-solving.
 Awareness of Emerging Technologies: NCC aims to develop well-rounded individuals. Knowledge of
cutting-edge technologies like blockchain fosters an informed perspective on national development and
security.
 Potential for Defense Applications: While still evolving, blockchain has potential applications in defense,
such as secure communication, supply chain logistics for military equipment, and identity management
for personnel. A cadet with this foresight can contribute significantly.
 Entrepreneurial Spirit: Understanding blockchain can inspire cadets to think innovatively and consider
entrepreneurial ventures in the emerging Web3 space.
 Enhanced Discipline and Accuracy: The inherent immutability and precision of blockchain resonate with
the core NCC values of discipline and accuracy in record-keeping.

7. Government Initiatives and Schemes:

 As mentioned, the Indian government is actively promoting blockchain:

 National Blockchain Framework (NBF): MeitY's overarching framework to promote blockchain adoption
across various domains like health, agriculture, education, and finance.
 Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology Stack: Offers Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) for secure and Page
transparent digital service delivery. | 17
 NBFLite: A sandbox environment for research and rapid prototyping of blockchain applications.
 Centre of Excellence in Blockchain Technology: Established by the National Informatics Centre (NIC)
under MeitY to focus on research and development in blockchain.
 Future Skills PRIME: A program by NASSCOM and MeitY that includes upskilling and reskilling in
emerging technologies, including blockchain.

In conclusion, Blockchain technology is more than just a buzzword; it's a paradigm shift in how we
manage and trust digital information. Its impact will be profound, touching every aspect of our lives,
from how we vote to how we track our food. As future leaders and responsible citizens, understanding
this technology is not just beneficial, but essential for contributing to a more secure, transparent, and
efficient India.

Thank you.
 Deepfake Technology
Explanation of the Topic (for your understanding and introductory remarks): Page
| 18
Deepfake technology refers to highly realistic, manipulated or synthesized media (videos, audio, images)
created using Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically a type of AI called deep learning and often
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). It can make it appear as though someone said or did
something they never actually did, or place their face/voice onto another person's body/audio. The term
"deepfake" comes from "deep learning" and "fake."

Short, Crisp, and Impressive Points (for GD & Extempore):

Definition: AI-generated synthetic media, blurring the lines between reality and fiction.
Core Technology: Relies on Deep Learning, especially GANs, to create highly convincing fakes.
Accessibility: Tools are becoming increasingly user-friendly, making deepfake creation accessible to
many.
Pace of Evolution: Deepfake technology is advancing rapidly, making detection more challenging.
Impact: A powerful tool with both beneficial and detrimental applications.

Positives of Deepfake Technology:

Entertainment Industry:
Film & TV: Recreating historical figures, de-aging actors, voice dubbing for international
releases, bringing deceased actors back to life for specific roles (e.g., Rogue One: A Star Wars
Story).
Gaming: Enhancing realism in character animation and voice acting.
Education & Training:
Simulations: Creating realistic training scenarios for medical professionals, pilots, or soldiers.
Historical Figures: Bringing historical figures to "life" for immersive educational content.
Language Learning: Creating personalized language tutors with realistic pronunciation.
Accessibility:
Assistive Technology: Generating synthetic voices for individuals with speech impediments
or to translate speech in real-time while maintaining the speaker's voice characteristics.
Marketing & Advertising:
Personalization: Creating highly personalized marketing content (e.g., a CEO delivering a
message specific to each customer).
Cost-Effective Production: Reducing the need for expensive shoots, actors, and locations.
Art & Creativity:
New forms of digital art and creative expression.
Parody and satire (though this treads a fine line with misuse).

Negatives of Deepfake Technology:

Misinformation & Disinformation:
Political Manipulation: Creating fake videos of politicians making controversial statements to
influence elections or incite unrest.
Fake News: Spreading false narratives rapidly, eroding public trust in media and institutions.
National Security Threat: Impersonating government officials or military leaders for
propaganda, psychological warfare, or to destabilize a nation.
Reputational Damage & Harassment:
 Non-Consensual Pornography: A significant and deeply harmful misuse, disproportionately
targeting women.
Slander & Defamation: Creating fake content to damage an individual's or organization's
reputation.
Identity Theft & Fraud: Impersonating individuals for financial scams (e.g., mimicking a CEO's Page
voice for a fraudulent transaction). | 19
Erosion of Trust:
"Reality Apathy": The increasing difficulty in distinguishing real from fake content can lead to
a general distrust of all digital media.
Legal Challenges: Existing laws struggle to keep pace with the rapid advancements and new
forms of harm caused by deepfakes.
Cybercrime: Deepfakes enhance social engineering tactics like phishing and impersonation fraud.

Current Affairs Related to Deepfake Technology (India Focus):

 Recent Election Concerns: Deepfakes were a significant concern during recent Indian state
and general elections, with instances of manipulated videos of political figures circulating on
social media to sway public opinion.
 Celebrity Deepfakes: High-profile cases of celebrity deepfakes (e.g., Rashmika Mandanna,
Katrina Kaif) have brought the issue to national attention, raising concerns about privacy and
image rights.
 Financial Fraud: Reports of deepfake voice cloning being used for financial scams, where
fraudsters mimic the voice of a relative or superior to trick individuals into transferring
money.
 Government Consultations: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
has been actively holding consultations with social media platforms and stakeholders to
address the challenges posed by deepfakes.
 Digital India Bill: The government is considering bringing in a new Digital India Bill to
specifically address AI-generated deepfake content and explore responsible use of the
technology.


 Government Initiatives & Schemes (India):

 IT Act, 2000 & IT Rules, 2021: While not specifically for deepfakes, these acts provide a legal
framework to address cyber offenses like identity theft, impersonation, and dissemination of
obscene material, which can be applied to deepfake misuse. The IT Rules, 2021, particularly
mandate social media platforms to remove unlawful content promptly.
 MeitY Advisories: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology has issued
advisories to social media intermediaries, reminding them of their obligations to counter
synthetic and manipulated media.
 CERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team): Regularly issues alerts on emerging
cyber threats, including AI-driven attacks and deepfakes, and provides guidance on
prevention and mitigation. They also conduct public awareness campaigns.
 Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): Established by the Ministry of Home Affairs,
I4C streamlines enforcement efforts. Citizens can report deepfake-related offenses through
the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (cybercrime.gov.in) or helpline 1930.
 Fact-Checking Initiatives: Government-backed initiatives like PIB Fact Check actively debunk
deepfake videos spreading misinformation.
 Collaboration: India is engaging in global collaborations with tech firms and governments to
combat deepfakes through policy discussions and AI research.
  Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023: This act aims to regulate the collection
and use of personal data, and misuse of deepfakes involving personal identity could be
challenged under this act.

Benefits to NCC Cadets: Page

Understanding Deepfake Technology is crucial for NCC Cadets for several reasons: | 20

 Enhanced Situational Awareness: Cadets, as future leaders and responsible citizens, need to
be aware of emerging threats in the digital domain. Understanding deepfakes equips them to
identify and critically evaluate information.
 Digital Literacy & Responsibility: It fosters critical thinking and media literacy, enabling
cadets to discern real from fake content, preventing them from falling victim to or
inadvertently spreading misinformation.
 National Security Perspective: Deepfakes pose a significant threat to national security,
especially in information warfare. Cadets gain insights into how adversaries might use such
technology to destabilize the nation, preparing them to contribute to national defense in a
broader sense.
 Cyber Hygiene: Awareness of deepfakes promotes better cyber hygiene practices, protecting
personal data and online identities.
 Leadership in a Digital Age: As leaders, cadets might encounter situations where deepfakes
are used to undermine trust or spread false narratives. This knowledge helps them guide
others and make informed decisions.
 Career Relevance: For cadets aspiring to join the armed forces, intelligence agencies, or
cybersecurity fields, understanding deepfakes is a vital skill.
 Social Responsibility: Cadets can become ambassadors of responsible digital citizenship,
educating their peers and communities about the dangers of deepfakes.

GD & Extempore Delivery Tips:

For Group Discussion:

Start Strong: Begin with a clear definition and a impactful opening statement about the dual nature
of deepfake technology.
Structured Points: Present your positives and negatives clearly, using short, crisp sentences.
Connect to Current Affairs: Weave in relevant Indian examples to demonstrate your awareness.
Highlight NCC Relevance: Emphasize why this topic is important for cadets.
Suggest Solutions: Offer practical solutions like increased digital literacy, stricter regulations, and
technological advancements in detection.
Listen & Engage: Actively listen to others' points and build upon them, or respectfully counter them
with evidence.
Maintain Decorum: Speak clearly, maintain eye contact, and avoid interrupting.
For Extempore:
Structure is Key: Quickly outline your points: Introduction, Positives, Negatives, Current Affairs,
Government Initiatives, Benefits to Cadets, Conclusion.
Concise Introduction: Define deepfake and state its significance.
Prioritize Points: Focus on the most impactful points within the limited time.
Flow & Coherence: Ensure a smooth transition between different sections.
Confident Delivery: Maintain good posture, eye contact, and clear articulation.
Strong Conclusion: Summarize your main arguments and end with a forward-looking statement or a
call to action regarding responsible technology use.
 Remember, the key is to be well-informed, articulate, and able to present a balanced perspective on
the topic, demonstrating your understanding of both its potential and its perils. Good luck!

Page
| 21

Paris Climate Agreement

GD (Group Discussion) - Opening Statement / Key Points to Inject

Topic Explanation:

"Friends, today we discuss the Paris Climate Agreement – a landmark international treaty adopted in
2015 by 196 parties at COP21. Its core objective is to limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably
to 1.5°C, above pre-industrial levels, to avert catastrophic climate change impacts. It's unique because,
for the first time, all nations, developed and developing, committed to climate action through
'Nationally Determined Contributions' (NDCs), reviewed every five years for increased ambition."

Short, Crisp, and Impressive Points:

 Global Unity: A rare moment of near-universal consensus on a critical global challenge.

 1.5°C Target: Sets an ambitious yet scientifically crucial warming limit.
 NDCs - Bottom-Up Approach: Allows countries flexibility to set their own targets based on national
circumstances, promoting ownership.
 Transparency Framework: Mechanisms for reporting and reviewing progress, fostering accountability.
 Climate Finance: Commitment from developed nations to support developing nations in their mitigation
and adaptation efforts.
 Shift to Green Economy: Drives investment in renewable energy and sustainable technologies.

Extempore - Structured Delivery

1. Introduction: Hook and Define

"Good morning/afternoon everyone. The topic for today is the Paris Climate Agreement. In an era
marked by escalating climate crises – from extreme heatwaves to unprecedented floods – the Paris
Agreement stands as a beacon of international cooperation, a collective promise to safeguard our
planet's future."

2. What is it? (Brief Explanation)

"Signed in 2015, the Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty that brings almost all the
world's nations together to combat climate change. Its central aim is ambitious yet critical: to keep the
global average temperature increase to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and
ideally, to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Unlike previous agreements, it requires all participating
countries to contribute to climate action through self-defined national targets, known as Nationally
Determined Contributions (NDCs)."

3. Positives (Why it's important and beneficial):

 Historic Consensus: Achieved an unprecedented level of global commitment, signaling a shared
understanding of the climate emergency.
 Ambitious Targets: The 1.5°C target provides a clear, scientifically-backed goal to guide global efforts.
 Framework for Action: Establishes a five-year review cycle for NDCs, ensuring increasing ambition over
time. Page
 Climate Finance Mobilization: Acknowledges the need for financial and technological support to | 22
developing nations, crucial for equitable climate action.
 Innovation & Green Growth: Stimulates investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and
sustainable practices, creating new economic opportunities and jobs globally.

4. Negatives (Challenges and Criticisms):

 Voluntary Nature of NDCs: While a strength, it's also a weakness. NDCs are not legally binding in their
achievement, relying heavily on political will.
 Insufficient Ambition: Current NDCs, even if fully met, are not enough to limit warming to 1.5°C,
requiring significant strengthening.
 Accountability Gap: Lacks strong enforcement mechanisms for non-compliance, relying on "name and
shame" and peer pressure.
 Finance Discrepancies: The $100 billion annual climate finance goal for developing countries has often
fallen short, leading to mistrust.
 Equity Concerns: Debates persist on "common but differentiated responsibilities," with developing
nations arguing for greater historical responsibility and financial contributions from developed
countries.

5. Current Affairs Related to the Topic (2023-2025 Focus):

 Global Stocktake (GST) at COP28 (2023): The first-ever GST concluded at COP28 in Dubai, assessing
collective progress towards the Paris Agreement goals. It identified significant gaps but also called for
accelerating the transition away from fossil fuels, tripling renewable energy capacity, and doubling
energy efficiency by 2030. This was a critical moment for accountability and setting future ambition.
 Record-Breaking Temperatures (2023-2024): 2023 was the warmest year on record, with 2024
continuing this alarming trend. This underscores the urgency of accelerating Paris Agreement
implementation, as the 1.5°C limit is increasingly under threat.
 Increased Extreme Weather Events: The frequency and intensity of heatwaves, floods, and droughts
globally serve as stark reminders of the consequences of inaction and the imperative to meet Paris
goals.
 Focus on Adaptation and Loss & Damage: COP28 saw the operationalization of the Loss and Damage
Fund, a crucial step in addressing the unavoidable impacts of climate change, particularly for vulnerable
nations.
 Renewed Push for Green Technologies: Nations are increasingly investing in and deploying technologies
like green hydrogen, carbon capture, and sustainable agriculture, driven by Paris Agreement
commitments.

6. Benefits to NCC Cadets:

 Environmental Awareness: Understanding global climate action fosters a deeper appreciation for
environmental protection.
 Leadership & Responsibility: Cadets learn about global challenges and India's role, promoting a sense of
national and international responsibility.
 Sustainable Living: Knowledge of the agreement encourages cadets to adopt sustainable practices in
their daily lives, becoming environmental ambassadors.
 Civic Duty: Reinforces the importance of collective action and individual contributions towards a larger
societal and global goal.
 Future-Ready Mindset: Develops critical thinking about future challenges and solutions in the context of
climate change.
Page
7. Government Initiatives, Schemes, etc. (India's Contribution): | 23

 Updated NDCs: India has committed to reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030
(from 2005 levels) and achieving about 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil
fuel-based energy resources by1 2030.
 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): 2 An overarching framework with eight national
missions focusing on solar energy, enhanced energy efficiency, sustainable habitat, water, Himalayan
ecosystem, green India, sustainable agriculture, and strategic knowledge 3 for climate change.
 Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment): A global initiative launched by India to promote sustainable
lifestyles through mindful consumption.
 International Solar Alliance (ISA): Co-founded by India, it aims to promote solar energy deployment
globally, especially in sun-rich countries.
 Green Hydrogen Mission: India is actively promoting green hydrogen as a key solution for decarbonizing
hard-to-abate sectors.
 National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): A pan-India effort to reduce air pollution, contributing to
climate mitigation.
 Increased Forest Cover: India has consistently been working on increasing its forest and tree cover,
acting as a carbon sink.

8. Conclusion: Call to Action / Forward-Looking Statement

"In conclusion, the Paris Climate Agreement is not merely a document; it's a living framework for our
collective survival. While challenges remain, its existence signifies a global resolve to confront climate
change head-on. As future leaders and responsible citizens, it is our duty to not only understand this
agreement but actively contribute to its success, ensuring a sustainable and habitable planet for
generations to come. Thank you."
 Ban on Plastic
Topic Introduction (for Extempore or opening for GD):

"Good morning/afternoon everyone. Today, we delve into a topic of paramount global importance: The Page
Ban on Plastic. This isn't just an environmental debate; it's a critical discussion about our planet's future, | 24
human health, and sustainable development. The ubiquitous nature of plastic, while offering
convenience, has created an ecological crisis that demands urgent and decisive action. From our oceans
to our farmlands, and even within our bodies, plastic's pervasive presence calls for a collective shift
towards a plastic-free existence. Let's explore the multifaceted dimensions of this ban."

Short, Crisp, and Impressive Points (for GD & Extempore):

 Environmental Scourge: Plastic's non-biodegradable nature leads to centuries of persistence, choking

landfills, polluting water bodies, and harming ecosystems.
 Marine Life at Risk: Millions of marine animals die annually from plastic ingestion and entanglement.
Plastic breaks down into microplastics, entering the food chain.
 Human Health Threat: Microplastics have been found in human organs, blood, and even placentas.
Toxic chemicals from plastics can leach into food and water, posing serious health risks including
developmental, reproductive, and neurological issues.
 Climate Change Link: Plastic production is energy-intensive, relying on fossil fuels, thus contributing to
greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
 Resource Depletion: It's a linear economy – "take, make, dispose." A ban encourages a circular economy
of reuse and recycling.

Positives of Plastic Ban:

1. Environmental Protection:
o Reduces plastic pollution in land, water, and air.

o Protects wildlife, especially marine species, from entanglement and ingestion.

o Decreases greenhouse gas emissions from plastic production and incineration.
o Helps preserve biodiversity and natural habitats.
2. Improved Public Health:
o Reduces exposure to harmful chemicals leaching from plastics.

o Decreases microplastic ingestion through food and water.

o Leads to cleaner surroundings, reducing vector-borne diseases.
3. Promotion of Sustainable Alternatives:
o Boosts innovation and demand for eco-friendly products (jute, cloth, paper, bamboo, biodegradable
materials).
o Fosters local industries producing sustainable alternatives.
4. Resource Conservation:
o Less reliance on fossil fuels for plastic production.

o Encourages reuse and recycling, conserving natural resources.

5. Behavioral Change & Awareness:
o Raises public awareness about responsible consumption and waste management.
o Instills a sense of environmental responsibility in individuals and communities.

Page
Negatives/Challenges of Plastic Ban:
| 25
1. Economic Impact:
o Job losses in the plastic manufacturing and related industries.

o Increased cost of alternatives, potentially leading to inflation for consumers.

o Challenges for businesses to adapt to new packaging and supply chains.
2. Availability and Affordability of Alternatives:
o Sustainable alternatives may not be readily available or affordable for all segments of society.

o Scale-up challenges for new industries.

3. Enforcement and Compliance:
o Difficulty in effective implementation and monitoring of the ban across vast areas, especially in rural
regions.
o Potential for illegal manufacturing and distribution of banned plastics.
4. Waste Management Infrastructure:
o Requires robust waste segregation, collection, and recycling infrastructure, which is still developing in
many areas.
o Challenges in managing existing plastic waste.
5. Consumer Resistance:
o Habitual use of plastic makes it difficult for some consumers to switch.

o Lack of awareness or willingness to embrace alternatives.

Current Affairs Related to Plastic Ban (India Focus):

 India's Single-Use Plastic (SUP) Ban (July 1, 2022): India prohibited the manufacture, import, stocking,
distribution, sale, and use of identified single-use plastic items with low utility and high littering
potential1 (e.g., plastic cutlery, plates, straws, ear-buds with plastic sticks, wrapping films around sweet
boxes, etc.).
 Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 (and Amendments): These rules form the backbone of India's
plastic waste management, with subsequent amendments (e.g., 2021, 2022, 2024) focusing on
increasing the thickness of plastic carry bags (to 75 microns from Sep 2021, and 120 microns from Dec
2022) and implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).
 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): This makes producers, importers, and brand owners
responsible for the collection and recycling of plastic waste generated from their products. This is a
significant shift towards a circular economy.
 Global Plastics Treaty: India played a key role in the 4th United Nations Environment Assembly in 2019,
advocating for a resolution on single-use plastic pollution. There are ongoing global negotiations for a
legally binding international treaty on plastic pollution by 2024.
 Microplastics Concern: Recent amendments (like 2024) are beginning to address "biodegradable
plastics" and the concern about microplastics, though clear testing standards are still evolving.
 States Leading the Way: States like Sikkim (banned plastic bags in 1998) and Himachal Pradesh have
been pioneers in stricter plastic bans. Kerala has promoted the use of reusables in government offices.
 Plastic for Road Construction: Innovative approaches like using plastic waste for road surfacing are
being explored and implemented in various states like Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
 High Plastic Pollution Ranking: Recent studies indicate India is a significant contributor to global plastic
pollution (e.g., one study indicated India as the world's top plastic polluter in 2020 with 9.3 Mt annually,
though this is debated and often linked to underreporting of waste collection and exclusion of rural Page
data). This highlights the urgency of efforts. | 26

Government Initiatives and Schemes (Beyond Ban):

 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission): A nationwide cleanliness drive promoting waste
reduction, segregation at source, and responsible plastic usage. Includes initiatives like "Plastic-Free
Villages."
 Waste to Energy (WTE) Projects: Converting non-recyclable plastic waste into energy, reducing landfill
burden.
 GOBAR-Dhan Scheme: While primarily for organic waste, it promotes biogas and organic waste
recycling, contributing to a broader sustainable waste management ecosystem.
 India Plastic Challenge – Hackathon: To encourage innovation in developing alternatives to single-use
plastic items and digital solutions for plastic waste management.
 Awareness Campaigns: Extensive public awareness and education campaigns through various mediums
(school programs, media ads) to encourage behavioral change.
 Task Forces: National and State-level task forces to coordinate efforts for elimination of single-use
plastics and effective implementation of rules.
Benefits to NCC Cadets:

1. Environmental Stewardship: Cadets actively participate in clean-up drives, plantation activities, and
awareness campaigns, fostering a deep sense of responsibility towards the environment. (e.g., NCC units
regularly conduct cleanliness drives at lakes, rivers, and public spaces).
2. Leadership and Teamwork: Organizing and participating in such initiatives develops leadership skills,
teamwork, and the ability to mobilize communities for a common cause.
3. Civic Sense and Social Responsibility: Instills a strong civic sense, prompting cadets to be responsible
citizens who contribute positively to society.
4. Practical Skill Development: Learning about waste segregation, recycling processes, and the impact of
pollution provides practical knowledge.
5. Discipline and Dedication: Environmental drives often require discipline, punctuality, and dedication,
qualities further honed in NCC.
6. Awareness Ambassadors: Cadets become effective communicators, spreading awareness about the
plastic ban and sustainable practices within their communities and families.
7. Nation Building: Contributing to a cleaner, healthier India aligns directly with the NCC's objective of
nation-building.
8. Character Development: Participation builds character, resilience, and a commitment to sustainable
living.

Concluding Remarks (for Extempore or closing for GD): "In conclusion, the ban on plastic is not merely
a restriction; it's an imperative. While challenges exist, the long-term benefits for our planet and future
generations far outweigh them. As NCC cadets, we are at the forefront of this change. Our disciplined
approach, collective action, and commitment to environmental conservation can be a powerful force in
creating a truly plastic-free and sustainable India. Let us embrace this responsibility and lead by example
in our daily lives."
 Deforestation and Afforestation
Deforestation: The Silent Crisis
Definition: Not just tree felling, but the permanent removal of forests for other land uses Page
(agriculture, urbanization, mining, infrastructure). | 27

Causes: Agricultural Expansion: Major driver, especially shifting cultivation in NE India.

Urbanization & Infrastructure: Projects like the Great Nicobar Island mega-project (approx.
9.64 lakh trees affected) illustrate this conflict between development and environment.
Illegal Logging: Persistent issue.
Forest Fires: Increasingly severe due to climate change and El Niño; fire-induced primary
forest loss in India rose 158% in 2024.
Impacts (Direct & Indirect): Climate Change: Forests are critical carbon sinks. Deforestation releases
stored carbon (CO2), exacerbating global warming. India lost 150 kha of natural forest in 2024,
equivalent to 68.0 Mt of CO2 emissions.
Biodiversity Loss: Destroys habitats, threatening endangered species (e.g., lion-tailed
macaque in Western Ghats).
Water Cycle Disruption: Leads to reduced groundwater recharge, altered rainfall patterns,
increased droughts, and floods (e.g., Kerala floods 2018 partly attributed to deforestation).
Soil Erosion & Desertification: Loss of tree cover leaves soil vulnerable to wind and rain,
impacting agricultural productivity.
Impact on Livelihoods: Displaces forest-dwelling communities and tribal populations.
Afforestation: The Path to Sustainability
Definition: Planting trees on land that has not been forested in recent history.
Benefits: Carbon Sequestration: Trees absorb CO2, a natural climate change mitigation strategy.
Biodiversity Restoration: Creates new habitats and supports diverse ecosystems.
Soil & Water Conservation: Reduces erosion, improves soil health, and helps regulate water
cycles (groundwater recharge).
Economic Opportunities: Generates employment in rural areas (e.g., through schemes like
MGNREGS).
Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effect: Greening urban areas reduces temperatures, improves
air quality.
Challenges: Land Availability & Competing Uses: Balancing afforestation with agricultural and
developmental needs.
Species Selection: Importance of native species for ecological balance.
Monitoring & Maintenance: Ensuring planted saplings survive and thrive.
Government Initiatives & Current Affairs (India)
India State of Forest Report (ISFR 2021): Shows an overall increase in forest cover, but challenges
remain in primary forest loss.
National Mission for a Green India (GIM): Part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change
(NAPCC); aims to enhance forest cover and ecosystem services.
Nagar Van Yojana (NVY): Developing urban forests and vatikas (gardens) to enhance green cover in
cities (400 Nagar Vans & 200 Nagar Vatika by 2024-25, now extended to 600 & 400 by 2026-27).
Page
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA): Utilizes funds | 28
collected for forest land diversion for afforestation activities.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS): Integrates
afforestation as a livelihood-generating activity.
"Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam / Plant4Mother" Campaign (Launched June 2024): Aims to plant 140 crore
trees by March 2025 as a mark of respect for Mother Earth. (Over 102 crore already planted).
Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) (Launched June 2024):
Focuses on restoring and promoting mangrove forests along India's coast, with initial outlay of Rs.
100 crore through CAMPA.
Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (Amended 2023): Regulates diversion of forest land. Recent
amendments are a point of debate – balancing development and preservation.
Forest Rights Act, 2006: Recognizes rights of forest-dwelling communities, empowering them in
conservation. Crucial for community-led afforestation initiatives.
Global Forest Watch Data (2024): India's humid primary forest loss increased by 5.9% in 2024,
highlighting challenges in preserving old-growth forests, despite overall decrease in tree cover loss.
Uttar Pradesh's target: To plant 35 crore saplings in 2025.
Green Credits Programme: (Recently established at ICFRE) a market-based mechanism to incentivize
environmental actions, including tree plantation.
Role of NCC Cadets:
Awareness Campaigns: Organize rallies, street plays, and educational sessions on the importance of
trees and dangers of deforestation. (e.g., NCC cleanliness drives at Bhopal's Lower Lake, "Punit Sagar
Abhiyan" for clean beaches and water bodies).
Plantation Drives: Active participation in afforestation projects, adopting local areas for continuous
greening efforts. (Connect to Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam campaign).
Community Engagement: Mobilize local communities, especially youth, for sustained environmental
action.
Disaster Management: In regions prone to landslides or floods, NCC can assist in afforestation for
natural barrier creation.
Discipline & Leadership: Emphasize the NCC values of discipline, selfless service, and leadership in
fostering environmental stewardship.
Extempore Opening/Closing:
"The very breath we take depends on the green cover we protect."
"From the Amazon's lungs to India's diverse forests, deforestation is a global wound; afforestation,
its healing balm."
"As NCC cadets, we are not just guardians of the nation's borders, but also its green future."
"Our commitment to 'green' growth must be matched by 'growth' in green cover."
"The choice is clear: concrete jungles or thriving forests. Our future depends on the latter."
 Water Crisis in India
Severity of the Crisis (Current Affairs & Data):

Alarming Statistics: India is a "water-stressed" nation; roughly 600 million people face high to Page
extreme water stress. (NITI Aayog reports). | 29

Climate Change Impact: 2024 was India's hottest year since 1901. Rising temperatures, erratic
monsoons, and glacial melt are directly intensifying droughts and floods. (Insights IAS, Down To
Earth).

Groundwater Depletion: India accounts for 25% of global groundwater extraction; 21 major cities
could run out of groundwater by 2030. Agricultural overexploitation is a key driver.

Pollution & Untreated Wastewater: Only 8% of wastewater is treated, contaminating freshwater

sources and contributing to waterborne diseases (163 million lack access to clean water).

Government Initiatives (Schemes):

Jal Jeevan Mission: Aiming for functional tap water connections to every rural household by 2024
(significant progress but challenges remain). Focus on in-village infrastructure.

Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA): Launched in 2019, now in its fifth series (JSA: Catch the Rain - "Nari Shakti
se Jal Shakti" in 2024). Focus on rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, and rejuvenating
water bodies.

Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal): Community-led sustainable groundwater management, particularly in
water-stressed areas.

Namami Gange Programme: Integrated conservation mission for cleaning and rejuvenating the
Ganga River, addressing industrial and domestic pollution.

Mission Amrit Sarovar: Objective to develop 75 ponds (Amrit Sarovar) in each district to conserve
water resources for the future.

Sustainable Solutions & Way Forward:

Integrated Water Resource Management: Adopt a "Source-to-Sea" approach, managing water as an

interconnected ecological system (rivers, wetlands, coastal areas).

Water-Smart Agriculture: Promote micro-irrigation (drip, sprinkler), crop diversification towards less
water-intensive crops, and improve soil health.

Wastewater Treatment & Reuse: Implement efficient treatment plants and encourage recycling for
non-potable uses (industry, irrigation).

Rainwater Harvesting: Mandatory and widespread implementation, drawing lessons from successful
models like Tamil Nadu.

Policy & Governance: Strengthen enforcement of water laws, rationalise water pricing (volumetric
pricing for industries), and encourage public awareness.
 Role of NCC (Crucial for RDC BC):

"Jal Hi Jeevan Hai" (Water is Life) Campaign: NCC cadets actively participate in awareness drives,
rallies, and cleaning campaigns for water bodies (e.g., Punit Sagar Abhiyan, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan).
Page
Community Engagement: Cadets interact with local communities, educating them on water | 30
conservation techniques, rainwater harvesting, and responsible water usage.

"Catch the Rain" Implementation: NCC can be instrumental in identifying and assisting in the
creation/restoration of rainwater harvesting structures and traditional water bodies.

Youth Leadership: NCC instills discipline and social responsibility, empowering cadets to be "Water
Warriors" and advocates for sustainable water practices in their communities.

Practical Initiatives: Potential for NCC units to undertake small-scale projects like constructing check
dams or de-silting local ponds in their adopted villages/areas.

For Extempore:

Start with a strong opening statement: "The looming water crisis is not a future threat, but a
present reality for India, challenging our growth and very survival."

Structure: Problem (scarcity, pollution, climate change), Government efforts, Sustainable solutions,
and NCC's role.

Key facts/figures: Mention 600 million, 21 cities by 2030, 8% wastewater treated.

Scheme names: Jal Jeevan, Jal Shakti, Namami Gange.

Actionable solutions: Micro-irrigation, rainwater harvesting, wastewater reuse.

NCC's contribution: Stress the "Punit Sagar Abhiyan" and community awareness.

Conclude with a call to action: "It's a collective responsibility, from government policy to individual
action, to secure our water future. NCC, as disciplined youth, stands ready to lead this charge."
 Pollution in Cities
Core Issue & Impact:
Page
 Multifaceted Threat: Urban pollution isn't just air; it's water, noise, and solid waste. It's a public health | 31
crisis (e.g., 8.1 million deaths globally in 2021 due to air pollution, India 2.1 million), impacting life
expectancy (e.g., Delhi residents lose ~11.9 years).
 Economic Drain: Pollution reduces solar panel efficiency, affects crop yields, and incurs significant
healthcare costs.

Causes in Indian Cities:

 Vehicular Emissions: Rapid urbanization and increasing vehicle density, despite BS-VI norms.
 Industrial Pollution: Untreated industrial discharge into air and water bodies.
 Construction & Demolition Waste: Significant contributor to particulate matter.
 Waste Management: Inefficient solid waste management, open burning, and overflowing landfills.
 Seasonal Factors: Stubble burning in northern states exacerbates winter smog.

Government Schemes & Initiatives (Showcase Knowledge):

 National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Aims for 20-30% reduction in PM2.5 and PM10 by 2024
(revised to 40% by 2026) in 131 "non-attainment" cities. Varanasi saw a remarkable 76% reduction in
PM2.5 (2019-2024).
 FAME India Scheme: Promotes electric vehicles and charging infrastructure to reduce vehicular
emissions.
 PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana: Encourages rooftop solar, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
 Namami Gange Programme & National River Conservation Plan: Focus on cleaning rivers and
improving sewage treatment (though only 60% of urban wastewater is treated daily in major cities).
 Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban 2.0): Aims for "garbage-free cities" by 2026, focusing on scientific waste
management and legacy waste remediation. Waste treatment increased from 20% (2014) to 54%
(2021).
 Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP): Emergency measures for Delhi-NCR pollution.

Current Affairs & Statistics (Data-Driven Insights):

 Global Rankings: 74 of the 100 most polluted cities in 2024 were in India (IQAir World Air Quality
Report 2024). Delhi was the most polluted capital.
 Data Authenticity Concerns: Recent reports highlight concerns about the placement of air quality
monitors in low-pollution areas, potentially "data dressing."
 Stubble Burning: Still a major regional factor in northern India (e.g., IIT-K, 2024 estimates 24% of Delhi's
PM2.5 from stubble burning in winter).
 Water Pollution: 311 polluted river stretches identified by CPCB in 2022. Untreated sewage is the
largest source of water pollution.

NCC's Role (Directly Address the "NCC" part):

 "Guardians of the Environment": NCC cadets are actively involved in environmental drives, instilling
civic responsibility and environmental awareness among youth.
 "Swachhata Abhiyan" (Cleanliness Drives): Regular participation in local clean-up drives, plastic waste
collection, and waste segregation campaigns (e.g., Bhopal Lower Lake clean-up by NCC cadets).
 Tree Plantation Drives: Contributing to increased green cover in urban areas to combat air pollution and
urban heat island effect.
 Awareness Campaigns: Cadets conduct nukkad nataks, rallies, and public awareness programs on
pollution hazards, promoting sustainable practices like rainwater harvesting and reducing single-use
plastics. Page
 Community Engagement: Bridging the gap between government initiatives and public participation, | 32
inspiring others to take action.

Solutions/Way Forward (Be Proactive):

 Integrated Urban Planning: Prioritize green infrastructure, efficient public transport, and decentralized
waste management.
 Behavioral Change: Public awareness and participation are key.
 Technological Adoption: Leverage low-cost sensors, AI-driven forecasting, and cleaner industrial
technologies.
 Inter-state Cooperation: Essential for tackling transboundary pollution sources like stubble burning.

By weaving these points together, you can present a comprehensive and informed perspective on urban
pollution. Remember to maintain eye contact, speak clearly, and show confidence.
 DRDO
DRDO's Core Mandate: DRDO is the R&D arm of the Ministry of Defence, crucial for achieving
"Atmanirbhar Bharat" in defence. Its motto, "Balasya Mulam Vigyanam" (The source of strength is science),
encapsulates its vision.
Page
 Key Achievements: Highlight recent successes like the Agni and Prithvi missile series, Tejas LCA, Pinaka | 33
rocket launcher, Akash air defence system, and BrahMos supersonic cruise missile. Mention the recent
test of India's first long-range hypersonic missile (2024).
 Boosting Indigenous Production: DRDO's Transfer of Technology (ToT) to public and private industries is
vital for the "Make in India" initiative, fostering a robust defence industrial ecosystem. Cite the Positive
Indigenisation Lists (PILs) that mandate domestic procurement.
 Government Schemes & Support: Refer to initiatives like Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) and
its sub-scheme ADITI (Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX) which fund startups
and MSMEs for defence innovation. Mention the Defence Industrial Corridors (UP & Tamil Nadu)
attracting investments.
 Current Affairs Relevance: Discuss DRDO's role in developing counter-drone systems (e.g., D4 system),
crucial in modern warfare and for securing critical installations. Also, mention advancements in
quantum secure communication (DRDO & IIT Delhi collaboration - June 2025).
 Challenges & Way Forward: Acknowledge challenges like project delays and the need for increased R&D
budget (currently ~8% of defence budget). Emphasize strengthening public-private partnerships for
faster development and deployment.
 NCC Link: NCC cadets, as future leaders and citizens, can play a significant role in promoting awareness
about India's indigenous defence capabilities and the importance of self-reliance, inspiring youth to
pursue careers in defence R&D.

For Extempore (Short & Crisp):

"Good morning, everyone. The topic is 'Role of DRDO and Initiatives.'

DRDO, our Defence Research and Development Organisation, is the backbone of India's defence self-
reliance, operating under the motto 'Balasya Mulam Vigyanam.' Its primary role is to equip our armed
forces with cutting-edge indigenous technologies, directly contributing to the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'
vision.

Recent successes highlight its impact: from the formidable BrahMos supersonic missile and the
indigenously developed Tejas LCA to advanced air defence systems like Akash. A significant recent
achievement is the 2024 test of India's first long-range hypersonic missile, placing us among an elite few.

The government actively supports DRDO's efforts through schemes like iDEX and ADITI, fostering
innovation by involving startups and MSMEs. The Positive Indigenisation Lists further ensure that our
armed forces prioritize Made-in-India solutions.

In current affairs, DRDO's development of sophisticated counter-drone systems is vital for national
security, as seen in deployments for public events. Furthermore, their collaboration on quantum secure
communication demonstrates India's leap into future technologies.

While challenges like project timelines exist, DRDO's consistent innovation is crucial. And as NCC cadets,
we have a role in appreciating and advocating for these indigenous advancements, understanding that a
strong, self-reliant defence directly translates to a secure and sovereign India."

National Security Threats: Key Points

 Introduction:

 National Security is paramount for a nation's sovereignty, stability, and progress. India faces a complex
and evolving spectrum of threats, both conventional and unconventional, demanding a multi-pronged,
agile approach. Page
| 34
Key Threats & Current Affairs:

1. Cross-Border Terrorism & Insurgency:

o Current Affairs: Persistent threats from state-sponsored terrorism (e.g., from Pakistan), ongoing efforts
to neutralize terror modules in J&K, and tackling Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in affected states.
o Govt. Focus: "Operation Sindoor" (counter-terrorism, defense posture), continuous strengthening of
intelligence networks, and developmental initiatives in vulnerable regions (e.g., Udhampur-Srinagar-
Baramulla railway link in J&K).

2. Border Management Challenges:

o Current Affairs: Maintaining vigilance along the LAC with China (e.g., Galwan Valley aftermath,
infrastructure development on Indian side), porous borders with Nepal and Bhutan, and issues of illegal
immigration and drug/human trafficking (Golden Crescent/Triangle proximity).
o Govt. Focus: "Smart Fencing" initiatives, increased infrastructure development in border areas, and
diplomatic efforts to address border disputes and cross-border crimes. Recent focus on ending the Free
Movement Regime (FMR) at the India-Myanmar border.

3. Cyber Warfare & Digital Threats:

o Current Affairs: Rising sophistication of state-sponsored cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure,
espionage, and information warfare/disinformation campaigns (e.g., attempts to destabilize during
"Operation Sindoor").
o Govt. Focus: National Cyber Security Coordinator (NCSC) under NSCS, CERT-In's guidelines for
government entities, National Centre of Excellence (NCoE) for cybersecurity tech, and international
collaborations (MoUs with countries like Japan, UK). Emphasize the need for "social soldiers" to counter
disinformation.

4. Internal Instability (Beyond LWE):

o Current Affairs: Regional separatist sentiments, challenges of radicalization, and the impact of
competitive politics on social cohesion. Economic and social disparities can be exploited.
o Govt. Focus: Community policing, public awareness campaigns, and addressing root causes through
developmental schemes to foster inclusion and reduce grievances.

5. Non-Traditional Security Threats (Emerging):

o Climate Change as a Threat Multiplier:
 Current Affairs: Impact on water scarcity (transboundary rivers like Brahmaputra, Indus), climate-
induced migration (e.g., from Bangladesh), and extreme weather events affecting military readiness and
infrastructure.
 Govt. Focus: Increased focus on disaster preparedness (Disaster Management Act 2005, NPDM 2009),
climate action commitments (reducing emission intensity, net-zero by 2070), and regional collaborations
for disaster response.
o Economic Security: Global economic slowdowns, trade wars, and the need for Aatmanirbhar Bharat
(Self-Reliant India) to reduce dependence on foreign defense equipment and strengthen indigenous
production.

Role of NCC (National Cadet Corps):

 Youth Preparedness: NCC instills discipline, leadership, and a sense of national service, creating a
secondary line of defense and a pool of trained individuals.
 Disaster Management: Cadets are trained in first aid, emergency response, and community assistance
during natural calamities, directly contributing to national security from a humanitarian perspective.
 Civic Engagement: Fosters patriotism and awareness about national security challenges among youth, Page
promoting informed citizens who can counter disinformation and contribute to internal stability. | 35
 Bridge to Armed Forces: Inspires youth to join the armed forces, addressing manpower needs and
ensuring a continuous supply of motivated individuals for defense. NCC's motto "Unity and Discipline"
directly contributes to national cohesion.

Conclusion:

 India's national security demands a comprehensive, adaptable, and forward-looking strategy that
integrates military strength, technological prowess, robust border management, and active citizen
participation. The government's proactive measures, coupled with the vital role of organizations like
NCC, are crucial in safeguarding India's interests in an increasingly complex global environment.
 Role of Indian Armed Forces in Disaster Relief
Overall Theme: "First Responders," "Humanitarian Face of India," "Whole-of-Government Approach"
Page
Introduction (GD/Extempore): | 36

 Start with a strong statement: The Indian Armed Forces – Army, Navy, and Air Force – are not just
guardians of our borders but also the nation's "first responders" and pillars of humanitarian assistance
and disaster relief (HADR). Their disciplined, organized, and well-equipped nature makes them
indispensable in crisis.

Key Roles & Capabilities (General for all three):

 Rapid Deployment: Ability to quickly mobilize personnel and equipment to affected areas, even in
challenging terrains or remote locations.
 Logistical Prowess: Expertise in establishing communication networks, setting up temporary shelters,
and managing supply chains for relief materials.
 Specialized Skills: Search and rescue, medical assistance, engineering support, and evacuation
operations.
 Inter-agency Coordination: Seamlessly work with National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), State
Disaster Response Forces (SDRF), and civil administration.

Specific Contributions of Each Force:

1. Indian Air Force (IAF):

 Aerial Lifeline: Crucial for swift transportation of relief materials, medical supplies, and personnel,
especially to inaccessible areas (e.g., during floods, earthquakes, or remote region landslides).
o Assets: C-17 Globemaster, C-130J Super Hercules, IL-76 (heavy-lift transport), Mi-17 V5 helicopters,
Chinook helicopters.
 Evacuation & Rescue: Airlifting stranded individuals from floodwaters, landslide zones, or conflict areas
(e.g., Operation Ganga in Ukraine, Operation Kaveri in Sudan).
 Reconnaissance & Surveillance: Drones, UAVs, thermal imaging, and night-vision goggles for assessing
damage and guiding operations.
 Humanitarian Diplomacy: Extending assistance to other nations, showcasing India's "Vasudhaiva
Kutumbakam" ethos (e.g., supplying COVID-19 vaccines to 98 countries, Operation Dost in Turkey-Syria
earthquake 2023).

2. Indian Army:

 Boots on the Ground: Largest manpower, critical for ground-level search and rescue, clearing debris,
and establishing temporary infrastructure.
 Medical Support: Field hospitals, medical teams, and surgical units provide immediate care to the
injured (e.g., Operation Brahma in Myanmar earthquake 2025, setting up 60-bed medical centers).
 Engineering & Connectivity: Bridge building, road clearance, and restoring essential services in damaged
areas.
 Community Engagement: Directly interact with affected populations, providing psychological first aid
and ensuring order.
 Recent Examples: Ongoing relief operations in Ahilyanagar (Maharashtra) for flood relief (May 2025).
 3. Indian Navy:

 Maritime HADR: Specializes in coastal and island disaster relief, including search and rescue at sea,
delivery of aid by sea, and evacuation from coastal regions.
 Amphibious Capabilities: Can land troops and supplies in areas without proper port facilities. Page
 Assets: Naval ships (e.g., INS Satpura, INS Savitri, INS Karmuk, LCU 52 in Operation Brahma), aircraft. | 37
 International Reach: Providing assistance to Indian Ocean littoral states during tsunamis or cyclones
(e.g., Tsunami 2004 relief, Operation Sukoon in Lebanon 2006, Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar 2008).
 Underwater Search: Utilizing specialized diving teams for underwater search and recovery operations if
needed.

Government Schemes & Policies (for added knowledge):

 Disaster Management Act, 2005: Legal framework for a holistic, proactive, and technology-driven
approach to disaster management. Led to the formation of NDMA, SDMAs, and DDMAs.
 National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) & State Disaster Response Funds (SDRF): Financial
mechanisms to provide immediate relief. Modi government significantly increased allocations.
 National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM), 2009: Aims for a safe and disaster-resilient India.
 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030): India is a signatory, aligning its policies
with global best practices, emphasizing preparedness and mitigation.
 Aapda Mitra Scheme: Trains community volunteers (including women) as first responders in disaster-
prone districts (1 lakh volunteers trained in 350 districts).
 Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) based Integrated Alert System: Disseminates geo-targeted early
warnings/alerts via SMS, TV, Radio, etc., in regional languages (over 4300 crore alerts transmitted).
 Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI): An Indian initiative promoting disaster-resilient
infrastructure globally.

Current Affairs & Recent Examples (to show awareness):

 Operation Brahma (March 2025): India's swift response to the Myanmar earthquake, led by the Indian
Army with IAF airlifts and Indian Navy ships delivering aid and deploying medical teams. Highlights India
as a "First Responder in the Neighbourhood."
 Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan 2024 (Nov 2024): A multilateral HADR exercise showcasing inter-agency
coordination (Army, Navy, Air Force, NDRF, SDRF) for disaster response, especially for cyclone scenarios.
Emphasizes India's commitment to global humanitarian efforts.
 Increased Budgetary Allocation for Disaster Management: Union Home Minister Amit Shah highlighted
a significant increase in SDRF and NDRF budgets under the current government (from Rs 66,000 crores
to over Rs 2 lakh crores).
 Focus on Climate-Induced Disasters: Acknowledgment of growing vulnerabilities due to climate change
and the need for continuous focus on resilience (e.g., urban flooding, landslides).

NCC's Role (Crucial for an NCC RDC BC audience):

 Force Multiplier & Community Connect: NCC cadets, with their discipline and basic training, act as a
vital force multiplier during disasters.
 First Aid & Basic Rescue: Trained in providing immediate first aid, basic search and rescue techniques,
and crowd management.
 Communication & Awareness: Assisting in disseminating information, warnings, and spreading
awareness in affected communities.
 Relief Distribution: Helping in the organized distribution of food, water, and other relief materials.
 Auxiliary Support: Can provide vital assistance to the armed forces and civil administration in logistical
support, data collection, and managing relief camps.
 Youth Engagement: The NCC instills a sense of social responsibility and provides a structured platform
for youth to contribute effectively to national well-being during crises. Page
| 38

Conclusion (GD/Extempore):

 Reiterate that the Indian Armed Forces, supported by robust government policies and the dedicated
efforts of organizations like NCC, form an impenetrable shield against disasters, both natural and man-
made. Their coordinated efforts truly embody India's commitment to saving lives and alleviating
suffering, nationally and globally.
 Role of the Border Security Force (BSF)
Overall Theme: "First Line of Defence," "Guardians of the Frontiers," "Community Connect in Border
Areas" Page
| 39
Introduction (GD/Extempore):

 Begin by highlighting BSF's critical role: The Border Security Force (BSF), established in 1965, is India's
primary border guarding force, often termed the "First Line of Defence." Operating under the Ministry
of Home Affairs, its motto "Duty Unto Death" truly reflects its commitment to national security.

Core Roles & Responsibilities:

 Border Guarding: Its primary mandate is to secure India's international land borders with Pakistan and
Bangladesh, preventing trans-border crimes, illegal infiltration, and smuggling.
 Maintaining Territorial Integrity: Ensures no unauthorized entry into or exit from Indian territory.
 Counter-Insurgency & Anti-Naxal Operations: Deployed in internal security duties and counter-
insurgency operations in various parts of the country, including Jammu & Kashmir and Naxal-affected
areas.
 Trans-border Intelligence Collection: Gathers crucial intelligence to pre-empt threats.
 Peacekeeping Missions: Contributes significantly to UN peacekeeping missions, showcasing India's
global commitment to peace.
 Specialized Units: Possesses unique capabilities like its Air Wing, Marine Wing (for riverine and coastal
borders like Sir Creek and Sundarbans), Artillery Regiments, and a Tear Smoke Unit (unique in India).
Also has camel and dog contingents for diverse terrains.

BSF's Role in Disaster Relief (HADR):

 First Responders in Border Areas: Due to its presence in remote and difficult border terrains, BSF is
often the natural first responder for disaster-affected populations in those regions.
 Immediate Aid & Evacuation: Utilizes its disciplined manpower, resources, and knowledge of terrain for
rescue, evacuation, and providing immediate medical assistance.
 Medical Support: BSF's robust medical setup (doctors, paramedics) provides critical immediate care in
inaccessible areas.
 Logistics & Communication: Expertise in managing logistics and restoring connectivity in disaster-
affected zones.
 Training & Collaboration: Many BSF personnel are trained with NDRF (National Disaster Response
Force) and form part of NDRF battalions (e.g., in Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati, Patna), demonstrating inter-
agency coordination.
 Community Engagement: Organizes community outreach programs, drills, and training for disaster
preparedness in border villages, enhancing local resilience.
 Examples: Played crucial roles in 2005 Kashmir earthquake, 2014 Kashmir floods, and providing medical
coverage during events like the Amarnath Yatra. Assisted in creating safe passages during mass
gatherings (e.g., Kumbh Mela).

Government Schemes & Current Affairs (to show knowledge):

 Vibrant Villages Program: A flagship initiative by the Modi government. BSF plays a crucial role in the
development and security of border villages, aimed at preventing migration and promoting self-
sufficiency. This enhances overall border security by ensuring patriotic citizens reside in these areas.
 "Prahari" Mobile App (Launched by MHA): A significant digital initiative for BSF Jawans to access
personal and service-related information, housing, Ayushman-CAPF scheme details, leave, and grievance Page
redressal (CP-GRAMS) on their mobiles. This is a step towards better welfare and proactive governance | 40
for border guards.
 Modernization Plan-IV for CAPFs: Government's ongoing commitment to upgrade equipment,
technology, and infrastructure for Central Armed Police Forces, including BSF, to effectively counter
evolving threats like drone infiltration and cross-border terrorism.
 Extension of BSF Jurisdiction (Oct 2021): Increased BSF's power to arrest, search, and seize within a 50
km belt from the international borders in certain states (Punjab, West Bengal, Assam) to combat cross-
border crimes more effectively, especially drone-related activities. (Be prepared to mention the
federalism debate, if asked, regarding state police powers).
 Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS): Implementation of technology like
smart fences, surveillance systems, thermal imagers, and drones along borders to enhance vigilance and
detection capabilities, complementing human patrolling.
 Recent Operations:
o Operation Sindoor (Ongoing): A continuous and robust operation along the International Border (IB),
particularly in Jammu & Kashmir and Rajasthan, demonstrating BSF's high vigilance against infiltration,
drone attacks, and retaliatory actions against hostile activities from across the border. Union Home
Minister recently lauded BSF's role in destroying over 118 Pakistani posts and surveillance systems
during specific instances within this operation (May 2025).
o Anti-Drone Technology: BSF has been highly successful in neutralizing drone intrusions, showcasing the
effectiveness of new technologies in combating narco-terrorism and arms smuggling.

NCC's Role (Crucial for an NCC RDC BC audience):

 Future Guardians: NCC instills discipline, patriotism, and a sense of duty, preparing youth for potential
roles in nation-building and national security, including serving in forces like the BSF.
 Awareness & Community Support: NCC cadets, especially those in border districts, can assist BSF in
community outreach programs, spreading awareness about border security challenges, and fostering
cooperation between locals and the force.
 Support during Disasters: Similar to other armed forces, NCC cadets can provide auxiliary support
during disaster relief operations in border areas, assisting BSF with basic first aid, crowd management,
and logistics, thereby acting as a crucial civilian volunteer force.
 Inspiration: Interaction with BSF personnel during camps and events can inspire NCC cadets to consider
a career in central armed police forces, contributing directly to border security.

Conclusion (GD/Extempore):

 Conclude by emphasizing that the BSF is far more than a border-guarding force. It is a multi-faceted
organization that secures our frontiers, provides crucial humanitarian aid, combats internal threats, and
fosters community resilience in challenging areas. Its unwavering dedication, strengthened by modern
technology and government support, makes it an indispensable pillar of India's national security
framework.
 Make in India in Defence
Overall Theme: "Towards Atmanirbharta (Self-Reliance) and a Global Defence Manufacturing Hub"
Page
Introduction (GD/Extempore): | 41

Begin by stating the strategic imperative: "Make in India in Defence is not merely an economic
initiative but a crucial pillar of our national security, aiming to transform India from a net importer to
a global defence manufacturing and export hub."

Emphasize reduced import dependency, strategic autonomy, and job creation.

Key Objectives & Pillars of Make in India Defence:

Self-Reliance (Atmanirbharta): Reducing dependence on foreign suppliers for critical military

hardware.

Boosting Domestic Manufacturing: Encouraging both public and private sector participation.

Job Creation: Generating employment across the skill spectrum, from engineers to technicians.

Technological Advancement: Fostering R&D, innovation, and absorption of cutting-edge

technologies.

Defence Exports: Position India as a reliable supplier of defence equipment to friendly nations.

Government Initiatives & Policy Reforms:

Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020:

Prioritizes "Buy Indian – IDDM (Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured)"

category.

Introduces "Make-I" (government-funded design & development), "Make-II" (industry-

funded prototype development), and "Make-III" (manufacturing under ToT) to encourage
indigenous development.

Positive Indigenisation Lists (PILs): Regularly notified lists of over 3,000 items that can no
longer be imported and must be procured domestically (e.g., specific spares, subsystems, and
eventually major platforms).

Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX):

A flagship initiative fostering a vibrant ecosystem for start-ups, MSMEs, and academia to
develop innovative solutions for defence.

Provides grants (up to ₹1.5 Cr, even ₹10 Cr under iDEX Prime) and mentorship.
 ADITI Scheme (Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX): Launched
recently (March 2024), focusing on critical and strategic technologies like AI, Quantum Tech,
autonomous systems, semiconductors, with grants up to ₹25 crore.

Defence Industrial Corridors (DICs): Page

| 42
Two dedicated corridors in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu to attract investment and provide
a conducive environment for defence manufacturing.

Over ₹8,658 crore invested in these corridors as of Feb 2025.

Liberalized FDI Policy: Increased Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) limits in defence manufacturing (up
to 74% via automatic route, 100% via government route for cutting-edge technology).

SRIJAN Portal: An online platform to identify opportunities for indigenization by Defence Public
Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) and the Armed Forces. Over 14,000 items indigenised through this.

Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme (DTIS): Supports setting up of state-of-the-art testing

facilities.

Current Affairs & Achievements (Demonstrate Knowledge):

Record Production & Exports:

Defence production reached a record ₹1.27 lakh crore in FY 2023-24, a 174% increase since
2014-15.

Defence exports hit a record ₹21,083 crore in FY 2023-24, a 30-fold increase in a decade,
exported to over 100 countries.

Target: ₹3 lakh crore in production and ₹50,000 crore in exports by 2029.

Key Indigenous Platforms:

Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas: A shining example of indigenous design and
manufacturing.

Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS): World-class artillery developed

domestically.

Dhanush Artillery Gun System.

INS Vikrant: India's first indigenously designed and built aircraft carrier.

Arjun Main Battle Tank.

Akash Surface-to-Air Missile System and Akashteer Air Defence Control and Reporting
System (used effectively in Operation Sindoor, as highlighted by PM in Mann ki Baat).

'Made in Bihar' boots now part of Russian Army's gear.

Private Sector Boost: Private companies contribute 21% to total defence production, fostering
competition and innovation. Examples: Tata Advanced Systems, L&T, Mahindra Defence Systems.

C-295 Transport Aircraft Manufacturing Facility (Tata-Airbus): First private sector Final Assembly
Line for military aircraft in India (Vadodara, inaugurated Oct 2024), demonstrating successful public- Page
private partnerships. | 43

Increasing Budgetary Allocation for Domestic Procurement: 75% of the modernization budget for
FY24 was reserved for procurement from indigenous sources.

Challenges (Be Balanced):

Technology Gaps: Still reliant on imports for certain niche or high-end technologies.

Scale and Speed: Need to scale up production and reduce timeframes for development and delivery.

R&D Investment: Need for greater private sector investment in defence R&D.

Bureaucratic Hurdles: Despite reforms, some procedural delays can still occur.

NCC's Role (Crucial for an NCC RDC BC audience):

Future Talent Pool: NCC instills discipline, leadership, and an understanding of national security,
preparing a motivated workforce for the defence industry.

Awareness & Patriotism: Cadets are ambassadors, promoting awareness about "Make in India"
initiatives and fostering a sense of pride in indigenous defence capabilities.

Skill Development: Though not direct manufacturing, NCC provides foundational skills (e.g.,
technical aptitude, problem-solving, teamwork) that are valuable for any industrial sector, including
defence.
Grassroots Innovation (Potential): NCC cadets, especially those pursuing engineering or technical
fields, can be inspired by iDEX and contribute to defence innovation through future start-ups or
R&D.

Conclusion (GD/Extempore): "Make in India in Defence is a transformative journey, steadily moving

us towards strategic autonomy and economic prosperity. While challenges remain, the progress in
indigenous production and exports, coupled with strong government support and the aspirational
spirit of youth, including the NCC, positions India as an emerging leader in global defence
manufacturing."
End with a positive and forward-looking statement about India's growing self-reliance and global
stature.

Page
| 44
 Surgical Strikes
Overall Theme: "Proactive Deterrence," "Assertive Diplomacy," "New Normal in National Security"
Page
Introduction (GD/Extempore): | 45

 Begin by defining: A "surgical strike" is a precisely targeted military operation aimed at neutralizing
specific enemy assets or threats with minimal or no collateral damage to surrounding areas or civilians.
It is a calculated and limited use of force, designed to achieve specific military or strategic objectives
without escalating into a full-blown war.
 Context: India's adoption of surgical strikes signifies a shift in its response doctrine to cross-border
terrorism, moving from strategic restraint to a more assertive and proactive stance.

Key Aspects & Objectives of Surgical Strikes:

 Precision and Limited Scope: The defining characteristic. Focus on specific targets (terror launchpads,
training camps, infrastructure) to minimize unintended consequences. This differentiates it from
conventional warfare.
 Deterrence: A primary objective. To signal to adversaries that sponsorship of terrorism will incur a swift,
precise, and punitive cost, thereby deterring future provocations.
 Punitive Action: To retaliate effectively against terrorist attacks and demonstrate national resolve to
protect sovereignty and citizens.
 Denial of Safe Havens: To disrupt and degrade terrorist infrastructure operating from across the border.
 Controlled Escalation: To achieve military objectives without triggering a wider conflict, especially
critical in a nuclearized environment like India-Pakistan. It shows capability without desiring full-scale
war.
 Strategic Signalling: To convey a strong message to both domestic and international audiences about a
nation's commitment to self-defence and its capacity to act decisively.

Indian Context & Examples (Current Affairs & History):

 2016 Surgical Strikes (Uri Response): The most prominent example. After the Uri attack (September
2016), the Indian Army conducted ground-based surgical strikes across the Line of Control (LoC) on
terror launchpads in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). This marked a significant departure from
previous responses.
o Impact: Signified a new doctrine of "hot pursuit" and a willingness to take proactive measures.
o Government Stance: Emphasized a strong and decisive response to terrorism, projecting an image of
robust national security. September 29 is celebrated as "Surgical Strike Day."
 Balakot Airstrikes (2019): Following the Pulwama attack (February 2019), the Indian Air Force
conducted an airstrike on a Jaish-e-Mohammed terror camp in Balakot, Pakistan.
o Significance: First time Indian aircraft had openly crossed the international border for such a punitive
strike since 1971. Demonstrated air power projection capability.
o Government Stance: Reiterated the "new normal" where India would not hesitate to act against terror
infrastructure wherever it exists.
 Operation Sindoor (May 2025): (This is a fictional but plausible example for showing current awareness
as of June 2025 – use with caution/clarification if there's any doubt about fictional events in RDC BC
GD; for safety, focus on 2016 and 2019 if you're not sure how strictly current affairs are verified.)
o If you choose to use it: Following the Pahalgam terror attack, Indian forces reportedly executed
"Operation Sindoor," involving precision missile strikes on multiple terror sites deep within Pakistan and
PoK. Showcased multi-service (tri-service) coordination and advanced stand-off weapons.
o Impact (if used): Signifies increased capability and willingness for deeper penetration and multi-target
engagement. Page
| 46

Government Policies & National Security Doctrine:

 Shift from Strategic Restraint: India's traditional policy was often characterized by restraint. Surgical
strikes indicate a move towards "proactive deterrence" and "calibrated retaliation."
 National Security Doctrine: While not explicitly codified as a single document, the actions reflect a
doctrine that prioritizes national security, protection of sovereignty, and zero tolerance for terrorism.
 Intelligence & Surveillance: The success of surgical strikes heavily relies on robust intelligence gathering
(RAW, IB, Military Intelligence) and advanced surveillance capabilities (NTRO, drones, satellites).
Investment in these areas is crucial.
 Modernization of Armed Forces: The ability to conduct precision strikes necessitates continuous
modernization of military equipment, special forces training, and technological upgrades.

Impact on National Security & Foreign Policy:

 Enhanced Deterrence: A stronger message sent to terror sponsors.

 Boost to Morale: Significant positive impact on the morale of the armed forces and the public.
 Credibility on Global Stage: Demonstrated India's capacity to act decisively against terrorism,
influencing international perception and garnering support from friendly nations.
 Challenges: Risk of escalation, need for careful diplomatic management post-strike to prevent a wider
conflict. Pakistan's denial and attempts to internationalize the issue are common.

NCC's Role (Crucial for an NCC RDC BC audience):

 Fostering National Security Consciousness: NCC instills patriotism and awareness among youth about
the challenges to national security, including cross-border terrorism.
 Discipline & Preparedness: The rigorous training in NCC cultivates discipline, physical fitness, and
mental resilience, which are foundational qualities for any defense-related endeavor, including covert
operations or general military readiness.
 Understanding Strategic Decisions: NCC helps cadets understand the rationale behind crucial national
security decisions like surgical strikes, promoting informed citizenry.
 Auxiliary Support in Crisis: While not directly involved in such operations, NCC cadets are trained to
provide vital auxiliary support to civil administration and even armed forces in domestic emergencies,
freeing up regular troops for core defence duties.
 Future Leadership: By promoting military ethos and knowledge, NCC prepares a pool of disciplined and
aware youth who could potentially join the armed forces or contribute to national security in various
capacities. It builds the human capital for a secure nation.

Conclusion (GD/Extempore): Conclude by stating that surgical strikes are a critical component of India's
evolving national security strategy. They underscore India's firm resolve to counter terrorism with
precision and strength, while carefully managing regional stability. They represent a blend of military
prowess and strategic foresight, vital for safeguarding national interests in a complex global
environment.
 Role of India in UN Peacekeeping
Overall Theme: "A Legacy of Peace," "Largest Contributor to Global Peace," "Human-Centric
Approach"
Page
Introduction (GD/Extempore): | 47

 Begin with India's deep-rooted commitment to peace, stemming from its ancient philosophy of
"Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" (the world is one family) and enshrined in its foreign policy.
 State that India is one of the largest and most consistent troop-contributing countries to UN
Peacekeeping Missions (UNPKMs) since their inception.

Key Contributions & Strengths of India in UNPKMs:

1. Historical Legacy:
o Pioneer: India's involvement dates back to 1950s (e.g., Korea War Armistice, Congo).
o Scale: Over 290,000 Indian peacekeepers have served in more than 50 UN missions.
o Sacrifice: India has suffered the highest number of casualties among all troop-contributing countries
(over 180 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice).
2. Professionalism & Discipline:
o Indian troops are renowned globally for their high standards of professionalism, discipline, impartiality,
and adaptability in diverse and challenging environments.
o Expertise in counter-insurgency and ground realities, refined through domestic experiences.
3. Diverse Capabilities:
o Comprehensive Deployment: India contributes infantry battalions, Formed Police Units (FPUs), military
observers, staff officers, and medical and engineering units.
o Logistics & Engineering: Crucial in building infrastructure, maintaining supply lines, and restoring
essential services in conflict zones.
o Medical Support: Indian medical teams often set up Level-II/III hospitals, providing critical healthcare
not just to peacekeepers but also to local populations.
4. Promoting Gender Parity:
o Trailblazer: India was the first country to deploy an all-female Formed Police Unit (FPU) to Liberia in
2007, setting a global precedent.
o Continued Commitment: India continues to deploy women peacekeepers and actively participates in
initiatives to increase women's representation in UNPKMs.
5. Capacity Building & Training:
o Centre for UN Peacekeeping (CUNPK), New Delhi: A premier institution established by the Indian Army,
providing specialized training for both Indian and international peacekeepers.
o International Outreach: CUNPK offers courses and training programs for other troop-contributing
nations, particularly from the Global South. (e.g., specialized courses for women peacekeepers from
ASEAN nations in 2023).
6. Diplomacy and Advocacy:
o Voice of Global South: India advocates for stronger mandates, better resources, and greater
involvement of troop-contributing countries in decision-making processes at the UN Security Council.
o Reform Agenda: Calls for reforming UN peacekeeping operations to make them more effective and
responsive to evolving global security threats.

Government Schemes/Initiatives & Policies (to showcase knowledge):

 India's Standing Offers to the UN: India maintains forces on standby for rapid deployment to UN
missions, demonstrating its readiness and reliability.
 Support for Peacekeeping Training: Investment in CUNPK and continuous upgradation of training
methodologies.
 Financial Contributions: India regularly contributes to the UN Peacekeeping budget. Page
 Bilateral Training Initiatives: India conducts joint exercises and training with other nations to enhance | 48
interoperability in peacekeeping scenarios.
 "Vision for a New Era of Peacekeeping": India's consistent advocacy for a comprehensive approach that
includes political solutions, human rights, and development alongside security.
 At the UN Peacekeeping Ministerial 2025 (Berlin): India pledged a Quick Reaction Force (QRF)
Company, a women-led Police Unit, a SWAT Police Unit, and continued support for peacekeeping
training and capacity building.

 Current Affairs & Recent Examples (to demonstrate awareness): Recent Pledges at UN Peacekeeping
Ministerial 2025 (Berlin, May 2025): India's commitment to modernizing peacekeeping, including
pledges for QRF and women-led units.
 Dag Hammarskjöld Medal Recipients (May 29, 2025 - International Day of UN Peacekeepers): Brigadier
General Amitabh Jha and Havildar Sanjay Singh (posthumously) received this highest UN peacekeeping
honour, along with past recognition like Major Radhika Sen (Military Gender Advocate of the Year 2023).
This highlights India's sacrifices and contributions.
 India as the 4th largest troop contributor: As of May 2025, India has over 5,300 personnel deployed
across various missions (e.g., MONUSCO in DRC, UNMISS in South Sudan, UNDOF in Golan Heights,
UNIFIL in Lebanon, MINUSCA in Central African Republic).
 Hosting International Conferences: India's initiative to host events like the 'Conference on Women
Peacekeepers from the Global South' (February 2025), reinforcing its leadership in promoting gender
inclusion in peacekeeping.

NCC's Role (for an NCC RDC BC audience): Fostering Global Citizenship: The NCC, through its motto of
'Unity and Discipline' and its emphasis on selfless service, instills qualities in cadets that align with the
spirit of UN peacekeeping – promoting peace, understanding, and humanitarian values.

 Youth Exchange Programs (YEPs): NCC cadets participate in YEPs with cadets from other countries,
promoting cross-cultural understanding and building informal diplomatic ties, which are essential for
international peace and cooperation.
 Disaster Relief Training: NCC cadets are trained in basic disaster management, first aid, and community
assistance, making them valuable assets for internal support functions that free up professional forces
for international duties.
 Inspiration for Future Peacekeepers: Exposure to the armed forces and their role in global peace can
inspire NCC cadets to consider careers in the armed forces, including potentially serving in UNPKMs,
thus contributing to India's continued legacy.
 Awareness & Advocacy: NCC cadets can become ambassadors of peace and raise awareness about
India's significant role in UN peacekeeping among their peers and communities.

Conclusion (GD/Extempore): Conclude by affirming that India's unwavering commitment to UN

Peacekeeping is not just a strategic imperative but a moral obligation. It reflects India's belief in
multilateralism, global cooperation, and its vision of a peaceful and stable world order. India's Blue
Helmets continue to be a beacon of hope and stability in conflict zones worldwide.
 Modernisation of Indian Armed Forces
Core Need & Vision: Dynamic Geopolitical Landscape: Essential for credible deterrence against evolving
threats (e.g., China's assertiveness in IOR, Pakistan's proxy war). Page
| 49
 Technological Imperative: Shift from manpower-heavy to technology-driven forces (AI, Quantum Tech,
UAVs, Cyber Warfare).
 "Atmanirbhar Bharat" in Defence: Vision for self-reliance, reducing import dependence, and boosting
indigenous manufacturing. Government Schemes & Initiatives:

 "Make in India" & "Atmanirbhar Bharat":

o Positive Indigenisation Lists: Embargo on import of 300+ items, mandating domestic procurement.
o Defence Industrial Corridors (UP & TN): Attracting investment, fostering ecosystem.
o iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence): Fostering innovation with startups & MSMEs; ADITI scheme
(Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX) for deep-tech projects.
o SRIJAN Portal: Facilitating indigenisation by Indian industry.
o Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020: Prioritizing indigenous production, faster procurement.
 Increased R&D Allocation: 25% of defence R&D budget for industry, startups, academia.
 Record Defence Production & Exports: FY 2023-24 saw record production (₹1.27 lakh crore) and exports
(₹23,622 crore).

Current Affairs & Key Inductions:

 Air Force: Induction of Rafale jets; ongoing focus on LCA Tejas Mk-1A and future AMCA.
 Navy: INS Vikrant (India's 1st indigenous aircraft carrier), Project 75(I) submarines. Focus on maritime
domain awareness (SAGAR Vision).
 Army: Indigenous Arjun Mk-1A tanks, ATAGS (Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System), K9 Vajra artillery
systems.
 Missile Systems: Upgradation of Agni, Prithvi, BrahMos (fastest cruise missile).
 S-400 Triumf: Acquisition from Russia, enhancing air defence capabilities (though geopolitical events
highlight vulnerabilities of external dependency).
 Emerging Tech: Focus on counter-drone systems, loitering munitions (e.g., Operation SINDOOR
showcasing indigenous drone effectiveness).

Challenges & Way Forward:

 Budgetary Constraints: High revenue expenditure (salaries, pensions) limiting modernization funds.
 Weak Domestic R&D: Need for more investment and faster project delivery (e.g., DRDO's past delays).
 Bureaucratic Hurdles: Streamlining acquisition and procurement processes (e.g., single-window
clearance).
 Technological Gaps: Continued reliance on imports for critical technologies like jet engines and
advanced sensors.
 Jointness & Integration: Need for seamless coordination among forces (lessons from Galwan Valley).

Part of NCC: Youth Preparedness: NCC instills discipline, leadership, and a sense of national service,
creating a motivated pool of future leaders and potential recruits for the armed forces.

 Bridging Civilian-Military Divide: NCC camps and training expose youth to military ethos, fostering
understanding and respect for the armed forces.
 "Force Multiplier": Though not directly involved in R&D or procurement, NCC contributes to the human
capital development, which is crucial for operating and maintaining modern equipment, and even for
supporting disaster relief and national emergencies. A disciplined, skilled youth cadre is foundational to
verall national security.

Page
| 50
 AFSPA: Armed Forces Special Powers Act
Core Definition & Context:
Page
 AFSPA (1958): Grants special powers to armed forces in "disturbed areas" to maintain public order. | 51
Empowers arrest without warrant, search premises, and use of force, including lethal force, after due
warning.
 "Disturbed Area": Declared by Central or State government (Governor/UT Administrator) when civil
power is inadequate to control insurgency/unrest. Needs periodic review (e.g., every 6 months, as per
Supreme Court guidelines).
 Purpose: To enable effective counter-insurgency operations and safeguard national security and
territorial integrity where civilian administration is challenged.

Arguments For (National Security Perspective):

 Operational Necessity: Provides swift decision-making and operational flexibility in highly volatile,
insurgency-hit regions, crucial for neutralizing threats.
 Morale of Forces: Offers legal protection (immunity from prosecution without central government
sanction) to personnel operating in dangerous situations, boosting their morale.
 Deterrent: Acts as a strong deterrent against anti-national activities and strengthens security in border
areas.
 Historical Context: Enacted to address serious insurgencies (e.g., Naga insurgency) where ordinary laws
were insufficient.

Arguments Against (Human Rights & Governance Perspective):

 Human Rights Concerns: Widely criticized by human rights organizations for alleged excesses,
extrajudicial killings, arbitrary detentions, and lack of accountability.
 Impunity: The legal immunity clause is seen as fostering a culture of impunity, hindering justice for
victims.
 Alienation of Local Population: Prolonged imposition and alleged misuse create deep resentment,
distrust, and alienation among local communities, potentially fueling extremism.
 Undermines Democratic Governance: Seen by some as militarizing civil governance and bypassing
normal judicial processes.
 Justice Jeevan Reddy Committee (2007) & Verma Committee: Both recommended repeal or significant
amendments to AFSPA, suggesting inclusion of its provisions within the Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
Act (UAPA) with stronger safeguards.

Current Affairs & Government Schemes/Initiatives (Post-2023):

 Phased Withdrawal: The government has been steadily reducing the areas under AFSPA in the
Northeast, citing improved security situations and peace accords. E.g., significant withdrawals in parts of
Assam, Nagaland, and Manipur since 2022-2024.
 Recent Extensions (March-April 2025): Despite withdrawals, AFSPA was recently extended in certain
areas of Manipur (excluding 13 police stations), Nagaland (8 districts, 21 police stations), and Arunachal
Pradesh (Tirap, Changlang, Longding, and parts of Namsai) for another six months, reflecting ongoing
security concerns.
 Manipur Violence: The ongoing ethnic violence in Manipur (since May 2023), which led to the
imposition of President's Rule in February 2025, has been a key factor in recent AFSPA extensions there.
 Development Initiatives: Government's focus on "Act East Policy," infrastructure development, and
peace talks with insurgent groups are aimed at addressing root causes of unrest and eventually
 facilitating AFSPA withdrawal. Schemes like the North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme
(NESIDS) and Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK) indirectly contribute to stability.

NCC's Role (Knowledgeable Touch):

Page
 National Integration & Civic Sense: NCC instills discipline, patriotism, and a sense of national integration | 52
among youth. This promotes peace and stability, indirectly reducing the need for laws like AFSPA by
fostering responsible citizenry.
 Disaster Management & Community Service: NCC cadets are trained in disaster relief and community
service, acting as a crucial bridge between the armed forces and civilians, helping to build trust and
understanding, especially in sensitive regions.
 Future Leaders: NCC grooms youth with leadership qualities, who, as future civil administrators or
armed forces personnel, can contribute to finding long-term solutions that balance security needs with
human rights.
 Awareness & Responsible Citizenship: NCC cadets are educated about national security challenges,
including issues like insurgency, and the complexities surrounding laws like AFSPA, promoting informed
and responsible citizenship.
 Acid Attack Survivors
Introduction/Overall Stance:
Page
 Human Dignity & Rights: Acid attacks are a heinous crime violating fundamental human rights, including | 53
the right to life with dignity (Article 21). It's not just a physical injury but a profound psychological and
social assault.
 Societal Responsibility: We, as a society, must move beyond sympathy to active empowerment and
rehabilitation of survivors.

Government Schemes & Legal Framework (Knowledge Bomb!):

 Laxmi v. Union of India (2013-2015 Supreme Court Judgements): This landmark case led to crucial
directives:
o Regulation of Acid Sale: Mandatory licensing, age restrictions (18+), identity proof, and purpose of
purchase for acid sales. Mention the ongoing challenge of illegal over-the-counter sales despite these
regulations – shows awareness of ground realities.
o Compensation: Minimum compensation of ₹3 lakh for survivors, with ₹1 lakh to be paid within 15 days
for immediate medical needs. (NALSA (Legal Services to Victims of Acid Attacks) Scheme, 2016).
o Free Medical Treatment: All public and private hospitals are mandated to provide free and
comprehensive medical treatment, including reconstructive surgeries and psychological counseling.
 Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Inserted Sections 326A and 326B in the IPC, specifically
addressing grievous hurt by acid and attempt to throw acid, with severe penalties (minimum 10 years
for 326A).
 Victim Compensation Scheme (VCS) under CrPC Section 357A: States are mandated to formulate
schemes for victim compensation, including acid attack survivors.
 State-Specific Schemes: Some states, like Haryana, have specific schemes for "Relief and Rehabilitation
of Women Acid Victims" offering financial and medical assistance.
 Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (PMNRF): Provides additional financial assistance to acid attack
victims.

Current Affairs & Challenges:

 Justice Delayed is Justice Denied: A persistent issue is the inordinate delay in legal proceedings and
convictions, leaving survivors in prolonged trauma. (Referencing recent ANI reports and Article-14
highlighting this in 2025).
 Inadequate Compensation: While mandated, the actual disbursement of compensation is often delayed
or deemed insufficient for lifelong medical and rehabilitation needs. Recent discussions in Parliament
(April 2025) suggest increasing compensation to at least ₹50 lakh.
 Rehabilitation beyond Medical: Focus needs to shift towards holistic rehabilitation – vocational training,
educational support, employment opportunities, and addressing social stigma. Mention survivor-
managed cafes like "Sheroes Hangout" as inspiring models of economic independence.
 Recognition as Persons with Disabilities: Ongoing demand by activists and MPs (April 2025) to officially
recognize acid attack survivors as persons with disabilities, enabling them to access related benefits and
reservations.
 Digital Access & KYC: Recent Supreme Court directives (April 2025) for simplifying digital KYC processes
for visually impaired and acid attack victims, recognizing digital access as a fundamental right.

NCC's Role (Crucial for the "NCC RDC BC" context):

 Social Awareness Campaigns: NCC cadets are actively involved in community service and social
awareness programs. This topic presents a perfect opportunity for NCC units to:
o Organize campaigns against acid violence, educating the public about its legal consequences and the
importance of acid sale regulation.
o Promote empathy and inclusion towards survivors, challenging societal stigma. Page
| 54
 Community Support & Rehabilitation: While not directly involved in medical aid, NCC cadets can:
o Volunteer with NGOs working for acid attack survivors (e.g., Acid Survivors & Women Welfare
Foundation - ASWWF, Meer Foundation, Make Love Not Scars) in their awareness or fundraising
initiatives.
o Facilitate access to information about government schemes and legal aid for survivors in their local
communities.
 Discipline & Empathy: NCC training instills discipline, leadership, and a sense of social responsibility.
These values are paramount in addressing issues like acid attacks and fostering a compassionate society.
Cadets can be role models in promoting a safer environment.

Conclusion:

 Acid attack survivors are not victims but brave individuals fighting for dignity and justice.
 A multi-pronged approach involving strict legal enforcement, timely justice, comprehensive
rehabilitation, sustained government support, and active public participation (including youth
organizations like NCC) is vital to ensure their complete reintegration and prevent future attacks.
 Child Labour
Introduction (for Extempore):
Page
"Child labour, a grave human rights violation, continues to plague societies globally, robbing millions of | 55
children of their childhood, education, and dignity. It's a complex issue intertwined with poverty,
illiteracy, and societal vulnerabilities, demanding a multi-pronged approach for its eradication."

Key Points:

Definition & Scope: Child labour is work that deprives children of their childhood, potential, and
dignity, and that is harmful to their physical and mental development. This includes both hazardous
and non-hazardous work that interferes with schooling.

Root Causes (Economic & Social):

Poverty: The primary driver. Families, facing economic distress (e.g., joblessness of adults),
resort to sending children to work for survival.

Lack of Education Access: Inadequate infrastructure, poor quality of education, and financial
barriers to schooling push children into work.

Lack of Awareness: Parents may not understand the long-term detrimental effects.

Social Norms/Cultural Practices: In some communities, it's normalized, especially in

traditional family enterprises.

Migration: Migrant children are particularly vulnerable to exploitation.

Disasters/Climate Change: Recent reports indicate climate change pushing more children
into child labor as livelihoods are lost.

Impact & Consequences:

Physical & Mental Health: Exposure to hazardous conditions, long hours, abuse, leading to
lifelong health issues.

Loss of Education: Perpetuates the cycle of poverty across generations.

Psychological Trauma: Deprivation of childhood, leading to emotional distress.

Societal Stagnation: A workforce lacking education and skills hinders national development.

Government Schemes & Legislative Framework (India Specific):

Constitutional Provisions: Article 21A (Right to Education), Article 24 (Prohibition of

employment of children in factories, etc. below 14 years), Article 39(e) & (f) (Directive
Principles for protecting children).

Laws:
 Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (Amended
2016): Prohibits employment of children below 14 in any occupation and adolescents
(14-18) in hazardous occupations. However, the "family enterprise" clause remains a
controversial loophole often misused.
Page
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: Provides a framework | 56
for care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in need, including child labour
victims.

Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009: Ensures free and compulsory education for
children aged 6-14, a crucial tool against child labour.

Schemes:

National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme: Identifies child labourers, withdraws
them, provides rehabilitation, vocational training, and integrates them into
mainstream education. Includes the PENCIL Portal (Platform for Effective
Enforcement of No Child Labour) for real-time monitoring and complaint redressal.

Midday Meal Scheme: Encourages school attendance and improves nutrition,

reducing economic burden on families.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): Focuses on quality education for all children.

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Promotes girls' education and protection from exploitation.

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): Provides skill development to youth,
offering alternatives to child labour.

Recent Initiatives: Uttar Pradesh's statewide campaign to eradicate child labour by

2027, focusing on awareness, education, and rehabilitation (as of May 2025).

Current Affairs & Statistics:

Global Context: World Day Against Child Labour (June 12) highlights the ongoing crisis. The
2025 theme "Progress is clear, but there's more to do: let's speed up efforts!" reflects the
urgency.

India's Statistics: While the 2011 Census showed a decrease (10.1 million children working),
the actual numbers are believed to be significantly higher due to informal sectors and hidden
forms of child labour. UNICEF estimates 1.8-3.3 million children engaged in labour (2018-19
PLFS analysis).

Challenges: Low conviction rates, data gaps, weak convergence between departments, and
the misuse of the "family enterprise" clause. Recent rescues (e.g., Madhya Pradesh distillery
case 2024, Delhi rescues 2024) highlight persistent issues.

International Commitments:

ILO Conventions: India ratified ILO Convention 138 (Minimum Age for Employment) and 182
(Worst Forms of Child Labour) in 2017, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8.7
to end child labour by 2025 (though this target is unlikely to be met globally).
 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC): India ratified it in 1992.

Role of NCC:

Awareness Campaigns: NCC cadets actively participate in social awareness campaigns, Page
including those against child labour, through rallies, street plays, and community outreach | 57
programs in villages and urban slums. This helps educate parents and communities about the
importance of sending children to school and the ill effects of child labour.

Community Service: Cadets engage in community development activities, indirectly

addressing the root causes of child labour by fostering self-reliance and improving living
standards.

Youth Leadership: NCC instills discipline, leadership, and a sense of social responsibility in
youth, empowering them to become advocates for children's rights and work towards a child
labour-free society. They can act as vigilant eyes and ears in their communities, reporting
instances of child labour to appropriate authorities.

Conclusion (for Extempore):

"Eliminating child labour requires a holistic approach: robust legal enforcement, strengthened social
protection, quality education for all, and significant economic upliftment for vulnerable families. As
responsible citizens, and especially as members of organizations like the NCC, we have a crucial role
to play in advocating for children's rights and ensuring every child has the opportunity to learn,
grow, and thrive, contributing to a truly developed India."
 Casteism in India
Core Definition & Historical Context (Brief):
Page
 Deep-rooted Social Hierarchy: Casteism is an insidious system of social stratification, historically rigid, | 58
based on birth, dictating occupation, social status, and marital alliances.
 Legacy of Discrimination: Rooted in ancient Varnashrama Dharma, it evolved into a discriminatory
practice, creating systemic inequalities and marginalization.

Current Manifestations & Challenges:

 Persistent Discrimination: Despite legal prohibitions, caste-based discrimination persists, especially in

rural areas, affecting access to education, employment, and social mobility.
 Endogamy & Honour Killings: Continued practice of endogamy and abhorrent "honour killings" highlight
the deep-seated control caste exercises over individual lives.
 Political Mobilization: Caste often becomes a significant factor in electoral politics, sometimes leading
to divisive identity politics rather than development-focused agendas.
 Urban-Rural Divide: While less overt in urban settings, subtle forms of discrimination (e.g., housing,
social circles) still exist, alongside more explicit forms in rural areas.

Government Schemes & Constitutional Provisions:

 Constitutional Mandate: Article 15 (Prohibition of Discrimination), Article 17 (Abolition of

Untouchability), and Article 46 (Promotion of Educational & Economic Interests of SC/STs) are
foundational.
 Reservations Policy: A key affirmative action, aiming to provide equitable opportunities in education
and public employment for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes
(OBCs).
 Prevention of Atrocities Act (PoA Act): Strengthened over the years, this Act provides legal recourse
against caste-based atrocities and ensures justice for victims.
 Specific Schemes (Mention 1-2):
o Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY): Holistic development of villages with significant SC
populations.
o National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC): Provides financial
assistance for economic empowerment.
o Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): Focus on quality education for tribal children.

Current Affairs & Recent Debates:

 Debate on Reservation Review: Ongoing discussions about the efficacy and duration of reservations –
need for a nuanced approach.
 Caste Census Demand: Calls for a comprehensive caste census to accurately assess socio-economic
disparities and better target welfare schemes.
 Inter-Caste Marriages & Social Acceptance: Gradual increase, but challenges remain in societal
acceptance, especially in conservative regions.
 Role of Technology: Social media platforms sometimes amplify caste-based discussions, both positively
(awareness) and negatively (hate speech).

NCC Perspective (Crucial for an NCC audience):

 NCC as a Unifying Force: The NCC instills a sense of national unity and secularism, transcending caste,
creed, and religion. Cadets from diverse backgrounds train, live, and grow together, fostering a spirit of
camaraderie that actively counters caste divisions.
 Embodiment of Equality: NCC training emphasizes equality, discipline, and respect for all, irrespective of
background, making it a micro-cosmic example of an ideal, casteless society. Page
 Leadership in Social Change: NCC cadets, as future leaders and responsible citizens, can actively | 59
champion anti-caste discrimination efforts in their communities, promoting harmony and inclusivity.
They are trained to uphold the constitutional values of equality.

Conclusion (Forward-Looking):

 Beyond Legislation: While laws are vital, true eradication of casteism requires a fundamental shift in
societal attitudes and mindsets through education, awareness, and inter-caste interaction.
 Collective Responsibility: It's a collective responsibility – government, civil society, educational
institutions, and individuals – to build a truly equitable and casteless India.
 Drug Abuse Among Youth
For GD (Group Discussion):
Page
Opening Statement (Strong Impact): "Drug abuse among youth isn't just a social problem; it's a | 60
national emergency impacting our demographic dividend. We're losing our future to addiction."

Magnitude & Trends (Current Affairs): "Recent reports, like those from Kerala, show an alarming
rise, even among children as young as 10, and a shift towards synthetic drugs. This highlights a
critical need for targeted interventions." (Mention Kerala's 130% rise in drug-related cases over four
years, or the increased seizure of synthetic drugs).

Root Causes: "Peer pressure, lack of awareness, psychological distress, easy availability, and family
dysfunction are key drivers. The internet and darknet have further exacerbated access to these
substances."

Government Initiatives (Schemes): "The Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA) is a flagship
initiative, reaching crores of people, including youth, across vulnerable districts. It's supported by a
network of Integrated Rehabilitation Centers for Addicts (IRCAs), Outreach and Drop-In Centers
(ODICs), and a national helpline (14446)." (Mention the scale: 14.79 crore people reached, 4.96
crore youth, 350 IRCAs).

Legal & Enforcement (Govt Action): "The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act,
1985, empowers agencies like the Anti-Narcotics Task Force (ANTF) and even border guarding forces.
There's a push for better data tracking and inter-state coordination in drug seizures."

Preventive Education: "The Navchetna Modules for students (6th-11th standard) and teachers are a
step in the right direction. We need to embed drug awareness into the core curriculum, making it an
integral part of holistic education."

Role of NCC: "As the largest uniformed youth organization, NCC cadets are uniquely positioned as 'peer-
led interventionists.' Their discipline and reach make them powerful agents for awareness campaigns,
community engagement, and guiding peers towards de-addiction centers. The 'cadet peer' model is
crucial."

Solutions & Way Forward: "A multi-pronged approach is essential: Prevention through education
and life skills, stringent Enforcement against traffickers, effective Rehabilitation with focus on
mental health, and strong Community Action involving parents, schools, and local bodies."

Call to Action: "We must destigmatize addiction, treat it as a public health issue rather than just a
criminal one, and ensure comprehensive support for affected youth and their families."

For Extempore:

Start with a compelling statistic or anecdote: "Every year, countless young lives are derailed by the
insidious grip of drug abuse. This isn't just a statistic; it's a silent epidemic eroding the very
foundation of our future."

Define the problem: "Drug abuse among youth refers to the harmful pattern of using psychoactive
substances, leading to adverse physical, mental, social, and economic consequences."
Elaborate on causes: "The vulnerability of youth stems from a complex interplay of factors: curiosity,
peer pressure, stress, mental health issues, easy access through both traditional and digital channels
(like the darknet)."

Highlight Government's response: "The Indian government has recognized this challenge. The Page
Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan, spearheaded by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, is a | 61
testament to this commitment. It focuses on community outreach, establishing rehabilitation
centers, and providing a national helpline."

Discuss current trends/challenges: "A worrying trend is the shift towards synthetic drugs, which are
more potent and harder to detect. The recent surge in drug-related cases in states like Kerala
underscores the evolving nature of this crisis and the need for adaptive strategies."

Emphasize the NCC's unique contribution: "This is where organizations like the National Cadet
Corps (NCC) play an invaluable role. Instilling discipline, leadership, and a sense of social
responsibility, NCC cadets can become front-line warriors against drug abuse. Through awareness
drives, peer counseling, and acting as role models, they can significantly influence their communities
and guide vulnerable youth towards healthier choices. Their 'Duty, Unity, Discipline' ethos directly
combats the disarray caused by addiction."

Propose actionable solutions: "Beyond government schemes and enforcement, we need a societal
shift. This includes integrating drug education into school curricula from an early age, strengthening
mental health support for youth, fostering positive peer environments, and increasing the
accessibility and quality of de-addiction and rehabilitation services."

Concluding thought (Vision for the future): "By empowering our youth with knowledge, resilience,
and a supportive environment, and by leveraging the dedication of organizations like the NCC, we
can collectively strive for a 'Nasha Mukt Bharat' – a drug-free India, where our youth can truly realize
their full potential."
 LGBTQ+ Rights
For GD (Group Discussion):
Page
 Judicial Progress vs. Legislative Lag: Start by highlighting the landmark Supreme Court judgments (e.g., | 62
Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, 2018 decriminalizing Section 377; NALSA v. Union of India, 2014
recognizing transgender as third gender) that have significantly advanced LGBTQ+ rights. Contrast this
with the relative inaction of the legislature on crucial aspects like same-sex marriage, which the SC
recently left to Parliament in 2023.
 "Deemed Family" Status & Practical Benefits: Mention the 2022 SC ruling that expanded the definition
of "family" to include atypical relationships, granting some benefits to LGBTQ+ live-in couples. Follow up
with current affairs like the RBI allowing LGBTQ+ individuals to open joint bank accounts and nominate
partners. These are tangible steps towards inclusivity.
 Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019: Briefly explain its significance in providing legal
recognition of gender identity and prohibiting discrimination. Acknowledge its criticisms regarding the
process of self-identification but emphasize it as a foundational step.
 Government Schemes (SMILE): Introduce the SMILE (Support for Marginalized Individuals for
Livelihood and Enterprise) scheme, mentioning its focus on rehabilitation, skill development, and
economic linkages for transgender persons. Highlight initiatives like "Garima Greh" (shelter homes).
 Societal Acceptance: The Long Road Ahead: While legal progress is happening, emphasize that social
stigma, discrimination in employment, housing, and healthcare remain significant challenges. Mention
the need for continuous awareness campaigns and sensitization.
 NCC's Role in Fostering Inclusivity: The NCC, as a youth development organization, has a crucial role to
play in promoting values of equality and inclusion. Cite the Kerala High Court's directive in 2024
allowing a transgender woman to participate in the NCC, urging the government to amend the NCC Act.
This showcases how constitutional values can permeate traditional institutions. NCC can build a future
generation that is more accepting and empathetic.

For Extempore (Short Speech):

 Hook: "From criminalized existence to a quest for equal dignity, the journey of LGBTQ+ rights in India
reflects a dynamic interplay of judicial activism and societal evolution."
 Key Milestones: Quickly touch upon Section 377 decriminalization (2018) and Transgender Act (2019).
These are non-negotiable points.
 Beyond Law: Lived Realities: Acknowledge that legal recognition is just one step. Emphasize the
ongoing challenges of social acceptance, discrimination, and mental health support within the
community.
 Government's Initiatives: Mention the SMILE scheme as a proactive step by the Ministry of Social
Justice and Empowerment towards welfare and mainstreaming.
 Current Debate: Briefly mention the ongoing discussion around same-sex marriage and the Supreme
Court's stance, placing the ball in the legislature's court.
 The NCC Perspective: "As NCC cadets, we embody national unity and character. Our commitment to
'Unity and Discipline' extends to respecting and embracing the diversity of every individual, including
those from the LGBTQ+ community. The recent Kerala High Court ruling on transgender inclusion in NCC
is a testament to this evolving understanding, urging us to be torchbearers of true inclusivity within our
ranks and society."
 Call to Action (Implicit): Conclude by advocating for continued dialogue, education, and policy reforms
to ensure a truly equitable and inclusive India for all its citizens.
 Population Explosion
Introduction/Definition:
Page
 Global Challenge: Population explosion isn't just about numbers; it's about the accelerating rate of | 63
growth outstripping resource availability and infrastructure.
 India's Context: We've recently surpassed China as the world's most populous nation, highlighting the
urgency of this discussion.

Causes/Drivers:

 Declining Mortality Rates: Advancements in healthcare, sanitation, and disease control (e.g.,
vaccination drives like the nationwide Jan Aushadhi Kendras providing affordable medicines).
 Lack of Awareness/Education: Especially in rural areas, regarding family planning and reproductive
health. Government initiatives like the National Health Mission (NHM) aim to address this.
 Socio-Cultural Factors: Preference for male child, early marriages (though legally discouraged), and lack
of female empowerment.
 Economic Factors: Poverty can sometimes correlate with larger families as a perceived "labor force" or
lack of access to contraception.

Impacts/Consequences:

 Resource Depletion: Strain on water, food (impact on agricultural land), and energy resources. This links
to India's focus on water conservation (Jal Jeevan Mission) and food security (PM Garib Kalyan Anna
Yojana).
 Environmental Degradation: Increased pollution, deforestation, and pressure on ecosystems. Relates to
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and India's commitment to renewable energy (International Solar Alliance).
 Unemployment & Underemployment: A large young population without adequate job opportunities
can lead to social unrest. Government focus on Skill India Mission and Make in India is crucial here.
 Strain on Infrastructure: Overburdened public services (healthcare, education, transport), leading to
reduced quality of life.
 Poverty Cycle: High dependency ratios, reduced per capita income, and difficulty breaking out of
poverty.

Government Schemes & Current Affairs Connection:

 Family Planning Programs: Ongoing initiatives by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, promoting
spacing and limiting family size.
 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Addresses the gender imbalance and empowers women, indirectly impacting
family size decisions.
 National Population Policy (2000): Although older, its long-term goals still resonate – achieving stable
population by 2045. Mentioning its existence shows depth of knowledge.
 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Link population explosion to relevant SDGs like No Poverty
(SDG 1), Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3), Quality Education (SDG 4), and
Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11).
 Economic Growth vs. Population Growth: Current discussions around India's economic trajectory and
the need for inclusive growth to absorb the growing workforce.

The NCC Part (How to link NCC):

 Youth Leadership & Awareness: NCC cadets, as disciplined and aware citizens, can play a vital role in
disseminating information about family planning, health, and the importance of smaller families,
especially in rural outreach programs.
 Community Development: NCC's focus on social service (e.g., cleanliness drives, health camps) can
subtly integrate messages about responsible living and resource conservation, which are directly Page
impacted by population. | 64
 Disaster Management Preparedness: Population density exacerbates the impact of natural disasters.
NCC's training in disaster response is even more critical in highly populated areas.
 Empowering Youth: NCC instills discipline, education, and skill development, indirectly contributing to a
more informed populace capable of making responsible choices, including family planning.

Solutions/Way Forward:

 Empowering Women: Education, economic independence, and access to healthcare.

 Universal Access to Family Planning: Affordable and accessible contraception, counseling.
 Quality Education for All: Especially girls, which directly correlates with lower fertility rates.
 Sustainable Development: Focusing on resource management and green technologies to mitigate
environmental impact.
 Public Awareness Campaigns: Using various media to educate and encourage responsible family
planning.

Conclusion:

 Population explosion is a complex issue requiring a multi-pronged approach involving government

policies, societal change, and individual responsibility.
 Sustainable development is the key to managing this growth effectively and ensuring a better quality of
life for future generations.
 India's G20 Presidency
Overarching Theme & Vision:
Page
 "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" (One Earth, One Family, One Future): Emphasized India's ancient | 65
philosophy of global unity and interconnectedness, serving as the guiding principle.
 Human-Centric Approach: Shifted focus from purely GDP-centric growth to progress centered on
human well-being and equitable development.

Key Achievements & Initiatives:

 Inclusion of African Union (AU): A landmark diplomatic achievement, making G20 truly representative
of the Global South and amplifying their voice. This demonstrates India's commitment to a more
equitable world order.
 New Delhi Leaders' Declaration: Unanimously adopted, a significant diplomatic feat amidst geopolitical
complexities (e.g., Russia-Ukraine conflict). Outlined collective commitments across various sectors.
 Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): India showcased its successful DPI models like Aadhaar and UPI,
advocating for their global adoption to bridge the digital divide and foster inclusive growth, particularly
in the Global South. (Connects to Digital India initiative).
 LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Movement: Promoted environmentally sustainable and responsible
lifestyle choices, drawing from India's traditions. This addresses climate change from a behavioral
perspective. (Connects to Swachh Bharat Abhiyan's emphasis on sustainable living).
 Accelerating Progress on SDGs: Renewed commitment to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development, focusing on critical areas like health, education, and poverty eradication.
 Reform of Multilateral Institutions: Advocated for more representative and effective Multilateral
Development Banks (MDBs) and broader UN reforms, reflecting the needs of a changing global
landscape.
 Global South Voice: India actively championed the concerns and aspirations of developing nations,
organizing the "Voice of the Global South" summit.

Government Schemes & Current Affairs Linkage:

 Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: Aligns with India's push for Digital Public Infrastructure in health,
aiming for universal health coverage.
 PM-KISAN/National Food Security Act: India's focus on global food security and resilient agriculture
(e.g., promoting millets) links directly to its domestic efforts in these areas.
 National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Gained international recognition for its emphasis on foundational
learning, lifelong learning, and digital literacy.
 Startup India/MSME Promotion: G20 discussions on empowering MSMEs and promoting
entrepreneurship align with India's robust startup ecosystem.
 Women-led Development: Emphasized during the G20, echoing India's focus on gender equality and
women's empowerment through various schemes and policies.

Role of NCC (for an NCC Cadet):

 Youth Leadership & Global Citizenship: NCC instills values of discipline, leadership, and national service,
making cadets ideal ambassadors for India's vision of "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam."
 "Jan Bhagidari" (People's Participation): NCC cadets actively participated in G20-related awareness
campaigns and events across the country, fostering public engagement and understanding of India's
global role.
 Promoting Soft Power: Through cultural performances and interactions during G20 events, NCC cadets
showcased India's rich cultural heritage, contributing to India's soft power projection.
 Environmental Stewardship: NCC's focus on environmental protection and cleanliness drives aligns with
the LiFE movement and G20's green development agenda. Cadets are active participants in promoting
sustainable practices. Page
| 66
Conclusion (Short & Crisp):

 India's G20 Presidency was a testament to its rising global stature, demonstrating its ability to foster
consensus, champion the Global South, and offer human-centric solutions to pressing global challenges.
It solidified India's position as a responsible and proactive global leader.
 Israel and Hamas Conflict
Core Issues & History:
Page
 Rooted Conflict: Not just recent, but a deeply entrenched conflict involving historical claims, land, and | 67
self-determination. The 2023 October 7th attacks by Hamas were a major escalation.
 Two-State Solution: Long-standing international consensus for a sovereign Palestine alongside a secure
Israel, currently facing immense challenges due to ongoing hostilities and lack of trust.

Humanitarian Crisis:

 Devastation in Gaza: By June 2025, over 54,000 Gazans killed, two-thirds of buildings
damaged/destroyed, widespread displacement, and an impending famine. This highlights a severe
humanitarian catastrophe.
 Blockade & Aid Challenges: Israeli blockade has led to critical shortages of food, water, medicine, and
fuel. Aid delivery faces immense hurdles, with concerns about its deliberate obstruction by some
international bodies.
 Healthcare Collapse: Hospitals and clinics severely damaged or destroyed, leading to a breakdown of
medical services and increased risk of disease outbreaks.

Geopolitical Implications & International Response:

 Regional Instability: The conflict has broader implications, increasing tensions, and posing risks of wider
regional escalation, particularly with potential Israel-Iran clashes (as seen in recent June 2025
developments).
 Global Security Threat: The conflict fuels extremism, impacts energy security, and raises concerns about
nuclear proliferation in the region.
 UN Ineffectiveness: Repeated failures of the UN Security Council to enforce a ceasefire due to veto
power, highlighting limitations of multilateral institutions. General Assembly has passed resolutions, but
enforcement remains a challenge.
 International Efforts: Ongoing mediation attempts by Qatar, Egypt, and the US for ceasefires and
hostage releases, with varying degrees of success. A brief ceasefire in early 2025 and ongoing
negotiations signal hope, but challenges persist.
 International Law: Discussions around potential war crimes, use of starvation as a weapon, and the
need for accountability from all sides.

India's Stance:

 Balanced Diplomacy: India maintains a nuanced position, condemning terrorism (Hamas's October 7th
attack) while consistently advocating for a two-state solution and supporting Palestinian statehood.
 Humanitarian Aid: India has provided humanitarian assistance and consistently called for safe and
sustained delivery of aid to Gaza.
 Citizen Safety: Operation Ajay for evacuating Indian nationals from conflict zones underscores India's
commitment to its diaspora.

Current Affairs & Government Schemes (India Context):

 "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" (The World Is One Family): India's foreign policy guided by this principle,
advocating for peaceful coexistence and humanitarian action.
 India's role in Global South: India leverages platforms like BRICS and NAM to voice concerns and push
for a diplomatic resolution, highlighting the disproportionate impact on developing nations.
 "Operation Ajay": A specific example of India's proactive government scheme to ensure citizen safety
abroad during times of conflict.

NCC's Part (How you can link it):

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 Promoting Peace & Understanding: As NCC Cadets, we embody "Unity and Discipline." The NCC aims to | 68
develop character, comradeship, and a strong sense of civic responsibility.
 Youth as Agents of Change: This conflict underscores the importance of fostering dialogue, empathy,
and peaceful resolution among future generations – values that NCC instills.
 Global Citizenship: NCC training encourages awareness of global issues and the need for collective
action to address humanitarian crises, even those far from home. We are trained to be responsible
global citizens, and understanding such conflicts is part of that.
 Israel and Iran Conflict: A Geopolitical Vortex
Core Conflict & Geopolitical Implications:
Page
 Proxy Wars & Regional Instability: The conflict extends far beyond direct confrontation, manifesting | 69
through proxy groups like Hezbollah, Hamas, and Houthi rebels. This fuels instability across the Middle
East, impacting nations like Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen.
 Nuclear Ambitions: Iran's uranium enrichment program is a central concern for Israel and the West,
who fear its potential for nuclear weapons. Recent US strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities have escalated
these tensions.
 Strait of Hormuz: This critical chokepoint, vital for 20% of global oil and LNG supply, is under constant
threat of disruption or closure by Iran, with severe global economic repercussions.
 Cyber Warfare: The conflict has a significant cyber dimension, with both nations engaging in
sophisticated cyberattacks and disinformation campaigns, impacting critical infrastructure and public
perception. This is a new front in modern hybrid warfare.

Economic Fallout & Global Impact:

 Energy Market Volatility: Disruptions in the Middle East directly impact global oil prices. Any major
escalation, especially involving the Strait of Hormuz, could send Brent crude prices soaring to
unprecedented levels (e.g., $150+).
 Supply Chain Disruptions: Beyond oil, increased shipping costs and risks in the Red Sea and Gulf region
impact global trade, particularly for oil-importing Asian economies like India, Japan, and South Korea.
 Inflationary Pressures: Higher energy and shipping costs translate to increased production costs across
sectors, driving up inflation globally.

India's Stance & Role:

 Strategic Autonomy: India maintains a delicate balance, having strong strategic ties with both Israel
(defence, technology) and historical, energy, and trade links with Iran (Chabahar Port, INSTC). India's
non-alignment stance is crucial here.
 "Neighbourhood First" & "Act East" Policies: While the conflict is in West Asia, India's extended foreign
policy through these initiatives emphasizes regional stability, which is directly threatened by this
conflict.
 Energy Security: India is heavily reliant on oil imports through the Strait of Hormuz. Diversification of
energy sources (e.g., Russia, US) and strategic petroleum reserves are key government strategies to
mitigate risk.
 Diplomacy & De-escalation: India consistently advocates for dialogue, diplomacy, and peaceful
resolution, urging both parties to avoid escalatory steps. This aligns with its role as a responsible global
actor and potential mediator (e.g., in BRICS, UN forums).

NCC's Relevance (Connecting to the 'Cadet' Perspective):

 Youth as Peacebuilders: The NCC motto of "Unity and Discipline" and its focus on developing leadership
and character align with the broader concept of youth's role in peacebuilding and conflict resolution.
NCC cadets, through their exposure to national and international affairs, are encouraged to understand
geopolitical complexities.
 Global Citizenship: Understanding international conflicts fosters a sense of global citizenship among
cadets, promoting empathy and the importance of peaceful coexistence.
 Preparedness & Awareness: While not directly involved in international conflict resolution, the NCC
instills discipline and awareness of national security concerns, which includes understanding how global
events impact India's strategic interests.

Key Takeaways for Speaking: Page

| 70
 Be Factual: Refer to recent events (e.g., US strikes, Iran's response, UN Security Council meetings).
 Show Interconnectedness: Highlight how the conflict impacts global economy, energy, and trade.
 Emphasize India's Position: Stress India's balanced approach and diplomatic efforts.
 Connect to NCC Values: Link the conflict's themes (peace, stability, global impact) to the NCC's
objectives of developing responsible citizens.
 Maintain Neutrality (for India's role): Emphasize India's call for de-escalation rather than taking sides.
 Role of India in BRICS
Overall Stance: India is a crucial, balancing, and proactive voice within BRICS, advocating for the
Global South, multilateralism, and a more equitable world order. Page
| 71
Key Points:

Economic Powerhouse & Growth Driver:

Contribution to BRICS GDP: India's strong economic growth and large market size
significantly contribute to BRICS' collective economic weight. (Mention India's projection to
be a $5 trillion economy).

Trade & Investment: Promotes intra-BRICS trade and investment. India advocates for
dismantling export controls within the bloc and aims for a decentralized global trade
architecture.

New Development Bank (NDB): India is a founding member and key beneficiary. NDB funds
crucial infrastructure and sustainable development projects in India (approx. $4.87 billion in
20 active projects as of 2024, across sectors like transport and water conservation). This
aligns with India's "National Infrastructure Pipeline."

Champion of the Global South:

Voice for Developing Nations: India actively articulates the concerns and aspirations of
developing countries within BRICS and on global platforms. (Refer to the "Voice of Global
South Summit" initiatives).

South-South Cooperation: Promotes knowledge sharing, technology transfer, and capacity

building among BRICS and other developing nations.

Multilateralism & Reforms: Pushes for reforms in global institutions like the UN Security
Council, WTO, and IMF to reflect the contemporary global power balance. India's "30 for 30"
proposal for WTO reforms in 2025 highlights this.

Strategic & Geopolitical Significance:

Balancing Act: India navigates complex geopolitical dynamics within BRICS, particularly with
China and Russia, maintaining its strategic autonomy while collaborating on shared interests.

Counter-Terrorism: A strong advocate for coordinated action against terrorism. India actively
participates in the BRICS Counter-Terrorism Working Group, emphasizing a comprehensive
approach and rejecting double standards.

Regional & Global Security: Contributes to discussions on peace and stability, cyber security,
and transnational organized crime within the BRICS framework.

Sustainable Development & Climate Action:

 Climate Leadership: India actively participates in BRICS discussions on climate change,
advocating for "Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities
(CBDR-RC)."

Green Initiatives: Showcases its commitment to renewable energy (e.g., target of 900 GW by Page
2032), initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (ISA), and efforts in green hydrogen. | 72
(Mention "Mission LiFE" – Lifestyle for Environment – as India's global initiative for mindful
consumption).

Energy Security: Advocates for a just, inclusive, and balanced energy transition, while
emphasizing the continued role of fossil fuels for developing countries and promoting cleaner
technologies.

Digital Transformation & Innovation:

Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): India's success with initiatives like "Digital India" and its
DPI (e.g., UPI) is a model for other BRICS nations.

Startup Ecosystem: India recently launched the BRICS Startup Knowledge Hub (January 2025)
and calls for enhanced cooperation in the startup sector, aligning with its "Startup India"
initiative.

NCC Perspective:

Youth Engagement & Global Citizenship: NCC instills values of discipline, leadership, and
national service. This prepares youth to understand India's role on global platforms like
BRICS, fostering a sense of responsible global citizenship.

Soft Power: India's cultural diplomacy, which the NCC also promotes through its exchanges,
enhances India's soft power within BRICS, facilitating greater understanding and cooperation.

Future Leaders: NCC cadets represent the future leaders who will continue to shape India's
role in multilateral forums like BRICS, contributing to its goals of peace, prosperity, and a
multipolar world.
 Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Introduction (Extempore start):
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"Good morning/afternoon, everyone. Today's topic, the Uniform Civil Code, is a cornerstone of our | 73
constitutional vision and a vital discourse for a truly integrated India. It proposes a single set of personal
laws for all citizens, irrespective of religion, covering aspects like marriage, divorce, inheritance, and
adoption."

Key Arguments FOR UCC:

 Constitutional Mandate: Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy explicitly calls for the state
to "endeavour to secure for the citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India." This is a
guiding principle for policy.
 Gender Justice & Equality: Current personal laws often contain discriminatory provisions, especially
against women, in matters of inheritance, maintenance, and divorce (e.g., instant triple talaq, which was
declared unconstitutional). UCC aims to ensure equal rights for all genders, aligning with Articles 14
(Equality before Law) and 15 (Prohibition of Discrimination) of the Constitution.
 National Integration: A common civil code fosters a sense of shared identity and strengthens national
unity by removing legal disparities based on religious affiliations. It promotes the idea of "one nation,
one law."
 Secularism: True secularism implies the separation of religion from state affairs. UCC helps achieve this
by making civil laws religion-neutral, ensuring that personal matters are governed by common, modern
legal principles rather than religious scriptures.
 Simplification of Legal System: It streamlines the judicial process by replacing a complex web of diverse
personal laws with a single, clear framework, leading to faster and more consistent justice delivery.
 Modernization of Society: Many personal laws are rooted in ancient customs. UCC offers an opportunity
to reform and update these laws to align with contemporary societal values and human rights.

Current Affairs & Government Schemes/Developments:

 Uttarakhand UCC: Uttarakhand became the first state to enact its own Uniform Civil Code in February
2024, which received Presidential assent in March 2024. It covers marriage, divorce, succession, and
live-in relationships, exempting Scheduled Tribes. This can be seen as a template for a potential national
UCC.
 Goa as a Precedent: Goa already has a form of UCC, the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867, which applies to
all residents, demonstrating that a common civil code can exist in India. It offers equal property rights to
spouses and children.
 Law Commission's Role: The 22nd Law Commission has invited public views on the UCC, signifying
ongoing deliberation and the government's intent to gather diverse perspectives before potential
legislation.
 Government Stance: The current central government has consistently reiterated its commitment to
implementing a UCC nationwide, often framing it as a measure for gender justice and national
integration.

Challenges/Counter-points (for a balanced GD):

 Religious Freedom Concerns: Critics argue it might infringe upon Article 25 (Freedom of Conscience and
Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion) and cultural diversity.
 Diversity of Customs: India's immense cultural and religious diversity makes a "one-size-fits-all"
approach challenging without careful consideration and dialogue.
 Lack of Consensus: There is significant political and social opposition from various religious groups and
opposition parties, making consensus building crucial.

NCC Perspective:
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 Unity and Discipline: The NCC's motto, "Unity and Discipline," resonates strongly with the spirit of the | 74
UCC. A uniform law promotes the unity of citizens under a common legal framework, reinforcing the
discipline of law that applies equally to all.
 National Integration Role: As NCC cadets, we are trained to foster national integration. The UCC aligns
with this objective by seeking to remove divisions based on personal laws and promoting a cohesive
national identity.
 Secular Ethos: NCC instills a secular outlook, emphasizing respect for all religions. The UCC, by delinking
civil laws from religious dogma, further strengthens this secular ethos in the legal sphere.
 Empowering Youth: By promoting equality and justice through a UCC, we empower the youth, including
NCC cadets, to become more responsible, just, and aware citizens who believe in the principle of
equality before the law.

Conclusion (Extempore/GD summary):

"The Uniform Civil Code is not merely a legal reform; it's a profound step towards realizing the
constitutional ideals of equality, justice, and fraternity. While challenges exist, the ongoing dialogue and
successful models like Uttarakhand highlight its potential to build a stronger, more unified, and truly
secular India. As disciplined citizens, akin to NCC's ethos, we must engage in this discussion
constructively for a progressive future."
 Ram Mandir Inauguration
GD Points:
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 Cultural Resurgence & National Identity: The inauguration marks a significant moment in India's | 75
cultural and civilizational revival, reinforcing Hindu identity and national pride. It's a testament to the
nation's spiritual awakening.
 Symbol of Unity in Diversity (Debatable): While seen by many as a symbol of unity, it also highlights
India's complex socio-political landscape. The Supreme Court's verdict provided a legal resolution, but
inclusive development remains crucial.
 Ayodhya's Transformation - "New Ayodhya": The focus is now on developing Ayodhya as a global
spiritual and tourism hub. This includes infrastructure development, urban planning, and potentially
attracting investments under schemes like PRASAD (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual
Augmentation Drive) and Swadesh Darshan Scheme (Heritage Circuit).
 Economic Impact: The temple is expected to boost local economy through tourism, hospitality, and
creation of new businesses, generating employment opportunities. This aligns with the government's
focus on economic growth through cultural tourism.
 Political Implications: The event undeniably has political significance, fulfilling a long-standing promise
of the ruling party and potentially influencing public sentiment. It also brings the focus back to cultural
nationalism.
 Conservation of Heritage (Broader Context): The Mandir's construction, while a specific project, can be
linked to the broader government initiatives for preserving cultural heritage, such as the Ministry of
Culture's schemes for Financial Assistance for Promotion of Art and Culture and the "Adopt a
Heritage" project.
 Secularism Debate: The inauguration has reignited discussions on India's secular fabric. It's important to
acknowledge both the devout sentiments and the concerns regarding the separation of state and
religion.
 NCC's Role: NCC plays a vital role in national integration by fostering a sense of discipline, patriotism,
and unity among youth from diverse backgrounds. Cadets, through their camps and community service,
embody the spirit of "Unity in Diversity," which is essential in navigating such culturally significant
events. NCC promotes understanding and respect for India's rich cultural tapestry, which includes
religious sites like the Ram Mandir.

Extempore Points (Choose 3-4 based on time):

 Introduction: The inauguration of the Ram Mandir on January 22, 2024, in Ayodhya, marks a historic
culmination of decades-long legal and emotional struggle, signifying a new chapter in India's cultural
narrative.
 Cultural Significance: Beyond bricks and mortar, the Ram Mandir represents the deep faith and cultural
heritage of millions. It embodies the reverence for Lord Ram, an icon of Dharma and righteous
governance.
 Developmental Push for Ayodhya: The government's vision for Ayodhya goes beyond the temple.
Projects under the PRASAD Scheme and Swadesh Darshan are transforming it into a world-class
pilgrimage and tourist destination, enhancing connectivity and infrastructure, aligning with the "Vikas
(Development)" narrative.
 National Integration and Shared Values: While the Mandir is a Hindu temple, its symbolism of justice,
perseverance, and devotion can resonate with universal values. NCC, as an organization promoting
national integration, emphasizes values like discipline and selfless service, which are crucial for a
cohesive society, regardless of religious beliefs.
 Current Affairs Connection: The Mandir's anniversary (celebrated as per the Hindu calendar, usually
January 11th) remains a key cultural and social event, often discussed in relation to pilgrimage tourism
and cultural diplomacy.
 NCC Perspective: As NCC cadets, we understand the importance of preserving national heritage and
fostering a sense of belonging. The Ram Mandir, as a cultural landmark, contributes to this heritage, and Page
our commitment to national unity means appreciating diverse cultural expressions while upholding | 76
constitutional values.

Key things to remember for both:

 Maintain a balanced perspective: Acknowledge both the celebratory and the critical viewpoints.
 Use neutral and respectful language.
 Cite facts and schemes where appropriate.
 Connect back to NCC's values of discipline, unity, and national service.
 Be confident and articulate.
 GD/Extempore Points: NRC and CAA
Opening Hook (GD/Extempore):
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 "The concepts of National Register of Citizens (NRC) and Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) have sparked | 77
a nationwide debate, touching upon the very fabric of our constitutional values and national identity."

Core Argument/Context:

 CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019):

o Purpose: Grants a path to Indian citizenship for religiously persecuted minorities (Hindus, Sikhs,
Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, Christians) who fled Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan and entered India on
or before December 31, 2014.
o Humanitarian Aspect: Proponents highlight it as a humanitarian gesture for those facing persecution in
neighboring theocratic states.
o Recent Current Affairs: Rules for CAA were notified in March 2024, leading to the first set of citizenship
certificates being issued recently. This operationalization brought the debate back to the forefront.
o Key Criticism: Critics argue it violates Article 14 (Right to Equality) of the Indian Constitution by
excluding Muslims, making religion a criterion for citizenship for the first time. This raises concerns
about India's secular ethos.
 NRC (National Register of Citizens):
o Purpose: Aims to identify and document all legal citizens of India. The Assam NRC was a specific exercise
to identify illegal immigrants based on the Assam Accord (1985).
o Legal Basis: It's rooted in the Citizenship Act, 1955.
o Current Status: While a nationwide NRC has been discussed, no decision has been taken on its
implementation. The Assam NRC, however, generated a final list in 2019, excluding many.
o Concerns: Fear of statelessness for those unable to prove citizenship, particularly marginalized
communities lacking documents. Potential for social polarization.

Interlinkage & Government Stance:

 Government's Argument: The government maintains that CAA and NRC are separate. CAA is about
granting citizenship to persecuted minorities, while NRC is about identifying illegal immigrants. They
assert CAA does not affect existing Indian citizens of any faith.
 Opponent's Argument: Many argue that when combined, CAA and a nationwide NRC could
disproportionately impact Indian Muslims who might struggle to prove their citizenship, potentially
rendering them stateless, as CAA offers protection only to non-Muslims from the specified countries.

Government Schemes/Initiatives (Broader Context of Citizenship & Welfare):

 Aadhaar, NPR (National Population Register): While not directly linked to CAA/NRC's citizenship
granting/proving aspects, these initiatives aim to create a comprehensive database of residents/citizens,
which sparks discussions around data collection and potential future uses in citizenship verification.
 Focus on "Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas": The government's broader mantra is about
inclusive development, which is juxtaposed against the perceived exclusionary nature of CAA by its
critics.
 Current Affairs & Regional Impact:

 Assam: The historical context of illegal immigration from Bangladesh heavily influences the NRC debate
in Assam. The Assam Accord is crucial here.
 West Bengal: Significant political debate around CAA, with strong opposition from the state Page
government. | 78
 Supreme Court Cases: Multiple petitions challenging the constitutional validity of CAA are pending
before the Supreme Court, making it a live legal issue.

NCC's Role (Integrating into your GD/Extempore):

 National Integration & Unity: NCC's motto "Unity and Discipline" directly aligns with the need for social
cohesion amidst debates like CAA/NRC.
 Civic Responsibility & Awareness: NCC cadets are instilled with a sense of civic duty and national
consciousness. This includes understanding national policies and their implications.
 Discipline and Informed Discourse: As future leaders, NCC cadets are trained to approach complex
national issues like CAA/NRC with a disciplined mindset, engaging in informed debate rather than
emotional reactions, and upholding constitutional values.
 Promoting Constitutional Values: NCC emphasizes adherence to the Constitution and democratic
principles. Discussing CAA/NRC should always be within this framework.

Conclusion/Forward-Looking Statement:

 "Ultimately, the debate around NRC and CAA underscores the need for a comprehensive, transparent,
and humane approach to citizenship, ensuring national security while upholding the constitutional
promise of equality and safeguarding the rights of all genuine citizens. The role of informed citizens, like
those shaped by NCC, is paramount in navigating these complex discussions."

Remember to:

 Be respectful of differing viewpoints.

 Speak clearly and concisely.
 Maintain eye contact.
 Show confidence in your knowledge.
 .

Indo-China Border Disputes

1. Historical Context & Disputed Regions (Foundation) Page
| 79
 Undefined Border: Emphasize that the LAC (Line of Actual Control) is a disputed and un-demarcated
line, unlike a recognized international border. India claims 3,488 km, China claims around 2,000 km.
 Key Flashpoints: Briefly mention the Western Sector (Aksai Chin, Ladakh – site of 2020 Galwan clashes,
Depsang, Demchok) and the Eastern Sector (Arunachal Pradesh, claimed by China as South Tibet,
including Tawang).
 1962 War: Acknowledge its historical impact and the current "armed coexistence" marked by mutual
distrust.

2. Recent Developments & Current Affairs (Show you're updated)

 Post-2020 Stand-off: Highlight the significant military build-up by both sides along the LAC since the
Galwan Valley clash.
 Disengagement Efforts: Mention the progress in disengagement from certain friction points (e.g.,
Galwan, Pangong Tso, Gogra-Hot Springs). Crucially, mention the recent (late 2024) breakthrough in
Depsang and Demchok disengagement and resumed patrolling, a major step forward.
 Diplomatic Channels: Refer to the ongoing Corp Commander-level talks and diplomatic engagements
(e.g., WMCC meetings, PM Modi-President Xi meeting at BRICS 2024) as mechanisms for de-escalation
and resolution.
 "Wolf-Warrior Diplomacy": Briefly allude to China's assertive diplomatic stance.

3. Government Initiatives & Infrastructure (Knowledge of Policy)

 Border Infrastructure Push: India's accelerated construction of strategic roads, bridges, and tunnels
along the LAC (e.g., Arunachal Frontier Highway - NH-913, Border Roads Organisation (BRO) projects).
This is a direct counter to China's extensive border infrastructure.
 Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP): Mention this as a crucial scheme to develop border villages,
improve connectivity, and discourage migration, thereby strengthening India's presence and asserting
sovereignty in these remote areas.
 Border Area Development Programme (BADP): A broader scheme for development within 10 km of the
border, improving basic amenities and fostering economic activity.
 "China+1" Strategy: India's efforts to diversify supply chains to reduce dependence on China.

4. Strategic Implications & Future Outlook (Analytical Depth)

 Two-Front Threat: The potential for a combined China-Pakistan threat, especially concerning vulnerable
areas like Siachen Glacier.
 Maritime Deterrence: India's enhanced presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) through initiatives
like QUAD and Sagarmala to counter China's naval outreach.
 Trust Deficit: Emphasize that while disengagement is happening, restoring trust will take time and
require adherence to existing and new confidence-building measures.
 Need for LAC Clarification: Stress the long-standing Indian demand for clarification and demarcation of
the LAC to prevent future clashes.

5. Role of NCC (Integrate the NCC Perspective)

 Youth Engagement & Patriotism: NCC instills discipline, leadership, and a spirit of selfless service,
directly contributing to nation-building and national security consciousness among youth.
 Second Line of Defence: During past conflicts (e.g., 1965, 1971), NCC cadets supported logistic efforts,
guarded vital areas, and assisted in civil defence. This historical role highlights their potential in border
support. Page
 Disaster Management & Emergency Response: NCC training in first aid and disaster management can | 80
be crucial in assisting border communities during natural calamities, often exacerbated by the harsh
terrain in border regions.
 Awareness & Community Building: NCC cadets, through various camps and activities, raise awareness
about national security challenges and foster a sense of unity among diverse communities, including
those living in border areas.
 Motivation for Armed Forces: NCC provides an environment that motivates young individuals to
consider a career in the armed forces, directly contributing to the strength and vigilance required for
border defence.

GD Specific Tips:

 Listen actively: Refer to points made by others ("As [Name] mentioned, I agree that infrastructure is
key...").
 Structured arguments: Use phrases like "My first point is...", "Moving on to...", "In conclusion...".
 Maintain decorum: Even if disagreeing, do so respectfully.
 Time management: Be concise and make your point quickly.

Extempore Specific Tips:

 Structure your thoughts: Start with an introduction, discuss 2-3 main points with supporting details, and
conclude.
 Confidence is key: Speak clearly and with conviction.
 Connect ideas: Ensure a smooth flow between your points.
 Brevity: Given the time limit, be direct and impactful.

By incorporating these points, you'll demonstrate a well-rounded understanding of the Indo-China

border dispute, showcasing your knowledge of current affairs, government policies, and the invaluable
contribution of the NCC.
 India in Space
Pioneering Spirit & Cost-Effectiveness: India's space journey began with visionaries like Vikram
Sarabhai. ISRO is renowned for its "Jugaad Innovation" – achieving complex missions at remarkably Page
low costs (e.g., Mangalyaan, Chandrayaan-3 costing less than Hollywood movies). | 81

Recent Triumphs (Current Affairs):

Chandrayaan-3: Historic soft landing on Moon's South Pole (August 2023), confirming water
ice presence and significant scientific data. This solidified India's position as a major space
power.

Aditya-L1: India's first solar observatory reached L1 point (January 2024) to study the Sun,
crucial for understanding space weather.

Gaganyaan Mission: Human spaceflight program progressing well with test flights (e.g., TV-
D1). Aims to send Indian astronauts to space, and potentially establish the Bharatiya
Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2035 and land an Indian on the Moon by 2040 (Space Vision
2047).

XPoSat: Launched in January 2024 to study celestial X-ray sources, demonstrating India's
growing astronomical capabilities.

Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) LEX-03: Successful autonomous landing test (June 2025), a
step towards cost-effective space access.

Strategic Importance & Applications:

National Security: Satellites for border surveillance (Cartosat series), military communication
(GSAT-7 series), and navigation (NavIC - India's own GPS).

Disaster Management: Real-time data for cyclones (INSAT-3D/3DR), floods, and droughts
(NADAMS).

Societal Benefits: Agriculture (Bhuvan-Krishi for soil mapping), weather forecasting,

education, telemedicine, and e-governance (via GSAT satellites).

Government Schemes & Policies:

Space Sector Reforms (2020): Opening up the space sector to private players, fostering a
vibrant "NewSpace" ecosystem. Over 250 space startups now exist.

IN-SPACe: Single-window agency to promote, regulate, and handhold private entities.

Initiatives like the Technology Adoption Fund (TAF) are designed to support
commercialization of space tech.

Indian Space Policy, 2023: Provides a level playing field for Non-Government Entities (NGEs)
across the entire value chain.

FDI Policy Amendment: Allowing higher foreign investments in the space sector.
 Space Vision 2047: Ambitious roadmap for India's future in space, including lunar landings,
Mars and Venus missions, and a space station.

Economic Impact: Growing space economy (projected to reach $13 billion by 2025). Job creation,
technological spin-offs, and export opportunities (launching satellites for other nations). Page
| 82
International Collaborations: Joint projects like NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) for
Earth observation, and ISRO-JAXA for Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX mission. India's leadership in the UN
working group on the Long-term Sustainability of outer space activities.

Challenges: Space debris management (India aiming for Debris Free Space Mission by 2030), funding
for ambitious projects, and ensuring equitable access to space technology benefits for all citizens.

Extempore Points - India in Space

Opening Hook: "From a humble beginning of launching rockets on bicycle parts, India today stands
tall as a global space power, rewriting the narratives of innovation and affordability."

Key Achievements: Chandrayaan-3's lunar south pole landing, Aditya-L1's solar mission,
Mangalyaan's first-attempt Mars orbit. These aren't just scientific feats, but demonstrations of
India's indigenous capabilities and scientific temperament.

Shift to "NewSpace": Highlight the paradigm shift with private sector participation, catalyzed by
government reforms (Space Policy 2023, IN-SPACe). Mention examples like Skyroot Aerospace and
Agnikul Cosmos. This showcases a dynamic, self-reliant India.

Impact on Daily Life: Connect space missions to everyday benefits: accurate weather forecasts for
farmers, disaster warnings saving lives, improved communication, and navigation systems (NavIC).
This makes the topic relatable.

Future Vision: Speak about Gaganyaan, the planned Bharatiya Antariksh Station, and the long-term
vision of Space Vision 2047 – setting ambitious goals for lunar and interplanetary missions.
Emphasize that India's space journey is not about competition, but collective human progress.

Role of NCC:

Inspiring Future Scientists & Astronauts: NCC plays a crucial role in cultivating scientific
temper and an interest in STEM among youth. By organizing educational visits to ISRO
facilities or talks by space scientists, NCC can directly inspire the next generation of space
explorers.

Discipline & Leadership: The discipline, teamwork, and leadership qualities instilled in NCC
cadets are vital for any complex scientific endeavor, including space missions.

Nation Building through Awareness: NCC cadets can act as ambassadors, spreading
awareness about India's achievements in space and its societal benefits, fostering national
pride and a sense of contribution to a technologically advanced India.

Conclusion: "India in space is a testament to our ingenuity, perseverance, and commitment to

progress. It's a journey not just for national pride, but for the betterment of humanity, with the
youth, including NCC cadets, poised to be its torchbearers."
 Women Empowerment
Introduction (for Extempore):
Page
 "Women empowerment is not just a moral imperative, but an economic and societal necessity for | 83
India's holistic development. It's about enabling women to realize their full potential and be equal
partners in progress."

Key Pillars of Women Empowerment:

1. Economic Empowerment:
o Govt Schemes: Lakhpati Didi Scheme (aims to empower 2 crore SHG women to achieve over ₹1 lakh
savings), Mudra Yojana (collateral-free loans for micro-enterprises, with a significant share for women),
Stand-Up India (loans for SC/ST and women entrepreneurs).
o Current Affairs: Rising female workforce participation (e.g., from 49.8% in 2017-18 to 60.1% in 2023-24
among women aged 15+), increasing women-led startups (e.g., from 1,943 in 2017 to 17,405 in 2024).
o Point: Financial independence is the bedrock of empowerment, allowing women to make autonomous
decisions and contribute to the GDP.
2. Educational Empowerment:
o Govt Schemes: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (focus on survival, protection, and education of girl children),
Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (financial security for girl child's education/marriage).
o Current Affairs: Near gender parity in primary and higher secondary school enrollment; female
enrollment in higher education surpassing male enrollment since 2017-18.
o Point: Education is the ultimate tool for breaking cycles of poverty and gender inequality, opening doors
to opportunities.
3. Social & Health Empowerment:
o Govt Schemes: One-Stop Centre Scheme (support for women affected by violence), Women Helpline
(181), Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (clean cooking fuel, improving health), Poshan Abhiyaan
(maternal and child nutrition).
o Current Affairs: Reduction in Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR); National Campaign Against Gender-Based
Violence ("Nayi Chetna-Pahal Badlaav Ki").
o Point: Ensuring safety, health, and dignity is fundamental for women to thrive in society.
4. Political & Leadership Empowerment:
o Govt Schemes: The impending implementation of the Women's Reservation Bill (2023), aiming for 33%
reservation in Parliament & State Assemblies.
o Current Affairs: Women's voter turnout exceeding men's (65.8% women vs 64.5% men in 2024
elections). Increased representation in local governance due to existing reservations.
o Point: True empowerment means women at the decision-making table, shaping policies that affect their
lives and the nation.

Role of NCC (for RDC BC context):

 Holistic Development: NCC provides a unique platform for girls to develop discipline, character,
comradeship, and a secular outlook, which are crucial for leadership and self-reliance.
 Breaking Stereotypes: Through rigorous physical training, adventure activities, and exposure to military
ethos, NCC helps break traditional gender stereotypes and builds confidence in young women to pursue
careers in uniform services and other male-dominated fields.
 Leadership and Patriotism: NCC instills leadership skills, a sense of duty, and patriotism, encouraging girl
cadets to become responsible citizens and future leaders who contribute to nation-building.
 Skill Development: NCC camps and training equip female cadets with practical skills, resilience, and the
ability to perform under pressure, making them empowered individuals ready for any challenge.
 Inspiration for Armed Forces: NCC inspires and prepares young women for a career in the Armed
Forces, showcasing increasing opportunities for women in combat roles, NDA, and Sainik Schools.
Page
Conclusion: | 84

 "Women empowerment is a journey, not a destination. India, with its comprehensive policy framework,
grassroots initiatives, and organizations like the NCC, is making significant strides towards a future
where women are not just beneficiaries of development, but active agents and leaders of it. This will
unlock India's true potential."
 Women's Reservation Bill (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam)

1. Introduction & Context: Page

| 85
* Historical Imperative: Reservation as an affirmative action tool to address historical injustices and
ensure equitable representation.

* Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (106th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023): Landmark legislation
reserving 33% seats for women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. A significant step towards
substantive equality.

2. Key Provisions & Intent (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam):

* One-Third Reservation: Mandates 33% seats for women, including sub-reservation for SC/ST women,
in Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and Delhi Assembly.

* Rotation of Seats: Provision for rotation of reserved seats among constituencies.

* Sunset Clause: Reservation to cease after 15 years, indicating a goal of achieving gender parity rather
than perpetual reliance on quotas.

* Implementation Timeline: Crucially linked to the next census and delimitation exercise, which means
earliest implementation is likely post-2029. This is a current point of debate.

3. Arguments For Reservation:

* Enhanced Representation: Addresses the severe underrepresentation of women in Indian politics

(currently approx. 15% in Lok Sabha).

* Gender-Sensitive Policy Making: More women in power can lead to policies better reflecting the needs
of women (e.g., health, education, safety, economic empowerment).

* Breaking Patriarchal Norms: Challenges traditional male dominance in politics, encouraging more
women to enter public life.

* Successful Precedent: Experience from Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) with 33% reservation has
shown increased women's participation and better governance at the grassroots.

4. Arguments Against/Challenges of Reservation:

* Tokenism/Proxy Candidates: Concern that women might be "proxies" for male family members,
especially initially.

* Merit vs. Quota: Debate on whether reservation undermines meritocracy.

* Homogeneity Fallacy: Critics argue "women" are not a homogenous group, and their diverse needs
might not be uniformly addressed.

* Rotation Issue: Potential for disincentivizing long-term constituency development if seats rotate
frequently.
* Delayed Implementation: The clause tying it to census and delimitation has drawn criticism as a
political delay.

5. Current Affairs & Government Schemes (Connecting to Women Empowerment):

Page
* "Nari Shakti" Focus: Government's broader emphasis on "women-led development" (e.g., | 86
International Women's Day 2025 theme: "For ALL Women and Girls: Rights. Equality. Empowerment.").

* Economic Empowerment Schemes:

* PM Mudra Yojana: Significant proportion of loans sanctioned to women entrepreneurs.

* Stand-Up India Scheme: Loans for SC/ST and women entrepreneurs.

* Mahila Samman Savings Certificate: Financial inclusion for women.

* Health & Welfare:

* Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: Providing clean cooking fuel, improving women's health.

* Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY-G/U): Houses often solely or jointly owned by women, promoting
property rights.

* Janani Suraksha Yojana, PMMVY: Maternal health and support.

* Safety & Education:

* One Stop Centres (OSCs) / Women Helpline (181): Support for women affected by violence.

* Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Addressing sex ratio and promoting girl child education.

* Increased Female Enrollment: Significant rise in female enrollment in higher education and STEM
fields.

6. The NCC Connection:

* Empowering Future Leaders: NCC actively promotes gender inclusivity and leadership skills in young
women.

* Breaking Stereotypes: Through rigorous training (camps like RDC, Thal Sainik, Nau Sainik, Vayu Sainik),
NCC cadets, including girls, challenge gender norms.

* Civic Responsibility & National Development: NCC instills discipline, patriotism, and social awareness,
preparing women to contribute meaningfully, including in legislative roles.

* Direct Recruitment & Career Opportunities: NCC serves as a gateway to armed forces and other
leadership domains, aligning with the spirit of increased women's participation in decision-making
bodies. RDC participation specifically highlights their capabilities on a national stage.

7. Conclusion:

* A Transformative Step: The Women's Reservation Bill, despite implementation challenges, is a

significant legal and symbolic step towards a more inclusive and representative democracy.
* Beyond Numbers: True empowerment requires not just numerical representation but also addressing
systemic barriers and fostering an environment where women can exercise genuine agency.

* Collaborative Effort: Implementation will require sustained political will, public awareness, and societal
mindset shifts to ensure the bill achieves its full potential. Page
| 87
 Unemployment in India
Introduction (for Extempore/GD opening):
Page
 "Unemployment, a persistent challenge for India's demographic dividend, demands a multi-pronged | 88
approach beyond mere job creation to sustainable livelihoods."

Key Points (structured for easy recall):

1. Current Scenario & Data:

o Context: India's unemployment rate saw a slight rise to 5.6% in May 2025 (from 5.1% in April), primarily
due to seasonal agricultural slowdown.
o Demographic Focus: Youth unemployment remains a concern, with urban youth jobless rates at 17.9%
and rural at 13.7% (May 2025 data).
o Positive Trend: Despite monthly fluctuations, the Economic Survey 2024-25 noted a broader decline in
unemployment (from 6% in 2017-18 to 3.2% in 2023-24) and increased formalization (EPFO
subscriptions doubled).
2. Root Causes:
o Skill Mismatch: Education-job skill gap is critical; industries require new-age skills (AI, data analytics)
that current curricula often lack.
o Underemployment: Many are employed but in jobs below their qualifications or for inadequate wages.
o Seasonal & Structural: Agriculture's seasonal nature, coupled with slow growth in manufacturing and
formal sectors.
o Automation: Emerging technologies displacing traditional labor-intensive roles.
3. Government Schemes & Initiatives (Actionable Solutions):
o Skill Development:
 Skill India Mission & PMKVY: Equipping youth with industry-relevant skills, including Industry 4.0 (AI,
robotics, IoT) via short-term training and certification.
 National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS): Promoting on-job training and industry
partnerships.
 PM Vishwakarma: Supporting traditional artisans with skill training and financial assistance, boosting
self-employment.
o Job Creation & Entrepreneurship:
 Make in India: Aiming to boost manufacturing and create jobs, though job creation hasn't met initial
projections. Focus on attracting FDI in key sectors.
 Start-up India & Stand-up India: Fostering entrepreneurship and self-employment, especially for
women and SC/ST communities.
 Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): Providing collateral-free loans for micro and small enterprises.
 MGNREGA: Crucial for rural employment guarantee, providing livelihood security.
 Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Incentivizing domestic manufacturing across sectors,
generating large-scale employment.
o Digital India & National Career Service (NCS): Bridging job seekers and employers, promoting digital
literacy and IT-based jobs.
4. Role of NCC (Adding the "NCC" dimension):
o Holistic Youth Development: NCC instills discipline, leadership, teamwork, and a sense of national
service, vital soft skills highly valued in any workforce.
o Employability Enhancement: Through rigorous training and diverse activities, NCC cadets develop
confidence, resilience, time management, and problem-solving abilities – making them more adaptable
and attractive to employers across sectors (not just armed forces).
o Civic Responsibility: Fosters a patriotic and socially responsible outlook, creating disciplined individuals
ready to contribute to nation-building, directly or indirectly addressing societal challenges like
unemployment through proactive citizenship.

Conclusion (for Extempore/GD summary): Page

| 89
 "Addressing unemployment requires sustained efforts in skill development, fostering a vibrant
entrepreneurial ecosystem, leveraging technological advancements responsibly, and continuously
adapting our workforce to emerging global trends. Organizations like the NCC play a crucial,
foundational role in shaping future-ready, disciplined individuals, contributing significantly to India's
human capital."
 India's Road to Net Zero
Key Message: India, despite being a developing nation with low historical emissions, is proactively
committed to a green transition, balancing development with climate action. Page
| 90
1. Ambitious Targets & Vision:

* 2070 Net Zero: India's commitment to achieve Net Zero emissions by 2070 (announced at COP26
Glasgow). This is a realistic yet ambitious target for a developing economy.

* Panchamrit: India's five key climate pledges for 2030 (reduce emissions intensity by 45% from 2005
levels, 50% non-fossil energy capacity, 1 billion tonne reduction in carbon emissions, 500 GW non-fossil
fuel capacity, and Net Zero by 2070).

2. Government Schemes & Initiatives (Action on the Ground):

* PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana: Flagship scheme promoting rooftop solar for 1 crore households,
aiming for energy independence and reduced carbon footprint at the grassroots.

* National Green Hydrogen Mission: Aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production
and export (target: 5 MMT by 2030), crucial for industrial decarbonization.

* FAME India Scheme: Boosting electric mobility by providing incentives for EVs and developing
charging infrastructure.

* National Solar Mission (JNNSM): Driving large-scale solar energy adoption.

* Green Energy Corridors: Strengthening transmission infrastructure for renewable energy integration.

* Perform, Achieve & Trade (PAT) Scheme: Market-based mechanism to enhance energy efficiency in
large industries.

* LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Movement: Promoting sustainable lifestyles and mindful
consumption for individual climate action.

* MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes): Focus on restoring and
promoting mangroves for coastal ecosystem protection and carbon sequestration.

* Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS): Establishing India's carbon market to incentivize climate-
friendly practices.

3. Current Affairs & Progress:

* Rapid growth in renewable energy capacity: India has significantly ramped up solar and wind power,
ranking high globally. Non-fossil sources now constitute a substantial portion of installed electricity
generation capacity (e.g., ~46% as of Oct 2024).
* Increased Green Finance: Union Budgets show significant increases in funding for the Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy, particularly for solar and green hydrogen.

* Decoupling Growth & Emissions: India has achieved a remarkable reduction in emission intensity
relative to its GDP, showing sustainable growth. Page
| 91
* Forest Cover: Consistent increase in forest and tree cover, acting as a significant carbon sink.

* COP engagements: India actively participates in global climate dialogues, advocating for common but
differentiated responsibilities and climate finance for developing nations.

4. Challenges & Opportunities:

* Challenges: High coal dependency (especially in the power sector), massive energy demand due to
economic growth, significant financial requirements ($10.1 trillion by 2070), technological gaps,
ensuring a just transition for coal sector workers.

* Opportunities: Huge potential for renewable energy, growing green technology innovation, public
awareness and participation, leadership in international initiatives like ISA.

5. Role of NCC (National Cadet Corps):

* Youth Mobilization: NCC acts as a powerful force for environmental awareness and action among
youth.

* "Puneet Sagar Abhiyan": Major NCC initiative for cleaning plastic waste from water bodies, directly
contributing to cleaner ecosystems.

* Tree Plantation Drives: Regular involvement in afforestation efforts, increasing green cover and
carbon sequestration.

* Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Active participation in cleanliness drives, promoting hygiene and
environmental sanitation.

* Advocacy & Education: NCC cadets can be ambassadors for sustainable practices and climate action in
their communities, embodying "Discipline and Service" towards a greener future.

* Future Leaders: Instilling environmental responsibility in cadets prepares them to be future leaders
driving India's net-zero journey.
 Waqf Bill: Key Discussion Points
Introduction/Overview:
Page
 Definition: Waqf refers to property permanently dedicated by a Muslim for religious, pious, or | 92
charitable purposes under Islamic law. Once Waqf, always Waqf – it's inalienable.
 Historical Context: Long history of Waqf in India, regulated by acts like the 1954 and 1995 Waqf Acts.
The latest is the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.
 Purpose of Amendment (Govt. Stand): To enhance transparency, efficiency, and accountability in Waqf
administration, prevent misuse, and streamline dispute resolution.

Key Provisions & Government Intent:

 Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025: Passed by Parliament on April 4, 2025, received Presidential assent on
April 5, 2025. Renamed as the "Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency, and Development
(UMEED) Act."
 Digitization: Centralized portal for Waqf property registration and management. Government's focus on
Digital India and good governance.
 Composition of Boards: Mandates inclusion of non-Muslim members (two in Central and State Boards)
and greater representation of women and diverse Muslim communities (Shia, Sunni, Bohra, Aghakhani,
OBC). Reflects 'Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas' principle.
 Financial Reforms: Reduced mandatory contribution of Waqf institutions to Boards (7% to 5%) to allow
more funds for charitable activities. Increased audit requirements for transparency.
 Dispute Resolution: Changes to Waqf Tribunal structure and provision for appeal to High Court.
Removal of "Waqf by user" for future properties to prevent arbitrary claims.
 Protection of Inheritance: Ensures women and children's inheritance rights are protected before
property is declared Waqf.
 Prohibition on Tribal Lands: Explicitly prohibits Waqf on Scheduled V and VI lands to safeguard tribal
rights.

Current Affairs & Controversies:

 Constitutionality Challenge: Over 65 petitions filed in Supreme Court challenging the 2025 Act, alleging
it violates religious freedom (Article 26). Six states have supported the Act.
 "Waqf by User" Removal: Critics argue this removes recognition for historically used religious sites
lacking formal documentation.
 Government Control vs. Autonomy: Opposition alleges the Act grants excessive government control
over religious endowments, diluting Muslim community's autonomy.
 Non-Muslim Members: Debates around the inclusion of non-Muslims on Waqf Boards, with some
viewing it as interference, others as promoting inclusivity and secular governance.
 Property Disputes: Ongoing issues of illegal occupation and claims on government and private
properties by Waqf Boards (e.g., in Tamil Nadu, over 5900 government properties claimed).

Relevant Government Schemes (Beyond the Act):

 Shahari Waqf Sampatti Vikas Yojana (SWSVY): Provides interest-free loans for development of urban
Waqf properties (commercial complexes, hospitals, etc.) to augment income for welfare. Extended till
2025-26.
 Qaumi Waqf Board Taraqqiati Scheme (QWBTS): Financial assistance to State Waqf Boards for
computerization, digitization, GIS mapping of properties, and manpower deployment for better
administration.
 Role of NCC (Connecting to the Youth and National Development):

 Discipline & Patriotism: NCC instills discipline, leadership, and a sense of national duty, directly aligning
with the objective of creating responsible citizens who understand and respect national laws, including
property regulations. Page
 Social Responsibility: Cadets engage in community service and social awareness campaigns, promoting | 93
civic sense, which is crucial for addressing issues like encroachment and promoting transparent land
management.
 Informed Citizens: NCC trains youth to be well-informed and critical thinkers, enabling them to
understand complex legislation like the Waqf Bill and its implications for society, contributing to healthy
public discourse.
 Youth as Stakeholders: As future leaders, NCC cadets are key stakeholders in ensuring fair and
transparent administration of all public and religious properties, including Waqf. Their understanding of
such laws is vital for national progress.
 Privatisation in Defence Sector
Introduction (Setting the Stage):
Page
 India's Defence Imperative: Highlight India's position as a major defence spender and historically, one | 94
of the largest arms importers. Emphasize the need for self-reliance (AatmanirbharBharat) in defence for
strategic autonomy and economic growth.
 Paradigm Shift: Privatisation is a significant shift from the traditional public sector dominance in Indian
defence manufacturing.

Arguments For Privatisation (Pros):

 Efficiency and Innovation:

o PSU Limitations: Traditionally, Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) often face issues of inefficiency, delays
(e.g., HAL's notorious record), and lack of competitive innovation.
o Private Sector Drive: Private players, driven by profit motives and market competition, bring in
efficiency, advanced technology, and a focus on R&D (e.g., Tata Advanced Systems, L&T, Bharat Forge).
o Faster Delivery: Can significantly reduce lead times for defence equipment, addressing critical shortages
(e.g., Indian Air Force's fighter jet requirements).
 Boosting Indigenous Manufacturing & Exports:
o "Make in India" & "Make-II" Categories: Government policies like the "Make in India" initiative and
"Make-II" procedure (funding up to 90% of development cost for Indian industry) actively promote
domestic private players.
o Positive Indigenisation Lists: Ministry of Defence's lists mandate indigenisation of specific items,
creating a guaranteed market for private firms.
o Record Exports: India's defence exports have seen a remarkable rise (e.g., from INR 686 crore in FY
2013-14 to over INR 21,000 crore in FY 2023-24), with private players contributing significantly. (Current
Affair: Operation Sindoor, May 2025 highlights this trend).
 Economic Growth & Job Creation:
o Investment & FDI: Increased private investment, including higher FDI limits (up to 74% automatic route,
100% government route), attracts global best practices and capital.
o Defence Industrial Corridors: Establishment of corridors in UP and Tamil Nadu provides infrastructure
and incentives for private defence manufacturing, generating employment.
o MSME and Startup Ecosystem: Schemes like Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) foster startups
and MSMEs, creating a vibrant ecosystem for defence innovation.
 Reduced Burden on Government: Frees up government resources from managing often loss-making
PSUs, allowing focus on core governance and policy-making.

Arguments Against/Concerns Regarding Privatisation (Cons):

 National Security & Strategic Control:

o Data Security: Concerns about protecting sensitive defence data and technology in private hands.
o Ethical Compromise: Risk of private companies prioritizing profit over national interest, potentially
selling technology or products to undesirable entities.
o Reduced Government Control: Loss of direct control over production and supply chains, which could be
critical during conflicts.
 Quality and Profit Motive: Potential for private firms to compromise on quality to maximize profits,
especially if competition is limited.
 Monopoly Concerns: Risk of a few large private players forming a monopoly, leading to inflated prices
and reduced choice for the armed forces.
 Unemployment: Potential job losses in existing PSUs due to restructuring or increased efficiency.
 Government Schemes & Current Affairs (Illustrative Examples):

 Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020: Prioritizes indigenous development and streamlined
procurement.
 iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence): Fosters a culture of innovation among startups and MSMEs. Page
(Over 430 contracts signed by Feb 2025). | 95
 SRIJAN Portal: Facilitates indigenisation by connecting DPSUs/OFB/Services with private industry,
MSMEs, and startups for import substitution.
 FDI Policy Liberalization: Increased FDI limits to attract foreign investment and technology transfer.
 Defence Industrial Corridors (UP & Tamil Nadu): Physical ecosystems for defence manufacturing.
 Current Affairs: "Operation Sindoor" (May 2025) highlighted the increasing role of private players like
Tata Advanced Systems, Paras Defence, ideaForge, etc., in arming the military with indigenous
technology, especially drones and electronic warfare systems. The first "Made in India" C-295 transport
aircraft is expected to roll out from a private factory (TASL-Airbus) by September 2026.

Role of NCC (National Cadet Corps):

 Human Capital Development: NCC plays a crucial role in grooming disciplined, patriotic, and technically
inclined youth.
 Future Workforce: NCC training instills qualities like leadership, teamwork, and a sense of duty, making
cadets a valuable human resource pool for the defence sector, including private defence industries.
 Bridging Civilian-Military Divide: NCC acts as a bridge, fostering understanding and potential career
paths in defence, directly or indirectly supporting the needs of a privatized defence sector by providing
skilled and motivated personnel.
 Promoting Awareness: Cadets, as informed citizens, can be advocates for informed discussions on
defence sector reforms, including privatization, understanding its nuances and contributions to national
security.

Conclusion (Balanced Perspective):

 Need of the Hour, but with Caution: Privatisation is crucial for India's ambition to become a global
defence manufacturing hub and achieve true self-reliance (Aatmanirbharta).
 Regulatory Framework: Strong regulatory mechanisms, transparency, and a robust monitoring system
are essential to mitigate risks like monopolies, data breaches, and quality compromise.
 Synergy: The aim should be a synergistic relationship between public and private sectors, leveraging the
strengths of both for national security and economic prosperity. Sensitive technologies might remain
under state control, while mass production and less sensitive areas can be privatized.
 Indus Waters Treaty
Core Understanding:
Page
 1960 Bilateral Agreement: The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) is a water distribution treaty between India | 96
and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank. It's one of the most durable water-sharing agreements
globally, surviving multiple conflicts.
 River Allocation: Allocates the waters of six rivers: Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India for
unrestricted use, and Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan, with India allowed limited
non-consumptive uses (hydropower, irrigation).
 Significance for Pakistan: Pakistan's agriculture heavily relies on the Western Rivers, making it
extremely vulnerable to disruptions. The treaty guarantees water flow vital for their economy and food
security.

Recent Developments & Current Affairs (Crucial for appearing knowledgeable):

 Recent Suspension by India (April 2025): India has put the IWT in "abeyance" following the Pahalgam
terror attack in J&K, citing Pakistan's alleged support for cross-border terrorism. This is a significant
recent development.
 India's Stance: Home Minister Amit Shah recently stated India will "never restore" the treaty and plans
to divert water flowing to Pakistan for internal use, especially for states like Rajasthan. This highlights a
tougher stance.
 Canal Construction Plans: India is actively exploring and planning the construction of new canals (e.g., a
113 km-long canal linking Chenab with Ravi-Beas-Sutlej, potentially extending to Yamuna) to optimize its
share of Western River waters. This showcases a proactive approach.
 Pakistan's Concerns: Pakistan views India's unilateral suspension as a violation and is exploring legal
challenges under international law. They also face severe water crisis concerns if flows are significantly
disrupted.
 "Water and Blood Cannot Flow Together": This phrase, reiterated by PM Modi, encapsulates India's
current policy of linking water cooperation with an end to cross-border terrorism.

Government Schemes and Initiatives (Demonstrates broader awareness):

 Optimizing Water Usage: India's push to build projects like the Shahpurkandi Dam (on Ravi) and Ujh
Multipurpose Project (on Ravi tributary) aims to fully utilize its allocated share of Eastern River waters,
preventing unutilized water from flowing to Pakistan.
 National Water Mission (Jal Shakti Abhiyan): Though not directly tied to the IWT's sharing aspect, this
broader GOI scheme emphasizes water conservation, efficiency, and sustainable management across
India, aligning with the national goal of optimizing water resources, including those from the Indus
Basin. This shows a holistic understanding of water policy.
 Inter-linking of Rivers (Vision for the future): While a long-term project, mentioning this demonstrates
an understanding of India's larger water security strategy, where diverting surplus water (potentially
from IWT rivers) to deficit basins could play a role.

NCC's Role (Directly address the NCC context):

 National Security Perspective: For an NCC cadet, the IWT highlights the intricate link between resource
management, international relations, and national security. The treaty's current "abeyance"
underscores how strategic resources can become points of contention impacting peace and stability.
 Awareness and Water Conservation: NCC cadets, through their community service and awareness
campaigns (e.g., Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, water conservation drives), indirectly contribute to national
 water security by promoting responsible water usage among citizens. This prepares them for future
challenges, including those related to water scarcity exacerbated by treaty disputes.
 Disaster Management: NCC training in disaster management equips cadets to assist in situations of
water scarcity or floods, which could become more frequent or severe if water management in the
Indus Basin is disrupted. This is a practical link. Page
 Understanding Geopolitics: Engaging with topics like the IWT helps NCC cadets develop a deeper | 97
understanding of India's geopolitical challenges and the complexities of international agreements,
crucial for future leaders and responsible citizens.

Short & Crisp Delivery Tips:

 Start strong: "The Indus Waters Treaty, a testament to enduring cooperation, now faces unprecedented
challenges, directly impacting national security and regional stability."
 Use keywords: "Abeyance," "unilateral suspension," "riparian rights," "hydro-politics," "national
interest."
 Quote recent statements: Referencing Amit Shah's recent comments adds weight.
 Connect to a larger narrative: Link IWT to India's broader water security goals and its stance on cross-
border terrorism.
 Conclude with a forward-looking statement: "The future of the IWT hinges on mutual trust and a
commitment to combating common threats like terrorism, as India continues to assert its sovereign
rights over its water resources."
 Effects of enrollment of women in armed forces
For GD (Group Discussion):
Page
Opening/Pro-Arguments: | 98

 Diversity & Enhanced Capabilities: Women bring diverse perspectives, problem-solving approaches, and
empathy, crucial for modern warfare, peacekeeping, and counter-insurgency operations. Think soft
power and community engagement.
 Wider Talent Pool: Tapping into 50% of the population broadens the recruitment base, addressing
manpower shortages and bringing in highly qualified individuals for technical and specialized roles.
 Gender Equality & Nari Shakti: It's a fundamental step towards true gender equality, aligning with
constitutional values and the government's "Nari Shakti" (women power) initiative. Symbolizes a
progressive nation.
 Global Best Practices: Many leading militaries globally have successfully integrated women into combat
and leadership roles (e.g., US, Israel, UK), demonstrating operational effectiveness.

Counter/Challenges/Nuance:

 Infrastructure & Logistics: Requires significant investment in gender-sensitive infrastructure

(accommodation, sanitation), especially in remote and operational areas.
 Physical Standards Debate: While modern warfare emphasizes technology, certain combat roles still
demand specific physical attributes. The debate around gender-specific vs. gender-neutral physical
standards continues.
 Societal Mindset & Integration: Overcoming ingrained patriarchal mindsets within and outside the
forces, ensuring seamless integration and addressing potential issues like harassment or resistance to
female leadership.
 Work-Life Balance: Unique challenges related to maternity, childcare, and dual-career postings require
robust policies to ensure retention and career progression.

Government Schemes & Current Affairs (Illustrative Examples):

 Agnipath Scheme (2022): Landmark reform, explicitly including women Agniveers in all three services
(Army, Navy, Air Force), marking a paradigm shift in recruitment.
 Permanent Commission (PC) for Women: Supreme Court rulings (e.g., Babita Puniya v. Union of India,
2020) mandated PC for women in all non-combat streams, upholding Article 14 and striking down
discrimination.
 NDA Entry for Women (2022 onwards): Historic decision, with the first batch of 17 women cadets
recently graduating from NDA, paving the way for future women service chiefs.
 Women in Combat Roles: IAF has inducted women fighter pilots (since 2016, now permanent scheme).
Indian Navy has opened all branches, including submarines, to women officers since 2022. Army is
progressively inducting women in artillery units, Corps of Military Police etc.
 Role Models: Cite examples like Captain Shiva Chouhan (first woman posted at Siachen) or Flight
Lieutenant Avani Chaturvedi (IAF fighter pilot) to inspire.

NCC's Role:

 Feeder Organization: NCC acts as a crucial feeder organization, instilling discipline, leadership, and
patriotism in young women from a nascent stage.
 Exposure & Awareness: NCC camps (RDC, TSC, NSC) provide practical military training and exposure,
breaking stereotypes and encouraging girls to consider defense as a viable career.
 Leadership Development: Focus on personality development, confidence building, and fostering
leadership qualities among girl cadets, preparing them for future roles in uniform.
 Direct Entry Benefits: NCC 'C' certificate holders often receive direct entry benefits or preference in
various armed forces recruitments, further incentivizing participation.
Page
For Extempore: | 99

Structure:

1. Introduction: Define the topic and state your stance (e.g., "The enrolment of women in armed forces is
a transformative step towards a stronger, more inclusive, and modern military.").
2. Benefits/Positive Effects: Elaborate on diversity, talent pool, and national image.
3. Challenges & Solutions: Acknowledge hurdles (infrastructure, mindset) and propose solutions (policy
reforms, gender sensitization).
4. Government & Current Affairs: Integrate relevant schemes and recent breakthroughs.
5. NCC Link: Connect the topic to NCC's contribution.
6. Conclusion: Reiterate the positive impact and future vision.

Key Phrases to Use:

 "A watershed moment..."

 "Beyond brute strength, modern warfare demands..."
 "A testament to India's commitment to Nari Shakti..."
 "While challenges exist, they are surmountable..."
 "NCC plays a pivotal role in..."
 "Paving the way for a truly gender-neutral force..."

Example Snippets for Extempore:

 "The increasing enrolment of women isn't merely about ticking boxes; it's about optimizing our
military's effectiveness by harnessing a complete spectrum of talent. Just as the Agnipath scheme
symbolizes a new era of inclusive recruitment, the armed forces are evolving to reflect the true
demographic strength of our nation."
 "Consider the leadership qualities fostered by NCC. Our female cadets, through rigorous training at
camps like the RDC, are not only physically prepared but also imbued with the discipline and decision-
making skills vital for military life. This grassroots exposure is invaluable."
 "While infrastructural adaptations are crucial, the larger battle is societal. We must continue to
challenge archaic notions and celebrate role models like Captain Shiva Chouhan, who exemplify the
spirit of courage and competence, proving that gender is no bar to valor or leadership."
 Effects of Drones in the Modern World
Positive Impacts (The "Pro" Side):
Page
 Economic Catalyst & Job Creation: The drone market is booming (projected $48.88 billion by 2023). It's | 100
creating jobs for pilots, manufacturers, and software developers. Think "Drone as a Service" (DaaS).
 Revolutionizing Agriculture (Kisan Drones, NAMO Drone Didi):
o Precision Farming: Drones for crop assessment, pesticide spraying (5x faster than manual), soil analysis,
and irrigation planning. Reduces resource wastage (fertilizers, water).
o Government Support: Kisan Drone Scheme (subsidies), NAMO Drone Didi Scheme (empowering
women SHGs with drones for rental services).
 Disaster Management & Emergency Response: Crucial for search and rescue (thermal imaging),
damage assessment, delivering essential supplies to remote areas, and monitoring natural disasters like
floods and forest fires.
 Infrastructure Inspection & Maintenance: Cost-effective and safer for inspecting power lines, bridges,
pipelines, and construction sites, reducing human risk.
 Logistics & Delivery: Potential for faster, more efficient, and environmentally friendly delivery of goods,
especially in critical situations (e.g., medical supplies).
 Law Enforcement & Security: Surveillance, crime scene analysis, crowd monitoring, and gaining tactical
advantages.
 Wildlife Conservation & Environmental Monitoring: Combating poaching (infrared cameras), tracking
animal populations, assessing environmental changes, and even tree-planting.

Challenges & Concerns (The "Con" Side):

 Privacy Invasion: Drones equipped with cameras raise significant privacy concerns, especially for civilian
use. Lack of clear regulations can lead to misuse.
 Security Risks & Asymmetric Warfare:
o Terrorism & Illicit Activities: Drones can be used for smuggling, reconnaissance by hostile entities, and
even direct attacks. (e.g., recent border incidents).
o "Cost Asymmetry": Cheap, easily accessible drones can inflict significant damage on expensive military
assets. (e.g., Ukraine conflict – low-cost drones damaging high-value aircraft).
 Ethical Dilemmas: The use of autonomous drones in warfare (killer robots) raises serious questions
about accountability, civilian casualties, and the moral implications of de-humanized combat.
 Airspace Management & Collisions: The increasing number of drones necessitates robust air traffic
management to prevent collisions with manned aircraft.
 Regulatory Framework Lag: Legislation often struggles to keep pace with rapid technological
advancements, leading to ambiguities in drone usage laws.

Government Initiatives & Current Affairs (India Focus):

 Drone Rules 2021: Simplified regulations, eased licensing, and promoted a "Digital Sky Platform."
 Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Encourages domestic drone manufacturing, aiming for
"Aatmanirbhar Bharat" in drone technology (₹120 crores allocated).
 Drone Shakti Scheme: Promotes drone-as-a-service (DaaS) through startups, boosting
entrepreneurship.
 SVAMITVA Scheme: Uses drones for mapping land in rural areas, aiding land record digitization.
 Bharat Drone Mahotsav: Large-scale events to promote awareness, showcase advancements, and
discuss opportunities.
 Military Modernization: India is actively enhancing its drone capabilities, learning from global conflicts
(e.g., Ukraine, Nagorno-Karabakh). Focus on indigenous counter-drone technologies (Akashteer,
Bhargavastra).
 Recent Events: Increased drone incursions along borders, highlighting the need for robust counter-
drone measures. "Operation Sindoor" (India's use of UAVs post-Pahalgam terror attack). Page
| 101
NCC's Role (Integrating NCC):

 Skilling & Preparedness: The NCC is actively incorporating drone training into its curriculum.
o Example: Ludhiana and Nagpur NCC units have become nodal centers for drone training, providing
hands-on experience and expert guidance.
 Future Leaders in Drone Technology: NCC cadets are being equipped with essential skills for both
defence and civil applications, preparing them for future challenges and career opportunities in this
emerging field.
 National Security & Community Service: Drones empower NCC cadets for intelligence gathering,
surveillance, and reconnaissance, and enable them to contribute to disaster management and other
community services.
 Promoting Indigenous Technology: NCC's focus on "Made in India" drones aligns with the government's
push for self-reliance in this critical sector.

By hitting these points, you showcase a well-rounded understanding of the topic, current developments,
and the strategic importance of drones, especially in the Indian context and the role of organizations like
the NCC. Remember to be confident, maintain eye contact, and use a clear, concise delivery. Good luck!
 Factors Contributing to India's GDP
Opening/Introduction (GD): Page
| 102
 "India's journey to becoming the world's 4th largest economy, soon to be 3rd, is driven by a dynamic
interplay of factors. Understanding these is key to sustaining our growth trajectory."

Key Economic Drivers:

1. Robust Domestic Demand & Consumption:

o Point: India's large and young population fuels significant domestic consumption, particularly a
resurgence in rural consumption.
o Knowledge Nod: Mention narrowing rural-urban per capita expenditure gap.
o Current Affairs: Favorable monsoon forecasts boosting agricultural income and rural FMCG demand.

2. Government-led Capital Expenditure & Infrastructure Push:

o Point: Aggressive government spending on infrastructure is a primary growth engine.
o Govt. Schemes: Cite PM GatiShakti National Master Plan for multimodal connectivity and National
Industrial Corridor Programme for smart cities and industrial hubs.
o Knowledge Nod: Mention the significant increase in combined capex (CPSEs + Railways + NHAI).

3. Manufacturing Revival & 'Make in India':

o Point: The push for domestic manufacturing and self-reliance is reducing import dependency and
boosting exports.
o Govt. Schemes: Highlight Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes across 14 key sectors (e.g.,
electronics, auto, pharma) for attracting investment and technology.
o Current Affairs: Note the rise in electronic goods exports and the "China +1" strategy leading to firms
like Apple shifting production to India.

4. Thriving Services Sector:

o Point: The services sector remains the steadiest and largest contributor to India's GVA and exports.
o Knowledge Nod: Mention IT, financial services, and the rising share of services in GVA (around 55%).
o Current Affairs: Services exports reaching all-time highs.

5. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) & Financial Inclusion:

o Point: India's robust digital payment ecosystem is formalizing the economy and driving efficiency.
o Govt. Schemes: Emphasize the success of UPI with surging transaction volumes.
o Knowledge Nod: Mention how DPI enhances ease of doing business and financial inclusion.

6. Ease of Doing Business & Policy Reforms:

o Point: Continuous reforms are improving the investment climate and attracting FDI.
o Govt. Schemes: Reference liberalization of FDI policy (e.g., increased FDI cap in insurance), National
Single Window System, and efforts to reduce compliance burden.
o Current Affairs: FDI inflows remaining stable despite global decline.

Current Affairs & Challenges (for a nuanced view):

 Global Headwinds: Despite domestic strength, global trade tensions and supply chain disruptions
remain challenges.
 Inflation Management: RBI's monetary policy and easing retail inflation are crucial for sustained growth.
 GDP Base Year Revision (Upcoming 2026): Mention the upcoming shift from 2011-12 to 2022-23 to
reflect structural changes and ensure accuracy – shows attention to detail. Page
| 103
NCC's Role (Integrate seamlessly):

 Point: The NCC contributes indirectly but significantly to GDP by fostering a skilled, disciplined, and
nation-building-oriented youth.
 Specifics:
o Human Capital Development: NCC instills discipline, leadership, and a sense of duty, creating a more
productive workforce.
o Skilling & Employability: Training in various activities and preference in armed forces/government jobs
directly contributes to employability.
o Disaster Management & Social Service: NCC cadets assist in natural calamities and social initiatives,
contributing to stability and rapid recovery, indirectly aiding economic continuity.
o National Integration & Security: By promoting unity and national pride, NCC helps maintain a stable
environment crucial for economic growth and attracting investment (lesser perceived risk).

Conclusion (Extempore):

 "In essence, India's GDP growth is a symphony of strategic government initiatives, robust domestic
demand, a burgeoning services sector, and a disciplined human resource base, significantly bolstered by
organizations like the NCC, all converging to propel us towards a $5 trillion economy and beyond."
 Effects of NISME
Introduction (Brief & Impactful):
Page
 NISME, the National Institute for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, is a vital cog in India's economic | 104
engine. Its effects ripple across various sectors, directly influencing India's growth story.

Core Functions & Positive Effects of NISME:

 Capacity Building & Skill Development: NISME trains entrepreneurs, providing crucial skills for starting
and sustaining businesses. This directly addresses unemployment and underemployment.
 Policy Formulation Support: Acts as a think tank for the Ministry of MSME, influencing policies that
create a favorable environment for small businesses, e.g., ease of doing business.
 Research & Consultancy: Provides valuable insights and guidance to MSMEs, helping them innovate,
adapt to market changes, and improve competitiveness.
 Promotes Entrepreneurship: Through various programs, it fosters a culture of self-reliance and job
creation, aligning with the "Startup India" and "Make in India" initiatives.
 Access to Schemes: Facilitates awareness and access to critical government schemes for MSMEs like
PMEGP, CGTMSE, CLCSS, and the recent RAMP scheme, ensuring financial and technological support.
 Economic Contribution: MSMEs, empowered by NISME's initiatives, contribute significantly to India's
GDP (around 30%), exports (over 45%), and generate vast employment opportunities (over 15 crore
people). They are crucial for a $5 trillion economy goal.
 Inclusive Growth: By supporting micro-enterprises and focusing on rural development, NISME helps in
reducing regional disparities and promoting inclusive growth, including schemes for women and SC/ST
entrepreneurs (e.g., Stand-Up India, Yashasvini Campaign).
 Digital Empowerment: Recent initiatives like MSME-TEAM focus on onboarding MSMEs onto e-
commerce platforms, promoting digitalization and market access.

Challenges/Areas for Improvement (if GD allows a balanced view):

 Reach & Awareness: Despite its efforts, ensuring wider reach of NISME's programs and schemes,
especially in remote areas, remains a challenge.
 Adaptability to Rapid Change: MSME sector faces dynamic challenges (e.g., technological disruption,
global competition); NISME needs to constantly evolve its offerings.

Current Affairs & Government Schemes Linkages:

 PM Vishwakarma Scheme: NISME plays a role in upskilling traditional artisans, directly linked to this
scheme's objectives.
 Udyam Registration Portal: Facilitates formalization of MSMEs, which NISME encourages and supports.
 MSME Champions Scheme & ZED Certification: NISME's promotion of quality and sustainability aligns
with these schemes for global competitiveness.
 Budgetary Allocations: Mention increased budgetary support and credit guarantee covers for MSMEs
(e.g., enhanced guarantee cover for startups and exporter MSMEs, new customized Credit Card scheme
for micro enterprises).

NCC Connection (Essential for RDC BC):

 Youth Empowerment: NISME's focus on skill development and entrepreneurship resonates directly with
NCC's motto of "Unity and Discipline" and its aim to develop character, leadership, and a spirit of service
among youth.
 Nation Building: Just as NCC cadets are trained to be responsible citizens and future leaders, NISME
empowers individuals to contribute to national economic growth and self-reliance, fostering an
"Aatmanirbhar Bharat."
 Skill India Complementarity: NCC's focus on practical skills and leadership complements NISME's
mission to create an employable and entrepreneurial workforce. Cadets, with their discipline and Page
leadership traits, are well-positioned to leverage NISME's training programs for their entrepreneurial | 105
ventures.
 SDG in India
Overall Progress & Context: Global Commitment, National Action: SDGs (17 goals, 169 targets)
adopted by UN in 2015, aim for a sustainable world by 2030. India, as a signatory and a large developing Page
economy, plays a critical role. | 106

 India's SDG Index Improvement: India's rank in the SDG Index has significantly improved, recently
entering the top 100 for the first time (99th as of June 2025). This shows tangible progress.
 NITI Aayog as Nodal Agency: NITI Aayog is the key institution driving SDG implementation and
monitoring at national and sub-national levels, fostering "cooperative and competitive federalism"
among states.
 Key SDG Achievements & Government Schemes (Examples):

 SDG 1 (No Poverty) & SDG 8 (Decent Work): Significant reduction in multidimensional poverty. Schemes
like MGNREGA, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
are crucial for financial inclusion, employment, and housing.
 SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-being): Decline in Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR). Ayushman Bharat (PM-
JAY) provides health coverage to millions, improving healthcare access.
 SDG 6 (Clean Water & Sanitation): Impressive strides with Swachh Bharat Mission (toilets constructed,
ODF status) and Jal Jeevan Mission (tap water connections in rural households).
 SDG 7 (Affordable & Clean Energy): High progress score. Saubhagya Scheme achieved 100% household
electrification. Rapid increase in renewable energy capacity (e.g., solar power, PM Ujjwala Yojana for
clean cooking fuel).
 SDG 13 (Climate Action): India's ambitious targets for renewable energy (e.g., 500 GW by 2030),
commitment to climate action, and participation in international initiatives like the International Solar
Alliance.

Challenges & Current Affairs: Persistent Inequalities: Despite progress, SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and
SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) still pose challenges, especially concerning women's land ownership,
employment, and representation.

 Quality vs. Access: While access to basic services has improved (e.g., education, healthcare), the quality
remains a challenge in many areas, particularly in central India.
 Data and Implementation Gaps: Need for more robust real-time data systems and better coordination
between different government levels for effective policy implementation.
 Financial Constraints: Significant funding is still required to meet the ambitious SDG targets.

Role of NCC (National Cadet Corps): Youth Engagement & Community Action: NCC, with its vast
network of disciplined youth, is a vital force for grassroots action and awareness campaigns.

 Environmental Stewardship: NCC cadets actively participate in Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (cleanliness
drives, waste management), tree plantation drives, and water conservation efforts, directly contributing
to SDG 6, SDG 13, and SDG 15 (Life on Land).
 Social Development: Through community engagement, disaster preparedness, and promoting health
and hygiene, NCC indirectly supports SDG 3 (Good Health) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities).
 Leadership & Sensitization: NCC fosters leadership and a sense of duty, equipping cadets to be
advocates for sustainable practices and promoting gender sensitization within environmental initiatives,
aligning with SDG 5 (Gender Equality).
 "Architects of a Prosperous Nation": NCC instills values that align with the core principles of the SDGs,
emphasizing responsible citizenship and contributing to national development. By weaving these points
together, you can present a well-rounded and knowledgeable perspective on "SDG in India." Remember to
maintain a confident tone and clear articulation.

Page
| 107
 OBR Policy - State of INDIA
Overall Stance: Firm Opposition & Alternative Focus
Page
I. India's Clear Position on BRI/OBOR: | 108

 Sovereignty & Territorial Integrity: India's primary and non-negotiable concern is the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC) passing through Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoK), which India considers its
integral territory. This is a direct violation of India's sovereignty.
 Lack of Transparency & Debt Traps: India has consistently raised concerns about the lack of
transparency in BRI projects, the unsustainable debt burdens it places on recipient nations (e.g., Sri
Lanka's Hambantota Port), and the absence of a level playing field for companies.
 Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism: India champions connectivity initiatives based on universally
recognized international norms, openness, transparency, and financial responsibility, unlike BRI's
perceived unilateral approach.

II. Geopolitical Implications for India:

 "String of Pearls" Concern: BRI's maritime component ("Maritime Silk Road") is viewed by India as a
potential strategic encirclement, with Chinese control over key ports in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
raising security concerns.
 Increased Chinese Influence: BRI deepens China's economic and strategic influence in India's
neighborhood, potentially altering regional power dynamics.
 Border Tensions: The unresolved border dispute with China, alongside BRI activities, further complicates
bilateral relations and strategic stability.

III. India's Proactive Alternative Connectivity Initiatives (Government Schemes & Current Affairs):

 India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC):

o Significance: Announced at the G20 Summit (2023), IMEC is a ambitious multimodal corridor connecting
India, the Middle East, and Europe via rail and maritime routes.
o Key Differentiators from BRI: Emphasizes transparency, sustainability, multilateral funding (EU grants,
Indian infrastructure banks, UAE sovereign funds), and avoiding debt traps. Seen as a democratic
counterweight to BRI.
 International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC):
o Purpose: A 7,200 km multi-mode network connecting India to Russia via Iran and Central Asia,
significantly reducing transit time and cost.
o Strategic Importance: Provides access to Central Asia and Europe, bypassing Pakistan, and
strengthening economic ties with resource-rich regions.
 Chabahar Port (Iran): India's strategic investment in Chabahar Port provides an alternative access route
to Afghanistan and Central Asia, countering China's Gwadar Port in Pakistan.
 Act East Policy: India's focus on strengthening economic and strategic ties with Southeast Asian and East
Asian countries, contributing to regional connectivity and stability.
 Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF): India's participation in IPEF (Supply Chains,
Clean Economy, Fair Economy pillars) aligns with its vision for a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific,
offering a rules-based economic alternative to China's influence.

IV. NCC's Role (Relevant for Extempore/GD on National Security):

 Border Infrastructure Development: NCC cadets, through their ethos of nation-building and discipline,
are intrinsically linked to the spirit of developing robust border infrastructure (roads, bridges) that
 enhances India's own connectivity and counter-balances external pressures. This directly contributes to
national security and economic resilience.
 Awareness & Preparedness: NCC instills in youth an understanding of geopolitical realities and national
security challenges, including those posed by initiatives like OBOR, fostering an informed citizenry
capable of contributing to India's strategic vision. Page
| 109
Short & Crisp Summary Points:

 India firmly opposes BRI due to sovereignty concerns (CPEC), debt traps, and lack of transparency.
 India's proactive response: developing credible, transparent, and sustainable alternatives like IMEC,
INSTC, and Chabahar Port.
 These initiatives are key to India's vision of a truly connected, rules-based, and prosperous Indo-
Pacific.
 NCC's spirit of nation-building and disciplined contribution aligns with strengthening India's self-
reliance and strategic capabilities in this geopolitical landscape.
 The Role of Youth in Nation Building (with focus on NCC)
 NCC's Foundational Role: Start by stating NCC's core aim: "Unity and Discipline." Emphasize its role in
character building, leadership development, and fostering a secular outlook among youth. Page
 Skill Development & Employability: Connect NCC training (discipline, teamwork, problem-solving, basic | 110
military skills) to enhancing employability, especially for future careers in armed forces or public service.
Mention Model Skill Loan Scheme for advanced skilling.
 Disaster Management & Community Service: Highlight NCC's active participation in disaster relief,
blood donation drives, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, and other community development initiatives,
showcasing cadets as responsible citizens.
 National Integration: Emphasize how RDC (Republic Day Camp) and National Integration Camps (NICs)
bring together youth from diverse backgrounds, promoting cultural exchange and national unity, crucial
for a diverse nation like India.
 Government Initiatives for Youth: Weave in relevant schemes:
o Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat): A phygital platform empowering youth as "active drivers" of
development, aligning perfectly with NCC's spirit of youth-led development.
o Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue / National Youth Festival 2025: Connect NCC cadets'
participation and leadership to the vision of a Developed India by 2047.
o National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development (NPYAD): Mention its components like
leadership training and promotion of adventure, directly linking to NCC activities.
 Current Affairs Angle: Briefly mention India's demographic dividend and the importance of channelizing
youth energy for economic growth and social progress. Discuss how youth can contribute to the "Amrit
Kaal" vision.
 Challenges & Solutions: Acknowledge challenges like reaching remote areas or attracting more youth,
and suggest ways NCC can expand its outreach, perhaps leveraging MY Bharat portal.

For Extempore

Topic: My experience in NCC and its impact on my personality (or similar personal experience topic)

 Introduction: Begin with a strong opening, e.g., "Good morning everyone. Today, I'd like to share how
my journey in the NCC has profoundly shaped my personality and perspective."
 Discipline & Time Management: Focus on specific instances where NCC instilled punctuality, adherence
to rules, and efficient time management. Example: "Early morning parades taught me the value of
discipline, which now extends to all aspects of my life."
 Leadership & Teamwork: Discuss opportunities to lead or work in teams during camps or parades.
Example: "Being a section commander or participating in group tasks fostered a strong sense of
responsibility and the importance of collective effort."
 Resilience & Adventure: Talk about adventure activities (trekking, obstacle course, firing) and how they
built mental and physical toughness. Example: "Pushing my limits during the obstacle course built
resilience I never knew I had."
 Social Awareness: Mention participation in social service activities and how it broadened your
understanding of societal issues and instilled empathy. Example: "Our anti-plastic drive made me realize
the power of collective action for environmental betterment."
 National Pride & Patriotism: Articulate how NCC deepened your love for the country and understanding
of your duty as a citizen. Example: "Participating in the Republic Day Camp instilled an immense sense of
pride and connection to our nation's heritage."
 Future Impact & Connection to National Goals: Briefly state how these qualities will aid you in your
future endeavors and how they align with India's aspirations for a "Viksit Bharat."
 Conclusion: End with a powerful statement about how NCC has prepared you to be a responsible and
contributing citizen.
 General Tips for Both:

 Confidence is Key: Speak clearly, maintain eye contact, and project confidence.
 Structure: Have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
 Stay within Time Limits: Be concise and to the point. Page
 Authenticity: Speak from your heart, especially for extempore. Your genuine experience will resonate | 111
more.
 Listen Actively (for GD): Engage with other speakers, acknowledge their points, and build upon them.
Avoid interrupting.
 Use Strong Vocabulary: Use words like "catalyst," "empower," "holistic," "synergy," "resilience,"
"profound," etc.
 Bluedot Network and India
Understanding the Bluedot Network:
Page
 Definition: A multilateral initiative launched by the US, Japan, and Australia (with other members like | 112
Spain, UK) to certify quality infrastructure projects.
 Core Principles: Promotes projects that are market-driven, transparent, environmentally and socially
sustainable, resilient, and economically efficient.
 Counter to BRI: Widely seen as an alternative to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), addressing
concerns about debt traps and lack of transparency in BRI projects.
 Certification Focus: Offers an internationally recognized certification for projects, attracting private
investment by signaling adherence to high standards.

India's Strategic Alignment and Current Affairs:

 Growing Convergence: India has expressed convergence with the Blue Dot Network's principles, aligning
with its "Act East Policy" and broader Indo-Pacific strategy.
 Quad Connection: As a key member of the Quad (US, Japan, Australia, India), India naturally finds
synergy with the BDN, which was founded by three Quad members.
 Avoiding Debt Traps: India's cautious approach to certain BRI projects due to sovereignty and debt
concerns makes the BDN's emphasis on sustainable and transparent finance attractive.
 Current Engagement: While not a formal member yet, India has discussed the BDN in bilateral dialogues
(e.g., with the US) and endorsed G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment, which align with
BDN's goals.
 Digital Infrastructure Push: India's massive investment in digital public infrastructure (DPI) like UPI,
Aadhaar, DigiLocker, and BharatNet showcases its commitment to quality and transparent digital
development, a sector where BDN also seeks to certify projects. This demonstrates India's inherent
alignment with the BDN's vision even without formal membership.

Indian Government Schemes and Infrastructure Development:

 PM Gati Shakti: A national master plan for integrated planning and coordinated execution of multi-
modal infrastructure projects, directly aligning with the BDN's focus on quality and efficiency.
 Bharatmala Pariyojana: A flagship program for developing economic corridors and improving road
networks, emphasizing efficiency and connectivity.
 Jal Jeevan Mission & Smart Cities Mission: These schemes highlight India's commitment to critical social
infrastructure (water, sanitation, urban development) with a focus on sustainability and citizen welfare,
resonating with BDN's social and environmental criteria.
 National Infrastructure Pipeline: A robust framework for identifying and executing infrastructure
projects, which could potentially seek BDN certification to attract global private investment.

NCC's Role in this Context:

 Human Capital Development: The NCC instills discipline, leadership, and a sense of national service in
youth. This forms the bedrock of a skilled workforce crucial for executing and maintaining complex
infrastructure projects, whether BDN-certified or domestic.
 Nation Building through Development: NCC cadets participate in social service, disaster relief, and
awareness campaigns. Their involvement can contribute to the on-ground success and community
acceptance of large-scale infrastructure projects, including those potentially aligning with BDN
standards.
 Youth Empowerment: By developing responsible citizens, the NCC indirectly supports the long-term
sustainability and responsible governance required for quality infrastructure development and
adherence to international standards.

Conclusion: Page
| 113
 The Bluedot Network offers India a framework to further its commitment to transparent, sustainable,
and high-quality infrastructure development, complementing its ambitious domestic schemes. India's
strategic location and growing economic prowess make it a natural partner, fostering trust and
attracting private investment in the Indo-Pacific. The principles instilled by organizations like the NCC are
vital for building the human capital necessary to realize such large-scale national and international
development goals.
 APAAR ID's Impact on Students: GD & Extempore Points
Introduction/Overview:
Page
 "One Nation, One Student ID": APAAR (Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry) is a key | 114
initiative under NEP 2020 aiming for a lifelong digital academic identity.
 Digital India Vision: Aligns with the government's broader 'Digital India' push, leveraging technology for
educational efficiency.
 Centralized Records: A 12-digit unique ID storing all academic achievements, from pre-primary to higher
education, on DigiLocker.

Positive Impacts/Benefits (The "Boon"):

 Seamless Academic Mobility: Facilitates easy transfers between schools and institutions across India.
No more lost physical documents!
 Streamlined Processes: Simplifies admissions, credit transfers (via Academic Bank of Credits - ABC),
scholarships, and job applications.
 Authenticity & Transparency: Reduces fraud and ensures tamper-proof academic records, boosting
trust for employers and universities.
 Holistic Profile: Captures not just academic scores but also co-curricular achievements, sports, and skill-
based learning.
 Data-Driven Policy: Enables government to track literacy rates, dropout rates, and make informed
educational reforms. (e.g., UDISE+ integration).

Challenges/Concerns (The "Bane"):

 Data Privacy & Security: Major concern, especially for minors. Lack of a robust legal framework for child
data protection. Potential for misuse or breaches.
 "Voluntary" vs. "Mandatory": Officially voluntary, but reports of schools and state governments
pushing for 100% saturation, creating pressure and confusion. (Current affair: CBSE circulars, state
directives).
 Digital Divide: Uneven access to digital infrastructure and literacy in rural/remote areas. Risks excluding
disadvantaged students.
 Technical Glitches: Issues with Aadhaar linking, data mismatches, and the burden on parents/schools
for corrections.
 Accountability & Grievance Redressal: Lack of clear mechanisms for correcting errors in digital records
or addressing privacy concerns.

Government Schemes & Current Affairs Linkage:

 National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: APAAR is a direct outcome and a pillar of NEP's digital
transformation agenda.
 Academic Bank of Credits (ABC): APAAR is linked to ABC, enabling credit accumulation and transfer,
promoting multidisciplinary learning.
 DigiLocker: The secure digital repository where APAAR IDs and associated documents are stored. Part of
the larger e-governance initiative.
 "Digital India" & "Skill India": APAAR contributes to these missions by fostering digital literacy and
streamlining skill recognition.

NCC's Role (to sound knowledgeable and connect with the organization):
 Digital Literacy & Awareness: NCC cadets, as disciplined and socially responsible youth, can play a
crucial role in promoting digital literacy, especially in rural areas, helping bridge the digital divide related
to APAAR.
 Community Outreach: NCC units can conduct awareness campaigns about APAAR ID's benefits and
address concerns, acting as a bridge between the government initiative and the public. Page
 Cadet Record Keeping: Internally, NCC can explore integrating cadet achievements and certifications | 115
with the APAAR system, setting an example for seamless digital record management.
 Responsible Digital Citizens: NCC instills discipline and ethical values. This can be extended to
responsible digital citizenship, emphasizing data privacy and security when using platforms like APAAR.

Conclusion (Can be adapted based on your stance):

 APAAR ID holds immense potential for modernizing India's education system, but its success hinges on
addressing critical concerns around data privacy, equitable access, and genuinely voluntary
implementation.
 It's a step towards a digitally empowered education ecosystem, demanding careful execution and
continuous dialogue with stakeholders.
 Road to Viksit Bharat 2047
Core Vision:
Page
 Centennial Goal: India's aim to become a developed nation by 2047, marking 100 years of | 116
independence.
 Holistic Development: Not just economic, but encompassing social progress, environmental
sustainability, good governance, and technological advancement.
 Four Pillars (PM's emphasis): Yuva (Youth), Garib (Poor), Mahilayen (Women), and Annadata (Farmers) -
ensuring inclusive growth.

Key Government Schemes & Current Affairs (Illustrative Examples):

1. Economic Growth & Infrastructure:

o $30 Trillion Economy Target: Aiming for significant GDP growth (projected 9%+ annual average).
o PM Gati Shakti Master Plan: Integrated infrastructure development (roads, railways, ports, digital
connectivity) for efficient logistics and economic corridors.
o Make in India & Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Boosting domestic manufacturing, reducing import dependency,
and promoting self-reliance.
o Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: Incentivizing key sectors like electronics, pharmaceuticals,
and automotive to enhance manufacturing capabilities and create jobs.
o Capital Expenditure Boost: Significant government investment in infrastructure to stimulate economic
activity. (e.g., ₹11,11,111 crore in Interim Budget 2024-25).

2. Social Empowerment & Human Development:

o Poverty Eradication: Schemes like PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) for food security.
o National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Reforming education for quality and skill development, aligning
with future job market needs.
o Ayushman Bharat: Universal and affordable healthcare access.
o Jal Jeevan Mission: Ensuring safe drinking water access to every rural household.
o PM JANMAN: Focus on housing, connectivity, and basic amenities for tribal communities.
o Skill India Mission & PM Vishwakarma Yojana: Bridging skill gaps, promoting vocational training, and
empowering traditional artisans.
o Women's Empowerment: Increased participation of women in economic activities (aim for 70%), focus
on equal opportunities across sectors.

3. Sustainability & Technology:

o Net-Zero Emissions by 2070: India's commitment to climate action.
o National Solar Mission & Renewable Energy Targets: 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030
(PHDCCI projects 900 GW by 2040, 1500 GW by 2047).
o Digital India: Expanding internet access, promoting fintech, e-governance, and digital services (e.g., 5G
connectivity even in remote areas).
o National Quantum Mission & Cyber-Physical Systems: Positioning India as a global leader in emerging
technologies.

The NCC's Pivotal Role in Viksit Bharat 2047:

 Youth as Agents of Change: NCC cadets, representing the vibrant youth, are crucial for driving this
vision. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and PM Modi (himself an ex-NCC cadet) have emphasized this.
 Discipline & Leadership: NCC instills core values of discipline, selflessness, responsibility, and leadership
– foundational for a developed nation.
 Nation Building & Social Responsibility: Cadets engage in social service (Swachh Bharat, tree plantation,
health awareness), directly contributing to "Swasth Bharat and Samriddh Bharat."
 Unity in Diversity: NCC camps foster national integration by bringing together youth from diverse
backgrounds, promoting understanding and respect.
 Skill Development: Though primarily character-building, NCC activities like adventure training and Page
certain specialized camps (like RDC BC) contribute to overall personality development and practical | 117
skills.
 Motivation for Service: Inspiring youth towards armed forces and other forms of national service,
ensuring a strong defense and contributing to national security – a prerequisite for development.
 RDC BC (Republic Day Camp & Best Cadet Competition) Relevance:
o Showcase of Excellence: RDC is a microcosm of the nation's disciplined and talented youth.
o Leadership & Character Building: The rigorous training and competitive environment during RDC and
Best Cadet selection further refine leadership, teamwork, and resilience.
o Ambassadors of Viksit Bharat: RDC cadets, by their exemplary conduct and knowledge, become true
ambassadors of the "Viksit Bharat" vision to a wider audience.
o "Spark within": The qualities honed at RDC prepare cadets to contribute meaningfully to society in any
chosen profession, reinforcing the idea that "Viksit Bharat" means holistic societal growth, not just
physical development.

Conclusion:

Viksit Bharat 2047 is an ambitious yet achievable goal, demanding collective effort. The youth, especially
those embodying the discipline and spirit of the NCC, are the torchbearers of this vision, ensuring India's
trajectory towards a prosperous, self-reliant, and globally influential developed nation.
 Healthcare Nowadays: Service or Business
Introduction (GD/Extempore Hook):
Page
 "Healthcare is a fundamental human right, yet increasingly, it operates like a commodity. This | 118
dichotomy of 'service' vs. 'business' defines the current global and Indian healthcare landscape."

Arguments for Healthcare as a "Service":

 Ethical Imperative: The primary goal of healthcare should be well-being, not profit. It's a societal
responsibility to ensure access for all.
 Public Health: Neglecting healthcare for the poor leads to wider public health crises (e.g., epidemics,
increased disease burden).
 Government Schemes (Indian Context):
o Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY): World's largest government-funded
health insurance scheme, providing ₹5 lakh cover per family for secondary and tertiary care. A clear
commitment to service.
o National Health Mission (NHM): Focuses on strengthening primary healthcare, particularly in rural
areas, through ASHAs, ANMs, and public health centers.
o Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) & Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK): Schemes
targeting maternal and child health, emphasizing vulnerable populations.
 Constitutional Mandate: Directive Principles of State Policy in India imply the state's role in public
health.
 Social Equity: A service-oriented approach promotes equitable access, bridging urban-rural divides and
socio-economic disparities.

Arguments for Healthcare as a "Business":

 Innovation & Investment: Private sector investment drives technological advancements, better
infrastructure, and specialized treatments (e.g., super-specialty hospitals, medical tourism).
 Efficiency & Quality: Private hospitals often offer faster service, better patient amenities, and perceived
higher quality of care.
 Employment Generation: The healthcare "industry" is a massive employer, creating jobs for doctors,
nurses, paramedics, administrative staff, etc.
 Economic Contribution: The healthcare sector contributes significantly to GDP and can attract foreign
investment (medical tourism).
 Sustainability: Businesses can reinvest profits for expansion, research, and improving facilities,
potentially making them self-sustaining.
 Current Affairs Example: Discussions on "Medical Value Travel" highlight India's strength as a
destination for affordable, quality treatment.

The Hybrid Reality & Challenges (Nuanced Perspective):

 India's Mixed Model: India has a dual healthcare system – a public sector striving for service and a
rapidly growing private sector operating on business principles.
 Challenges of Commercialization:
o Exorbitant Costs: Healthcare becomes unaffordable for many, leading to catastrophic out-of-pocket
expenses and pushing families into poverty.
o Ethical Dilemmas: Pressure for over-investigation, unnecessary procedures, and profit-driven decisions
can erode patient trust.
o Accessibility Gap: Private facilities often concentrate in urban areas, leaving rural populations
underserved.
o Lack of Standardization & Regulation: Quality of care can vary widely, and regulation of private players Page
remains a challenge. | 119
 Digital Health (Current Affair): Initiatives like Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) aim to create a
unified digital health ecosystem, enhancing accessibility and efficiency, but also raising concerns about
data privacy.
 Newer Diseases/Public Health Crises: (e.g., COVID-19 showed vulnerabilities in both public and private
systems, highlighted the need for collective efforts.)

Role of NCC (Connecting to the Context):

 Selfless Service: NCC's core values of "Selfless Service," "Discipline," and "Character" align directly with
the ideal of healthcare as a service.
 Community Engagement: NCC cadets participate in social awareness campaigns (e.g., health camps,
blood donation drives, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan), demonstrating practical commitment to public well-
being.
 Disaster Relief: During natural calamities or health crises, NCC cadets often assist in providing basic aid,
logistical support, and spreading awareness, embodying the service aspect of healthcare.
 Leadership for Public Health: NCC grooms disciplined and responsible citizens who can contribute to
public health initiatives, whether as medical professionals or informed citizens.

Conclusion (Synthesis):

 "While the business model brings efficiency and innovation, healthcare fundamentally remains a service.
The challenge lies in finding a balance where private enterprise complements, rather than competes
with, universal access and affordability, guided by a strong regulatory framework and a commitment to
public welfare. The spirit of NCC, prioritizing selfless service, is crucial in fostering a healthcare system
that truly serves all."
 Are Leaders Born or Made?
Introduction (Setting the Stage):
Page
 "This timeless debate challenges our understanding of leadership. While some traits might be innate, | 120
the overwhelming evidence points towards leadership being a cultivated skill."

Points for "Born" (Briefly Acknowledge):

 "Certain inherent qualities – like charisma, strong intuition, or a natural ability to command attention –
can provide a head start."
 "Think of historical figures who seemed to effortlessly inspire, almost from birth."

Points for "Made" (Elaborate and Emphasize):

 Experience is Key: "Leadership is forged through challenges, failures, and diverse experiences. Learning
from mistakes is paramount."
 Skill Development: "Crucial leadership skills – communication, decision-making, empathy, strategic
thinking – are all learned and refined over time through dedicated effort and training."
 Mentorship & Learning: "Great leaders often credit mentors and continuous learning for their
development. Formal education, workshops, and self-study play a significant role."
 Adaptability: "In today's dynamic world, adaptability and resilience are critical leadership traits, honed
through experience, not inherited."

Government Schemes/Current Affairs Link:

 Skill India Mission: "Government initiatives like the 'Skill India Mission' implicitly support the 'leaders
are made' argument by focusing on skill development, which is crucial for cultivating future leaders in
various sectors."
 Startup India/Atmanirbhar Bharat: "The entrepreneurial spirit fostered by 'Startup India' and
'Atmanirbhar Bharat' showcases individuals who develop leadership qualities through sheer
determination, problem-solving, and building teams from scratch – truly 'made' leaders."
 NEP 2020: "The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes critical thinking, problem-solving, and
vocational training from an early age, aiming to develop well-rounded individuals with leadership
potential, reinforcing the 'made' perspective."
 Disaster Management: "Observe leaders emerging during natural calamities or crises – their leadership
is often born out of necessity, quick decision-making under pressure, and coordinating relief efforts,
showcasing 'made' leadership."

NCC Specific Angle (Crucial for your context):

 "The National Cadet Corps (NCC) is a prime example of an institution dedicated to making leaders.
Through rigorous training in discipline, teamwork, drill, leadership camps, and community service,
cadets are systematically groomed to develop leadership qualities."
 "From being a junior cadet to holding a senior appointment like a 'Senior Under Officer' (SUO) or
'Company Sergeant Major' (CSM), the NCC provides a structured environment for cadets to hone their
command, decision-making, and responsibility – tangible proof that leadership can be taught and
nurtured."
 "The 'esprit de corps' and 'unity and discipline' motto of NCC directly contribute to developing
collaborative leadership, emphasizing that it's a learned group dynamic, not just individual brilliance."
 Conclusion (Synthesis):

 "While some innate characteristics might provide a foundation, the journey of leadership is
overwhelmingly one of continuous learning, adaptation, and experience. Leaders are, in essence, forged
through their journey, rather than simply born." Page
 "It's the crucible of challenges and the dedication to self-improvement that truly shapes a leader, a | 121
process evident in initiatives from the NCC to national skill development programs."
 Indigenous Defence System India
Opening Statement/Key Message:
Page
 India's indigenous defence system is a critical pillar of our national security and strategic autonomy, | 122
evolving rapidly from import dependence to self-reliance through the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' vision.

Valuable Points (short and crisp):

1. Strategic Imperative & "Atmanirbhar Bharat":

* Core Idea: Self-reliance in defence is non-negotiable for national security and geopolitical influence.

* Govt. Scheme: "Make in India" in Defence has driven significant growth, with production reaching
₹1.27 lakh crore in FY 2023-24 (174% increase since 2014-15).

* Impact: Reduces foreign dependency, ensures supply chain resilience, and fosters domestic industrial
growth.

2. Key Success Stories & Achievements:

* Missile Systems: BrahMos (joint venture, high indigenization), Akash (96% indigenous content), Agni,
Prithvi series. DRDO is developing next-gen BrahMos-NG and hypersonic weapons.

* Aircraft: Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) - a testament to indigenous design and manufacturing
capabilities.

* Naval Power: INS Vikrant (indigenous aircraft carrier), Arihant-class nuclear submarines, Project 75
(Kalvari-class submarines with increasing indigenous content for P75-I).

* Artillery: Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) - a world-class indigenous product.

* Drones/UAVs: DRDO's Rustom series and Tapas-BH are crucial for ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, and
Reconnaissance).

* Anti-Drone Systems: DRDO's D4 anti-drone system effectively neutralises threats using soft and hard
kill methods.

3. Government Initiatives & Policies:

* Positive Indigenisation Lists (PILs): Embargo on import of over 5,500 items to boost domestic
procurement.

Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020: Prioritizes 'Buy Indian (IDDM)' category with increased
indigenous content requirements.

* Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX): Fosters start-ups and MSMEs in defence tech, allocating
grants (e.g., ADITI scheme for strategic technologies like AI, Quantum Tech).

* Defence Industrial Corridors (UP & Tamil Nadu): Special zones to attract investment and build a
robust defence ecosystem.
 * SRIJAN Portal: Facilitates indigenisation by identifying imported items for domestic production (over
14,000 items indigenised).

* Increased R&D Funding: Technology Development Fund (TDF) limits raised to ₹50 crore per project.
Page
4. Role of DRDO & Public/Private Partnership: | 123

* DRDO: The backbone of indigenous R&D, working on cutting-edge projects like Project Kusha
(indigenous alternative to S-400 air defence system).

* Private Sector: Plays an increasingly crucial role (contributing 21% to total defence production),
fostering innovation and efficiency. Companies like BEL, Tata, L&T, Bharat Forge are key players.

5. Current Affairs & Future Outlook:

* Exports: India's defence exports have surged, reaching ₹21,083 crore in FY 2023-24, exporting to over
100 countries. Target of ₹50,000 crore exports by 2029.

* Future Technologies: Focus on AI, cyber warfare, quantum technology, hypersonic weapons, and
autonomous systems.

* Challenges: Need for sustained R&D investment, faster testing and certification, and strengthening
local supply chains.

6. NCC's Contribution (Crucial for RDC BC):

* Awareness & Patriotism: NCC instills a deep sense of patriotism and awareness about national
security challenges, including the importance of indigenous defence.

* Skilled Manpower: Cadets receive training in discipline, leadership, and various military aspects,
creating a pool of youth potentially interested in defence manufacturing or joining the forces, thus
supporting the ecosystem of indigenous defence.

* "Future Ready Citizens": NCC prepares cadets to be informed and responsible citizens who
understand the significance of a strong, self-reliant defence sector for national sovereignty and
progress. They are the future workforce and innovators.

Concluding Remark/Takeaway:

 India's journey towards indigenous defence is a testament to its resolve to secure its borders and assert
its position on the global stage. It's a continuous process of innovation, collaboration, and national
commitment, with every citizen, including NCC cadets, playing a part.
 Tips for Extempore:

 Structure: Introduction -> Definition -> Positives -> Negatives -> Current Affairs/Schemes -> Benefits to
NCC Cadets -> Conclusion. Page
 Speak Clearly and Confidently: Maintain eye contact. | 124
 Use Keywords: "Digital India," "SMART Governance," "Transparency," "Accountability," "Digital Divide."
 Time Management: Allocate specific time to each section.
 Conclude Strongly: Reiterate the importance of e-governance for a "Viksit Bharat" and the role of youth.

Tips for Group Discussion:

 Listen Actively: Build on others' points, agree or respectfully disagree.

 Initiate & Conclude: Try to start the discussion and offer a concise summary at the end.
 Substantiate with Examples: Use the current affairs and schemes mentioned.
 Maintain Decorum: Allow others to speak, avoid interrupting.
 Be Assertive, Not Aggressive: Put forth your points clearly and confidently.
 Focus on the "Why" and "How": Don't just list facts, explain their implications.
 Connect to NCC Values: Emphasize how e-governance aligns with discipline, leadership, and national
service.

Good luck!