Legal Maxims – MCQs (1–50)

1. Ab initio means:

o a) From the beginning ✔

o b) From the end

o c) From the middle

o d) None of the above

2. Actus reus refers to:

o a) The guilty mind

o b) The guilty act ✔

o c) The guilty intention

o d) None of the above

3. Ad hoc means:

o a) For this purpose ✔

o b) For all purposes

o c) For a limited time

o d) None of the above

4. Audi alteram partem translates to:

o a) Hear the other side ✔

o b) Let the buyer beware

o c) The act speaks for itself

o d) None of the above

5. Bona fide means:

o a) In good faith ✔

o b) In bad faith

o c) In doubt

o d) None of the above

6. Caveat emptor means:

o a) Let the seller beware

o b) Let the buyer beware ✔

o c) Let the law beware

 o d) None of the above

7. Corpus delicti refers to:

o a) The body of the crime ✔

o b) The body of the victim

o c) The body of the accused

o d) None of the above

8. De facto means:

o a) In fact ✔

o b) By law

o c) In theory

o d) None of the above

9. De jure means:

o a) In law ✔

o b) In fact

o c) In theory

o d) None of the above

10. Ex post facto means:

o a) After the fact ✔

o b) Before the fact

o c) At the same time

o d) None of the above

11. Habeas corpus means:

o a) You shall have the body ✔

o b) You shall not have the body

o c) You shall have the right

o d) None of the above

12. Ignorantia juris non excusat means:

o a) Ignorance of the law is no excuse ✔

o b) Ignorance of the law is an excuse

o c) Ignorance of the law is a crime

o d) None of the above

13. In camera means:

o a) In private ✔

o b) In public

o c) In secret

o d) None of the above

14. In loco parentis means:

o a) In the place of a parent ✔

o b) In the place of a teacher

o c) In the place of a guardian

o d) None of the above

15. Ipso facto means:

o a) By the fact itself ✔

o b) By the law itself

o c) By the theory itself

o d) None of the above

16. Jus cogens refers to:

o a) Peremptory norms of international law ✔

o b) Optional norms of international law

o c) National laws

o d) None of the above

17. Jus soli means:

o a) Right of the soil ✔

o b) Right of the blood

o c) Right of the state

o d) None of the above

18. Lex loci refers to:

o a) Law of the place ✔

o b) Law of the person

o c) Law of the state

o d) None of the above

19. Mala fide means:

 o a) In bad faith ✔

o b) In good faith

o c) In doubt

o d) None of the above

20. Nemo judex in causa sua means:

o a) No one should be a judge in their own cause ✔

o b) Everyone should be a judge in their own cause

o c) No one should be a judge in any cause

o d) None of the above

21. Nolle prosequi means:

o a) To be unwilling to prosecute ✔

o b) To be willing to prosecute

o c) To dismiss the case

o d) None of the above

22. Non compos mentis means:

o a) Not of sound mind ✔

o b) Of sound mind

o c) Not of sound body

o d) None of the above

23. Non obstante means:

o a) Notwithstanding ✔

o b) Not withstanding

o c) Not understanding

o d) None of the above

24. Nunc pro tunc means:

o a) Now for then ✔

o b) Then for now

o c) Now and then

o d) None of the above

25. Obiter dicta refers to:

o a) Remarks made in passing ✔

 o b) The main reasoning of the decision

o c) The final judgment

o d) None of the above

26. Pacta sunt servanda means:

o a) Agreements must be kept ✔

o b) Agreements can be broken

o c) Agreements are optional

o d) None of the above

27. Per curiam means:

o a) By the court ✔

o b) By the judge

o c) By the lawyer

o d) None of the above

28. Prima facie means:

o a) At first sight ✔

o b) After thorough examination

o c) Upon second thought

o d) None of the above

29. Pro bono means:

o a) For the public good ✔

o b) For personal gain

o c) For the government

o d) None of the above

30. Pro rata means:

o a) In proportion ✔

o b) In equal parts

o c) In reverse order

o d) None of the above

31. Quid pro quo means:

o a) Something for something ✔

o b) Nothing for something

 o c) Something for nothing

o d) None of the above

32. Res judicata means:

o a) A matter judged ✔

o b) A matter pending

o c) A matter to be judged

o d) None of the above

33. Res ipsa loquitur means:

o a) The thing speaks for itself ✔

o b) The thing is silent

o c) The thing is irrelevant

o d) None of the above

34. Sine qua non means:

o a) Without which not ✔

o b) With which everything

o c) Without which everything

o d) None of the above

35. Stare decisis means:

o a) To stand by things decided ✔

o b) To change decisions

o c) To ignore decisions

o d) None of the above

36. Sub judice means:

o a) Under judgment ✔

o b) Above judgment

o c) Beyond judgment

o d) None of the above

37. Sui generis means:

o a) Of its own kind ✔

o b) Of another kind

o c) Of no kind
 o d) None of the above

38. Ultra vires means:

o a) Beyond powers ✔

o b) Within powers

o c) Against powers

o d) None of the above

39. Vox populi means:

o a) Voice of the people ✔

o b) Voice of the government

o c) Voice of the judge

o d) None of the above

40. Volenti non fit injuria means:

o a) To a willing person, no harm is done ✔

o b) To an unwilling person, harm is done

o c) Harm is done to all

o d) None of the above

41. Vox Dei means:

o a) Voice of God ✔

o b) Voice of the people

o c) Voice of the judge

o d) None of the above

42. Vox regis means:

o a) Voice of the king ✔

o b) Voice of the people

o c) Voice of the judge

o d) None of the above

43. Vox legis means:

o a) Voice of the law ✔

o b) Voice of the people

o c) Voice of the judge

o d) None of the above

44. Vox civitatis means:

o a) Voice of the state ✔

o b) Voice of the people

o c) Voice of the judge

o d) None of the above

45. Vox populi vox Dei means:

o a) The voice of the people is the voice of God ✔

o b) The voice of the judge is the voice of God

o c) The voice of the king is the voice of God

o d) None of the above

46. Vox regis vox Dei means:

o a) The voice of the king is the voice of God ✔

o b) The voice of the judge is the voice of God

o c) The voice of the people is the voice of God

o d) None of the above

47. Vox legis vox Dei means:

o a) The voice of the law is the voice of God ✔

o b) The voice of the judge is the voice of God

o c) The voice of the people is the voice of God

o d) None of the above

48. Vox civitatis vox Dei means:

o a) The voice of the state is the voice of God ✔

o b) The voice of the people is the voice of God

o c) The voice of the judge is the voice of God

o d) None of the above

49. Ex parte means:

o a) By or for one party only ✔

o b) By or for both parties

o c) By or for no party

o d) None of the above

50. Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus means:

 o a) False in one thing, false in all ✔

o b) True in one thing, false in all

o c) False in some, true in all

o d) None of the above

Legal Maxims & Statute Interpretation – MCQs (51–100)

51. Fiat justitia ruat caelum means:

• a) Let justice be done though the heavens fall ✔

• b) Let justice wait for circumstances

• c) Justice is conditional

• d) None of the above

52. Ignorantia facti excusat means:

• a) Ignorance of the fact excuses ✔

• b) Ignorance of the fact does not excuse

• c) Ignorance of the law excuses

• d) None of the above

53. Lex posterior derogat priori means:

• a) Later law repeals earlier law ✔

• b) Earlier law repeals later law

• c) Two laws coexist

• d) None of the above

54. Lex specialis derogat generali means:

• a) Special law overrides general law ✔

• b) General law overrides special law

• c) Special and general laws coexist

• d) None of the above

55. Ex injuria jus non oritur means:

• a) Law does not arise from injustice ✔

• b) Law arises from injustice

• c) Injustice is lawful

• d) None of the above

56. Ex turpi causa non oritur actio means:

• a) No action arises from an illegal cause ✔

• b) Action arises from illegal cause

• c) Action is independent of cause

• d) None of the above

57. Falsus testis non est audiendus means:

• a) False witness should not be heard ✔

• b) False witness should be heard

• c) Witness truth is optional

• d) None of the above

58. Generalia specialibus non derogant means:

• a) General provisions do not override special provisions ✔

• b) General provisions override special provisions

• c) Special provisions are void

• d) None of the above

59. Homo homini lupus means:

• a) Man is a wolf to man ✔

• b) Man is friendly to man

• c) Man is neutral to man

• d) None of the above

60. In pari delicto means:

• a) In equal fault ✔

• b) In unequal fault

• c) Innocent party wins

• d) None of the above

61. Lex non cogit ad impossibilia means:

• a) Law does not compel the impossible ✔

• b) Law compels everything

• c) Law is flexible

• d) None of the above

62. Nemo plus iuris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse habet means:

• a) No one can transfer more rights than he has ✔

• b) One can transfer unlimited rights

• c) Rights transfer is flexible

• d) None of the above

63. Nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare means:

• a) No one is bound to accuse himself ✔

• b) Everyone must accuse themselves

• c) Self-accusation is optional

• d) None of the above

64. Res nullius means:

• a) Nobody’s property ✔

• b) Someone’s property

• c) Government property

• d) None of the above

65. Res communis means:

• a) Common property ✔

• b) Private property

• c) State property

• d) None of the above

66. Res inter alios acta means:

• a) A thing done between others does not affect others ✔

• b) A thing done between others binds all

• c) A thing done is irrelevant

• d) None of the above

67. Salus populi suprema lex esto means:

• a) Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law ✔

• b) Let law be supreme over welfare

• c) Welfare is secondary

• d) None of the above

68. Voluntas testatoris suprema lex means:

• a) The testator’s intention is the supreme law ✔

• b) Law overrides intention

• c) Courts decide regardless

• d) None of the above

69. Delegatus non potest delegare means:

• a) A delegated person cannot further delegate ✔

• b) A delegated person can delegate

• c) Delegation is unlimited

• d) None of the above

70. Qui tacet consentire videtur means:

• a) He who is silent is deemed to consent ✔

• b) Silence means dissent

• c) Silence has no effect

• d) None of the above

71. Qui facit per alium facit per se means:

• a) He who acts through another acts himself ✔

• b) Acting through another is invalid

• c) Action is irrelevant

• d) None of the above

72. Stare super praesumptione means:

• a) Presumption stands until contrary proved ✔

• b) Presumption is always invalid

• c) Presumption is optional

• d) None of the above

73. Ubi jus ibi remedium means:

• a) Where there is a right, there is a remedy ✔

• b) Rights are independent of remedies

• c) Remedy exists without right

• d) None of the above

74. Ubi lex non distinguit, nec nos distinguere debemus means:

• a) Where law makes no distinction, we must not distinguish ✔

• b) We must distinguish regardless

• c) Distinction is optional
• d) None of the above

75. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea means:

• a) Act does not make one guilty unless the mind is guilty ✔

• b) Act alone makes guilty

• c) Mind alone makes guilty

• d) None of the above

76. Delegation of powers must be express – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

77. Interpretation of statutes is guided by literal rule – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

78. Golden rule in statute interpretation avoids absurdity – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

79. Mischief rule in statute interpretation focuses on the purpose of law – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

80. Ejusdem generis rule – General words following specific words are limited to the same kind
✔

• a) True ✔

• b) False

81. Noscitur a sociis rule – A word is known by the company it keeps ✔

• a) True ✔

• b) False

82. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius – Expression of one thing excludes others ✔

• a) True ✔

• b) False

83. Literal rule is most commonly applied in Pakistan – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False
84. Statutory interpretation includes the use of legal maxims – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

85. Strict construction is applied in criminal statutes – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

86. Penal statutes are construed strictly – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

87. Public law is interpreted liberally – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

88. Private law is interpreted strictly – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

89. Statutes are interpreted in context of the whole act – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

90. Contextual interpretation gives effect to legislative intent – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

91. If statute is ambiguous, courts refer to purpose – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

92. Presumption against retrospective effect – Statutes are generally not retrospective ✔

• a) True ✔

• b) False

93. Every word of statute is presumed to have meaning – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

94. Interpretation must avoid absurd results – True or False?

 • a) True ✔

• b) False

95. Technical terms in statute are given their technical meaning – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

96. Statutes are presumed not to alter common law – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

97. Remedial statutes are given liberal construction – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

98. Mandatory provisions are interpreted strictly – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

99. Directory provisions are interpreted liberally – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

100. Statutes are presumed to operate within territorial limits unless stated otherwise –
True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

Legal Maxims & Statute Interpretation – MCQs (101–150)

101. Presumption against encroachment on fundamental rights – Statutes are not

presumed to violate fundamental rights ✔

• a) True ✔

• b) False

102. In criminal law, doubt benefits the accused – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

103. In civil law, presumption favors legality – True or False?

• a) True ✔
• b) False

104. Clear and unambiguous words are given literal meaning – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

105. Ambiguous words are interpreted contextually – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

106. Statutory exceptions are strictly construed – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

107. Statutory penalties are strictly construed – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

108. Mandatory procedural requirements are strictly enforced – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

109. Directory provisions allow some flexibility – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

110. Statutes are presumed to operate prospectively unless stated otherwise – True or
False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

111. Principle of noscitur a sociis helps avoid misinterpretation – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

112. Principle of ejusdem generis limits general words after specific words – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

113. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius is frequently applied in Pakistan – True or False?

• a) True ✔
• b) False

114. Golden rule prevents absurd consequences – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

115. Mischief rule focuses on remedying the defect in the law – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

116. Statutes are presumed not to bind the Crown unless expressly stated – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

117. Legislative intent is paramount in interpretation – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

118. Words are given ordinary meaning unless defined in statute – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

119. Technical terms are interpreted according to their technical meaning – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

120. Remedial statutes are given liberal interpretation – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

121. Mandatory words such as “shall” are construed strictly – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

122. Directory words such as “may” allow discretion – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

123. Presumption against interference with private property – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False
124. Presumption against retrospective effect of statutes – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

125. Statutes are presumed to respect international law obligations – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

126. In interpretation, courts avoid redundancy in words – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

127. In case of doubt, statute is interpreted in favor of public interest – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

128. Principle of legality prevents arbitrary power exercise – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

129. Criminal statutes are strictly construed against the prosecution – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

130. Civil statutes are construed to effectuate purpose – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

131. Principle of separation of powers influences statutory interpretation – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

132. Presumption against ouster of courts’ jurisdiction – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

133. Court may refer to legislative history for ambiguous statutes – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

134. Principle of contemporanea expositio applies – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

135. Statutes are interpreted consistently with existing law – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

136. In interpreting taxing statutes, strict rule applies – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

137. Ambiguity in statutes favors the citizen – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

138. In statutory interpretation, absurd results are avoided – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

139. Principle of expressio unius is applied in exclusions – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

140. Presumption that statute does not intend injustice – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

141. Presumption that statute does not intend to violate fundamental rights – True or
False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

142. Presumption that statute does not intend absurdity – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

143. Legislature is presumed to intend entire statute to be effective – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

144. Principle of “reading down” ensures constitutionality – True or False?

 • a) True ✔

• b) False

145. In doubtful cases, court interprets statute in harmony with justice – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

146. Principle of strict construction applies to penal, taxing, and mandatory statutes – True
or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

147. Principle of liberal construction applies to remedial statutes – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

148. In case of conflict between statutes, later statute prevails – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

149. Principle of harmonious construction reconciles conflicting provisions – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

150. Courts avoid interpretations that render provisions meaningless – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

Legal Maxims & Statute Interpretation – MCQs (151–200)

151. Every statute is presumed to have a legislative purpose – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

152. Principle of purposive construction interprets statute to fulfill legislative intent – True
or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

153. Statutory definitions prevail over ordinary meaning – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False
154. Principle of presumption against hardship ensures fairness – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

155. Court may read down provisions to preserve constitutionality – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

156. Delegation of legislative powers must be express and clear – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

157. Equity aids the interpretation of statutes – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

158. Principle of noscitur a sociis avoids absurdity by considering word association – True
or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

159. Principle of ejusdem generis limits general words following specific words – True or
False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

160. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius excludes other unexpressed things – True or
False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

161. Principle of literal interpretation applies when language is clear and unambiguous –
True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

162. Golden rule modifies literal meaning to avoid absurdity – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

163. Mischief rule focuses on the defect in old law and remedy by statute – True or False?
• a) True ✔

• b) False

164. Statutory exceptions are strictly construed – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

165. Presumption against retrospective effect ensures fairness – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

166. In case of ambiguity, statute favors citizen or accused – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

167. Principle of harmonious construction reconciles conflicting provisions – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

168. Courts avoid interpretations that render any part of statute meaningless – True or
False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

169. Statutes are presumed to respect fundamental rights – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

170. Statutes are presumed to operate within territorial limits – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

171. Principle of stare decisis ensures legal certainty – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

172. Judicial precedent is binding on lower courts – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

173. Ratio decidendi is binding; obiter dicta is persuasive only – True or False?
• a) True ✔

• b) False

174. Principle of res judicata prevents re-litigation of settled matters – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

175. Principle of res ipsa loquitur applies when act speaks for itself – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

176. Caveat emptor applies in contract law – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

177. Bona fide purchaser for value without notice is protected – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

178. Principle of ultra vires ensures powers are not exceeded – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

179. Delegatus non potest delegare – delegated authority cannot further delegate – True
or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

180. Principle of “he who comes to equity must come with clean hands” – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

181. In pari delicto – courts do not aid parties equally at fault – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

182. Ex turpi causa non oritur actio – no action arises from illegal acts – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

183. Fiat justitia ruat caelum – justice must be done, though the heavens fall – True or
False?
• a) True ✔

• b) False

184. Habeas corpus protects individual liberty – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

185. Ignorantia juris non excusat – ignorance of law is no excuse – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

186. Nemo judex in causa sua – no one should judge their own case – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

187. Audi alteram partem – hear the other side – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

188. Volenti non fit injuria – to a willing person, no injury is done – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

189. Presumption that legislation does not intend injustice or absurdity – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

190. Presumption against interference with private property – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

191. Presumption that law respects international obligations – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

192. Courts may refer to legislative history for ambiguous statutes – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

193. Principle of contemporanea expositio – contemporaneous interpretation aids

understanding – True or False?
 • a) True ✔

• b) False

194. Statutes are interpreted to avoid conflict with other laws – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

195. Statutes are presumed to have reasonable, just, and fair intention – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

196. Strict construction is applied in criminal, penal, and taxing statutes – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

197. Liberal construction is applied to remedial statutes – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

198. Golden rule modifies literal interpretation to avoid absurdity – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

199. Mischief rule examines old law defect and purpose of statute – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

200. Ejusdem generis, noscitur a sociis, and expressio unius est exclusio alterius are rules
of statutory interpretation – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

Top 50 Most Important MCQs – SDEO PERA BS-16

1. Ignorantia juris non excusat means:

• a) Ignorance of fact is no excuse

• b) Ignorance of law is no excuse ✔

• c) Ignorance of law excuses crime

• d) None of the above

2. Audi alteram partem means:

• a) Hear the other side ✔

• b) No one is above law

• c) Justice delayed is justice denied

• d) None of the above

3. Nemo judex in causa sua means:

• a) Everyone can judge their own case

• b) No one should be a judge in their own case ✔

• c) Judge can decide based on discretion

• d) None of the above

4. Habeas corpus ensures:

• a) Right to vote

• b) Right to free speech

• c) Protection against unlawful detention ✔

• d) Right to property

5. Caveat emptor applies to:

• a) Buyer beware ✔

• b) Seller beware

• c) Law is supreme

• d) None of the above

6. Bona fide purchaser for value without notice – principle protects:

• a) Only sellers

• b) Only buyers ✔

• c) Government

• d) Courts

7. Ex turpi causa non oritur actio means:

• a) Action arises from illegal act

• b) No action arises from illegal act ✔

• c) Law favors illegal acts

• d) None of the above

8. Res judicata principle prevents:

• a) Repetition of same lawsuit ✔

• b) Filing new claims

• c) Appeals

• d) None of the above

9. Stare decisis means:

• a) Courts must change previous decisions

• b) Courts stand by previously decided cases ✔

• c) Courts ignore precedents

• d) None of the above

10. Ultra vires means:

• a) Within authority

• b) Beyond authority ✔

• c) Invalid law

• d) None of the above

11. Delegatus non potest delegare means:

• a) Delegate cannot further delegate ✔

• b) Delegate can transfer power

• c) Authority is unlimited

• d) None of the above

12. Principle of strict construction applies to:

• a) Remedial laws

• b) Criminal and penal statutes ✔

• c) Civil disputes

• d) None of the above

13. Golden rule in interpretation is used to:

• a) Follow literal meaning strictly

• b) Avoid absurd results ✔

• c) Ignore statute

• d) None of the above

14. Mischief rule focuses on:

• a) Literal interpretation

• b) Purpose of statute and defect in old law ✔

• c) Judicial discretion

• d) None of the above

15. Ejusdem generis rule means:

• a) General words limited to same kind as specific words ✔

• b) General words have unlimited meaning

• c) Specific words ignored

• d) None of the above

16. Noscitur a sociis principle means:

• a) Words known by the company they keep ✔

• b) Words are independent

• c) Statute is irrelevant

• d) None of the above

17. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius means:

• a) Mention of one thing excludes others ✔

• b) One thing does not exclude others

• c) All things included

• d) None of the above

18. Fiat justitia ruat caelum means:

• a) Justice delayed is justice denied

• b) Let justice be done though the heavens fall ✔

• c) Justice must be ignored

• d) None of the above

19. Volenti non fit injuria principle applies when:

• a) Injury is done unwillingly

• b) Injured party consented ✔

• c) Law ignores consent

• d) None of the above

20. Ab initio means:

• a) From the middle

• b) From the beginning ✔

• c) From the end

• d) None of the above

21. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea – principle:

• a) Act alone makes guilty

• b) Guilty mind and act required ✔

• c) Mind alone makes guilty

• d) None of the above

22. Ubi jus ibi remedium principle means:

• a) Where there is a law, there is a remedy ✔

• b) Law is independent of remedy

• c) Remedy is optional

• d) None of the above

23. Res ipsa loquitur principle applies to:

• a) Acts that speak for themselves ✔

• b) Acts requiring proof

• c) Acts of government only

• d) None of the above

24. Principle of presumption against retrospective effect – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

25. Presumption against ouster of court’s jurisdiction – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

26. Principle of harmonious construction ensures:

• a) Conflicting provisions reconciled ✔

• b) Law ignored

• c) Judge decides arbitrarily

• d) None of the above

27. Nemo plus iuris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse habet – meaning:

• a) One can transfer unlimited rights

• b) No one can transfer more rights than they have ✔

• c) Rights transfer is flexible

• d) None of the above

28. Principle of equity aids statutory interpretation – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

29. Principle of presumption in favor of citizen in ambiguous statute – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

30. Principle of strict construction in taxing statutes – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

31. Principle of liberal construction in remedial statutes – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

32. Principle of contemporanea expositio – interpretation aided by contemporary understanding –

True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

33. Presumption that statute respects fundamental rights – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

34. Delegation of legislative powers must be express and clear – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

35. Homo homini lupus principle means:

• a) Man is friendly to man

• b) Man is a wolf to man ✔

• c) Man is neutral

• d) None of the above

36. Non obstante clause (notwithstanding) is used to:

• a) Override conflicting law ✔

• b) Confirm law
• c) Nullify law completely

• d) None of the above

37. Lex posterior derogat priori – later law prevails over earlier – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

38. Lex specialis derogat generali – special law prevails over general – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

39. Principle of presumption that legislation does not intend absurdity – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

40. Principle of presumption that legislation does not intend injustice – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

41. Principle of presumption that statute does not violate international law – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

42. Principle of “he who comes to equity must come with clean hands” – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

43. Ex parte proceeding means:

• a) Both parties present

• b) One party only ✔

• c) Court decides without notice

• d) None of the above

44. Nolle prosequi means:

• a) Case must proceed

• b) Prosecutor unwilling to proceed ✔

• c) Defendant wins automatically

• d) None of the above

45. Corpus delicti refers to:

• a) Body of victim

• b) Body of crime ✔

• c) Evidence only

• d) None of the above

46. Principle of “no one should benefit from own wrong” – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

47. Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus – false in one, false in all – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

48. Principle of presumption against interference with private property – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

49. Principle that every word in statute has meaning – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False

50. Principle of liberal construction to give effect to remedial law – True or False?

• a) True ✔

• b) False