CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
MADE BY-
SHIRISH TIWARI
XII-B
ROLL NO. 19
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. PRACTICAL AND
DEMONSTRATION
7. RESULT
8. PRECAUTION
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shirish Tiwari has successfully
completed a chemistry investigatory project as part of
their academic requirements.
Project Topic : “Study of Antacids”
The project involved investigating chemical properties,
reactions, or applications related to the antacids and
other medicines
Date:
Signature:
Teacher's Signature:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
Many people have best owned upon me their
blessings and heart pledged support , this time I am
utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with this project.
Primarily I would thank god and Chemistry
teacher Mrs. Seema Mam and
would like to thank my principal Ms. Mala Sood
whose valuable guidance has been the ones
that helped me patch this project and make it
instructions has served as the major
full proof success his suggestions and his
contributor towards the completion of the
project.
friends who have helped me with their valuable
Then I would like to thank my parents and
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the
Project.
SHIRISH TIWARI XII B
AIM
To analyse which
commercial antacid
works the best for
the human stomach
acid (HCL)
INTRODUCTION
• DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH RESULTS FROM THE ACTION OF
GASTRIC FLUID, WHICH INCLUDES SECRETIONS OF DIGESTIVE
ENZYMES, MUCOUS, AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID. THE ACIDIC
ENVIRONMENT OF THE STOMACH MAKES IT POSSIBLE FOR
INACTIVE FORMS OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES TO BE CONVERTED
INTO ACTIVE FORMS (I.E. PEPSINOGEN INTO PEPSIN), AND ACID
IS ALSO NEEDED TO DISSOLVE MINERALS AND KILL BACTERIA
THAT MAY ENTER THE STOMACH ALONG WITH FOOD.
HOWEVER, EXCESSIVE ACID PRODUCTION (HYPERACIDITY)
RESULTS IN THE UNPLEASANT SYMPTOMS OF HEARTBURN AND
MAY CONTRIBUTE TO ULCER FORMATION IN THE STOMACH
LINING. ANTACIDS ARE WEAK BASES (MOST COMMONLY
BICARBONATES, HYDROXIDES, AND CARBONATES) THAT
NEUTRALIZE EXCESS STOMACH ACID AND THUS ALLEVIATE
SYMPTOMS OF HEARTBURN.
• THE GENERAL NEUTRALIZATION REACTION IS: ANTACID (WEAK
BASE) + HCL (STOMACH ACID) —> SALTS + H20 + C02
THEORY
STOMACH ACID
stomach acid is very dangerous. If a person was to have an ulcer and the
stomach acid was to escape it would irritate their other organs. Stomach acid is
highly acidic and has a pH of 1.6. Stomach acid is hydrochloric acid produced by
the stomach. If there is too much stomach acid it can cause heartburn.
Heartburn is when stomach acid is produced in abnormal amounts or location.
One of the symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest or abdomen
SOME FOODS CONTAINING ACIDS
Almost all foods and drinks and even medicines have ingredients that are
different acids. Here are some
examples: Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), Orange juice (ascorbic acid/Vitamin C),
Sour Milk (lactic acid),
Soda Water (carbonic acid), Vinegar (acetic acid), Apples (malic acid), and
Spinach (oxalic acid).
ANTACID
An antacid is any substance that can neutralize an
acid. All antacids are bases. A base is any substance
that can neutralize an acid. The pH of a base is 7.1-
14(above 7). All antacids have chemical in them called
a buffer. When an antacid is mixed with an acid the
buffer tries to even out the acidity and that is how
stomach acid gets neutralized. In an antacid it is not
the name brand that tells how well it works it is
something called an active ingredient. Not all antacids
have a different active ingredient. Some have
one of the same active ingredients and some have all
of the same active ingredients. Almost all the antacids
that have the same active ingredient work the same
amount as the other. The active ingredient of most of
the antacids is bases of calcium, magnesium,
aluminium
Ideal Antacid
▪ An ideal antacid should be non-absorbable and
avoid causing systemic alkalosis, laxation, or
constipation. It should buffer effectively within
the pH 4-6 range and provide rapid, sustained
relief. While it may inhibit pepsin, it shouldn't
completely stop peptic digestion. The ideal
antacid should not lead to rebound acidity,
excessive belching, or significant gas production
when reacting with stomach acid. Furthermore, it
should not interfere with the absorption of food,
nutrients, or vitamins, and should be non-irritating
to the stomach and intestines, avoiding diarrhea
WORKING
MECHANISM
• ANTACIDS PERFORM NEUTRALIZATION REACTION, I.E. THEY BUFFER
GASTRIC ACID, RAISING THE PH TO REDUCE ACIDITY IN THE STOMACH.
WHEN GASTRIC HYDROCHLORIC ACID REACHES THE NERVES IN THE
GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA, THEY SIGNAL PAIN TO THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM. THIS HAPPENS WHEN THESE NERVES ARE EXPOSED,
AS IN PEPTIC ULCERS. THE GASTRIC ACID MAY ALSO REACH ULCERS IN
THE ESOPHAGUS OR THE DUODENUM. OTHER MECHANISMS MAY
CONTRIBUTE, SUCH AS THE EFFECT OF ALUMINIUM IONS INHIBITING
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL CONTRACTION AND DELAYING GASTRIC
EMPTYING. ANTACIDS ARE COMMONLY USED TO HELP NEUTRALIZE
STOMACH ACID. ANTACIDS ARE BASES WITH A PH ABOVE 7.0 THAT
CHEMICALLY REACT WITH ACIDS TO NEUTRALIZE THEM. THE ACTION
OF ANTACIDS IS BASED ON THE FACT THAT A BASE REACTS WITH ACID
TO FORM SALT AND WATER
SIDE EFFECTS
Aluminium hydroxide: may lead to the formation of insoluble
aluminium phosphate complexes, with a risk for
hypophosphate and osteomalacia. Although aluminium has a
low gastrointestinal absorption, accumulation may occur in the
presence of renal insufficiency. Aluminium
containing drugs may cause constipation.
Magnesium hydroxide: has a laxative property. Magnesium
may accumulate in patients with
renal failure leading to hypo magnesia, with cardiovascular and
neurological complications.
Calcium: compounds containing calcium may increase calcium
output in the urine, which might be associated to renal stones.
Calcium salts may cause constipation.
Carbonate: regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in
turn may result in altered excretion
of other drugs, and kidney stones.
SOME FAMOUS ANTACID BRANDS
(GLOBALLY)
1. Alka-Seltzer – NaHCO3 and/or KHCO3
2. Equate – Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
3. Gaviscon – Al(OH)3
4. Maalox (liquid) – Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
5. Maalox (tablet) – CaCO3
6. Milk of Magnesia – Mg(OH)2
7. Pepto-Bismol – HOC6H4COO
8. Pepto-Bismol Children’s – CaCO3
9. Rolaids – CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2
10. Tums – CaCO3
11. ENO
12. PAN40
DRUG NAMES
Some drugs used as antacids are:
1. Aluminium hydroxide
2. Magnesium hydroxide
3. Calcium carbonate
4. Sodium bicarbonate
5. Bismuth subsalicylate
6. Histamine
7. Cimetidine
8. Ranitidine
9. Omeprazole
10. Lansoprazole
BIBILIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.org
www.icbse.com
www.youtube.com
www.google.com
Chemistry NCERT class XII
