Cumulative – II Key answer

21. Describe the uses of oilseeds. Which state is the largest producer
of groundnut?
Importance: (i) Are edible and used as cooking medium.
(ii) Used as raw material in production of soap, cosmetics and ointment.
(iii) India-largest producer
Groundnut: (i)Kharif crop
(ii) Accounts half of the total oilseed production.
(iii) State: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra
22. Write down the features of 'holding together' federations.
 India, Spain and Belgium are examples of this kind of ‘holding together’ federations. In this
second category, the Central Government tends to be more powerful vis-à-vis the States. Very
often different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers. Some units are granted
special powers.
23. Describe the process by which Italy was unified. [2]
 During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states.
 During 1830, Mazzini decided to unite Italy.
 He had formed a secret society Young Italy to achieve his goal.
 After earlier failures in 1831 and 1848 king Victor Emmanuel -II took to unify the Italian
states through wars.
 Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by Cavour Sardinia-piedmont
succeeded in defeating the Austrian force in 1859.
 under the leadership of Garibaldi armed volunteers marched into south Italy in 1860 and
the kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local
peasants in order to drive out the spanish rulers.
 In 1861, victor Emmanuel-II was proclaimed king of united Italy.
OR
How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react
to French rule? Explain.
Napoleonic Code was the French Civil Code established under Napoleon in 1804. It produced
mixed reactions from the French people.

● Initially, there was great enthusiasm among the people. In many places such as Holland and
Switzerland, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.

● But later these reactions turned into hostility. Because political freedom was limited due to
censorship and forced conscription into the armies.
24. Discuss the dual objectives of federalism. What are the two
aspects that are crucial in the practice of federalism?
The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at
the same time accommodate regional diversity. Therefore, two aspects are crucial for the institutions
and practice of federalism.
III. Short Answers:
5 X 3 = 15
25. Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.
 The act allowed for arrest without trial, violating basic civil rights.
 It repressed political activities and allowed for detention of political prisoners without
trial for two years.
 Indian leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, saw it as a violation of human rights and
an attack on Indian nationalism.
 The act hurt national sentiments and dignity, leading to widespread protests across the
country.

26. Study the data given in the table and answer the questions that
follow.
Workers in different sector (in million)
Sector Organized Unorganized Total
Primary 2 240 242
Secondary 9 54 63
Tertiary 17 76 93
Total 28 370 398
i. Which is the most important sector which provides most
jobs to people?
 Primary sector
ii. What is the number of people engaged in the unorganized
sector?
 370
iii. Why this unorganised sector is more important?
Because its providing more employment for greater
number.
27. State three disadvantages of the barter system.
1. Lack of Standardization – In barter system, there is no standardization of the value of
goods or services. ...
2. Limited Options – In a barter system, the options for trade are limited to what the other
party has to offer. ...
3. Difficulty in Storage – Barter system requires the physical exchange of goods or services,
which can be difficult to store or transport. ...

28.Write in Brief on the role of women in nationalist struggles.

29. Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced
by the government in the interest of farmers.
(i) Land reforms: Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of
zamindari.
(ii) Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution.
(iii) Land development programmes: Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood,
cyclone, etc., establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing
loans.
(iv) Issuing of Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, etc.
(v) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV.

III.Long Answer: 4 x 5 = 20
30. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic
development of a nation.
In the following ways, Public Sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
(i) It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expression of
infrastructure.
(ii) It creates employment opportunities.
(iii) It generates financial resources for development.
(iv) It ensures equality of income, wealth and thus a balanced regional development.
(v) It encourages the development of small, medium and cottage industries.
(vi) It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates.
(vii) Contributes to community development i.e., to the Human Development Index (HDI)
via health and educational services.
Or
Democracy has failed to reduce economic inequality and poverty.’’
Do you agree? Give arguments in support of your answer.
In actual life, democracies do not appear to be reducing inequalities.
(i) The poor constitute a large proportion of our voters and no party likes to lose their votes,
yet democratically elected governments have not addressed the question of poverty as
one would have expected them to.
(ii) The people in several poor countries are now dependent on the rich countries even for
food supplies.
Argument in support:
(i) It enhances the dignity of the individuals.
(ii) It improves the quality of decision-making.
(iii) It provides a method to resolve conflicts.
31. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of
separate electorates?
(i) The Indian political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because
they believed that separate electorates would slow down the process of their integration into
society.
(ii) In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, President of the Muslim League, re-stated the importance of
separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political
interests.
(iii) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in
1930, clashed with Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate
electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji
began a fast unto death. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhi’s position.

Or
Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What
were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the
liberals?
The word ‘liberal’ is derived from the Latin ‘liber’ that means ‘free’. Liberalism means a
political system or tendency opposed to centralisation and absolutism.

It emphasises on absolute and unrestrained freedom of thought, religion, conscience, creed,

speech, press, and politics.

Liberals believed that government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by
others, not to pose a threat to liberty. In nineteenth century a series of republican revolts started
against European monarchies.

It began in Sicily and spread over to France, the German and Italian states, and the Austrian
Empire. This was the time when the liberals became active.

Their significant role in political and economic fields changed the outlook of European countries.

In the economic field

 (i) Liberals in the 19th century urged the end of state interference in the economic life of
society.
(ii) They fought for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed
restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
(iii) In 1834, a customs union or zolverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and
joined by most of the German states.
(iv) The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty
to two.
(v) The construction of a network of railways stirred economic growth and economic
nationalism which eventually strengthened nationalism.

In the political field

(i) Primary aim of liberals was to establish freedom for the individual and equality of all
before the law.
(ii) It believed that government should be formed with the consent of people.
(iii) It was against autocracy and clerical privileges and favoured a constitution and
representative government through parliament.
(iv) During that time property-owning men only had right to vote and get elected.
(v) The Napoleonic Code also preferred limited suffrage and reduced women’s role
also.
(vi) Women were considered as the subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.
(vii) This led to the rise of movement by women and non-propertied men demanding
equal political rights.

32. "Conservation of minerals is the need of the hour" support the

statement with five facts
(i) Minerals are considered to be the backbone of the economy.
(ii) Industry and agriculture depend on mineral deposits.
(iv) The substances manufactured from them also depend on mineral deposits.
(v) Total volume of workable mineral deposits is very less-only 1% of the earth's crust.
(vi) Mineral resources are being consumed rapidly, and minerals require millions of years to
be created and concentrated.
(vii) The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of
replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.
(viii) Minerals resources are finite and non-renewable.
(ix) The rich mineral deposits of our country are extremely valuable but short-lived
possessions
Or
State any four provisions of the Indian Constitution which
makes it a secular state.
 Indian states do not have any official religion.
 The Indian constitution does not give special status to any specific religion.
 The constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religious identity.
 The Indian constitution provides and protects the freedom of individuals to choose and
practise the religion of their choice.

33. Classify industries on the basis of ownership.

On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified as:
(i) Public Sector: These industries are aimed and operated by the government agencies.
(ii) Private Sector: These industries are owned and operated by private entrepreneurs,
e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Reliance Industries and Dabur Industries, etc.
(iii) Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by the state and individual or a group of
individuals. Oil India Ltd (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sectors.
(iv) Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned and operated by the producers or
suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the
profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir
industry in Kerala.
Or
Describe how industries are responsible for environmental
degradation.
The various ways through which industries can cause pollution in the environment are:
- Air Pollution: It happens when the industries produce a high proportion of poisonous gases
like carbon monoxide in the air. It can cause toxicity in the air and can affect humans, animals,
and plants also. This can also lead to Acid Rain which has other effects. Industries that produce
poisonous gasses are chemical industries, brick-making industries, mineral industries, etc.
- Water Pollution: Industries that dump organic and inorganic industrial wastes in the water
cause water pollution. These can affect marine life and also the life of humans who use the water
for different purposes. It can also affect the agriculture industry. Industries that cause water
pollution are oil refineries, paper factories, sugar mills, and chemical industries.
- Thermal Pollution: This happens when the industries release hot water into rivers and ponds
without cooling it. This affects aquatic life and humans also. The industries that cause thermal
pollution are the ones that use water as a Cooling Agent in Power, Manufacturing, and Industrial
Plants.
- Land Pollution: Industries that produce solid waste materials like glass, plastic, etc. These
materials are nonbiodegradable materials that pollute the soil. Also, acid rains cause to affect the
land and also the groundwater which seeps into the land and affects the quality of the soil.
Industries that cause land pollution are agriculture industries.
- Noise Pollution: Industrial work, construction work, machinery causes a lot of noise. It causes
irritation and stress and can be the cause of various health problems like increased heart rate and
blood pressure.

34. Give any four objectives of the multipurpose river valley

projects.
Multipurpose river valley projects generally refer to large dams that serve several purposes in
addition to impounding the water of a river. The water blocked is used for various purposes. The
following are the four objectives of multi-purpose river valley projects. (i) Irrigation of water
deficit areas (ii) Electricity generation (iii) Flood control (iv) Water supply for domestic and
industrial uses (v) Recreation (vi) Inland navigation (vii) Fish breeding

Or

Explain the three fold distribution of legislative powers between the

Union Government and the State Governments.
(i) The three-fold distribution of legislative powers:
(a) Union list: Union lists consist of 97 subjects. It includes subjects of National importance such
as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency.
(b) State list: State list consists of 65 subjects. It contains subjects of state and local importance
such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation.
(c) Concurrent list: Concurrent list consists of 47 subjects It includes subjects of common
interest to both such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.
(ii) Union Government can make laws on the subjects which are not covered under these lists.
The name has been given to such subjects is residuary subjects.