Seminar 3.

Practical task
Exercise 1. Write the definitions to illustrate as many meanings as possible for the
following polysemantic words:
face, heart, nose, smart, to lose.

Face:
The front part of the head from the forehead to the chin, including the features such as
eyes, nose, and mouth. (e.g., She washed her face.)
The outward appearance or aspect of something. (e.g., They faced a difficult
challenge.)
To confront or deal with something directly. (e.g., The soldier faced enemy fire.)
The direction in which something is looking or situated. (e.g., The house faces north.)
The public image or reputation of a person or organization. (e.g., They put on a brave
face despite their problems.)
Heart:
The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. (e.g., The doctor listened
to her heart.)
The center of something, its most important part. (e.g., The heart of the city is bustling
with activity.)
The seat of emotions and feelings. (e.g., She had a kind heart.)
Courage or bravery. (e.g., He fought with great heart.)
The core or essential meaning of something. (e.g., He got to the heart of the matter.)
Nose:
The part of the face that projects outwards and contains the organs of smell. (e.g., He
rubbed his itchy nose.)
The sense of smell. (e.g., She has a good nose for perfume.)
The front or pointed end of something. (e.g., The nose of the airplane pointed towards
the sky.)
To pry into something or become involved in something that doesn't concern you.
(e.g., Don't poke your nose in other people's business.)
Smart:
Having or showing a high degree of intelligence. (e.g., She is a very smart student.)
Stylish or well-dressed. (e.g., He looked smart in his new suit.)
Clever or quick-witted. (e.g., He came up with a smart solution to the problem.)
Alert and watchful. (e.g., Be smart and lock the door before you leave.)
To Lose:
To be unable to find something that you had before. (e.g., I lost my keys.)
To fail to win a competition or game. (e.g., The team lost the match.)
To be no longer able to do something or have something. (e.g., He lost his eyesight in
an accident.)
To waste or spend time or money unwisely. (e.g., Don't lose your time on unimportant
things.)
To miss the opportunity to do something. (e.g., Don't lose your chance to travel the
world.)
Exercise 2. Identify the denotative and connotative elements of meaning in the
following pairs of words.
to conceal – to disguise, to choose – to select, to draw – to paint, money – cash, odd –
queer, photograph – picture, big – large, clever – wise, sky – heavens.
Pairs of words Denotative elements Connotative elements
to conceal – to disguise Conceal: To hide somethingConceal: Neutral.
from sight or knowledge. Disguise: Can imply trickery,
Disguise: To change the deception, or masquerade.
appearance or identity of
something in order to hide it.
to choose – to select Choose: To make a decisionChoose: General term for
between two or more things.making a selection.
Select: To choose somethingSelect: Suggests a more
carefully from a group. deliberate and careful choice.
to draw – to paint Draw: To create an image Draw: Can imply a simpler,
using lines or marks. less detailed image or using a
Paint: To apply color to a specific tool like a pencil.
 surface to create an image. Paint: Suggests a more
detailed and colorful artwork,
often using brushes.
money – cash Money: A medium of Money: Broad term
exchange, a system used to encompassing all forms of
buy and sell goods and currency, including credit
services. cards and electronic funds.
Cash: Physical currency, Cash: Implies physical bills
coins and bills. and coins, often used in
informal transactions.
odd – queer Odd: Different from what isOdd: Can suggest something
normal or usual; strange. unusual or out of place, but
Queer: Originally meant not necessarily negative.
strange or odd, but now Queer: Can have negative
primarily used as a self- connotations of being strange
identification term for or unacceptable, depending
LGBTQ+ individuals. on the context. Due to its
reclaimed meaning within the
LGBTQ+ community, it's
best to avoid using "queer" in
this context altogether.
photograph – picture Photograph: An image Photograph: A more
created by recording light technical term referring
with a camera. specifically to a camera-
Picture: A representation ofcreated image.
something, especially a Picture: More general term
visual one. for any kind of image,
including paintings,
drawings, or mental images.
big – large Big: Of considerable size orBig: Can be informal and
 amount. subjective.
Large: Relatively big; Large: More formal and
exceeding the average size. objective way to describe
size.
clever – wise Clever: Quick to understand,
Clever: Suggests mental
learn, and apply knowledge.agility and wit, but may not
Wise: Having or showing imply deep understanding.
experience, knowledge, andWise: Implies experience,
good judgment. knowledge, and sound
judgment.
sky – heavens Sky: The expanse of air Sky: Neutral term for the
above the Earth's surface. expanse above Earth.
Heavens: (Religious context)
Heavens: Religious
The sky; the place where connotation or used
God is believed to live. figuratively to suggest
Figurative context) something grand or awe-
Something very beautiful orinspiring.
impressive.

Exercise 3. Explain the logic of metaphoric transference in the following

 A branch of linguistics: linguistics is a field of study that branches out from the
broader field of knowledge.
 A dull fellow: the person's mind or personality is likened to something dull,
lacking wit or liveliness.
  A film star: someone, who is prominent and admired in the film industry, shining
brightly in their career.
 A fruitless effort: the effort didn't produce any positive results, just like a plant
without fruit.
 A green youth: a young person is likened to something green, suggesting their
inexperience and lack of maturity.
 A ray of hope: hope is seen as a positive feeling that illuminates a difficult
situation, like a ray of light.
 Bitter thoughts: the thoughts are unpleasant and cause emotional distress, similar
to the taste of something bitter.
 Naked truth: the truth is presented without embellishment or hiding, just like
someone being naked.
 Hot rage: rage is a strong emotion that is likened to something hot, suggesting
intensity and potential for explosion.
 Seeds of evil: evil is seen as something that can take root and grow if not
addressed, like planting a seed.
 The eye of a needle: the hole in the needle is very small, like an eye.
 A thin excuse: the excuse is weak and unconvincing, like something that is thin
and easily broken.
 The neck of a bottle: the neck of the bottle is the narrow part that connects the
body to the opening.
 To stumble through the text: the person is having difficulty reading or
understanding the text, like someone physically stumbling.
 To burn with impatience: the impatience is so strong it feels like an internal
burning sensation.
 To shower someone with questions: the person is asking a rapid succession of
questions, like a heavy shower.
 On wings of joy: the joy is so great it feels like it allows the person to soar, like
having wings.