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Electricity Question Packs

The document consists of multiple question packs related to A Level Physics, specifically focusing on current electricity and circuits. It includes various types of questions such as calculations involving current, resistance, and characteristics of electrical components like resistors and diodes. Each question pack also contains reflection pages for students to assess their understanding and areas of struggle.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

76 views136 pages

Electricity Question Packs

Uploaded by

KM Hedar

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 136

A Level Physics

Current Electricity
Question Packs

Page 1 of 136
Question Pack 1 – Basic of Electricity & Circuits

Q1.
The current in a resistor is 15 mA.

How many electrons pass through the resistor in 3 minutes?

A 2.8 × 1017

B 1.7 × 1019

C 2.8 × 1020

D 1.7 × 1022

(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
A cell with negligible internal resistance is connected to two resistors of resistance 4R and
R.

The currents I1, I2 and I3 in the circuit are shown.

Which equation is correct for this circuit?

A I1 = 4I2

B I1 = 4I3

C I2 = 4I3

D I3 = 4I1

(Total 1 mark)

Page 2 of 136
Q3.
The currents in the four wires obey the relationship I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0

This relationship is an expression of the law of conservation of

A charge.

B energy.

C potential difference.

D power.

(Total 1 mark)

Q4.
The current in a metallic conductor is 1.5 mA.

How many electrons pass a point in the conductor in two minutes?

A 1.1 × 1018

B 1.9 × 1019

C 1.4 × 1020

D 2.0 × 1029
(Total 1 mark)

Page 3 of 136
Q5.
A gas containing doubly-charged ions flows to give an electric current of 0.64 A

How many ions pass a point in 1.0 minute?

A 2.0 × 1018

B 4.0 × 1018

C 1.2 × 1020

D 2.4 × 1020

(Total 1 mark)

Q6.
The units of physical quantities can be expressed in terms of the fundamental (base) units
of the SI system. In which line in the table are the fundamental units correctly matched to
the physical quantity?

Physical Fundamental
quantity units

A charge A s−1

B power kg m2 s−3

potential
C kg m2 s A−1
difference

D energy kg m2 s−1

(Total 1 mark)

Q7.
In a cathode ray tube 7.5 × 1015 electrons strike the screen in 40 s. What current does this
represent?

Charge of the electron is 1.6 × 10–19 C.

A 1.3 × 10–16 A

B 5.3 × 10–15 A

Page 4 of 136
C 3.0 × 10–5 A

D 1.2 × 10–3 A

(Total 1 mark)

Q8.
The current in a wire is 20 mA.

How many electrons pass a point in the wire in 2 minutes?

A 2.5 × 1017

B 1.5 × 1019

C 2.5 × 1020

D 1.5 × 1022

(Total 1 mark)

Q9.
(a) Define resistance.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(b) (i) Sketch onto the axes below a graph of the variation of current with potential
difference for a filament lamp.

Page 5 of 136
(1)

(ii) State and explain, in terms of electron flow, how the resistance of the filament
lamp changes as the current in the lamp increases.

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 5 marks)

Page 6 of 136
Question Pack 1 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 13

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

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WWW:

EBI:

Page 7 of 136
Question Pack 2 – IV Characteristics

Q1. Which is the current–voltage characteristic graph for a filament lamp up to its working voltage?

(Total 1 mark)

Q2. A resistor and diode are connected in series with a variable power supply as shown in the
diagram.

Which best shows the characteristic for the combination of the resistor and diode?

Page 8 of 136
A

(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
The graph shows the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of a filament lamp.

V/V

What is the resistance of the filament when the potential difference (pd) across it is 4.0 V?

A 500 Ω

B 1700 Ω

C 2000 Ω

D 6000 Ω

(Total 1 mark)

Page 9 of 136
Q4.
(a) Draw, on the axes below, the current/voltage characteristic for a filament lamp.
Do not insert any values for current or voltage.

(3)

(b) Explain why the characteristic has the shape you have drawn.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(c) The current/voltage characteristic of a filament lamp is to be determined using a

datalogger, the data then being fed into a computer to give a visual display of the
characteristic. Draw the circuit diagram required for such an experiment and state
what is varied so as to produce a range of values.

___________________________________________________________________

(5)

(Total 11 marks)

Page 10 of 136
Q5.
A filament lamp rated 12 V, 1.0 A has a resistance of 4.0 Ω when it carries no current.

(a) On the axes below, sketch the form of the current against voltage characteristic for
this lamp.

(4)

(b) The filament lamp is one example of a non-ohmic device.

(i) State what is meant by the term non-ohmic.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Name one other example of a non-ohmic device.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 6 marks)

Q6.
(a) State Ohm’s law.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

Page 11 of 136
(b) A filament lamp labelled ‘12 V, 2.0 A’ has a constant resistance of 2.0 Ω for
electrical currents up to 0.50 A.

Sketch on the axes below the current-voltage graph for this lamp over the range of
voltages shown. Show clearly any calculations you made in order to answer the
question.

(3)

(Total 8 marks)

Page 12 of 136
Q7. Figure 1 shows the current–voltage (I−V) characteristic of the lamp used in a car headlight up
to its working voltage.

Figure 1

(a) Draw on Figure 1 the characteristic that would be obtained with the connections to
the supply reversed.

(2)

(b) Lamps are marked with their working voltage and the power used at this voltage.
For example, a lamp for use in a torch may be marked 2.5 V 0.3 W. Deduce the
marking on the lamp for the car headlight.

lamp marking = V W

(2)

Page 13 of 136
resistance ___________________ Ω

(1)

(d) Explain, without further calculation, how the resistance of the lamp varies as the
voltage across it is increased from zero to its working voltage.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(e) A student suggests that the circuit shown in Figure 2 is suitable for collecting data
to draw the I−V characteristic of the lamp up to its working voltage. The maximum
resistance of the variable resistor is 6.0 Ω and the internal resistance of the power
supply is 2.0 Ω. The resistance of the ammeter is negligible.

Figure 2

Discuss the limitations of this circuit when used to collect the data for the
characteristic.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 10 marks)

Page 14 of 136
Q8.
(a) The graph shows the current–voltage (I–V) characteristic curve for a semiconductor
diode.

In order to produce this characteristic a student is given suitable equipment

including an ammeter and a voltmeter.

(i) Draw a labelled circuit diagram of the apparatus that the student could use to
obtain the part of the characteristic from O to A.

(2)

(ii) Describe how the student could use the circuit in part (a)(i) to obtain sufficient
measurements to draw the part of the characteristic from O to A. Your account
should include:

• details of how different readings of I and V are obtained

• a consideration of safety precautions when using the diode

• a discussion of the range and number of measurements that need to be

taken

• a discussion of the advantages of using a data logger to obtain the

measurements.

The quality of your written communication will be assessed in your answer.

______________________________________________________________

Page 15 of 136
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(6)

(iii) Suggest how the circuit you drew in part (a)(i) could be modified to obtain the
characteristic from O to B.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(b) The student wants to find out how the resistance of the diode changes between O
and A.

(i) Describe how the student could use the characteristic to determine how the
resistance varies as the potential difference (pd) between O and A increases.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(ii) State how you would expect the resistance of the diode to vary as the pd
increases.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

Page 16 of 136
(Total 12 marks)

Q9.
(a) Define resistance.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(b) (i) Sketch onto the axes below a graph of the variation of current with potential
difference for a filament lamp.

(1)

(ii) State and explain, in terms of electron flow, how the resistance of the filament
lamp changes as the current in the lamp increases.

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 5 marks)

Page 17 of 136
Question Pack 2 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 55

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

●
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WWW:

EBI:

Page 18 of 136
Question Pack 3 – Resistance and Resistivity

Q1.
A student wishes to collect data so he can plot the I-V curve for a semiconductor diode.

(a) (i) Draw a suitable diagram of the circuit that would enable the student to collect
this data.

(3)

(ii) Describe the procedure the student would follow in order to obtain an I-V curve
for the semiconductor diode.

The quality of your written communication will be assessed in this question.

______________________________________________________________

(6)

Page 19 of 136
(b) The diagram below shows an arrangement of a semiconducting diode and two
resistors.

A 12.0 V battery is connected with its positive terminal to A and negative terminal to
B.

(i) Calculate the current in the 8.0 Ω resistor

______________________________________________________________

answer ____________________ A

(2)

(ii) Calculate the current in the 4.0 Ω resistor if the p.d. across the diode, when in
forward bias, is 0.65 V expressing your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures.

______________________________________________________________

answer ____________________ A

(3)

(Total 14 marks)

Q2.
(a) On the axes in Figure 1 draw I –V characteristics for two components, A and B,
both of which obey Ohm’s law. Component B has a lower resistance than
component A. Label your characteristics clearly as A and B.

Page 20 of 136
Figure 1

(2)

(b) On the axes in Figure 2 draw the I – V characteristic for a silicon semiconductor
diode, giving any relevant voltage values.

Figure 2

(3)

Page 21 of 136
Figure 3

___________________________________________________________________

(4)

(Total 9 marks)

Q3.
(a) The characteristic shown below is that of a filament lamp.

Explain why, as the voltage is increased either positively or negatively from zero, the
characteristic has the form shown in the figure.

Page 22 of 136
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(5)

(b) At a certain point on the characteristic, the power developed in the lamp is 20 W and
the current is 90 mA. Calculate the resistance of the filament at this point on the
characteristic.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 7 marks)

Q4.
(a) Using the axes below, sketch the characteristic of a silicon semiconductor diode for
forward bias and reverse bias.

Indicate approximate values on the voltage axis.

Page 23 of 136
(4)

(b) Describe, with reference to the characteristic you have drawn, how the resistance of
the diode changes with the voltage across the diode.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 7 marks)

Q5.
(a) Draw, on the axes below, the current/voltage characteristic for a filament lamp.
Do not insert any values for current or voltage.

Page 24 of 136
(3)

(b) Explain why the characteristic has the shape you have drawn.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(c) The current/voltage characteristic of a filament lamp is to be determined using a

___________________________________________________________________

(5)

(Total 11 marks)

Q6.
A filament lamp rated 12 V, 1.0 A has a resistance of 4.0 Ω when it carries no current.

(a) On the axes below, sketch the form of the current against voltage characteristic for
this lamp.

Page 25 of 136
(4)

(b) The filament lamp is one example of a non-ohmic device.

(i) State what is meant by the term non-ohmic.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Name one other example of a non-ohmic device.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 6 marks)

Q7.
(a) Some electrical components may be described as non-ohmic.

(i) Name an example, other than a diode, of a non-ohmic electrical component.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) State how the current-voltage characteristic of your chosen component shows
that it is non-ohmic.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) A semiconducting diode has special electrical properties that make it useful as an

Page 26 of 136
electrical component.

(i) Sketch on the grid the current-voltage characteristic of a diode.

(ii) State, with reference to the current-voltage characteristic you have drawn, how
the resistance of the diode varies with the potential difference across its
terminals for reverse bias and for forward bias.

reverse biased:

______________________________________________________________

forward biased:

______________________________________________________________

(4)

(Total 6 marks)

Page 27 of 136
Question Pack 3 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 60

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

●
●
●
●

WWW:

EBI:

Page 28 of 136
Question Pack 4 – Superconductivity

Q1. A superconducting material has a critical temperature Tc. Which graph shows the variation of
resistivity ρ with temperature T ?

(Total 1 mark)

Q2. Which statement about a superconducting metal is correct?

A Its resistivity is small but not zero.

B A current in it causes no heating effect.

C Its critical temperature is independent of the metal it is

made from.

D Keeping it cold makes it too expensive to use.

(Total 1 mark)

Page 29 of 136
Q3.
Superconductors are used to

A increase the strength of electricity cables.

B make light dependent resistors.

C produce strong magnetic fields.

D increase the rate of heat energy transfer.

(Total 1 mark)

Q4.
Which statement about superconductors is correct?

When a material becomes a superconductor, its

A
resistivity is almost zero.

The temperature at which a material becomes a

B
superconductor is called the critical temperature.

When current passes through a superconductor the

C
pd across it becomes a maximum.

D Copper is a superconductor at room temperature.

(Total 1 mark)

Q5.
State what is meant by a superconductor.

_______________________________________________________________________

(Total 1 mark)

Q6.
(a) State what is meant by a superconducting material.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 30 of 136
___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) State an application of a superconductor and explain why it is useful in this

application.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 4 marks)

Q7.
At room temperature a metal has a resistivity of 4.5 × 10–7 Ωm. A wire made from this
metal has a radius of 0.70 mm.

(a) (i) Calculate the resistance of a 2.5 m length of the wire at room temperature.

resistance ____________________Ω

(3)

(ii) Calculate the power dissipated in this length of wire when it carries a current of
20 mA. Assume the resistance of the wire is constant.

power ____________________W

(2)

(b) The wire becomes superconducting as it is cooled. Draw a sketch graph on the axes
below to show how the wire’s resistivity would vary with temperature as it is cooled

Page 31 of 136
from room temperature θr.

(3)

(c) Explain why the efficiency of electrical power transmission is improved when
conventional wires are replaced with superconducting wires.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 9 marks)

Q8.
(i) State what is meant by a superconductor.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(ii) With reference to two uses for superconductors in today’s world, explain the
advantage of their use compared with conventional conductors such as copper.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 32 of 136
(3)

(Total 5 marks)

Q9.
(a) Some materials exhibit the property of superconductivity under certain conditions.

• State what is meant by superconductivity.

• Explain the required conditions for the material to become superconducting.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(b) The diagram below shows the cross–section of a cable consisting of parallel
filaments that can be made superconducting, embedded in a cylinder of copper.

(i) The cross–sectional area of the copper in the cable is 2.28 × 10–7 m2. The
resistance of the copper in a 1.0 m length of the cable is 0.075 Ω. Calculate
the resistivity of the copper, stating an appropriate unit.

answer = ____________________

(3)

(ii) State and explain what happens to the resistance of the cable when the
embedded filaments of wire are made superconducting.

______________________________________________________________

Page 33 of 136
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 9 marks)

Q10.
(a) (i) What is a superconductor?

______________________________________________________________

(ii) With the aid of a sketch graph, explain the term transition temperature.

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(b) Explain why superconductors are very useful for applications which require very
large electric currents and name two such applications.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 34 of 136
(3)

(Total 6 marks)

Q11.
Scientists have suggested that carbon dioxide emissions produced by power stations in
the European Union could be reduced considerably if high temperature superconductors
were used instead of ordinary conductors to improve the efficiency of power plants.

(a) Explain what is meant by a superconductor.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) Explain why the use of superconductors would improve the efficiency of power
stations and hence reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 4 marks)

Q12.
The graph in Figure 1 shows how the resistance of a thermistor varies with temperature.

Figure 1

Page 35 of 136
(a) Explain why the resistance decreases at higher temperatures.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) The thermistor is included in the circuit shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

The thermistor has to be maintained at a temperature of 60°C.

Calculate:

(i) the potential difference across the thermistor;

(3)

(ii) the power that has to be removed from the thermistor to maintain the
temperature at 60°C.

(2)

Page 36 of 136
(c) (i) Sketch below a possible variation of resistance with temperature for a material
that becomes superconducting at a temperature of –80°C.

(1)

(ii) State one application of superconductors and explain briefly the advantage of
superconductors over ordinary conductors in the application you have chosen.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 10 marks)

Page 37 of 136
Question Pack 4 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 52

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

●
●
●
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WWW:

EBI:

Page 38 of 136
Question Pack 5 – Series & Parallel

Q1.
The diagram shows a circuit containing three resistors X, Y and Z.

X and Y each have resistance R.

Z has resistance 2R.

What is ?

C 2

D 4

(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
Two resistors X and Y are connected in series with a power supply of emf 30 V and
negligible internal resistance.

The resistors are made from wire of the same material. The wires have the same length.
X uses wire of diameter d and Y uses wire of diameter 2d.

Page 39 of 136
What is the reading on the voltmeter?

A 10 V

B 15 V

C 20 V

D 24 V

(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
The circuit shown in the figure below shows an arrangement of resistors, W, X, Y, Z,
connected to a battery of negligible internal resistance.

The emf of the battery is 10V and the reading on the ammeter is 2.0 A.

(a) (i) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.

Page 40 of 136
answer = ______________________ Ω

(1)

(ii) The resistors W, X, Y, and Z all have the same resistance. Show that your
answer to part (a) (i) is consistent with the resistance of each resistor being
3.0 Ω.

answer = ______________________ Ω

(3)

(b) (i) Calculate the current through resistor Y.

answer = ______________________ A

(2)

(ii) Calculate the pd across resistor W.

answer = ______________________ V

(2)

(Total 8 marks)

Page 41 of 136
Q4.
The circuit shown below shows a thermistor connected in a circuit with two resistors, an
ammeter and a battery of emf 15V and negligible internal resistance.

(a) When the thermistor is at a certain temperature the current through the ammeter is
10.0 mA.

(i) Calculate the pd across the 540 Ω resistor.

answer = ______________________ V

(1)

(ii) Calculate the pd across the 1200 Ω resistor.

answer = ______________________ V

(1)

(iii) Calculate the resistance of the parallel combination of the resistor and the
thermistor.

Page 42 of 136
answer = ______________________ Ω

(2)

(iv) Calculate the resistance of the thermistor.

answer = ______________________ Ω

(2)

(b) The temperature of the thermistor is increased so that its resistance decreases.
State and explain what happens to the pd across the 1200 Ω resistor.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 9 marks)

Q5.
In the circuit shown in Figure 1, the battery, of emf 6.0V, has negligible internal
resistance.

Page 43 of 136
Figure 1

(a) Calculate the current through the ammeter when the switch S is

(i) open,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) closed.

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(b) The switch S is now replaced with a voltmeter of infinite resistance.

Determine the reading on the voltmeter.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 5 marks)

Q6.
(a) Figure 1 shows two possible arrangements of connecting three resistors, each
resistor having a resistance of 40 Ω.

Figure 1

Calculate the equivalent resistance in each case.

(i) ______________________________________________________________

Page 44 of 136
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(b) The designer of a heating element for the rear window of a car decides to connect
six separate heating elements together as shown in Figure 2. Each element has a
resistance of 6.0 Ω and the unit is connected to a 12 V dc supply having zero
internal resistance.

Figure 2

(i) Calculate the current in each single element.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) With the aid of a similar calculation give a reason why the heater would not be
as effective if all six were connected in series.

______________________________________________________________

(5)

(Total 8 marks)

Page 45 of 136
Q7.
(a) In the circuit in Figure 1, the battery, of emf 15 V and the negligible internal
resistance, is connected in series with two lamps and a resistor. The three
components each have a resistance of 12 Ω.

Figure 1

(i) What is the voltage across each lamp?

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the current through the lamps.

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(b) The two lamps are now disconnected and reconnected in parallel as shown in
Figure 2.

Figure 2

(i) Show that the current supplied by the battery is 0.83 A.

______________________________________________________________

Page 46 of 136
______________________________________________________________

(ii) Hence show that the current in each lamp is the same as the current in the
lamps in the circuit in Figure 1.

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(c) How does the brightness of the lamps in the circuit in Figure 1 compare with the
brightness of the lamps in the circuit in Figure 2?

Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 8 marks)

Q8.
(a) Define the electrical resistance of a component.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) Calculate the total resistance of the arrangement of resistors in the figure below.

Page 47 of 136
total resistance ____________________

(3)

current in the 3.0 Ω resistor ____________________

(ii) Calculate the total power dissipated by the arrangement of resistors in the
figure above when the current in the 9.0 Ω resistor is 2.4 A.

total power ____________________

(4)

(Total 9 marks)

Q9.
A manufacturer asks you to design the heating element in a car rear-window de-mister.
The design brief calls for an output of 48 W at a potential difference of 12 V. The diagram
below shows where the eight elements will be on the car window before electrical
connections are made to them.

Page 48 of 136
(a) Calculate the current supplied by the power supply.

Current = ____________________

(1)

(b) One design possibility is for the eight elements to be connected in parallel.

(i) Calculate the current in each element in this parallel arrangement.

Current = ____________________

(1)

(ii) Calculate the resistance required for each element.

Resistance = ____________________

(2)

(i) Calculate the current in each element in this series arrangement.

Current = ____________________

(1)

(ii) Calculate the resistance required for each element.

Resistance = ____________________

(2)

Page 49 of 136
(d) State one disadvantage of the series design compared to the parallel arrangement.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(e) The series design is adopted. Each element is to have a rectangular cross-section
of 0.12 mm by 3.0 mm. The length of each element is to be 0.75 m.

(i) State the units of resistivity.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(ii) Calculate the resistivity of the material from which the element must be made.

Resistivity = ____________________

(2)

(Total 11 marks)

Q10.
A student is provided with three resistors with the values of 1 Ω, 2 Ω and 3 Ω.

(a) (i) Show how all 3 resistors can be connected together to provide the greatest
value of resistance.

(1)

(ii) Calculate this largest value of resistance.

(2)

(b) (i) Sketch the arrangement of the same resistors that will provide the smallest
value of resistance.

(1)

Page 50 of 136
(ii) Calculate this smallest value of resistance.

(2)

(Total 6 marks)

Question Pack 5 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 66

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

●
●
●
●

WWW:

EBI:

Page 51 of 136
Question Pack 6 – Potential Divider

Q1.
Three resistors are connected in series with a 9.0 V battery of negligible internal
resistance.

The resistance of the variable resistor is varied from 0 to 3.0 kΩ.

The range of potential difference observed on the voltmeter is

A 0 to 6.0 V

B 3.0 V to 6.0 V

C 4.5 V to 6.0 V

D 4.5 V to 9.0 V

(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
The current–voltage characteristic between 0 and 6.0 V is required for a filament lamp.
The lamp is connected in a circuit with a battery of emf 6.0 V and negligible internal
resistance.

Which circuit should be used?

Page 52 of 136
B

(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
The potential difference between points X and Y is V.

What is the potential difference between P and Q?

A zero

Page 53 of 136
C

(Total 1 mark)

Q4.
In the circuit below, the voltmeter reading is zero.

When the temperature of the thermistor T is increased, the voltmeter reading changes.

Which change to the circuit will restore the voltmeter to zero?

A a reduction in the emf of the cell

B a reduction in the resistance of P

C an increase in the resistance of Q

D a reduction in the resistance of R

(Total 1 mark)

Q5. Resistors X and Y are connected in series with a 6.0 V battery of negligible internal resistance.

X has resistance R and Y has resistance .

A voltmeter of resistance R is connected across Y.

Page 54 of 136
What is the reading on the voltmeter?

A 0.0 V

B 1.5 V

C 3.0 V

D 4.5 V

(Total 1 mark)

Q6. The diagram shows a circuit designed by a student to monitor temperature changes.

The supply has negligible internal resistance and the thermistor has a resistance of 750 Ω
at room temperature. The student wants the output potential difference (pd) at room
temperature to be 5.0 V

(a) The 0.25 kΩ resistor is made of 50 turns of wire that is wound around a non-
conducting cylinder of diameter 8.0 mm Resistivity of the wire = 4.2 × 10–7 Ω m
Determine the area of cross-section of the wire that has been used for the resistor.

area of cross-section = ____________________ m2

(3)

Page 55 of 136
(b) The student selects a resistor rated at 0.36 W for the 0.25 kΩ resistor in the
diagram. Determine whether this resistor is suitable.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(c) Determine the value of R that the student should select.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

value of R = ____________________ Ω

(5)

(d) State and explain the effect on the output pd of increasing the temperature of the
thermistor.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 12 marks)

Page 56 of 136
Q7.
The figure shows a light dependent resistor (LDR) and fixed resistor R connected in series
across a cell. The internal resistance of the cell is negligible.

Which row shows how the readings on the ammeter and the voltmeter change when the
light intensity incident on the LDR is increased?

Ammeter reading Voltmeter reading

A decreases increases

B decreases decreases

C increases increases

D increases decreases

(Total 1 mark)

Q8.
Figure 1 shows a circuit including a thermistor T in series with a variable resistor R. The
battery has negligible internal resistance.

Figure 1

Page 57 of 136
The resistance–temperature (R−θ) characteristic for T is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

(a) The resistor and thermistor in Figure 1 make up a potential divider.

Explain what is meant by a potential divider.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(b) State and explain what happens to the voltmeter reading when the resistance of R is
increased while the temperature is kept constant.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

___________________________________________________________________

Page 58 of 136
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(d) The battery has an emf of 12.0 V. At a temperature of 0 °C the resistance of the
thermistor is 2.5 103 Ω.

The voltmeter is replaced by an alarm that sounds when the voltage across it
exceeds 3.0 V.

Calculate the resistance of R that would cause the alarm to sound when the
temperature of the thermistor is lowered to 0 °C.

resistance = ____________________ Ω

(2)

(e) State one change that you would make to the circuit so that instead of the alarm
coming on when the temperature falls, it comes on when the temperature rises
above a certain value.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 9 marks)

Q9.
In the circuit shown in the diagram the cell has negligible internal resistance.

Page 59 of 136
What happens to the reading of both meters when the resistance of R is decreased?

Reading of
Reading of ammeter
voltmeter

A increases increases

B increases decreases

C decreases increases

D unchanged decreases

(Total 1 mark)

Q10.
The circuit diagram below shows a 6.0 V battery of negligible internal resistance
connected in series to a light dependent resistor (LDR), a variable resistor and a fixed
resistor, R.

(a) For a particular light intensity the resistance of the LDR is 50 kΩ. The resistance of
R is 5.0 kΩ and the variable resistor is set to a value of 35 kΩ.

(i) Calculate the current in the circuit.

current____________________A

(2)

(ii) Calculate the reading on the voltmeter.

Page 60 of 136
voltmeter reading ____________________V

(2)

(b) State and explain what happens to the reading on the voltmeter if the intensity of the
light incident on the LDR increases.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(c) For a certain application at a particular light intensity the pd across R needs to be
0.75 V. The resistance of the LDR at this intensity is 5.0 kΩ.

Calculate the required resistance of the variable resistor in this situation.

resistance ____________________ Ω

(3)

(Total 9 marks)

Q11.
The circuit diagram below shows a 12 V battery of negligible internal resistance connected
to a combination of three resistors and a thermistor.

Page 61 of 136
(a) When the resistance of the thermistor is 5.0 kΩ

(i) calculate the total resistance of the circuit,

total resistance = ____________________ kΩ

(3)

(ii) calculate the current in the battery.

current = ____________________ mA

(1)

(b) A high-resistance voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference (pd)

between points A-C, D-F and C-D in turn.
Complete the following table indicating the reading of the voltmeter at each of the
three positions.

voltmeter pd / V

Page 62 of 136
position

A-C

D-F

C-D

(3)

(c) The thermistor is heated so that its resistance decreases. State and explain the
effect this has on the voltmeter reading in the following positions.

(i) A–C __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(ii) D–F __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 11 marks)

Q12.
(a) Define the volt.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(b) To test the potential differences in a potential divider circuit, a student sets up the
circuit of Figure 1. R1 is the resistance of section AB and R2 that of section BC of
the potential divider. The battery has an emf of 9.0 V and negligible internal
resistance

Figure 1

Page 63 of 136
(i) Calculate the voltmeter reading when R1 = 2.2 k and R2 = 1.8 k. Assume that
the voltmeter has infinite resistance.

voltmeter reading ____________________ V

(2)

(ii) State the benefit of using a high value of resistance in potential divider circuits.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(iii) An 8.0 k resistor is connected in the circuit to replace the voltmeter in Figure
1.
This is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Page 64 of 136
Calculate the potential difference across this resistor when the sliding contact
B is in the position shown in Figure 2.

potential difference ____________________ V

(3)

(iv) The 8.0 k resistor is now connected in a circuit with a 4.0 k variable resistor as
shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Compare this arrangement for controlling the current in the 8.0 k resistor with
the potential divider arrangement in Figure 2.

______________________________________________________________

Page 65 of 136
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 9 marks)

Q13.
The figure below shows two resistors, R1 and R2, connected in series with a battery of emf
12 V and negligible internal resistance.

(a) The reading on the voltmeter is 8.0 V and the resistance of R2 is 60 Ω.

(i) Calculate the current in the circuit.

answer = ____________________ A

(2)

(ii) Calculate the resistance of R1.

answer = ____________________ Ω

Page 66 of 136
(1)

(iii) Calculate the charge passing through the battery in 2.0 minutes. Give an
appropriate unit for your answer.

answer = __________ unit = _

(2)

(b) In the circuit shown in the figure above R2 is replaced with a thermistor. State and
explain what will happen to the reading on the voltmeter as the temperature of the
thermistor increases.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 8 marks)

Q14.
X and Y are two lamps. X is rated at 12 V 36 W and Y at 4.5 V 2.0 W.

(a) Calculate the current in each lamp when it is operated at its correct working voltage.

X ____________________ A

Y ____________________ A

(2)

Page 67 of 136
(b) The two lamps are connected in the circuit shown in the figure below. The battery
has an emf of 24 V and negligible internal resistance. The resistors, R1 and R2 are
chosen so that the lamps are operating at their correct working voltage.

(i) Calculate the pd across R1.

answer ____________________ V

(1)

(ii) Calculate the current in R1.

answer ____________________ A

(1)

(iii) Calculate the resistance of R1.

answer ____________________ Ω

(1)

(iv) Calculate the pd across R2.

answer ____________________ V

(1)

(v) Calculate the resistance of R2.

answer ____________________ Ω

Page 68 of 136
(1)

(c) The filament of the lamp in X breaks and the lamp no longer conducts. It is observed
that the voltmeter reading decreases and lamp Y glows more brightly.

(i) Explain without calculation why the voltmeter reading decreases.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(ii) Explain without calculation why the lamp Y glows more brightly.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 11 marks)

Page 69 of 136
Question Pack 6 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 75

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

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Page 70 of 136
Question Pack 7 – Potential Divider 2

Q15. The circuit shown below shows a thermistor connected in a circuit with two resistors, an
ammeter and a battery of emf 15V and negligible internal resistance.

(a) When the thermistor is at a certain temperature the current through the ammeter is
10.0 mA.

(i) Calculate the pd across the 540 Ω resistor.

answer = ______________________ V

(1)

(ii) Calculate the pd across the 1200 Ω resistor.

answer = ______________________ V

(1)

Page 71 of 136
(iii) Calculate the resistance of the parallel combination of the resistor and the
thermistor.

answer = ______________________ Ω

(2)

(iv) Calculate the resistance of the thermistor.

answer = ______________________ Ω

(2)

(b) The temperature of the thermistor is increased so that its resistance decreases.
State and explain what happens to the pd across the 1200 Ω resistor.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 9 marks)

Q16.
(a) Explain why the resistance of an NTC thermistor decreases when its temperature
increases.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 72 of 136
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

Figure 1 shows the variation of resistance with light level for a light dependent resistor
(LDR).

Figure 1

(b) An LDR is used in the circuit in Figure 2 to monitor light levels.

Figure 2

Page 73 of 136
(i) Calculate the output voltage of the circuit when the light level at the LDR is
300 lux and the resistance of the variable resistor is 150Ω. Assume that the
battery has no internal resistance.

______________________________________________________________

output voltage ______________________ V

(3)

(ii) State and explain the effect on the output voltage of an increase in light level
at the LDR.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 8 marks)

Page 74 of 136
Q17.
Figure 1 shows an electrical circuit that contains a 4.0 Ω resistor, a 0 – 8.0 Ω variable
resistor and a 12 V power supply with negligible internal resistance.

Figure 1

(a) State the name given to this type of circuit.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(b) Calculate the minimum and maximum potential differences that can be obtained
across XY. State the corresponding values of the resistance of the variable resistor.

___________________________________________________________________

minimum pd V when the resistance of the variable resistor is Ω

maximum pd V when the resistance of the variable resistor is Ω

(4)

(c) (i) Complete the circuit diagram to show how a potentiometer (variable resistor)
can be connected so that the relative loudness of the sound from two
loudspeakers can be adjusted.

Page 75 of 136
(1)

(ii) Explain the advantage of using a potentiometer over the two-resistor

arrangement in Figure 2 for this purpose.

Figure 2

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 8 marks)

Q18.
Figure 1 shows a circuit that can be used to sense temperature changes. Sensing is
possible because the potential difference across the thermistor changes as the
temperature changes.

Figure 1

Page 76 of 136
The power supply has a negligible internal resistance and the resistor R has a resistance
of 67 Ω.

(a) When the thermistor is at a high temperature the potential difference across it is
4.5 V.

(i) Calculate the potential difference across R.

______________________________________________________________

potential difference ____________________ V

(1)

(ii) Calculate the current in the circuit.

______________________________________________________________

current ____________________ A

(2)

(b) (i) The temperature of the thermistor changes to 25 °C and its resistance
becomes 360 Ω.
Show that the potential difference across the thermistor at 25 °C is about 10 V.

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(ii) Calculate the power dissipated in the resistor R when the thermistor

Page 77 of 136
temperature is 25 °C, giving an appropriate unit for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

power dissipated _____________________________________________

(4)

(c) The circuit is modified as shown in Figure 2. A resistor of resistance 570 Ω is

connected in parallel with the thermistor.

Figure 2

For the circuit in Figure 2 calculate the current in the 67 Ω resistor when the
thermistor temperature is 25 °C.

___________________________________________________________________

current in 67 Ω resistor ____________________ A

(4)

(d) Explain, in terms of charge carriers, why the resistance of the thermistor decreases
as the temperature rises.

Page 78 of 136
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 17 marks)

Q19.
In the circuit shown, the battery has negligible internal resistance.

(a) (i) If the emf of the battery = 9.0 V, R1 = 120 Ω and R2 = 60 Ω, calculate the
current I flowing in the circuit.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the voltage reading on the voltmeter.

______________________________________________________________

(4)

(b) The circuit shown in the diagram acts as a potential divider. The circuit is now
modified by replacing R1 with a temperature sensor, whose resistance decreases as

Page 79 of 136
the temperature increases.

Explain whether the reading on the voltmeter increases or decreases as the

temperature increases from a low value.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 7 marks)

Q20. The figure below shows a simple light sensing circuit. When the output voltage V falls below
2.0 V, this acts as a signal which switches on a safety lamp. The LDR has a resistance of 1.25 kΩ
when it is fully illuminated and 105 kΩ when it is in the dark. The battery has an emf of 6.0 V and
negligible internal resistance.

(a) (i) Show that the safety light will come on when it is dark if resistor R has the
value 50 kΩ.

(ii) Calculate V when the LDR is fully illuminated and the value of R is 50 kΩ.

Page 80 of 136
V = ____________________

(5)

(b) Draw a diagram for a circuit, using the same LDR and battery, which would produce
an output signal which increases to 3.0 V when the LDR is in the dark.

(2)

(Total 7 marks)

Q21. Figure 1 shows the resistance against temperature characteristic for a thermistor.

Figure 1

(a) Suggest the range of temperatures for which the resistance change of the thermistor
is most sensitive to changes in temperature.

(1)

Temperature range from °C to °C

Page 81 of 136
(b) Explain, in terms of charge carriers, why the resistance of the thermistor falls as the
temperature rises.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(c) Figure 2 shows a circuit in which the thermistor is connected in series with a 100 kΩ
fixed resistor and a 12 V battery of negligible internal resistance.

Figure 2

Calculate the potential difference across the thermistor at a temperature of –30 °C.

Potential difference = ____________________

(4)

(Total 8 marks)

Page 82 of 136
Q22. The circuit shown in the diagram below can be used as an electronic thermometer. The
battery has negligible internal resistance.

The reading on the digital voltmeter can be converted to give the temperature of the
thermistor T which is used as a temperature sensor.

(a) Explain why the reading on the voltmeter increases as the temperature of the
thermistor increases.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) When the thermistor is at 80.0 °C the voltmeter reading is 5.0 V. Show that the
resistance of the thermistor at this temperature is 4.0 Ω.

(1)

Voltmeter reading ____________________

Page 83 of 136
(2)

(d) The battery is replaced with another having the same emf but an internal resistance
of 3.0 Ω.

(i) Calculate the new voltmeter reading when the thermistor temperature is 80.0
°C.

Voltmeter reading ____________________

(2)

(ii) State and explain the effect, if any, on the measured temperature when the
thermistor is at 20.0 °C.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 8 marks)

Q23. The diagram below shows a potential divider consisting of a resistor in series with a light
dependent resistor. The voltmeter connected in parallel with the light dependent resistor has an
infinite resistance. The battery has an emf of 16V with a negligible internal resistance.

Page 84 of 136
(a) Calculate the reading on the voltmeter when the light dependent resistor has a
resistance of 1200 Ω.

Voltmeter reading ____________________

(2)

(b) The light intensity in the room is increased. State and explain what happens to the
resistance of the LDR and the reading on the voltmeter.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 5 marks)

Page 85 of 136
Question Pack 7 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 78

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

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Page 86
Question Pack 8 – Internal Resistance and EMF

Q1.
A 12 Ω resistor is connected across the terminals of a cell that has an emf of 2.0 V and an
internal resistance of 4.0 Ω.

What is the terminal pd?

A 0.50 V
B 0.75 V

C 1.30 V

D 1.50 V
(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
A practical power supply provides a steady current I for a time t to an external circuit.

The emf of the power supply during t is equivalent to

A the energy dissipated in the external circuit.

B the energy dissipated in the whole circuit.

C the energy dissipated in the whole circuit, divided by

the product It.

D the potential difference across the terminals of the

power supply.
(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
The cell in the following circuit has an emf (electromotive force) of 6.0 V and an internal
resistance of 3.0 Ω. The resistance of the variable resistor is set to 12 Ω.

Page 87
How much electrical energy is converted into thermal energy within the cell in 1 minute?

A 0.48 J

B 29 J

C 45 J

D 144 J

(Total 1 mark)

Q4.
In the circuit, the reading of the voltmeter is V.

When the switch is closed the reading becomes .

What is the internal resistance of the cell?

A 0.33 Ω

B 0.67 Ω

C 4.0 Ω

Page 88
D 6.0 Ω

(Total 1 mark)

Q5.
The reading on the voltmeter halves when switch S is closed.

What is the internal resistance of the cell?

A 0.50 Ω

B 1.0 Ω

C 2.0 Ω

D 4.0 Ω

(Total 1 mark)

Q6.
A resistor of resistance R and three identical cells of emf E and internal resistance r are
connected as shown.

Page 89
What is the current in the resistor?

(Total 1 mark)

Q7.
The circuit in Figure 1 is used to investigate how the potential difference V between the
terminals of a cell varies as the current I in the circuit changes. Figure 2 shows the graph of the
results.

Figure 1 Figure 2

Which one of the following can be deduced from the gradient of the graph?

Page 90
A The internal resistance of the cell

B The e.m.f. of the cell

C The power dissipated by the cell

D The resistance of the variable resistor

(Total 1 mark)

Q8.
The cell in the circuit has an emf of 2.0 V. When the variable resistor has a resistance of 4.0 Ω,
the potential difference (pd) across the terminals of the cell is 1.0 V.

What is the pd across the terminals of the cell when the resistance of the variable resistor is 12
Ω?

A 0.25 V

B 0.75 V

C 1.33 V

D 1.50 V

(Total 1 mark)

Q9.
A battery is connected to a 10 Ω resistor and a switch in series. A voltmeter is connected across
the battery. When the switch is open (off) the voltmeter reads 1.45 V. When the switch is closed
the reading is 1.26 V.

What is the internal resistance of the battery?

A 0.66 Ω

B 0.76 Ω

Page 91
C 1.3 Ω

D 1.5 Ω

(Total 1 mark)

Q10.
In the circuit shown, V is a voltmeter with a very high resistance. The internal resistance of the
cell, r, is equal to the external resistance in the circuit.

external resistance

Which of the following is not equal to the emf of the cell?

the reading of the voltmeter when the Switch S is

A
open

the chemical energy changed to electrical energy

B
when unit charge passes through the cell

twice the reading of the voltmeter when the switch S

C
is closed

the electrical energy produced when unit current

D
passes through the cell
(Total 1 mark)

Q11.
The diagram shows an electrical circuit in a car. A voltmeter of very high resistance is used to
measure the potential difference across the terminals of the battery.

Page 92
(a) Define potential difference.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(b) Explain how and why the voltmeter reading changes when the switch is closed.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 4 marks)

Q12.
In the circuit shown in the diagram below cell X has an emf of 12 V and a negligible internal
resistance. The resistances of RA and RB are 10 Ω and 15 Ω respectively.

Page 93
(a) Calculate the potential difference across RB.

Potential difference ____________________

(2)

(b) Cell X is replaced by cell Y that has an emf of 12 V and an internal resistance of
7.5 Ω. Calculate the terminal potential difference across cell Y.

Potential difference ____________________

(3)

(Total 5 marks)

Q13.
(a) Define the electromotive force (emf) of an electrical power supply.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

Page 94
(b) Explain why, when a battery is supplying a current to a circuit, the voltage measured
between its terminals is less than its emf.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(c) In the circuit shown in the figure below the voltmeter has a very high resistance and the
resistance of the ammeter is negligible. The motor M is being tested using a battery with
an emf of 9.00 V.

(i) State the reading on the voltmeter when the switch S is open.

voltmeter reading ____________________

(ii) When S is closed and the motor is allowed to run freely the voltmeter reading is 8.41
V and the ammeter reads 0.82 A. Calculate the internal resistance of the battery.

internal resistance ____________________

(iii) Explain why the ammeter reading is greater than 0.82 A when the motor does work
by lifting a load.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
Page 95
______________________________________________________________

(5)

(Total 9 marks)

Q14.
A ‘potato cell’ is formed by inserting a copper plate and a zinc plate into a potato. The circuit
shown in Figure 1 is used in an investigation to determine the electromotive force and internal
resistance of the potato cell.

Figure 1

(a) State what is meant by electromotive force.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) The plotted points on Figure 2 show the data for current and voltage that were obtained
in the investigation.

Page 96
Figure 2

(i) Suggest what was done to obtain the data for the plotted points.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(ii) The electromotive force (emf) of the potato cell is 0.89 V. Explain why the voltages
plotted on Figure 2 are always less than this and why the difference between the
emf and the plotted voltage becomes larger with increasing current.

______________________________________________________________

Page 97
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(iii) Use Figure 2 to determine the internal resistance of the potato cell.

internal resistance = ____________________ Ω

(3)

(c) A student decides to use two potato cells in series as a power supply for a light emitting
diode (LED). In order for the LED to work as required, it needs a voltage of at least 1.6 V
and a current of 20 mA.

Explain whether the LED will work as required.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 11 marks)

Q15.
Figure 1 shows a circuit used by a student to determine the emf and the internal resistance of a
cell.

The cell is connected to a switch, a fixed resistor and a variable resistor.

When the switch is closed, a voltmeter measures the potential difference V across the cell.
Page 98
An ammeter measures the current I in the circuit.

Readings of V and I are taken as the resistance of the variable resistor is changed from zero to
its maximum value.

Figure 1

(a) Explain why the student included the fixed resistor in this circuit.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

Figure 2 is a graph of the data recorded for this experiment.

Figure 2

Page 99
(b) Determine the magnitude of the minimum gradient Gmin of a line that passes through all
the error bars in Figure 2.

magnitude of Gmin = _______________

(3)

Determine, using Gmax and Gmin, the internal resistance of the cell.

Page 100
internal resistance = _______________ Ω

(2)

(d) The line of best fit passes through the data point (0.94, 0.37).

Determine the emf of the cell.

emf = _______________ V

(3)

(Total 10 marks)

Q16.
(a) State what is meant by the emf (electromotive force) of a battery.

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram for a battery-powered torch.

The circuit contains three identical light emitting diodes (LEDs) and a resistor R.

The current in the circuit is 44 mA.

Figure 1

Page 101
(b) Calculate the number of electrons that pass a point in the circuit in 37 minutes.

number of electrons = ____________________

(2)

Figure 2 is the current–voltage characteristic for an LED used in the torch.

Figure 2

Page 102
power output = ____________________ W

(3)

The battery has an emf of 12.0 V and an internal resistance of 1.5 Ω.

(d) Determine the resistance of R in Figure 1.

resistance = ____________________ Ω

(4)

(e) Another appliance is connected to the battery as shown in Figure 3.

The current in the battery is 3.5 A when switch S is closed.

Figure 3

Each LED requires a voltage of at least 2.9 V to light.

Deduce whether the LEDs will light when S is closed.

Page 103
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 13 marks)

Page 104
Question Pack 8 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 62

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

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Page 105
Question Pack 9 – Internal Resistance and EMF 2

Q17.
A cell has an emf of 1.5 V and an internal resistance of 0.65 Ω.

The cell is connected to a resistor R.

(a) State what is meant by an emf of 1.5 V.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) The current in the circuit is 0.31 A.

Show that the total power output of the cell is approximately 0.47 W.

(1)

(c) Calculate the energy dissipated per second in resistor R.

energy dissipated per second = _______________ J s−1

(2)

(d) The cell stores 14 kJ of energy when it is fully charged. The cell’s emf and internal
resistance are constant as the cell is discharged.

Calculate the maximum time during which the fully-charged cell can deliver energy to
resistor R.

maximum time = _______________ s

(2)

Page 106
(e) A student uses two cells, each of emf 1.5 V and internal resistance 0.65 Ω, to operate a
lamp. The circuit is shown in the diagram.

The lamp is rated at 1.3 V, 0.80 W.

Deduce whether this circuit provides the lamp with 0.80 W of power at a potential
difference (pd) of 1.3 V.

Assume that the resistance of the lamp is constant.

___________________________________________________________________

(4)

(f) The lamp operates at normal brightness across a pd range of 1.3 V to 1.5 V.

State and explain how more of these cells can be added to the circuit to make the lamp
light at normal brightness for a longer time.

No further calculations are required.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 107
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 14 marks)

Q18. An engineer wants to use solar cells to provide energy for a filament lamp in a road sign.The
engineer first investigates the emf and internal resistance of a solar cell under typical operating
conditions. The engineer determines how the potential difference across the solar cell varies with current.
The results are shown in the graph in Figure 1.

Figure 1

The engineer uses the graph to deduce that when operating in typical conditions a single solar
cell produces an emf of 0.70 V and has an internal resistance of 8.0 Ω.

(a) Explain how the engineer uses the graph to obtain the values for the emf and internal
resistance of the solar cell.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 108
(2)

(b) To operate effectively the lamp in the road sign needs a minimum current of
75 mA. At this current the resistance of the filament lamp is 6.0 Ω.

The engineer proposes to try the two circuits shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Figure 2

Figure 3

Deduce, using calculations, whether the circuits in Figure 2 and Figure 3 are suitable for
this application.

___________________________________________________________________

(4)

Page 109
(c) Solar cells convert solar energy to useful electrical energy in the road sign with an
efficiency of 4.0%.

The solar-cell supply used by the engineer has a total surface area of 32 cm 2.

Calculate the minimum intensity, in W m –2, of the sunlight needed to provide the minimum
current of 75 mA to the road sign when it has a resistance of 6.0 Ω.

intensity = ____________________ W m –2

(3)

(Total 9 marks)

Q19.
(a) (i) Describe how you would make a direct measurement of the emf ɛ of a cell, stating
the type of meter you would use.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(ii) Explain why this meter must have a very high resistance.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(b) A student is provided with the circuit shown in the diagram below.

Page 110
The student wishes to determine the efficiency of this circuit.

In this circuit, useful power is dissipated in the external resistor. The total power input is
the power produced by the battery.

Efficiency =

The efficiency can be determined using two readings from a voltmeter.

(i) Show that the efficiency = where ɛ is the emf of the cell and V is the potential
difference across the external resistor.

(1)

(ii) Add a voltmeter to the diagram and explain how you would use this new circuit to
take readings of ɛ and V.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(c) Describe how you would obtain a set of readings to investigate the relationship between
efficiency and the resistance of the external resistor. State any precautions you would
take to ensure your readings were reliable.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 111
(2)

(d) State and explain how you would expect the efficiency to vary as the value of R is
increased.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 9 marks)

Q20.
A student investigates how the power dissipated in a variable resistor, Y, varies as the
resistance is altered.

Figure 1 shows the circuit the student uses. Y is connected to a battery of emf ε and internal
resistance r.

Figure 1

Figure 2 shows the results obtained by the student as the resistance of Y is varied from 0.5 Ω
to 6.5 Ω.

Figure 2

Page 112
resistance of Y / Ω

(a) Describe how the power dissipated in Y varies as its resistance is increased from 0.5 Ω to
6.5 Ω.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) The emf of the battery is 6.0 V and the resistance of Y is set at 0.80 Ω.

(i) Use data from Figure 2 to calculate the current through the battery.

current ____________________ A

(3)

(ii) Calculate the voltage across Y.

Page 113
voltage ____________________ V

(2)

(iii) Calculate the internal resistance of the battery.

internal resistance ____________________ Ω

(2)

(c) The student repeats the experiment with a battery of the same emf but negligible internal
resistance. State and explain how you would now expect the power dissipated in Y to
vary as the resistance of Y is increased from 0.5 Ω to 6.5 Ω.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 12 marks)

Q21.
The circuit diagram below shows a battery of electromotive force (emf) 12 V and internal
resistance 1.5 Ω connected to a 2.0 Ω resistor in parallel with an unknown resistor, R. The
battery supplies a current of 4.2 A.

Page 114
(a) (i) Show that the potential difference (pd) across the internal resistance is 6.3 V.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the pd across the 2.0 Ω resistor.

pd ____________________V

(1)

(iii) Calculate the current in the 2.0 Ω resistor.

current ____________________A

(1)

(iv) Determine the current in R.

current ____________________ A

(1)

(v) Calculate the resistance of R.

R ____________________ Ω

(1)

(vi) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.

circuit resistance ____________________ Ω

(2)

(b) The battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy that is then dissipated in the
Page 115
internal resistance and the two external resistors.

(i) Using appropriate data values that you have calculated, complete the following table
by calculating the rate of energy dissipation in each resistor.

resistor rate of energy dissipation / W

internal resistance

2.0 Ω

(3)

(ii) Hence show that energy is conserved in the circuit.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 12 marks)

Page 116
Question Pack 9 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 56

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

●
●
●
●

WWW:

EBI:

Page 117
Question Pack 10 – Internal Resistance and EMF

Q22.
A cordless phone handset contains two rechargeable cells connected in series. Each cell has
an emf of 2.0 V and, when fully charged, the combination stores energy sufficient to provide 850
mA for 1 hour.

(a) Calculate the total energy stored by the two cells when fully charged.

energy stored ____________________ J

(3)

(b) The internal resistance of each cell is 0.60 .

Calculate the potential difference across the two cells when they are connected in series
across a 20.0 load.

potential difference ____________________ V

(3)

(Total 6 marks)

Q23.
A battery of emf 9.0 V and internal resistance, r, is connected in the circuit shown in the figure
below.

Page 118
(a) The current in the battery is 1.0 A.

(i) Calculate the pd between points A and B in the circuit.

answer = ____________________ V

(2)

(ii) Calculate the internal resistance, r.

answer = ____________________ Ω

(2)

(iii) Calculate the total energy transformed by the battery in 5.0 minutes.

answer = ____________________ J

(2)

(iv) Calculate the percentage of the energy calculated in part (iii) that is dissipated in
the battery in 5.0 minutes.

Page 119
answer = ____________________ %

(2)

(b) State and explain one reason why it is an advantage for a rechargeable battery to have a
low internal resistance.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(Total 10 marks)

Q24.
A cell of emf, ε, and internal resistance, r, is connected to a variable resistor R. The current
through the cell and the terminal pd of the cell are measured as R is decreased. The circuit is
shown in the figure below.

The graph below shows the results from the experiment.

Page 120
(a) Explain why the terminal pd decreases as the current increases.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) (i) Use the graph to find the emf, ε, of the cell.

answer = ______________________ V

(1)

(ii) Use the graph above to find the internal resistance, r, of the cell.

Page 121
answer = ______________________ Ω

(3)

(i) the same emf but double the internal resistance of the first cell labelling your graph
A.

(2)

(ii) the same emf but negligible internal resistance labelling your graph B.

(1)

(d) In the original circuit shown in part (a), the variable resistor is set at a value such that the
current through the cell is 0.89 A.

(i) Calculate the charge flowing through the cell in 15 s, stating an appropriate unit.

answer = ______________________

(2)

(ii) Calculate the energy dissipated in the internal resistance of the cell per second.

answer = ______________________ W

(2)

(Total 13 marks)

Page 122
Q25.
A battery of emf and internal resistance r is connected in series to a variable resistor R and
an ammeter of negligible resistance. A voltmeter is connected across R, as shown in the figure
below.

(a) (i) State what is meant by the emf of the battery.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The reading on the voltmeter is less than the emf. Explain why this is so.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) A student wishes to measure and r. Using the circuit shown in the figure above the
value of R is decreased in steps and at each step the readings V and I on the voltmeter
and ammeter respectively are recorded. These are shown in the table.

reading on voltmeter/V reading on ammeter/A

8.3 0.07

6.8 0.17

4.6 0.33

2.9 0.44

0.3 0.63

(i) Give an expression relating V, I, and r.

Page 123
______________________________________________________________

(ii) Draw a graph of V (on the y-axis) against I (on the x-axis) on graph paper.

(Allow one sheet of graph paper)

(iii) Determine the values of and r from the graph, explaining your method.

: ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

r: ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(8)

(Total 10 marks)

Q26.
In the circuit shown the battery has emf and internal resistance r.

(a) (i) State what is meant by the emf of a battery.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) When the switch S is open, the voltmeter, which has infinite resistance, reads 8.0 V.
When the switch is closed, the voltmeter reads 6.0 V.
Determine the current in the circuit when the switch is closed.

______________________________________________________________

Page 124
(iii) Show that r = 0.80 Ω.

______________________________________________________________

(4)

(b) The switch S remains closed. Calculate

(i) the power dissipated in the 2.4 Ω resistor,

______________________________________________________________

(ii) the total power dissipated in the circuit,

______________________________________________________________

(iii) the energy wasted in the battery in 2 minutes.

______________________________________________________________

(4)

(Total 8 marks)

Q27.
(a) A cell of emf ϵ and internal resistance r is connected in series to a resistor of resistance R
as shown. A current I flows in the circuit.

(i) State an expression which gives ϵ in terms of I, r and R.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Hence show how VR, the potential difference across the resistor, is related to ϵ, I
and r.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

Page 125
(b) A lamp, rated at 30 W, is connected to a 120 V supply.

(i) Calculate the current in the lamp.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) If the resistor in part (a) is replaced by the lamp described in (b), determine how
many cells, each of emf 1.5 V and internal resistance 1.2 Ω, would have to be
connected in series so that the lamp would operate at its proper power.

______________________________________________________________

(5)

(Total 7 marks)

Page 126
Question Pack 10 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 54

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

●
●
●
●

WWW:

EBI:

Page 127
Question Pack 11 – Internal Resistance and EMF

Q28.
A battery of e.m.f. 12 V and internal resistance r is connected in a circuit with three resistors
each having a resistance of 10 Ω as shown. A current of 0.50 A flows through the battery.

Calculate

(a) the potential difference between the points A and B in the circuit,

___________________________________________________________________

(b) the internal resistance of the battery,

___________________________________________________________________

(c) the total energy supplied by the battery in 2.0 s,

___________________________________________________________________

(d) the fraction of the energy supplied by the battery that is dissipated within the battery.

___________________________________________________________________

(Total 7 marks)

Page 128
Q29.

A battery is connected to a 10 Ω resistor as shown. The e.m.f. (electromotive force) of the

battery is 12 V.

(a) (i) Explain what is meant by the e.m.f. of a battery.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) When the switch is open the voltmeter reads 12.0 V and when it is closed it reads
11.5 V. Explain why the readings are different.

______________________________________________________________

(3)

(b) Calculate the internal resistance of the battery.

___________________________________________________________________

(3)

(Total 6 marks)

Page 129
Q30.
A student used a simple series circuit to test and compare different types of electrical cell. The
circuit consisted of the cell being tested, an ammeter and a resistor. The graph in the figure
below shows the results for one cell which was left on test until it failed completely.

(a) The emf of the cell at the start of the test was 1.6 V.

Calculate the total resistance in the circuit.

resistance ____________________

(3)

(b) Use the graph in the figure above to estimate the total flow of charge in the circuit during
the test.

charge flow ____________________

(4)

Page 130
(c) The average emf provided by the cell during the test was 1.4 V. Calculate the total work
done by the cell.

work done ____________________

(2)

(Total 9 marks)

Q31.
(a) Define the term electromotive force (emf).

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) Figure 1 shows very high resistance voltmeter placed across an 8.00 Ω resistor
connected to a cell of emf 1.56 V.

Figure 1

The very high resistance voltmeter registers 1.40 V. Show that the internal resistance of
the cell must be about 0.9 Ω.

(3)

Page 131
(c) A voltmeter, having resistance 24.0 Ω, replaces the very high resistance voltmeter.

(i) Calculate the combined resistance of this voltmeter and the 8.00 Ω resistor
connected in parallel.

Combined resistance = ____________________ Ω

(2)

(ii) Calculate the reading on this voltmeter.

Reading on voltmeter = ____________________ V

(3)

(iii) Explain why the reading on this voltmeter is different from the reading on the very
high resistance voltmeter in part (b).

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(d) Each lead connecting the resistor to the cell is made from a single strand of copper wire.
Each lead is 0.30 m long and has a diameter of 2.0 mm. Show that the total potential
difference across the two leads is negligible when the cell delivers a current of 0.20 A.
resistivity of copper, ρ = 1.7 × 10–8 Ω m.

(4)

(Total 15 marks)

Page 132
Q32.
The circuit shown in the diagram below can be used as an electronic thermometer. The battery
has negligible internal resistance.

The reading on the digital voltmeter can be converted to give the temperature of the thermistor
T which is used as a temperature sensor.

(a) Explain why the reading on the voltmeter increases as the temperature of the thermistor
increases.

___________________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) When the thermistor is at 80.0 °C the voltmeter reading is 5.0 V. Show that the resistance
of the thermistor at this temperature is 4.0 Ω.

(1)

Page 133
Voltmeter reading ____________________

(2)

(d) The battery is replaced with another having the same emf but an internal resistance of
3.0 Ω.

(i) Calculate the new voltmeter reading when the thermistor temperature is 80.0 °C.

Voltmeter reading ____________________

(2)

(ii) State and explain the effect, if any, on the measured temperature when the
thermistor is at 20.0 °C.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(Total 8 marks)

Q33.
The electrical energy for a small village of 155 houses is to be generated by a bank of solar
cells. The average power used by each house, taken over a year, is 800 W.

The average power per square metre arriving at the surface of the Earth from the Sun is 650 W.
The efficiency of the conversion of solar energy to electrical energy is 15%.

(a) (i) Calculate the average power the solar cells need to provide for the whole village.

(1)

Page 134
(ii) Calculate the total area of solar cells needed to provide the power in (i).

(3)

(iii) Give one reason why, in practice, a greater area will need to be covered by solar
cells.

______________________________________________________________

(1)

(iv) Suggest two problems, other than the large area needed for solar cells, that occur
using solar power alone to provide the supply to the village.

______________________________________________________________

(2)

(b) The emf of the bank of solar cells is 230 V.

(i) Calculate the supply current when the village is using 75 kW, assuming the cells
have no internal resistance.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the potential difference delivered to the villagers' electrical equipment
when the current calculated in (i) is produced in a bank of cells with an internal
resistance of 0.050 Ω.

(3)

(Total 12 marks)

Page 135
Question Pack 11 – Reflection Page:

Your Marks:______

Total Marks: 57

Percentage:

Questions I struggled on:

●
●
●
●

WWW:

EBI:

Page 136

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Electricity Question Packs

Uploaded by

Electricity Question Packs

Uploaded by

A Level Physics

How many electrons pass through the resistor in 3 minutes?

The currents I1, I2 and I3 in the circuit are shown.

Which equation is correct for this circuit?

This relationship is an expression of the law of conservation of

How many electrons pass a point in the conductor in two minutes?

How many ions pass a point in 1.0 minute?

Charge of the electron is 1.6 × 10–19 C.

How many electrons pass a point in the wire in 2 minutes?

Questions I struggled on:

(c) The current/voltage characteristic of a filament lamp is to be determined using a

(b) The filament lamp is one example of a non-ohmic device.

(i) State what is meant by the term non-ohmic.

(ii) Name one other example of a non-ohmic device.

lamp marking =______ V ______ W

In order to produce this characteristic a student is given suitable equipment

• details of how different readings of I and V are obtained

• a consideration of safety precautions when using the diode

• a discussion of the range and number of measurements that need to be

• a discussion of the advantages of using a data logger to obtain the

The quality of your written communication will be assessed in your answer.

Questions I struggled on:

The quality of your written communication will be assessed in this question.

(i) Calculate the current in the 8.0 Ω resistor

Indicate approximate values on the voltage axis.

(c) The current/voltage characteristic of a filament lamp is to be determined using a

(b) The filament lamp is one example of a non-ohmic device.

(i) State what is meant by the term non-ohmic.

(ii) Name one other example of a non-ohmic device.

(i) Name an example, other than a diode, of a non-ohmic electrical component.

(i) Sketch on the grid the current-voltage characteristic of a diode.

Questions I struggled on:

Q2. Which statement about a superconducting metal is correct?

A Its resistivity is small but not zero.

B A current in it causes no heating effect.

C Its critical temperature is independent of the metal it is

D Keeping it cold makes it too expensive to use.

A increase the strength of electricity cables.

B make light dependent resistors.

C produce strong magnetic fields.

D increase the rate of heat energy transfer.

When a material becomes a superconductor, its

The temperature at which a material becomes a

When current passes through a superconductor the

D Copper is a superconductor at room temperature.

(b) State an application of a superconductor and explain why it is useful in this

• State what is meant by superconductivity.

• Explain the required conditions for the material to become superconducting.

(a) Explain what is meant by a superconductor.

(b) The thermistor is included in the circuit shown in Figure 2.

The thermistor has to be maintained at a temperature of 60°C.

(i) the potential difference across the thermistor;

Questions I struggled on:

X and Y each have resistance R.

Z has resistance 2R.

(a) (i) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.

(b) (i) Calculate the current through resistor Y.

(ii) Calculate the pd across resistor W.

(i) Calculate the pd across the 540 Ω resistor.

(ii) Calculate the pd across the 1200 Ω resistor.

(iv) Calculate the resistance of the thermistor.

(b) The switch S is now replaced with a voltmeter of infinite resistance.

Calculate the equivalent resistance in each case.

(i) Calculate the current in each single element.

(i) What is the voltage across each lamp?

(ii) Calculate the current through the lamps.

(i) Show that the current supplied by the battery is 0.83 A.

Explain your answer.

current in the 3.0 Ω resistor ____________________

total power ____________________

(i) Calculate the current in each element in this parallel arrangement.

(ii) Calculate the resistance required for each element.

(i) Calculate the current in each element in this series arrangement.

(ii) Calculate the resistance required for each element.

(i) State the units of resistivity.

(ii) Calculate this largest value of resistance.

lamp marking = V W

answer = __________ unit = _

minimum pd V when the resistance of the variable resistor is Ω

maximum pd V when the resistance of the variable resistor is Ω

Temperature range from °C to °C