MIL (REVIEWER)
LESSON 1: BEING MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERATE
COMMUNICATION
-comes from the latin word “communis” meaning “to share”
-the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or
exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to
someone else
-the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can
result in understanding
2 BASIC TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
NON-VERBAL
-signs
-symbols
-colors
-gestures
-body language
-facial expressions
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
-Oral
-Written
TERMS TO UNDERSTAND
Media Literacy
-The ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a
variety of media forms.
Information Literacy
-The ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate,
evaluate, effectively use and communicate information in its various formats.
Technology (Digital) Literacy
-The ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to
locate, evaluate, use, and create information.
TRANSMISSION MODELS
Lasswell’s Communication Model (1948)
Who (Communicator)
Says What (Message)
In Which Channel (Medium)
To Whom (Receiver)
With What? (Effect)
Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model (1948)
-This model was created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
Information source (Sender)
Transmitter (Encoder)
Channel (Noises)
Reception (Decoder)
Destination (Reciever)
Osgood-Schramm Model Of Communication (1954)
Message – Decoder, Interpreter, Encoder – Message – Encoder, Interpreter,
Decoder
Lesson 2: Tracing Media’s Evolution
1. Prehistoric Age (Before 1700s)
- No writing system yet.
- Communication through:
Cave paintings (38,000 BCE)
Clay tablets (used in Mesopotamia)
Papyrus in Egypt
Woodblock printing (220 AD, China)
Codex (bound handwritten pages)
Dibao (Chinese imperial reports)
Acta Diurna (Roman daily news carved in stone)
2. Industrial Age (1700s–1930s)
- Invention of machines; faster media production.
Tools/Forms of Media:
Mass printing press (for books and newspapers)
Newspapers (e.g., The London Gazette)
Typewriter (1800s)
Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell, 1876)
Motion picture camera (1890s silent films)
Telegraph (Morse code messages)
Punch cards (data storage and control)
3. Electronic Age (1930s–1980s)
- Media became electrical and more high-tech.
Examples:
Transistor radio (1954)
Television (black & white in 1941)
Projectors (for films)
UNIVAC, IBM 704 (early computers)
Personal computers (e.g., HP 9100A, Apple I)
4. Information Age (1990s–Present)
- Internet, digital, and smart media.
Forms of media:
Search engines (Google, Yahoo)
Web browsers (Mosaic, Internet Explorer)
Video chat (Skype)
Video sharing (YouTube)
Social networks (Facebook, Twitter, TikTok)
Blogs and Vlogs
Wearable technology
Cloud storage
Smartphones
LESSON 3: TYPES OF MEDIA
1. Print Media
- is also known as the “press”, this type of media refers to materials that
are writes ar physically distributed.
- Perhaps the most significant event in the history of printing is the vention
of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in (1440).
- This eventually led to the man roduction of books, which gave people an
access to knowledge that they never dreamt of durin ose times.
- Example of Print Media are: books, newspapers, magazines, and other
perioa muscripts, correspondence, memoranda, loose leaf materials, notes,
and brochures.
2. Broadcast Media (Broadcasting)
- The main sources of the broadcast are television and radio.
- We can watch all types of events which are happening on earth. Usually,
people are interested to watch the news regarding spiritual, politics, sports
and so on.
- Radio is also the source of broadcasting we can hear all kinds of news on
it and also enjoy the music on it through changing the channels.
3. Movies (Film/Cinema)
- It is one of the oldest platforms of media and people went to the
theaters to watch it but know people can watch movies at home via safelight
and cable in HD resolution.
4. Internet / New Media
- The Internet is one of the newest sources of media. The majority of the
users prefer the internet to watch news quickly.
- It is more fast and capable in compare to any other source of media.
- Internet changes the world and connects the people also deliver
the users to keep in touch with the latest inventions and news.
5. Video Games
- Video games continue to grow popular to both young and old because of
their increased interactivity and interconnectivity. It is only grown in
youth with high dimensions and more graphics.
- Games are the form of electronic media devices. Now games are also
available on mobile phones and people are easily accessible to them.
Media Convergence
- is the ability to transform different kinds of media into digital code,
which is then accessible by a range of devices. Media convergence usually
occurs in various platforms such as:
1. Social Network
2. Learning Management System
3. Product Advertisement
4. News Agency
5. Multimedia Personality
Classification of Media
- There are different ways to classify media.
1. Print media, non-print media, electronic media
Print media
- They include: books, journals, magazines, newspapers, workbook,
textbooks
Non-print media
- They include: projected and non-projected media
Electronic media
- they include: Audio media, Visual media and Audio-Visual
2. Projected media & non-projected media
Projected media
- they require light source for projection
E.g. film projector slides etc.
Non-projected media
- they do not require light source.
- They include 3 dimensional objects, 2dimensional objects, prints, charts,
models etc.
3. Audio media, Visual media & Audio-visual
Audio media
- this form of media carry sounds alone.
E.g. audio tapes, record player,
Visual media
- These are the ones that can be seen
E.g. TV, computer, white board
Audio-Visual
- this term refers to those instructional materials which provide students
with audio and visual experiences by appearing to the hearing and seeing
senses at the same time
E.g. TV, video tapes, closed circuit television (CCTV).
4. Hardware and software
Hardware
- this the classification of machines or equipment used in the instructional
processi is upon these gadgets that the software is transmitted.
E.g. Television set, tape recorder etc.
Software
- This classification consists of all materials used with the machine. They
are the real carrier of knowledge or information. They include,
films, tapes transparencies
LESSON 4:
FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF MEDIA LITERACY (ART
SILVERBLATT, 1995)
1. An awareness of the impact of media.
2. An understanding of the process of mass communication.
3. Strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages.
4. An understanding of media content as a text that provides insight into our
culture and our lives.
5. The ability to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content.
6. An understanding of the ethical and moral obligations of media
practitioners.
7. Development of appropriate and effective production skills.
8. Critical thinking skills enabling the development of independent judgments
about media content.
CRITICAL THINKING?
- Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively
and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or
evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation,
experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and
action (Scriven and Paul, 1987)
- Critical thinking is thinking about your thinking while you’re thinking
in order to make your thinking better (Paul, 1992)
FALLACY OF THINKING
1. Ad Hominem
- Attacking your opponent’s character or personal traits instead of
engaging with their argument.
2. Strawman
- Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.
3. Loaded Question
- Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can’t be
answered without appearing guilty.
4. Begging the Question
- A circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise.
5. Black-or-White
- Where two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities,
when in fact more possibilities exist.
6. Slippery slope
- Asserting that if we allow A to happen, then Z will consequently happen too,
therefore A should not happen.
7. Burden of Proof
- Saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the
claim, but with someone else to disprove.
8. Composition / Division
- Assuming that what’s true about one part of something has to be
applied to all, or other, parts of it.
9. Bandwagon
- Appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an
attempted form of validation.
10. Appeal to emotion
- Manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling
argument.
Lesson 5:
PEOPLE AS MEDIA
- Media users
PEOPLE IN MEDIA
- Media practitioners who provide information coming from their expert
knowledge or first-hand experience of event.
- media practitioners
- provide information coming from their expert knowledge or first-hand
experience of events
TYPES OF JOURNALIST BY MEDIUM
1. Print Journalists
2. Photojournalists
3. Broadcast Journalists
4. Multimedia Journalist
PEOPLE AS MEDIA
1. Opinion Leaders
- highly exposed to and actively using media
- source of viable interpretation of messages for lower- end media users
- opinions are accepted by a group
- The Two-step Flow Communication Model (1944) Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard
Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet
2. Citizen Journalism
- People without professional journalism training can use the tools of
modern technology and internet to create, augment or fact-check media on
their own or in collaboration with others.
3. Social Journalism
- Journalists are using social media to make their content available to
more people.
4. Crowdsourcing
- the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by
soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the
online community
LESSON 6: FUNCTIONS OF MEDIA
1.INFORM CITIZENS OF WHAT IS HAPPENING
(MONITORING FUNCTION)
2. EDUCATE THE AUDIENCE (MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE OF FACTS)
3. PROVIDE A PLATFORM FOR PUBLIC DISCOURSE
(PUBLIC OPINION AND EXPRESSION OF DISSENT)
4. “WATCHDOG” ROLE OF JOURNALISM
- A watchdog is a person or organization that makes sure that companies,
governments, etc., are not doing anything illegal or wrong
5. CHANNEL FOR ADVOCACY FOR POLITICAL VIEWPOINTS
DEFINITION OF TERMS
PUBLIC OPINION- views prevalent among the general public
DISSENT- strong difference of opinion; disagreement esp. about official
decisions
Media and Information Sources
1. Indigenous Sources
- Indigenous Knowledge and Media
Indigenous means native or local.
- Their knowledge is unique, mostly unwritten, and passed down
through culture. It preserves tradition and is shared in the
community’s language.
Characteristics:
Oral tradition
Stored in memory
Face-to-face sharing
Within the community
Forms of Indigenous Media:
Folk Media
Social Gatherings
Observation
Oral/Written Records
Oral Instruction
2. Library
- A library stores books, recordings, and other materials for public use
(not for sale).
(Source: Merriam-Webster)
Types of Libraries:
Academic – for colleges
Public – for everyone
School – for K–12 students
Special – for specific groups (e.g., hospitals, businesses)
3. Internet
- The Internet is a global network that gives fast access to information and
communication.
- People use it for news, emails, social media, online shopping, learning, and
more.
Top Search Engines:
1. Google
2. Bing
3. Yahoo
4. Baidu
5. AOL
6. Ask
Others: DuckDuckGo, Yandex, WolframAlpha, etc.
Evaluating Online Information
Check for:
Authorship – Who wrote it
Publisher – Where it came from
Accuracy – If it’s correct
Timeliness – If it’s updated
Things to Consider:
1. Reliability – Can be trusted
2. Accuracy – Close to the truth
3. Value – Helps in decision-making
4. Authority – From a trusted source
5. Timeliness – Still relevant or outdated
LESSON 7:
Netiquette
- is a combination of the words “network” and “etiquette.”
- It means the proper and respectful way of communicating and behaving
online—like in social media, emails, chats, or any digital space.
10 Netiquette Rules
1. Remember That Real People Take Priority
- Give attention to those with you.
- Only take important calls politely.
- Avoid calls and loud talk in public places
2. If You Wouldn’t Say It to Someone’s Face, Don’t Say It Online
- Avoid name-calling or offensive posts.
- If you wouldn’t say it face-to-face, don’t post it online.
3. If You Wouldn’t Show It in Public, Don’t Share It Online
- Don’t post things you wouldn’t want your boss, parents, or kids to see—now
or in the future.
4. Don’t Exclude Your Audience
- Keep inside jokes private. Don’t post things that make others feel left out.
5. Don’t “Friend” Then “Unfriend” People
- Don’t add people just to remove them later. – Think before accepting or
sending friend requests. Use professional platforms for work contacts.
6. Don’t Overload Systems With Large Files
- Don’t email big files that may crash someone’s inbox. Share a link instead.
7. Respect People’s Privacy
- Don’t share messages or emails without permission. Use BCC for group
emails to protect others’ info.
8. Don’t Repost Without Checking Facts
- Avoid spreading hoaxes or myths. Verify info before sharing it online.
9. Check and Respond to Email Promptly
- Reply to emails within a few days if people expect to reach you. If delayed,
let them know.
10. Update Online Information That People Depend On
- Remove or update outdated info.
- Don’t leave false details like business hours if you’re unavailable.
- Take the site down if you can’t maintain it.
Lesson 8: Digital Divide, Addiction, Bullying, Intellectual
Property, and Cybercrime
1. Digital Divide
- The digital divide is the gap between people who have access to modern
technology and those who don’t. It happens between:
Urban vs. rural areas
Educated vs. uneducated
Rich vs. poor
Developed vs. developing countries
- Even people with some access may still have slow internet or low-
quality devices.
2. Computer Addiction
- A condition where someone uses the internet or games to escape stress,
loneliness, or emotional problems.
- It affects people of all ages and may be linked to depression or anxiety.
3. Bullying
- Defined as aggressive behavior with power imbalance and repetition.
- Bullying can cause serious problems for both the victim and the bully.
Types of Bullying:
Verbal – teasing, name-calling, threats
Social – spreading rumors, public embarrassment
Physical – hitting, spitting, taking/breaking belongings
4. Intellectual Property
- Legal rights that protect original creations.
Common Terms:
Copyright – Rights over creative works like books, music, films
Patent – Exclusive right to use or share an invention
Trademark – Symbol or word identifying products or services
Industrial Design – Visual design or shape of a product
Geographical Indication – Label showing product’s origin and quality
Not Protected by Copyright:
Ideas, facts, and data
News of the day
Official government texts (laws, speeches, rulings)
5. Cybercrime
- Cybercrime is any crime involving computers or digital tools.
Examples:
Hacking – unauthorized access to systems
Cyberstalking – online harassment
Virus dissemination – spreading harmful software
Phishing – stealing info by pretending to be a legit source
Email spoofing – fake emails pretending to be someone else
Tip: Don’t post personal info online. Always keep it private!
Cybercrime in the Philippines
Crimes using digital devices like phones, computers, and networks.
Based on the Budapest Convention (2001):
- Crimes against data/systems
- Computer-related crimes
- Harmful content crimes
- Copyright-related crimes
Important Laws:
R.A. 10175 – Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
R.A. 9995 – Anti-Photo Voyeurism Act
R.A. 9775 – Anti-Child Pornography Act
R.A. 9208 – Anti-Trafficking in Persons
R.A. 8792 – E-commerce Act
R.A. 8484 – Access Device Regulation Act
R.A. 4200 – Anti-Wiretapping Law
