Thesis Abstract for Liberalism, Education, and Promoting 'British

Values' in Schools
Christina EastonSince 2014, all schools in England have been
required to “promote the fundamental British values of democracy,
the rule of law, individual liberty, and mutual respect and
tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs”. This prompts
the question of whether teaching liberal values can be justified in
a way that is consistent with the core principles of liberalism. My
thesis addresses this and other philosophical questions relating
to the values that are taught in state educational institutions.

I begin by setting out the ‘British values’ policy, including its

political motivations and the way that it has been implemented in
schools. I then turn to liberalism itself. I propose a new
understanding of the sort of controversiality we should seek to
avoid in policy-making, based on a novel account of the
difference between comprehens1ive and political forms of
liberalism.

I give several reasons to reject the political liberal view. For

example, I argue that the political liberal requirement that we
filter out which values go into political deliberation wrongs
citizens, damaging their integrity by asking that they distance
themselves from their deepest beliefs. I discuss three
applications of political liberal thought to education policy the
issue of compulsory high school education for Amish children,
the place of Religious Education in school curricula, and the
proposal that a norm of neutral discourse should operate in
classroom discussions of political issues
and show how each is problematic for political liberalism. I argue
instead for a new form of liberalism, which I refer to as
‘comprehensive minimally controversial liberalism’.

Whilst political liberals are right that respect for persons

requires that we aim for a policy that has a minimally
controversial justification, other considerations, especially a
concern for basic liberty, equality and rights, mean that
sometimes states will legitimately introduce policy with more
perfectionist justifications. I show how comprehensive minimally
controversial liberalism gives preferable outcomes to the
education policy dilemmas discussed. Throughout, I emphasise
the importance of discussion, yet discussing political issues can
evoke some difficult, harmful forms of student speech. I therefore
also address how teachers ought to respond to their students’
‘words that wound’.

Drawing on empirical research in social psychology and

educational practice, this is a uniquely practical discussion,
resulting in a four-part test suggesting when teachers should
silence their students’ harmful speech.
I finish by applying the theoretical conclusions of previous chapters to
the ‘British values’ policy and offering recommendations for how
the policy could be brought closer to liberal ideals. I argue that
not only is it legitimate to teach liberal values, but sometimes
schools ought to teach with the aim that their students come
to adopt the highly controversial belief.

WELLEY LIBRARY
Dimensions of British identity dimensions A

James Tilley, Sonia Exley and Anthony Heath

As is described below, French and German conceptions of national identity are
generally recognised in the literature as fitting neatly into this ‘civic’ and ‘ethnic’
typology respectively. What do the British perceive as the things that make a
person ‘truly British’.

The decline of British national pride-Sonia Exley A---word pride

This article examines how national pride has changed in Britain since the
beginning of the 1980s. We show that there have been large declines in pride and
that this is exclusively generational in nature; with more recent generations
having substantially lower levels of pride in ‘Britishness’ than previous
generations. Con-firming the reality of ‘Thatcher’s Children’, we find that this
process has been arrested to some extent, with generations coming of age in the
1980s and after having similar levels of pride to their immediate predecessors.
We also find large regional disparities in these processes, with substantially.
question concerning pride in one’s country, as follows

Nativism in Linguistics: Empirical and Theoretical Issues

British_Identity_and_Political_Discourse. New Britain-Betsabe Navarro Romero

Michel Foucault
Madness and Civilization-A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason
P 16
Animality has escaped domestication by human symbols and
values; and it is ani-mality that reveals the dark rage, the sterile madness that lie
in
men's hearts.
At the opposite pole to this nature of shadows, madness fascinates because it is
knowledge. It is knowledge, first, because all these absurd figures are in reality
elements
of a difficult, hermetic, esoteric learning. These strange forms are situated, from
the
first, in the space of the Great Secret, and the Saint Anthony who is tempted by
them is not a victim of the violence of desire but of the much more in-sidious lure
of curiosity; he is tempted by that distant and intimate knowledge which is
offered, and at the same time evaded, by the smile of the gryllos.
P 6 the experience of madness was clouded by images of the Fall and the Will of
God, of the Beast and the Metamorphosis, and of all the marvelous secrets of
Knowledge.
P12 stigmatizing
vices and faults as in the past, no longer at-tribute them all to pride, to lack of charity,
to neglect of Christian virtues, but to a sort of great unreason for which nothing, in fact,
is exactly responsible, but which involves everyone in a kind of secret complicity. The
denunciation of madness (la folie) becomes the general form of criticism.

P21In Shakespeare or Cervantes, madness still occupies an extreme place, in that it is

beyond appeal. Nothing ever restores it either to truth or to reason. It leads only to

laceration and thence to death. Madness, in its vain words, is not vanity; the void that

fills it is a "disease beyond my practice," as the doctor says about Lady Macbeth; it is

already the plenitude of death; a madness that has no need of a physician, but only of

divine mercy p 71there would remain only the schema of coherent qualities which
would no longer even be named, and what this dy-namics of heat and movement slowly
formed

into a constel-lation characteristic of mania would now be observed as a natural

complex, as an immediate truth of psychological observation p 76 The physicians of the

classical period certainly tried to discover the qualities peculiar to

hysteria and hypochon-dria. But they never reached the point of perceiving that

particular coherence, that qualitative cohesion which gave mania and melancholia their

unique contour.

P 6 class habitus can be readily seen and appreciated in his attempt to

render his theoretical model of social space, class habitus and their
corresponding tastes in Figures 2 and 3. The first represents the space
of social conditions as organized by the distribution of various kinds
of capital. The second presents lifestyles in which social conditions
manifest themselves. There are limitations to such a representation
(see 1984: 126-31), but such a synoptic schema brings together areas
which the usual sociological classifications separate. Through their
juxtaposition, one can readily appreciate the relationships between
properties and practices characteristic of a group. He has grouped
around various classes and class fractions certain distinctive features
making up their lifestyles. P439 Consequently, a survey tends to detach a
feature from a system of mutual relations (tone of voice, posture,
style of dress, all sorts of mannerisms). This, of course, is recognized
by social scientists. However, what often goes unnoticed is the consequence
of this detachment: deviations between classes or subcultures
or subclasses are minimized.
This has important epistemological ramifications, and it underlines
the difference between a positive approach to the sociology of
culture and an interpretive one. Each regards the social world from a
particular vantage point.

STEALTH
Foreign Policy Initiative Report Part Title: Foreign Policy 2010 Report Part
Author(s): The Foreign Policy Initiative Report Title: Foreign Policy 2010 Report
Author(s): The Foreign Policy Initiative Foreign Policy Initiative (2010) Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep07492., pp 2-513
Foreign Policy Initiative is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and
extend access to this content
The Re-Hollowing of the Military— commentary comentarymagazine.com
Arthur Herman
September 2010
P450 Such a future by necessity means fewer carriers, B-52s, and Littoral Combat
Ships, and more SEAL teams, drones, Stealth fighters, and bombers—plus a
healthy investment in cyber and electronic measures to keep our net-linked
forces safe. It is true that we have an American military that is overstretched and
in desperate need of refitting and relief. But it is also an American military with a
wider range of capabilities than ever, with more experience in a variety of -
theaters of operations and types of missions than any military in the world.
Whatever else may be said of Bush and Rumsfeld, the fact is they built a military
establishment that is the best-trained, the most versatile, and the most mission-
savvy in American history, one that secured victory in Iraq and has been fighting
in Afghanistan for nine years—and was still able to escalate its efforts on a
shrinking budget rather than a growing one.
P445 Obama‘s commencement address at West Point provided a revealing
counterpoint to Gates‘s reassurances that budget cuts won‘t mean a diminished
American military. The president offered West Point‘s graduates a future in which
―combating a changing climate‖ would be as important as killing terrorists in
Afghanistan, and helping Third World peoples feed themselves and achieve their
―universal rights‖ would matter as much as halting nuclear proliferation. The
president made it clear that there is no place in his military for those who ―like
fighting for fighting‘s sake‖—or those who see American armed might as a way to
confront immediate geopolitical threats. One might say that in Obama‘s strategic
vision, the most important instrument of American power will no longer be the
Nimitz-class carrier or the -nuclear submarine but a food-laden Chinook
helicopter backed furtively by a Predator drone guided by a soldier with a joystick
hundreds of miles away. It would also be ready to deny rogue nations access to
nuclear weapons and terrorists access to secure bases, thanks to unmanned
drone planes, It would also be ready to deny rogue nations access to nuclear
weapons and terrorists access to secure bases, thanks to unmanned drone planes,
Special Ops teams, precision-guided ―smart‖ weapons, Stealth fighters, and
bombers—all backed by a phalanx of intelligence analysts and cybersecurity
experts.
Hybrid
The Russian Arctic Threat Consequences of the Ukraine War, By Colin Wall and
Njord Wegge, January 2023, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
(Jan. 1, 2023), pp 1-16
THE ISSUE
The impact of Russia’s war in Ukraine has been felt in the Arctic. The region’s
primary diplomatic venue is paused, and military
tensions are increasing. When Sweden and Finland join the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), every Arctic country save
Russia will be a member of the U.S.-led alliance. The war has not diminished
Russia’s core economic and security interests in the
region, but it has had some impact on its military readiness there in the short
term, especially in terms of ground capabilities,
if not at sea or in the air. In addition, there are some preliminary indications that
sanctions and export controls may diminish
Russia’s ability to deploy precision munitions to the Arctic to a degree. At the
same time, Russia’s use of hybrid tactics in the region
seems to be increasing in both frequency and severity. The United States and
NATO will need to take stock of these developments
in a region they have not historically prioritized as they begin to implement their
new, respective strategies.

SECTION THREE: HYBRID THREATS IN THE ARCTIC

P1 Russia’s unprovoked and brutal invasion of Ukraine
in February 2022 disrupted the European security
architecture and altered the risk calculus underpinning
the foreign and security policies of its neighbors. This shift
was also stark in the Arctic, which had for a long time
been hailed by many as a highly cooperative and unusually
peaceful part of international affairs.1
First, the Arctic Council ceased to function.
p8
“Hybrid warfare” is a problematic term to define in a
scientifically satisfactory way. It is often used interchangeably
with “hybrid threats” or “hybrid influence,” essentially being
expressions for composite hostile activities in what has been
described as the “gray” or “blurred zone” between peace
and war. While it is hard to settle on a precise, commonly
accepted definition, the connotation is nonetheless
frequently used by policymakers, military experts, or in media
when describing “gray zone events,” or threats, that do not fit
the traditional dichotomy of peace and war.
Building on the Multinational Capability Development
Campaign’s “Countering Hybrid warfare” project, in this
publication we apply the term hybrid warfare to mean
“the synchronized use of multiple instruments of power
tailored to specific vulnerabilities across the full spectrum
of societal functions to achieve synergistic effects.”131 These
instruments of power are also designed to be under the
threshold of what is viewed as an act.
Stigma
Hidden Hate: The Resilience of Xenophobia
MATHEW CREIGHTON
Copyright Date: 2024, pp 1-260
Published by: Columbia University Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/crei20316

THE STIGMA OF INTOLERANCE

(pp. 47-66)
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/crei20316.6
Equipped with a clear understanding of the multilayered model of the xenophobe,
our theoretical focus now shifts to the xenophobe’s motives. This transition was
alluded to in the last chapter in the brief discussion of the determinants of the
xenophobe’s strategy of expression, which introduced the concept of social
stigma. We will build upon more standard approaches to understand the
determinants of antipathy and uncover why xenophobic expression shifts among
layers. This is not an effort to see the emergence of xenophobia as a conversion
process, in which a person finds new antipathy where none existed before.
REFERENDA AND BORDERS: Brexit and the Role of the Xenophobe in the Division
of Europe
(pp. 89-112)
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/crei20316.8
The last chapter showed that material concerns act as a pathway to destigmatize
xenophobic expression, allowing the overt xenophobe greater freedom to
strategically maneuver a social context of interaction. An economic shock makes
precarity in terms of employment or wages even more salient and, evidence
suggests, reduces the need to strategically mask intolerance. This understanding
is essentially a top-down perspective. Although the policy missteps that resulted
in the subprime mortgage market expanding and rapidly collapsing are human in
origin, the intention of these events was not to embolden the xenophobe—that
emboldening was just an opportunistic result of strategic behavior...
BEHIND A VEIL OF INTOLERANCE: Islamophobia and Overt Xenophobic Expression
(pp. 137-159)
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/crei20316.10
The Islamophobe embodies a targeted and potentially increasingly salient type of
xenophobe. Islamophobic sentiment figures prominently in contentious debates
over migration, religion, and society in many contexts of reception—both in
Europe and elsewhere. We’ve already explored the ways that an economic crisis,
political rhetoric, and race and ethnicity shape (and reshape) the strategy of
expression deployed by the xenophobe in the United States, the United Kingdom,
Ireland, and the Netherlands. If anything, the multilayered model of the
xenophobe clarifies that social stigma operates differently depending on the
context within which the sentiment is expressed.
p177-196 An understanding of the other, whether based on experience or
preexisting stereotypes, is an inherent dimension of any social interaction. As a
result, the multilayered model of the xenophobe need not be limited to those
who direct their ire at migrants, the object of interest in this book.
Negotiating cohesion, inequality and change: Uncomfortable positions in local
government
Hannah Jones
Copyright Date: 2013
Edition: 1
Published by: Bristol University Press, Policy Press
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgxzd
Pages: 224
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qgxzd
ONE Negotiating cohesion, inequality and change
(pp. 11-30)
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgxzd.7
Community cohesion policy is a collection of ideas, practices and texts which
touches on a whole host of other subjects – difference, inequality and
discrimination along lines of class, race, gender, religion, age and geography,
conflicting values, questions of nationhood, community, belonging, trust, power
and governance. Negotiating the meanings and resonances of community
cohesion policy provides many opportunities to take up or avoid uncomfortable
positions. Meanwhile, its supporters’ insistence that it should be considered in all
areas of public services, and of life (COIC, 2007), allows us to consider how far it
morphs and changes in different contexts. Contradictory narratives of cohesion
(pp. 31-58)This
chapter narrates the landscape of cohesion through four narratives
with geographically anchored reference points. This is a figurative landscape; it is
imagined from material geographies, but only partly related to lived experience
(Keith and Pile, 1993, p 6). Each of the four overlapping policy narratives
demonstrates a relationship between community cohesion (the problem,
description, cause or prescription) imagined through place (‘they’ experience
community cohesion problems ‘over there’, but ‘we’ do not have problems ‘here’)
and imagined through time (problems of the past which have now been solved, or
problems of the present which never used to exist). “Is there anything the council did that
distracted you from extremism?”

has been tied to the targeting of Muslims as a ‘problem group’, and

(pp. 59-86)
refracted through the lens of religious and ethnic representation, privilege and
stigma.

Naturalising Perceived Otherness:Embodied Patterns of Violence

Melinda Niehus-Kettler, 2023, pp 1-72
https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.4163724.7

This essay takes an Anglophone Cultural Studies approach to reflect on the

interdependence among as well as the individual (implicit) impact of the
elements constituting our (embodied) power structures. These are, e.g.,
bodily experience/s such as shame and fear, everyday and institutional
discourses and practices, but also manifestations of differences and parti-
cularities that we transform into phenomena such as “norms”, “binary
systems” and “binary organisations”. The analysis of seemingly cyclic
“Othering processes” and patterns of violence shows how people who identi-
fy as trans*, inter*, or non-binary have to live through and embody epistemo-
logical, emotional, and/or physical violence. At the same time, the descrip-
tions illustrate numberless potential forms of resistance and change. In other
words, they predominantly sanction, e.g., perceived female, non-binary,
transgender, and non-western identities. It seems that, within cycles of abuse,
violent social, parental, corporate, and governmental authorities repeatedly
delegitimise the others’ agency and self-definition. Thereby, they delegiti-
mise the survivors’ sense of self as well. I strongly believe in challenging
generalisations and universalism, in
acknowledging the impact of embodied intersectionality

P 60 In my mind, we embody this multilayered tissue of violence via and

through diverse percepts, namely our sensations, emotions that we recognise
in others, representations, objects, and phenomena that we perceive, but also
(metaphorical) concepts. With my delineations, I will put some of Michel
Foucault’s, Judith Lorber’s and Sara Ahmed’s theories into dialogue with the
violent discourses, practices, and bodily experience/s that many of us live
through in real life – and which are mirrored in the Netflix series Orange Is
the New Black. I conclude by describing fragments of our identities in the
form of a concept that I have termed percept cycles. This sketch might open
up ways of imagining our embodying processes. It illustrates how othering
processes and, thereby, forms of violence affect and manifest in our bodies
and (hi)stories. In the end, forms of violence re-/enforce and justify silences
and invisibility. Furthermore, they effect lacks of legitimised bodily autono-
my as well as lacks of legitimised bodily, social, and global mobility. In
doing so, they seem to become part of and perpetuate (mostly unquestioned)
othering processes and embodied trans-generational cycles of abuse.
he charac-ters’ offences as manifest in their former, actually harmful criminal acts
(drug trafficking, robberies, murders, etc) fade into the background. By contrast,
the prisoners are punished for becoming visible within heteronormative and
sanist power structures, for allegedly gender-inappropriate and/or insane
conduct. The individual storylines mirror how our real-life, harmful dichoto-
misation, e.g. by sexual orientation, gender, class, race, and health. P64 By and
large, our perceived identities and, thereby, people’s affective
makeup and knowledge in terms of the others have largely been made up by
discrediting and incapacitating discourses (and practices). Affected by social
sanctioning processes, the survivors have been diagnosed with, treated and
punished for various kinds of constructed (mental) illnesses. P71 As mentioned
before, as a conse-quence, percepts develop into a multilayered tissue of
compound percepts that is organic and, at the same time, constructed. Including
percepts of resistance, they become a hybrid materiality of acquired and grown
knowledge.
Gatekeeping
4 Knowledge/Citation: The Production and Curation of Counter-Knowledge
Digital Unsettling: Decoloniality and Dispossession in the Age of Social Media,
2023, pp. 4-154
https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.15280370.8

In 2016, Keguro Macharia wrote a piece for GLQ that he titled “On
Being Area Studied: A Litany of Complaint.” Pushing back on the
endurance of Cold War– era studies formations that delimit knowl-
edge to prescribed geographies, Eurocentric renderings of queer
life, and the cloistered “behind the paywall” structures of academia,
Macharia introduced his readers to his blog, Gukira, as another means
to think with others and share one’s ideas.
P 136The potential to articulate differently
and to a different audience opens alternative opportunities for aca-
demics within Euro-Western institutions to write critique in ways that
potentially would not be legible in the formal publishing spaces of the
academy, would take too long to get published because of the various
gatekeeping mechanisms in academic journals, and even if they got pub-
lished in academic journals, would not have the potential of reaching
multiple publics or to create shared spaces of political affinity. AIAC
represents an explosion of online publishing platforms that offer aca-
demics from various disciplines the opportunity to destabilize academic
convention, broadly, and disciplinary convention more specifically to
directly engage with the colonial legacies of knowledge production and,
in the case of AIAC, a specific critique of what counts as knowledge
about Africa. P127 These sites and infrastructures of digital knowledge
production, as
they are created by those affiliated with and trained in the formal spaces
of the academy, are, at least in part, a response to the glacial pace of aca-
demic publishing and the gatekeeping mechanisms, as Macharia points
out, that keep particular knowledges submerged and critiques silenced
or, at the very least, slowed down and trapped behind paywalls. They are
a mechanism for speeding up a response and speaking directly to calcified
formations of knowledge/power. The production of digital forms of
undisciplined scholarship are also a push to rethink form, not only to
move beyond particular registers of academic writing but also to think
beyond the written word itself and incorporate sound and image, voice
and movement, to more fully articulate submerged epistemologies.
We might see these expressions of digital intellectuality that ex-
ceed the accepted means of form, production, and dissemination as a
response to the growing precarity that humanities and social science
scholars in North American and European universities face as they com-
plete their terminal degrees. This is particularly true for students who
in a previous era would have had difficulty accessing the university—
particularly the elite universities of the Global North—and who come to
realize quickly that the promise of entry and belonging within a particu-
lar disciplined mode of thinking, being, and producing will no longer
guarantee an institutional future. The undeniable uncertainty that awaits
those being trained as future social scientists and humanities scholars
pushes those already on the margins of the academy to articulate against
the grain and in the channels they have available. Digital platforms, with all their
multimodal and affectively charged potentialities, enable scholars to articulate
theoretically rich insights that do not necessarily resort to what Barbara Christian
describes as Western forms of abstract logic

Cultural discourse
stealth
The Palgrave Handbook of Everyday Digital Life
2024, Springer International Publishing, 511 p
Editors:Hopeton S. Dunn, Laura Robinson, Maria Laura Ruiu, Massimo Ragnedda

This comprehensive Handbook explores the multiple ways in which people

experience digital life. It maps the transitions in human civilization generated by
such digital technologies as the internet, mobile telephony, artificial intelligence,
the metaverse, social media platforms and algorithms. It explores how the
scarcity or abundance of digital affordances impacts access, governance and
livelihoods in various parts of the world. The book’s 27 chapters are organised in
five sections: Social Media and Digital Lifeworlds; Digital Affordances and
Contestations; Digital Divides and Inclusion Strategies; Work, Culture and Digital
Consumption, and New Media and Digital Journalism. The present and future of
digital transitions are interrogated in the context of everyday social production
and consumption.
The Din and Stealth of the Digital Revolution
First Online: 13 February 2024 pp 125–141
The chapter identifies the multiple ways in which the adoption of digital
technologies is bringing forth the new digital economy, both directly and
indirectly supporting and disrupting its constituent parts, i.e. households and
businesses. Focusing on cutting-edge technologies of datafication, it differentiates
them from the foundational information and communication technologies, such
as the computer, the internet and the mobile phone, and defines them as
technologies that allow businesses, public institutions and consumers to make
economic, political and social use of the abundant data produced on the web and
collected by smart devices. Specifically, technologies of datafication include cloud
computing and the Internet of Things, and, most importantly, that group of
technologies dubbed artificial intelligence.

Gatekeeping
Gatekeeping girls’ access to education: an exploration of matrilineal relationships,
gatekeepers, and contentions at the micro-household-level
Original Paper
Open access
Published: 20 June 2024
Volume 4, article number 121, (2024)

The lack of attention to micro-politics at the household-level makes us miss the

gatekeeping strategies that family members at the micro household-level employ
to enable, and or hinder education access for children, especially girls. In this
paper, I draw on qualitative interviews and autobiographical narratives of 15
women from matrilineal societies to explore answers to the question: How did
gatekeeping shape gendered pathways to education access for women born
between 1917 and 1957? Examining this demography is essential as it addresses
the often-overlooked education access dynamics among women born within this
specific timeframe in education research. This paper makes the case that a
complex web of gatekeeping systems regarding access to education existed at the
micro household family-levels in Ghana. Particularly in matrilineal societies,
maternal uncles, maternal grand uncles, and fathers collectively acted as
gatekeepers regulating girls’ access to education. The findings underscore the role
of cultural resources in facilitating men’s control over family finances,
breadwinning roles, and decision-making processes, thereby acting as
gatekeepers limiting girls’ access to education. Gatekeeping access created two
pathways, non-access, and access with conditions. Access with conditions explain
how girls were restricted to reading courses typical to their gender and attending
schools of the gatekeeper’s choice. These gatekeeping practices shaped the
education access and life outcomes of Ghana’s pioneering generation of educated
women. In this paper, I take the argument from the conservative traditional
structural approach which focuses on macro- and meso-level education access
concerns, to micro-level analyses of access. I employ the term ‘micro-level’ to
explain how individual socio-economic backgrounds, family structures, gender
dynamics, and household processes shape children’s access to education. The
paper also considers the unequal power dynamics of cultural resources—such as
traditional gender roles of fathers, maternal uncles, mothers, and daughters—and
their influence on gatekeeping activities. It contributes to the conceptual
understanding of gatekeeping as an interpretive framework. Moreover, by
employing qualitative methods, deeper and nuanced insights into education
processes beyond the conventional statistical analyses are provided.
assigned

Exploring Contextualism and

Performativity
The Environment Matters, 2023, Editors:

Alessandro Capone, Assunta Penna

Genre as a Context for Persuasion: The Construction of Identities in Different Forms of

Institutionalised Discourse. A Case Study

Chapter

First Online: 16 December 2022

pp 57–83

This edited volume on contextualism and pragmatics is interdisciplinary in

character and contains contributions from linguistics, cognitive science and socio-
pragmatics. Going beyond conventional contextual matters of truth-conditions
and pragmatic intrusion, this text deals with a variety of issues including
hyperbole, synonymy, reference, argumentation, schizophrenia, rationality,
morality, silence and clinical pragmatics. Contributions also address the
semantics/pragmatics debate and show to what extent the theory of
contextualism can be applied. This volume is based on a unitary research project
financed by the University of Messina and appeals to students and researchers
working in linguistics and the philosophy of language. The study of argumentation
in context has led to the investigation of persuasive strategies that may be
regarded as (proto)typical of specific practices and genres. Combining
argumentative analysis with genre theory, this chapter aims to explore one aspect
of the persuasive process that parallels argumentation proper, belonging to the
realm of ethical means of proof: the construction of discursive identities.

After introducing genre as a pragmatic notion and its relation to persuasion, three
theoretical aspects will be examined: the selection of the audience and the
construction of agreement; strategies of enunciation and pronominal choices; the
exploitation of metaphors and myths.
These aspects of persuasive discourse will be investigated in two institutionalised
genres of political communication in the US: the Presidential Announcement and
the Victory Speech, choosing former US President Barak Obama as a case study.
The aim of the research is to explore how the arguer constructs his ethical
identity in the different generic contexts, constructing at the same time that of his
audience. As is often the case in political discourse, beside the leader and his/her
followers, the Enemy is brought on stage as a third fundamental character, thus
completing a triad that is considered crucial in the narrative of contemporary
political myths.

Crime, Law and Social Change is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on research
addressing crime at all levels globally, Springer
Explores financial and environmental crime, political corruption, and the
expropriation of resources from low- and middle-income nations.
Examines human rights, including genocide, compensation for victims of state-
sponsored crime, and analysis of rights organizations.
Publishes research on gender, racial, and ethnic equality.
Covers organized crime at the transnational, national, regional and local level,
worldwide.
Publishes multidisciplinary criminological research focusing on various equality
issues.
Policing the Crisis in the 21st Century; the making of “knife crime youths” in
Britain, Elaine Williams
Published: 14 March 2023
Volume 82, pages 799–820, (2024)
The terms ‘knife crime’ and ‘knife culture’ were first established in British crime
discourse at the turn of 21st century and represent a particular re-making of
youth in post-industrial Britain. The generational impacts of advanced
neoliberalism have intensified conflict between marginalised young people in the
UK as they compete for success in high-risk informal economies and navigate the
normalised brutalities of everyday violence. However, the impact of extreme
inequality and structural violence on children has not been central in the
response to youth-on-youth knife homicides in the 2000s and 2010s. Instead,
these decades have been characterised by punitiveness and surveillance,
increasing discriminatory stop and search practices and extending powers that
target and control young people. Through conjunctural analysis of the making of
‘knife crime youths’ in the UK, this paper considers how shifting forms of cultural
racism have been able to rearticulate child violence as cultural deficit, using race
once again to work through the contradictions of late capitalism. Applying a
radical criminological understanding of deviance labelling as a specific response to
crime, this paper asks: To what extent is the construction of ‘knife crime’ a
continuation of Policing the Crisis in the 21st century? And why has this process
been relatively uncritiqued by practitioners and academics that contribute to
‘knife crime’ discourse? Using document, archive and discourse analysis this
paper presents a social history of ‘knife crime youths’, depicting the formative
interactions that have so far been obscured by the matter-of-fact dominance of
the label and its practices.
Hybrid
Modern Egyptian Women, Fashion and Faith
Discourses and Representations, Amany Abdelrazek-Alsiefy, 2023
This book discusses Egyptian Muslim women’s dress as the social, political and
ideological signifier of the changing attitudes towards Western modernity. It
employs women’s clothing styles as a feminist act that provides rich insights into
the power and limits of legal regulations and hegemonic discourses in
constructing gendered and cultural borders in the modern Egyptian public sphere.
Furthermore, through highlighting marginalized but significant models and
historical moments of cultural exchange between Muslim and Western cultures
through female dress, the book tells a third story beyond the binary model of an
assumed modest oppressed traditional Muslim woman vis-à-vis consumer
emancipated modern Western woman in mainstream Western discourse and
literary representation.
Fashionable Devout Egyptian Woman in Bird Summons (2019): Rethinking Post-
Colonial Hybrid Identity
First Online: 04 November 2023, pp 227–246, Springer Nature Link
This chapter discusses Leila Aboulela's novel Bird Summons (2019) in light of the
move away from cosmopolitanism towards stressing identity and cultural
differences that started from the second half of the twentieth century, and the
return of religions globally. The analysis examines how the literary text
deconstructs the binary model that assumes a passive religious veiled Muslim
woman versus an autonomous secular unveiled Western woman, stressing the
diversity of Muslim women's subjectivities. The fictional characters' attitudes
emphasize the multiple facets of the post-colonial identity and the continuous
redefinition of their Islamic identity within a globalized world. In addition, Bird
Summons’ representation of those Muslim women tells a third story of post-
colonial hybrid identities. However, their post-colonial hybrid identities
problematize Homi Bhabha's celebrated notion of hybridity.

The Palgrave Handbook of Global Social Problems, 2025

Racist Discourse and Discursive Discrimination, Kristina Boréus
First Online: 27 March 2025
pp 1–24
This major reference work handbook discusses global social problems across
social, political, economic and geographical boundaries. By bringing together
contributions that approach social problems at different levels of society (local,
regional, national, transnational, or at the macro, meso and micro levels), it
considers them as globally interconnected and mediated by new geopolitical and
market logics.
This volume showcases new approaches to social problems, it is multidisciplinary
in its approach and thematically organised.
Racism and discrimination against individuals and groups based on their perceived
“race,” nationality, ethnicity (i.e., cultural characteristics), or their status in
migration processes (such as “asylum seekers,” “refugees,” or “foreigners”)
represent a global challenge. Racism and discriminatory practices manifest in
various forms, including through discourse. Racist discourse, discursive
discrimination, and hate speech prevalent in both the Internet and public debate
in many parts of the world have significant adverse effects on societies and
individuals. This chapter examines methodologies for studying racist discourse
and racist discursive discrimination, particularly within the framework of critical
discourse studies (CDS). It clarifies several terms central to racism studies, such as
“race,” “racialization,” and “racism.” Additionally, it introduces various critical
theoretical perspectives on racism. The primary focus of the chapter is to present
a toolkit for analyzing racist discourse and provide examples of its application in
empirical studies of textual and discursive materials. The concluding section
addresses the potential integration of CDS-inspired approaches with critical
racism perspectives, the future direction of research on racist discourse in the
context of big data and AI, and the imperative for investigations into strategies to
counteract racist discourse.
Nintendo
The Arts and Computational Culture: Real and Virtual Worlds, 2024Editors:
Tula Giannini, Jonathan P. Bowen
The Senses Beyond: New Directions in Game Engine Experiences, Jonathan
Weinel
First Online: 28 June 2024
pp 499–520 Springer Nature Link
A Paradigm Shift and Defining Moment in the 21st Century: Fuelled by the
convergence of computational culture, artificial intelligence, and machine
learning, arts and culture are experiencing a revolutionary moment poised to
change human life and society on a global scale. There is the promise of the
Metaverse, with extended reality (XR) and immersive virtual worlds. For the first
time, reality and virtuality are merging with these new developments. The
proposed book is among the first to address the context, complexity, and impact
of this multi-faceted subject in detail – for up close and personal engagement of
the reader, while evoking a landscape view. As digital culture evolves to
computational culture, we embark on a digital journey from 2D to 3D, where flat
computer screens for the Internet and smart phones are evolving into immersive
digital environments. This is while new technologies and AI are increasingly
embedded in every aspect of daily life, the arts, and education.
Video games are a significant part of audiovisual culture, and game engines are
widely used not only for the construction of video games, but also for arts projects,
virtual reality experiences, and serious or educational games. This chapter presents a
series of short summaries which describe student projects produced on the games
and digital media BSc degree programs at the University of Greenwich. These
projects indicate interesting new directions in game engine experiences and
contribute towards emerging strands of practically focused research in video games.
Each project has involved background research into related literature and artifacts,
which then informs the design, development, and evaluation of a prototype product.
The projects discussed here specifically explore themes related to adaptive music;
representation of animal species; retro aesthetics; the design of artificially intelligent
game characters; and the representation of hallucinations or intoxicated states in
games. As a collection there are some common themes, and the projects collectively
point towards novel ways in which game engines may generate experiences that
activate the visual and auditory senses in ways that elicit empathy, emotions,
memories, and awareness of unusual sensory states and systems.

An framework That still goes on, doesn't it, in their religion?’ British values, Islam
and vernacular discourse

Index category Subcategories Example

 1.British values 1.1 Contestability, 1.1 Elusiveness: ‘It's hard

questionability to say exactly what they
are’
1.2 Specific framings, e.g.
freedom, honesty,
generosity
1.3 Anecdotes/illustrative
examples
1.4 Changes over time
1.5 Similarities/differences
with other places
1.6 Problems with the use of
‘British values’
Index category Subcategories Example

1.7 Origins of British values

—cultural, historical and
intrinsic

 2.Muslim values 2.1 Contestability 2.2 Arranged marriage:

‘Arranged marriages.
2.2 Specific examples, e.g.,
That still goes on, does
Sharia law, arranged
not it, in their religion?’
marriages, dress codes.
2.3 Characterisations of
Islam
2.4 History of Islam
2.5
Perceptions/constructions of
Islam, e.g., in the media
2.6 Similarities/differences
with other faiths
2.7 Characterisations of
Muslims
2.8 Specific framings of
‘Muslim values’
2.9 Importance of Muslim
values (human, social)
2.10 Personal
anecdotes/illustrations

 3.Relationship 1.1 Similarities and overlaps 1.3 Religious festivals:

between British ‘Muslims do not
1.2 Differences
values and Muslim celebrate Christmas, do
values they? Well, they may do
Index category Subcategories Example

in a different way but

Christmas to us.’

 4.Miscellaneous 4.1 Relationships between 4.4 Immigration,

politics, culture and religion tensions: ‘We have all
the people that have
4.2 Value or importance of
been where we live
religion/faith (in general)
generation, generation,
4.3 Problems of religion (in and then we have new
general) families coming in, so it's
4.4 Multi-culturalism, a bit of a divide.’
integration, cohesion
4.5 Identity