VEDAVALLI VIDYALAYA
SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2025-26
CHOLESTEROLLASER
AND ITS
NAME : Lithish Kumar. R
CLASS : XII A
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that R. Lithish Kumar of
class XII has successfully carried out the
project titled ‘cholesterol’ in partial
fulfillment of his investigatory project in
biology during in the year 2025-26
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Principal
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my BIOLOGY
teacher Ms.Lakshmi.M Msc,BED as well as
our principal Ms. Banu MA,BED who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this project
on the topic cholesterol which also helped me
in doing a lot of research and I came to
know so many new things. I’m really
thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.
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INDEX
S.no TOPIC Pg.no
1 Introduction of cholesterol 5
2 Symptoms 7
3 Causes 9
4 Diagnosis 10
5 Treatment 11
6 Case Study 13
7 Conclusion 15
8 Bibliography 16
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INTRODUCTION CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is found
in all the cells of our body. Our body needs and makes
a definite, limited and required amount of cholesterol,
to build numerous healthy cells. But, excess of
cholesterol can be extremely harmful. If there's too
much of it in blood, it can combine with other
substances, to form plaque, that sticks to the walls of
arteries a condition known as atherosclerosis. It can
also lead to coronary artery disease, thus blocking the
pathway of blood flow, whose results can sometimes
be even fatal.
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TYPES OF CHOLESTEROL
1. HDL- high density lipoprotein- that is called "good"
cholesterol because it carries the cholesterol from
other body parts to the liver which then removes the
cholesterol from our body.
2. LDL- low-density lipoprotein- that is called "bad"
cholesterol as high LDL results in building up of plaque
in the arteries.
3. VLDL- very -low density lipoproteins- that is also
called "bad" cholesterol as it too contributes in plaque-
building by carrying triglycerides in our body.
4.Cholesterol also helps in the production of hormones
like estrogen, progesterone as well.
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Symptoms
High cholesterol doesn't have any "external" symptoms as
such, it can only be detected through a blood/cholesterol
test called- lipoprotein panel. The person may rarely also
experience- heart attack, peripheral artery disease or stroke.
Cholesterol is measured in milligrams per deciliter(mg/dL).
A normal triglyceride level is below 150mg/dL. Given below
are the healthy levels of cholesterol, based on age and
gender:
19 YEARS OR YOUNGER
(ANYONE)
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MEN AGED 20 YEARS OR OLDER
WOMEN AGED 20 YEARS OR OLDER
As cholesterol has no signs or symptoms, a
complete cholesterol test including total-
cholesterol, non-HDL, LDL,HDL is done to
detect any abnormalities
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CAUSES
1. Unhealthy eating habits- eating lots of fats-saturated
fats, diary products, chocolate, bakes goods, deep fried
and processed foods, fatty fish, excess vegetable oils
etc.
2. Lack of physical activity- lack of exercise increases
LDL (bad) cholesterol.
3. Smoking and consumption of alcohol lowers HDL
(good) cholesterol, especially in women and increases
LDL cholesterol level.
4. Genetics- High cholesterol level is also, sometimes
inherited genetically, such as familial
hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited form of
cholesterol.
5. Weight- Obesity is also a huge initiation factor for the
rise of cholesterol level.
6. Diabetes- High blood-sugar level contributes to
higher levels of VLDL and low HDL
cholesterol.
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Other causes of high cholesterol include:
●Liver or Kidney disease
●Polycystic ovary syndrome
●Underactive thyroid gland
●Drugs like progestins, anabolic steroids,
corticosteroids that increase LDL level.
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis of cholesterol is done on the basis of the
eating habits, physical activity, family history and lipid
panel test of the patient. If cholesterol is extremely
high that includes the complications of heart diseases,
changes are made and a diet plan is required for the
patient.Based on the blood test, every stage of
cholesterol is treated and diagonised including severe
hypertriglyceridemia- that can be fatal.
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TREATMENT
High cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia can be treated effectively
with change in lifestyles and certain medications.
Lifestyle-
a) Aerobic exercise for at least 15-30minutes daily.
b)consumption of legumes /pulses like beas, peas,
lentils etc that contain a lot of fiber,mineral and
proteins.
c)Nuts especially almonds and walnuts helps regulate
blood pressure and provide phytosterols that increase
HDL.
d) Fruits, berries, garlic and soy foods have the
strongest effects on people with high LDL, thus
decreasing the same.
e)Pectin-rich vegetables like okra, eggplants,carrots
and potatoes decrease VLDL level to a great extent.
f) Consumption of dark leafy greens like kale,spinach
are an excellent source of anti-oxidants, carotenoids
and lutein that get rid of free radicals that leads to
hardened arteries.
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Medications
a) Statins- block the liver from making cholesterol.
b)Bile acid sequestrants- decrease the amount of fat
absorbed from food.
c)Cholesterol absorption inhibitors- decrease the
amount of cholesterol absorbed from food and lower
triglycerides.
d)Nicotinic acid (niacin)- lowers LDL (bad) cholesterol,
triglycerides and increases HDL (good) cholesterol.
High doses of niacin can be harmful, so dosage must
be monitored.
e)PCSK9 inhibitors- block a protein called PCSK9 that
helps the liver remove and clear the LDL cholesterol
from the blood.
f) Fibrates- lower triglycerides
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CASE STUDY
Gender : MALE Weight: Normal
Age: 50 years Others: Normal
Medical history: Reported having cholesterol
since 2014, no high complications till date, No FH, no
smoking or consumption of alcohol, no atherolsclerosis
detected, prescription (LIPID PANEL)as follows
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Medicines prescribed for the same:
ROSUVASTATIN TABLETS IP AND ROSUVASTATIN
TABLETS 10MG
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CONCLUSION
Cholesterol is a waxy,fat-like substances
found in our blood. It plays an important role
in building cells and producing certain
hormones and vitamins.Our body needs some
cholesterol to stay healthy,but too much of
it,especially low density lipoprotein(LDL),
known as bad cholesterol,can be harmful.
High levels of LDL cholesterol can build up in
the arteries and increase the risk of heart and
stroke. On the other hand,high density
lipoprotein(HDL),or ‘good’ cholesterol, helps
remove excess cholesterol from the blood.
Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels is
important for overall well being. This can be
achieved by eating a balanced diet rich in
fruits,vegetables,whole grains,and healthy
fats,avoiding junk food and sugary snacks,
Exercising regularly,and staying away from
Smoking.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/
2. https://medlineplus.com/
3. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/
4. https://www.heart.org/
5. https://www.healthline.com/
6. https://nhs.uk/
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