Pakistan Studies (2059/1) Booklet # 01

Paper 1-The history and Culture of Pakistan 2059/1, 1 Hour 30 minutes

Section A (25 marks) – candidates answer one compulsory question made up of four parts: (a), (b), (c),
and (d), which are linked by a common theme. Parts (a) and (b) are source-based questions using
historical sources, text or pictures/ graphic. Candidates use and interpret each source in answering the
questions.

Section B (50 marks) – candidates answer two questions from a choice of four.

Each question has three parts:

•One part testing knowledge (4 marks) A factual answer of no more than one short paragraph is
required.
•One part testing knowledge and understanding includes selecting relevant and appropriate
information (7 marks) Answers require at least two paragraphs of writing.
• One part testing knowledge, understanding and analytical and evaluative ability (14 marks)
This includes the ability to synthesize information, the appropriate use of selected relevant examples
and the ability to compare and contrast. This question should be answered in an essay, in continuous
prose of approximately two pages of writing, not in note form.

Total 75 marks.Externally assessed.

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Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement

Reformers

SHAH WALIULLAH (1703-62)

Birth&Education: -

Qutub-ud-Din popularly known as Shah WaliUllah was born in Delhi in 1703. He belonged to a respected
family. His father Shah Abdul Rahim founded Madrassa Rahimya and also helped to compiled Fatawa-I-
Alamgiri a book of Islamic legal text under the direct supervision of Emperor AuragzebAlamgir. Shah
Walliullah received his education from Madrassa Rahimya and also taught there for twelve years. In 1724 he

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went to Arabia, he was greatly influenced by the teaching of Abu Tahir bin Ibrahim a well-known scholar of his
time. He returned to Delhi in 1732.

Political & Social Conditions of India during Shah Waliullah’s Time: -

The social & political condition of India during Shah Waliullah’s time was extremely bad there was political
instability & insecurity of life, property & honor were not secure as there were a number of disruptive forces at
work in the Muslim society. Disintegration of the Mughal Empire had set in & the Muslims were split up among
themselves. Taking advantage of this situation of the division of the Indian Muslims the neighboring non-
Muslim communities like the Marathas, jats& skins were now threatening to overwhelm Dehli& finish the once
mighty mughal Empire. Ignorance about Quran and sunnah. B/C Hindus and Muslim live together.

Social Conditions: -

As far as the social condition of the Indian Muslims was concerned, they were divided among
different religious groups & there was a constant trouble between the Shia & Sunni sects, which was a
serious threat to Muslim society. More over after the death of Aurangzeb the Mughal Empire began to
crack and crumble because of the incapable successors. In 1793 Nadir Shah attacked Delhi. The result
of this plunder was that the Muslims suffered the most, the infidels gained strength & as the attack has
weakened the power to Delhi the neighboring non-Muslim attacked one by one. After Nadir Shah’s
attack, Delhi was attacked, by Jats, who not only plundered Delhi but took away whatever they could
lay their hands on. After sometime the Marathas & Sikhs also attacked Delhi & thus the conditions of
Muslims in Delhi became worse Loss of power also caused economic suppression, sectarian
differences and social degradation among the Muslims. Shah WaliUllah appeared in his crucial period
& exerted to make the Islamic regima independent of all these props. His services in the religious,
political & economic fields for the above cause are discussed below:
Educational Services: -

Shah Waliullah believed that many of the problems Muslims faced was due to their ignorance about
islam& the Holy Quran. He felt that an emphasis on Quranic teachings would not only improve their
knowledge, but it would also reduce the sectarian differences & create a feeling of unity. Shah
WaliUllah worked hard to ensure that he was a role model for other Muslims His deep understanding of
the Holy Quran, Hadith, Fiqah and Tasawuf made him highly knowledgeable scholar at an early age. As
Arabic was not widely understood by the Indian Muslims, thus the average Muslims derived his
knowledge from the teaching of Muslim Jurists.
Translation of Holy Quran Shah WaliUllah recognized that the principles of Islam could not be
followed properly unless the Holy Quran itself was understood. As the Indian Muslims did not
understand the Holy Quran in Arabic since it was not their language thus Shah Waliullah translated the
Holy Quran into Persian, which was the main language of the Indian Muslims of that time. The Ulema
criticized Shah WaliUllah, but his work proved very popular Later his two sons, Shah Abdul Qadir and
Shah Rafi translated the Holy Quran into Urdu, which meant that many more people could study it.
Hijatul-Balighah in this book, Shah Waliullah discussed at length the principle & fundamentals of
Islam. In this he explained the methods of changing the Muslim society into a real Muslim society. He
advises the Indian Muslims to act upon the teachings of Holy Quran & asked them to forget their
differences & unite.
Izalat-al-Akhfa is another renowned book of Shah Waliullah in which he has written the explanation of
the Holy Quran. Shah Waliullah wrote extensively on hadis&Fiqah. He altogether wrote 51 books, out of
which 23 are in Arabic & 28 are in Persian.
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End of the Shia-Sunni Rivalry: Shah Waliullah very firmly rejected the belief of some Sunnis that the
Shias were not Muslims. He tried to bridge this difference opinion by writing an account of the first four
Khalifas of Islam in a way that should acceptable to both the sects.

His Political Services: -

The political conditions of the Mughal Empire were in a bad state. The Mughal rulers had become lazy &
ease loving & the officers had become totally corrupt.

His Letters to the Kings &Nawabs For the Protection Of Indian Muslims:

The Marhatas were a permanent threat for the Mughals. They had killed many Muslims
& had destroyed their lands & fields. The Muslim Kings, Nawabs& Knights were leading lives of ease &
did not care for their people. The Mughal rule was shaking & was on the verge of decline. Shah
Waliullah wanted to save the Muslims from these loot & plunder. He wanted that the Muslims should
lead peaceful lives & for this purpose he wrote letters to the kings &Nawabs but in vain.

His invitation to Ahmed Shah Abduli to Attack Indian:

when his efforts of writing to the Muslim kings &Nawab resulted in nothing their finally.
Shah Waliullah invited Ahmed Shah Abdali to attack India. In his letter Shah Waliullah encouraged
Ahmed Shah & pleased him to launch an attack, as it was the only way left to save the Muslims of India.
In his letter to Ahmed Shah, he explained the geographical situation of India & the economic condition of
the people & also the military strength of the enemies. Due to his effort, Ahmed Shah Abdali the ruler of
Kabul combined his forces with Najib-ud-Dullah the leader of Rohillas& attacked India in 1761. This
battle, which was also known as 3 Battle of Panipat. Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marhatas& crushed
their power. But due to the lazy & ease-loving attitude of the Mughal rulers, the Muslims could not avail
this golden opportunity of the conditions created by Shah Waliullah. However he was able to arouse the
consciousness of the Muslims of India.

His Economic Services: -

Shah Waliullah was very concerned about the economic conditions of the Indian Muslims.
He requested the workers to work for more hours & spend less. He laid great stress on Adi&Tawazen
that is Justice & Equilibrium. He stressed labour; peasants & craftsmen should be justly rewarded. He
also urged the traders & businessmen to adopt a fair system of trading & making money.

His Death: -

Shah Waliullah was laid to rest in 1762, happy to saw the defeats of the Marhatas by Ahmed
Shah Abdali but disappointed that Ahmed Shah did not stay back in India. His sons & followers ably
continued his work. Under his successors the Madrassa-I-Rahimya also continued to flourish

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SYED AHMED SHAHEED BARAILVI (1786-1831)

Syed Ahmed’s Birth & Education: -

Syed Ahmed was born near Lucknow in the town of Rae Bareli. He was faithful following of Shah Abdul
Aziz. In 1806 he enrolled in Madrassa of Shah Waliullah (Madrassa-I-Rahimiya). Hs graduated from
Madrassa & joined a Pathan military force led by Amir Khan. He learnt about European weaponry
including use of Artillery. In 1821 he went for Haji & returned to Deihi in 1823 with a clear vision of
Jihad He soon founded the “Jihad Movement” which was aimed at nothing less than the rejuvenation &
restoration of Muslim power.

Syed Ahmed’s Aim & Objectives as A Muslim: -

The purpose of Syed Ahmed’s life & struggle was not only confined to the spread of islam
by preaching & persuasions but he believed in taking practical steps for this purpose. The main purpose
before Syed Ahmed & his followers was the establishment of a state, which was based on the Islamic
principles. His approach to freedom was based on the armed struggle & confrontation against the foreign
(British) & non-Muslim forces.

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Syed Ahmed’s Jihad Movement: -

Born on Azah-Born on Friday Players. Syed Ahmed ShaheedBarailvi Started his Jihad
Movement” from Punjab & N.W.F.P. The Punjab was under sikh ruler Ranjit Singh who had imposed tax
on beard, banned “Azaan” & other religious activities of the Muslims. The Punjab also seemed a logical
location from which to start a Jihad as it was the only area in the subcontinent not under muslim or
British control.

In addition, because the Afghan &Pathan tribes would tribes would be ready to assist them, there was no
danger of being surrounded on both sides by hostile forces. Syed ahmed visited towns around the Punjab
& the united provinces to whip up support & was joined by notable Muslim support (shah ismailshaheed,
grand son of shah waliullah. The initial force of a few hundred men led by syedahmed could not reach
the area directly from Delhi for obvious reasons & so had to proceed through the long & difficult route
through rajashan, sindh&Balochistan until they reached Kabul. A part from the obvious need to avoid the
sikh forces at this stage. Syed ahmed also collected support & troops along the way.

In 1826 he established his headquater to naushera& sent a massage to ranjitsingheithere accept islam or
get ready for war. Ranitsingh used degrading remarks against islam& the muslims. The 1 battle against
Sikhs was fought in 1826 in okara& 2 battle at Hazro both won by the muslims. The end of 1830
captured Peshawar by the forces of jihad. This success encouraged other pathan tribes to join syedahmed
jihad movement & the number of people reached up to 80,000. SASB wanted a jihad to restore the
muslim faith. The Punjab was under the sikh and Punjabi muslims found it difficult to plactice their
religion and were humiliated by the Sikhs.

Causes of Failure of Jihad Movement:-

1.After the successes in the wars against Sikhs, Ranjit Singh created disruption in the camp of the
Mujahideen through his agents who called the reforms of Syed Ahmed as UnIslamic.A conspiracy was
hatched against, the movement & an attempt was made on the life of Syed Ahmed by poisoning him,
which he survived. SardarYar Muhammad was bribed to betray to Syed Ahmed & joined the Sikhs
against Mujahideen.Some misunderstanding arose between the pathans& the Mujahideen& the Pathans
now deserted the Movement.
2.Syed Ahmed was still hopeful & he now shifted his headquarters to Balakot. He met the Sikhs again
in 1831 at Balakot. A serve & courageous battle took place where Syed Ahmed, Shah Ismail & many of
the Mujahideen lost their lives.
3. Lack of cooperation between the followers of Syed Ahmed & local Pathan tribes.
4. Lack of proper funds to provide for different expenses of the movement.
5. Poor war equipment.
6. Lack of training.
7

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HAJI SHARIATULLAH (1781-1840)

Introduction:-
Ever since the loss of independence, the Muslims of India were not only hovering in the
domain of uncertainly but also many un-Islamic ideas were taking place in the minds of Muslims. It
was at that time that some Muslim thinkers through that unless the Muslim were brought back to the
teachings of the Quran &Hadis, would not be possible to save Muslims from their ruin. This shows that
growth or Religion &national Movements in the subcontinent was not a spontaneous act. All these
movements started not only in one part of Indo-Pakistan but throughout the country. One of the
movements started by Haji Shariatullah in Bengal was Faraizi Movement’.
Haji ShariatUllah’s Birth & Education: -
Haji Shariatullah was born in the district of Faridpur in the year 1781. After receiving his early education
in his village he got an opportunity to perform Haji at the age of 18 He stayed there in Hejaz for 20 years
& studied religion & Arabic. He returned to Bengal in 1806. During his stay in Arabia he was greatly
impressed by doctrines of sheikh Mohammad Abdul Wahab who had intiated the Wahabi Movement in
Arabia.

Conditions Of The Muslims In Bengal & Reasons Of Starting The Faraizi Movement By Haji
Shariatullah: -

When Haji Shariatullah came back to Bengal from Arabia, he was in much pained to see the miserable
conditions of the Bengal Muslims. The British traders & the Hindu Zamindars were giving them a rough
treatment. The Muslims there had also gone far away from the paths of the true religions Islam being
influenced by the Hindus; they were sunk in various superstitions. Haji Shariatullah was deeply moved
by these prevailing conditions of the Muslims of Bengal & decided to improve it. Thus he started the
Faraizi Movement among the Muslims.

The Faraizi Movement: -

Haji Shariatullah started his Faraizi Movement, The Faraizi Movement emphasized on
performing of Faraiz, which were the religious duties, imposed by Allah. He also asked his Muslim
brothers to give up all the un-Islamic practices. His followers thus came to be known as Faraizi’.
Furthermore Haji Shariaullah utterly disliked the expressions of Pir (Master) &Murid (Disciple) &
desired them to be replaced with the title of Ustad (Teacher) &Shagird (Student). He believed that these
titles signified a complete submission by relationship between Ustad&Shagird.

Adopting Tauba: -
Haji shariatullah urged from his followers to adopt ‘Tauba’ as a manifestation of repentance for
all the past sins & a pledge to lead a righteous &God-fearing life in future. His followers as already
mentioned were known as Faraizi. His movement brought the Muslim peasants together against the cruel
treatment by the Hindus Zamindars.

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Declaring India as Dar-ul-Harb:

-Haji Shariatullah declared India as Dar-ul-Harb (Lands of Infidels) where Eid& Friday prayers
could not be offered. The Movement of Haji Shariatullah was direct, Jihad against the religious
oppression & superstitions. It infused a new life among the Bengali Muslims & especially among the
peasants. With this movement his sowed the seed of independence in Bengal. He thus brought a
renaissance in the history of Bengal & Prepared the ground for his successors for future works.

Opposition of Hindu Zamindars against Haji Shariatullah: -

Haji Sahib was greatly opposed by the Hindus who were disturbed by the unity of the Muslim
peasants. They started harassing him by putting up false cases against him. Ultimately he was forced to
leave Dhaka. He thus returned to his birthplace in faridpur district & continued his religious preaching &
fighting against the non-islamic forces.

His Death: -
Haji Shariatullah breathed his last in the year 1840 & was succeeded by his son Dadu Main who
continued his father’s movement.

Describe the achievements of Haji Shariat Ullah in reviving Islam [4]

Dar-Ul-Harb – miserable condition of Muslims, had moved away from Islamic practices and so wanted
them to observe them again – faraiz. He wanted to restore pride of Muslims, remove Hindu practices in
worship, emphasis on praying for past sins, promising to lead a righteous life in future, alarmed Hindus,
work carried on by son. Work carried on in East Bengal amongst Muslims who had been oppressed by
Hindus and British. Supported jihad.

What was the Faraizi Movement? [4]

Founded by Haji Shariat Ullah, to restore pride of Muslims, revive Islam, remove Hindu prac-tices in
worship, emphasis on praying for past sins, promising to lead a righteous life in future, alarmed Hindus,
work carried on by son.

Who was Ranjit Singh? [4]

Rannjit Singh annexed Punjab, Kashmir and most of Afghanistan. In Sindh he signed a treaty with
Great Britain in 1809. Great Britain worried about Russian expansion into Afghanistan, agreed with
Ranjit Singh, ruler of Punjab, that A should be independent. Wanted a pro Great Britain ruler there.
Ranjit Singh didn’t support Great Britain and they went ahead anyway but in 1841 Great Britain troops
were killed in Afghanistan. Great Britain decided to annex Sindh and later Punjab.

Who was Titu Mir? [4]

A disciple of Syed Ahmed, horrified by sufferings of Muslim farmers in West Bengal during 1830s,
organised a stand against zamindars, set up his own rule near Calcutta with small army, provoked
British and killed in battle 1831
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Why did Shah Wali Ullah have such a major influence on the revival of Islam in the subcontinent?
[7] (N2005/J2010/P1/1b)

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7]

Muslims had deteriorated into being a helpless and disorganized group of people and if they were to
regain their power then strong leadership was required. He believed they were ignorant about Islam and
the teachings of the Holy Quran. Therefore an emphasis on Quranic teachings would not only improve
their knowledge but produce a feeling of solidarity. He also believed that Muslims’ knowledge of Islam
was difficult to gain and so he felt that by translating the Holy Quran into Persian would enable more
people read it. Books written influenced the revival of Islam (examples).

(b) Why were there attempts to revive Islam in the sub-continent during the eighteenth and
early nineteenth centuries? [7] [N2007/June 2013]

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons

SWU believed that Muslims were ignorant about Islam and the teachings of the Holy Quran. Therefore
an emphasis on Quranic teachings would not only improve their knowledge but produce a feeling of
solidarity. He also believed that Muslims’ knowledge of Islam was difficult to gain and so he felt that by
translating the Holy Quran into Persian would enable more people read it. SAABS wanted a jihad (Holy
War) to restore the Muslim faith. The Punjab was under Sikh rule and the Punjabi Muslims found it
difficult to practice their religion and were humiliated by the Sikhs. HSU wanted to spread Islam
through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious
obligations). This alarmed the Hindu landlords who were unhappy with the Muslim practices.

Was the work of Shah Wali Ullah the most important factor in the revival of Islam in the sub-
continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? [14] Give reasons for your answer.
(N2006/P1/1c)

Was the work of Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi the most important factor in the revival of Islam
in the sub-continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give reasons for your
answer. [14] (J2008/P1/1c)
DidShahWaliUllahcontributemoretothespreadofIslamthananyoneelseinthesubcontinent before
1850? Explain your answer. [14] (N2009&N2004)
Did Haji Shariat Ullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the sub-
continent before 1850? Explain your answer. [14] (N2011/P1/2c)

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Marking Scheme

LEVEL 4:

Explains 2 or more factors (SASB to be included for max marks)

Syed Ahmed
SASB spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an armed struggle to liberate
the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely because Muslims were banned from prayer and had
difficulties practising their religion.

Shah Walliullah
SWU felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance about Islam and the Holy
Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them by translating the
Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the Muslims at that time. His books were
designed to spread the principles of Islam amongst the Muslims.

Haji Shariatullah
HSU spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims should perform their
faraiz (religious obligations). This alarmed some Hindu landlords who were unhappy that working time
was bing lost. A huge group of followers grew which were called ‘Faraizis’.(9–13)
LEVEL 5:
As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. (14)

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DECLINE OF MUGHAL EMPIRE

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Responsibility of Aurangzeb:

Aurangzeb’s Responsibility-

The first cause was Aurangzeb’s responsibility. He was largely responsible for the downfall of the
Mughal Empire. This happened even though those kings, who ruled before him, did a great job in
winning the loyalties of their subjects like the Hindus and the Rajputs. As a fanatic, Aurangzeb was
unable to tolerate those who were non-Muslims in his empire. He introduced oppressive laws like the
introduction of jazia and a total ban on celebration of Hindu festivals. Because of this animosity, he lost
the trust and friendship with the Rajputs. He executed Sikh guru and created widespread enmity with the
Marathas, forcing them to rebel against his leadership. He dismissed the Hindu Officials from state
service and allowed only those to continue who were prepared to embrace Islam. An order banning the
building of new Hindu Temples in areas directly under Mughal control was promulgated early in his
reign.
Additionally, Aurangzeb was also obsessed with the Deccan, which had detrimental effects on Mughal
army. As a staunch Sunni Muslim, he did not have room for the Shias, who also turned against him. The
nobles also developed rebellion against their king because he was mostly against their way of life,
including dancing, singing and drinking. These were common habits among most Muslim nobles, who
felt oppressed by the King. It is therefore evident that King Aurangzeb was responsible for the decline of
the Mughal Empire.

Wars of Succession
Besides the oppressive rule of Aurangzeb that, his successors also contributed to the fall of Mughal
Empire. For example, his successors turned out to be weak and incompetent to take control of the entire
empire. Most of them found pleasure in lavish lives without bothering the stability of the state. This
created weaknesses that led to the decline of the once strong and stable empire. This weakness from
successors took root because there was no law that defined the process of succession in the Mughal
Empire. Oftentimes, the death of a king resulted into wars among their sons before a king would sit on
the throne. They used nobles and royal family members to fight for power. Consequently, nobles were

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divided as they fought to safeguard their interests. This bred anarchy as nobles resorted to conspiracies,
making Mughal Empire weak and vulnerable to external attacks.

Weakness of the Nobility:

The Mughal nobles of earlier times formed a brave class of royal supporters. They were good fighters
and advisers. But degeneration gradually set in. The later Mughal nobility showed the worst vices of
court life. They became lazy and luxurious. Wealth and power changed their character for the worst.

Weakness of the Army:

Another cause of Mughal downfall was the deterioration and demoralization in the Mughal Army. The
abundance of riches of India, the use of wine and comforts had their evil effects on the Mughal Army and
nothing was done to stop the deterioration. The soldiers cared more for personal comforts and less for
winning battles. In the words of Irvine, "Excepting want of personal courage, every other faults in the list
of military vices may be attributed to the degenerate Mughals; indiscipline, want of cohesion, luxurious
habits, inactivity and commissariat and cumbrous equipment. Drill was unknown and a soldier's training
which he might undergo or as he liked, consisted in muscular exercise and a individual practice in the use
of the weapons with which he was armed.

Lavish Life Style

After Akbar, the following rulers distributed and threw this wealth with both hands. The office bearers
became leisure lovers. The son of Akbar (Jehangir) wasted this wealth in the construction of domes &
forts. After Jehangir, Noor Jehan also spent the wealth lavishly & indiscriminately.
Discontent grew and revenue from tax collection declined. Industrial Revolution started in the west,
development in education & new farm implements while in the east decline of Mughal rule was obvious.
After the death of Orang Zeb, his grand sonJehandar set on throne that took the lavish life to its height.
He made Lalkunwar his friend who with the help of his friends & relatives was bestowed upon the wealth
& properties having no limits. As a result of this lavish expenditure, the treasury became empty.

Financial Weakness

The conquering of Mughal during the Akbar period was vast and continuous due to which wealth and
treasures were unlimited & these areas were difficult to control. Too many officers were appointed in the
government; the expenditure of their salaries weakened the economy.
After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire faced financial bankruptcy. The beginning had already
been made in the time of Aurangzeb and after his death; the system of farming of taxes was resorted to.
Although the Government did not get much by this method, the people were ruined. They were taxed to
such an extent that they lost all incentive to production. Poor economy of Mughal Empire further
weighed heavily on its stability.

Weak Administration

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The huge empire was very difficult to administer. Decisions often had to be relayed over thousands of
miles. Obviously emperors could not know exactly what was happening in every part of empire. This is
one reason why Aurangzeb encouraged the use of mansabdars. With the weak control from the center,
the mansabadari system was not sufficiently supervised and administrative efficiency declined.

Corruption-
Another cause of Mughal downfall was the widespread corruption in the administration. The exaction of
official perquisites from the public by the officials and their sub-ordinates were universal and admitted
practice. Many officials from the highest to the lowest took bribes for doing undeserved favor. The
Mansabdari System degenerated in the time of Aurangzeb and his successors. There was corruption and
oppression on all sides.

External Invasions

The invasion on India by Nadir Shah gave a serious blow to the already tottering Mughal Empire.
The easy victory of Nadir Shah and the repeated invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali exposed to the
world the military weakness of the Mughal state.
The invaders sacked Delhi and carried away with them huge booty. This affected adversely the prestige
of the Mughal Empire and the people lost all faith in the capacity of the Mughal Rulers to protect them
against foreign invaders. This also encouraged the Indians to assert their independence.

Rise of Marathas

Another problem for Mughal was the Marathas. They formed a Hindu empire in southern India and
were a constant source of difficulty for the Mughals. Aurangzeb spent 25 years trying to defeat
Marathan forces and after his death, they continued to take land from Mughals. In 1737 they defeated
the Mughal army and plundered Delhi. By the middle of 1th century the Marathas had replaced
Mughals as the most powerful force in India.
Arrival of British

The Mughal Empire was in serious decline at the end of eighteen century. What pushed it into the final
decline was the ambition of British. Since the time of Jehangir the English east India Company tried to
take advantage of the wealth by trade in India. The EIC was a private company but behind it was a
government of England. England has also faced Industrial revolution and its industries were producing
cheap manufactured goods that gave it a competitive advantage over markets around the world, with
the wealth created British could afford the military strength which Mughals could not match.

How far was Aurangzeb responsible for the decline of Mughal Empire? [7]

Aurangzeb was ambitious to be the ruler of entire India. He built up a massive army and launched
several military campaigns to expand his empire. He went north-west into Afghanistan, and drove
southwards to conquer Bijapur and Golconda states. Though he succeeded in expanding the empire, but
it was at enormous cost in lives and treasury.

Instead of political solution through negotiation, he always tried to suppress the rebellions by using
military force. A number of revolts rose against him throughout the empire - Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs,

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Satnamis, Marathas and Pathan tribes. These far-flung campaigns were extremely costly and almost
drained the Mughal treasury.

To sustain long costly wars, Aurangzeb obviously needed money for his armies and so he levied heavy
taxes on the people including the Jizya tax on non-Muslims. This caused immense displeasure in the
people and resulted in political instability in the empire.

According to some historians, his religious policies were intolerant towards non-Muslims. A number of
temples were destroyed and construction of new ones was forbidden, and he tried to impose Islamic
laws on non-Muslims which caused an angry reaction in them.

However, the kingdom survived for 150 years after Aurangzeb's death. There were a number of other
reasons that lead to the disintegration of the empire including weak successors, foreign invasions, and
vastness of the empire, fratricidal wars and final blow from the British. So Aurangzeb solely cannot be
held responsible for the collapse of the Mughal Empire.

Q Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb. [7] (J2006/P1/1b)
Why Aurangzeb’s successors are blamed for the decline of Mughal Empire? [7]

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons:

Aurangzeb’s successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the administration to their ministers
who often put their own interests first. There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually a
struggle for succession which ended in war. Succession often depended upon the ability of the
candidates and the support they could get. Fighting wars became expensive and the military was
stretched and suffered much inefficiency. The successors failed to run the Empire effectively becoming
very extravagant and so suffered from financial inefficiencies. The vastness of the Empire made it hard
to defend and as such suffered several invasions. Eventually the British overran the Empire and were
superior in such areas as military might.

Q. ‘Aurangzeb’s successors failed to live up to his courageous and determined personality.’ Was
this the most important reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire? Give reasons for your
answer. [14] (N2003/P1/1c)
Q‘The spread of Marathan power was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire.’
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (J2011/P1/1c)

Were the invasions by the Persians and Afghans the main reason for the decline of the Mughal
Empire? Explain your answer [14] (N2015)

The arrival of British in India was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Explain your answer [14]

LEVEL 4: Explains more than one reason including Marathan power [9–13]

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Marking Scheme: Explains more than one reason including Marathan power. Also produces a
judgement or evaluation.

There were a number of reasons for the Empire’s decline. The Marathas were skilful Hindu guerrilla
fighters who defeated a Mughal army in 1737 and took control of Delhi and eastwards towards Bengal.
By 1760 they were the most powerful people in India and nothing could the Mughals do to stop it.
However, there were other reasons for the decline. Auranzeb had an intolerant attitude to non-Muslims.
He introduced a tax on non-Muslims called the Jizya. He destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban
Hindu practices. Taxation was high as he had to pay for the cost of military campaigns such as the
Deccan Wars and he spent highly on luxurious palaces. Because of these he became an unpopular rule.
Aurangzeb’s successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the administration to their ministers who
often put their own interests first. There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually a struggle
for succession which ended in war. Fighting wars became expensive and the military was stretched and
suffered much inefficiency. The successors failed to run the Empire effectively becoming very
extravagant and so suffered from financial inefficiencies.
After his death Mughal Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and spending
money with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire. This led to inefficiencies
and a lack of interest in the running of the Empire.
The invasion on India by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali gave a serious blow to the already
tottering Mughal Empire. The easy victory of Nadir Shah and the repeated invasions of Ahmad Shah
Abdali exposed to the world the military weakness of the Mughal state.
The invaders sacked Delhi and carried away with them huge booty. This affected adversely the prestige
of the Mughal Empire
The British expansion into the sub- continent was rapid and their forces and equipment was no match
for the Mughals, who fell into rapid decline as a result.

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THE EAST INDIA COMPANY & BRITISH

COLONIAL RULE IN NORTHERN & NW INDIA

East India Company-

The English had always desired to trade with India & their main interest were ‘Spices and Christians’,
but the English were not the 1st Europeans to do trade with India in 1498 Portuguese explorer Vasco de
Gamma visited India and established a base in Goa in 1510. In 1600, Queen ElizabthI, granted a charter
to British East India Company, giving it a monopoly for all British trade east of Africa. The 1 serious
effort made by the British for trade with India was made in 1608 through Captain Hawkins who
requested the Mughal Emperor Jehangir to set up a factory in Surat. The request was turned down
(pressure by the Portuguese). In 1612 another request was made through Sir Thomas Roe, which was
accepted by khurram (Future Shah Jehan) and thus the company setup its factory at Surat.

In 1615 British Company had a minor battle with Portuguese to remove them from India. In 1640 the
English built fort (head office) at Madras. In 1681 they got a charter to keep warships, soldiers and
weapons for the defense of their factories. In 1674 they got a charter to keep warships, soldiers and
weapons for the defense of their factories. In 1674 the British moved their headquarters to Bombay and
founded the town of Calcutta in 1690.

Aurangzeb suspected the East India Company of issuing their own coins and avoiding taxes. In
1691 Aurangzeb fought with the British and defeated them and they have to pay a huge fine, if they
wanted to trade in India. After acQuiring all the important coastal strategic bases in India the company
made some changes in their policies and started to get involved in the administration of India. In 1751 a
brief war broke out between British and France, which was won by British.

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Battle of Plassey 1757:
The province of Bengal was one of the largest and the richest province of India. It was also economically very
important due to its natural resources and trade. A fierce battle took place at Plassey in 1757 in which due to the
treachery of Mir Jaffer the Nawab of Bengal Sirajudalla was defeated. The company then appointed Mir Jaffer as
the new Nawab of Bengal as promised.The first opportunity came in 1757 when battle of Plassey took place.
Ruler of Bengal NawabSirajud Daulah had a support from French so he attack Calcutta base of EIC in Fort
William in 1756 and introduce black hole.
In 1757 EIC soldiers led by British Commander Robert Clive fought with Sirajud Daulah but they were unable to
defeat him.
In this battle the forces of the East India Company under Robert Clive met the army of Siraj-ud-Doula, the
Nawabs of Bengal.
Clive had 800 Europeans and 2200 Indians whereas Siraj-ud-doula in his entrenched camp at Plassey was said to
have about 50,000 men with a train of heavy artillery.
Unfortunately Mir Jafar, met with Clive, and the greater number of the Nawabs soldiers were bribed to throw
away their weapons, surrender prematurely, and even turn their arms against their own army.
Siraj-ud-Doula was defeated and was killed in the battle.
After some days of this battle Sirajud Daulahs dead body was found in a river.
OUTCOMES
Robert Clive became the governor general of Bengal.
Mir Jafar became the new nawab of Bengal.
Bengal came under the control of EIC.
Battle of Plassey marked the first major military success for British East
India Company
Pakistan Studies (2059/1) Booklet # 01
Battle of Buxar 1764:

IIt was followed by battle of Buxar. Mir Qasim the Nawab of Bengal took help from Nawab of Oudh
Shuja-ud-daulah and the Emperor Shah Alam II. But the English under the General Major Hector
Munro at Buxar defeated the combined army on 22 October, 1764. Mir Qasim fled and died in 1777.
After winning the Battle of Buxar, the British had earned the right to collect land revenue in Bengal,
Bihar and Orissa. This development set the foundations of British political rule in India. To make
decisions after the battle SHAH ALAM II was imprisoned by EIC.
OUTCOMES
Bengal remains in the hands of EIC.
The Mughal Empire was declining.
EIC also took control over ORISSA and BIHAR

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Act of Parliament 1773:

The British government was forced to act to try to stop this misgovernment. In 1773 it passed an Act of
Parliament, which require the EIC to provide good government to stop this anarchy. Then in 1784 the
British government passed the India Act (Pitt Act) and took direct control of the Indian possessions. It
appointed a Governor-General, who would control of the three presidencies (Bombay, Madras and
Calcutta). There would also be Provincial governor and a C-in-C of the armed force. The EIC continued
to trade, but lost most of its administrative powers. In 1784 the first British Governor General of India,
warren Hastings, signed a treaty ending the First Maratha war between the British and Marathas. This
gave the British the opportunity to extend their influence elsewhere.

Anglo-Marathan War

Hastings waged wars against the Marathas and Mysore. The important war fought during the Governor-
Generalship of Warren Hastings was the First Anglo-Maratha war. Initially the British army met with
humiliating defeats. But Warren Hastings vigorously pursued the war which came to an end with the
Treaty of Salbai. This treaty enhanced the power and prestige of the British in India.

Capturing of Maysore:

The Second Anglo-Mysore war was fought during Warren Hastings’s tenure. After the first Anglo-
Mysore war the treaty of Madras was signed under which it was agreed that the Company and Mysore
ruler Hyder Ali would help each other in case a third party invaded any one of them. However, when the
Marathas attacked the Mysore, the British did not help. Hyder Ali was further irritated when British
occupied Mahe and Guntur. So he made alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad and
declared war against the British. In the midst of the war Hyder Ali died and his son Tipu Sultan
continued the war. The Treaty of Mangalore brought an end to the war. The treaty established friendly
relation between the British and Mysore.
The Third Anglo-Mysore war was fought during his tenure against Tipu Sultan as he refused to sign the
subsidiary alliance. The British defeated Tipu and signed the Treaty of Seringapatam. By this treaty half
of the dominion of Tipu was taken away and divided among the British, the Marathas and the Nizam.

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The next large scale expansion of British rule in India occurred during the Governor Generalship of Lord
Wellesley who came to India in 1798. By 1797 the two strong Indian powers, Mysore and the Marathas
had declined in power. Political conditions in India were favorable for expansion. To achieve his political
aims Wellesley relied on three methods-the system of Subsidiary Alliance, outright war and the
assumption of the territories of previously subordinate rulers.

Under Subsidiary Alliance system, the rulers of the allying Indian states were compelled to accept a
British force within their territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance. This alliance also provided
that the Indian ruler would agree to the posting of a British Resident to his court, would not employ any
European in his service without the approval of the British and would not negotiate with any other Indian
rulers without consulting the Governor General. Lord Wellesley tried to force this Subsidiary Alliance on
Tipu Sultan of Mysore, who never accepted it.

Now Wellesley turned his attention to the Marathas. The next important expansion took place during the
Governor-Generalship of Lord Hastings. The Maratha chiefs made a desperate last attempt to regain their
independence and old prestige in 1817 under the leadership of the Peshwa. However Lord Hastings
struck back with characteristic vigor. His territories were annexed to the Bombay Presidency. Holkar and
Bhonsle accepted Subsidiary Alliance. The Rajputana states, which had been dominated for several
decades by Sindhia and Holkar, now accepted British supremacy.

Thus by 1818 the entire Indian sub-continent except the Punjab and Sindh had been brought
under British control.

The British completed the task of conquering the whole of India from 1818 to 1857. Sindh and Punjab
were conquered and Oudh, the Central Province and a large number of other petty states were also
annexed.

Annexation of Sindh and Punjab

The conquest of Sindh occurred due to growing Anglo-Russian rivalry in Europe and Asia and the
consequent British fear that Russia might attack India through Afghanistan or Persia. The commercial
possibilities of the river Sindh also attracted them. The road and rivers of Sindh were opened to British
trade by a treaty in 1832. The amirs were made to sign a Subsidiary Treaty in 1839. Finally in 1843
Sindh was annexed after a brief campaign by Sir Charles Napier.

The most important tool of Dalhousie’s policy was the Doctrine of Lapse. Under this doctrine when the
ruler of a protected state died without a natural heir, his state was not to pass to an adopted heir as
sanctioned by the age-old tradition of the country. Instead, it was to be annexed to British India, unless
the adoption had been clearly approved earlier by the British authorities. Many states, including Satara,
Nagpur and Jhansi were annexed by applying this doctrine.

The death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in June 1839 was followed by political instability in the Punjab.
Ultimately power fell into the hands of the brave but undisciplined army. This gave the British an
opportunity to try their luck in Punjab. On December 13, 1845 war was declared against the Sikhs. The
Sikhs fought with exemplary courage, but they were defeated and had to sign the humiliating treaty of
Lahore in March 1846. Later in December, another treaty was signed. This treaty made the British
Resident at Lahore the real ruler of Punjab and the British were permitted to station their troops in any
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part of the state. But the British officials wanted to impose direct British rule over Punjab. In 1848
Punjab witnessed a number of revolts. The British defeated the Punjabis and Punjab was annexed to the
British Empire.

What was the East India Company? [4] (J2010/P1/1a)

A trading company, Charter granted in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I, landed at Surat in 1608, permission to
trade in 1612, headQuarters moved to Bombay in 1664. Grew in power during 18th Century.

Who was Tipu Sultan [4]

Son of Haider Ali of Mysore, both of whom resisted British rule. Tipu received support from
the French and the British were concerned about this. He was known as the Tiger of Mysore
and ruled there from 1782 to 1799.
He won important victories against the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War, and negotiated the
1784 Treaty of Mangalore with them after his father died the previous year.His treatment of his
conquered non-Muslim subjects and British prisoners of war is controversial. He remained an enemy of
the British, bringing them into renewed conflict with an attack on Travancore in 1789. In the Third
Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu was forced into a humiliating treaty, losing a number of previously conquered
territories, including Malabar and Mangalore. In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the combined forces of
the British and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu and he was killed on 4 May 1799, while
defending his fort of Srirangapatna.

Who was Robert Clive? [4]

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Became a general in EIC armed forces in India, defeated the French, Plassey 1757 showed qualities as
a soldier and leader by defeating Nawab of Bengal. Made Governor of Bengal and enabled British
supremacy there, increased power of merchants and established Oudh as a buffer state between Bengal
and the Marathas. Introduced a number of reforms – dual system government, civil reforms, abolition
of private trade system, Society of Trade, military reforms etc. Made Lord Clive, accused ‘plundering
India’ but found not guilty. Became addicted to opium and in 1773 committed suicide.

Q Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of increasing parts of the sub-continent
between 1750 and 1850? [7]

[Military Superiority] The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military
superiority. They fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of strong local rulers like Siraj-
ud-Daulah in the battle of Plassy, Tipu Sultan in the battle of Maysure, the Marathas and the Sikhs. They
had latest warfare tools, efficient communication for quick deployment of troops and sound financial
resources for fighting costly wars in the far-flung areas. They had well-trained army and good planners of
war strategies. They were also expert in bribing and conspiring with the key persons like Mir Jafar and
Mir Sadiq with the help of whom they defeated their strong rivals in the battlefields.

[Dealing Skills] The British were very skilled diplomatic experts. They gained the support of a number
of local rulers. They were shrewd in purchasing the loyalties of influential Indians. They signed
“subsidiary alliances” with local rulers under which the rulers were granted protection by the British
troops. In return, they paid the salaries of the soldiers and provided residence to a British advisor. These
were lucrative deals and control on the affairs!

[Indian Disunity] Indians were not united as a single nation. They were divided along religious,
linguistic and ethnic lines. Local rulers were interested only to their own territories. Some princely states
even supplied troops to the British when they were fighting against their countrymen. It was very easy for
the strong British army to conquer them one after the other. Majority of the well-off Indians stayed away
from the wars. They were making profits by trading with the English merchants. They were also happy
with the infrastructure the British were developing including schools, hospitals, roads, railway networks
and irrigation systems.

[Doctrine of Lapse] The doctrine of lapse, introduced in 1852, was a land-grabbing law. If the ruler of a
princely state would pass away without having a direct heir, his kingdom would become property of the
British. A number of states were seized under this law.

Q Why the East India Company did become involved in the Indian sub-continent during the
seventeenth century? [7] (N2010/P1/1b)

Marking Scheme:

Level 3: Explains reasons:

[Economic Reasons] There was enormous wealth in the subcontinent. Trade, profit and power were the
real motives that East India Company (EIC) was looking at. Indian goods including spices, silk, yarn,
cloth, cotton and goods of metalworkers were very demanding in the European markets. British factories
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needed raw materials while British merchants needed big markets like India to sell their industrial
products. Cotton was the main raw material for the textile industries in Britain. EIC made huge profits
and the company flourished very rapidly. By 1620, the company operated about 40 ships for trade with
India. The company was having a very profitable future in trade with India. Indian soldiers at very cheap
wages were available to protect their trade and profits.

[Political Reasons] East India Company had no political motives at first. It came to India primarily for
trade. But the decline of Mughal Empire and the demolition of Maratha Power in 1761 by Ahmad Shah
Abdali prepared the gateway for the British to take over India. Lack of a strong central government
attracted the British attention for interfering with Indian political affairs. By that time, they had already
got the skills of dealing with Indian rulers and merchants. Now they started thinking about establishing
British Raj in the subcontinent.

[Regional Influence] India had strategic position on the globe. It would give regional supremacy to the
British and Royal Navy. They would control the sea routes and hence trade with the East. The company
also wanted to westernize the Indians. The British believed that western culture is superior and must be
spread in the world. They thought themselves the most civilized nation of the world.

Q Why did the British Government take control of the affairs of the East India Company in the
early nineteenth century? [7] (J2004/P1/1b)

LEVEL 3: Explain reasons

The volume of trade became so significant that the British government felt it was too valuable an asset
to leave in the hands of a private company even though the EIC was now holding its possessions in
trust for them. Also the fear of Russian expansion in Central Asia worried the government and so
Britain decided to shape its foreign policy by further expansion towards Afghanistan to counter this
threat. As Britain was becoming more involved prestige began to be at stake and further expansion
became inevitable especially after the defeat by the Afghans at Kabul.

(c) Was the Industrial Revolution in Britain the most important reason why the British were
able to take control of India between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer. [14] Oct/Nov 2013

LEVEL 4: Explains the Industrial Revolution and other reasons [9–13]

The Industrial Revolution provided vast wealth ad profit but depended upon the import of raw
materials. Raw cotton was imported from India and no imports of finished cotton goods were allowed.
This had a terrible effect on the cotton industry in India and as a result it collapsed. Britain now
controlled the cotton trade making vast profits but none was invested in India. A network of roads and
later railways served to reinforce Britain’s control of India which was essential to assist trade and
control the land.
In order to further reinforce its control, Britain established an administrative system that took
over all duties and responsibilities of the East India Company and imposed government control through
an efficient administrative system, that featured such personalities as Lord Wellesley, Robert Clive and
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Warren Hastings as Governors Generals, who through their administrative skills were further able to
exert greater control of India.
The conquest of large areas of India further strengthened British control of India. India was
not a united nation and the British army did not meet much resistance. The manufacture of weapons in
Britain aided this control. Candidates may also consider such factors as education, religious and social
reforms during this time, the Doctrine of Lapse etc. However any of these factors must relate to the
notion of control as in the question, in order to reach level 3 or 4

LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgment or evaluation [14]

Q Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in the sub-continent in the hundred
years before 1850 was totally unsuccessful.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
(J2008/P1/2c)

Marking Scheme:

LEVEL 3:
Explains successes OR failures (7–10)
Explains successes AND failures. Also produces a judgment or evaluation.
Successes:
power of local Nawabs
early successes of Tipu Sultan
Ranjit Singh
Failures:
strength of British army
eventual failure of Tipu Sultan and Ranjit Singh
conquests of British against weaker opposition

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British westerinization-
1.Female infanticides 1759
2.Suttee- 1829
3.Thuggees- 1830
4.Missionaries- 1833
5.English- 1835
6.Schools-
7.Communication and Railways- 1825- 1853 in India
8.Doctrine of Lapse- 1852
9.Cotton Trade.
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War of Independence 1857

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The causes of the war of independence were political, social economic & religious: -

1.
Political Causes: -
The English East Indian company had been growing fast over the sub-continent ever since the battle of
Plessey 1757; soon afterwards in 1764 the British got yet another victory in the battle of Buxar against
the Indians. The victory at Buxar brightened the prospects of the company in India. By
1818practicallyall the Indian states had either been annexed or had entered into a treaty with the British

.a. Annexation Policy of the British: -

The Britishers through their diplomacy continued to expand their rule by annexing different states of the
sub-continent for example Sindh, Mysore, Oudh, etc as a result their territorial limits also increased.

.b. Doctrine of Lapse: -

Lord Dalhousie applied a new policy for the expansion of the British Empire, which was called
Doctrine of Lapse. in 1852. According to the doctrine the rulers of state were not allowed to adopt sons.
As a result their states were annexed many states like Oudh, Jhansi, Behar etc through this doctrine.

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These annexations created a sense of insecurity among the general public. They became suspicious of
the British policies. Before the introduction of Doctrine of Lapse, the replacement of both Sanskrit &
Persian by English as the official language in 1834 had further upset both the Hindus & Muslims.

c. Confiscation of Property of Nobles: -

It was decided by the past rulers that the nobles were always granted large estates which served as a
source of income for them. The British Government reversed this policy & confiscated thousand of
such states. As a result thousands of affected persons went against the company. That is why when the
war broke out those landlords were in the front-line.

2. Economic Causes: -
The new agrarian policy of the British, destruction of the local industries, unemployment & monopoly
of the British traders were some important economic causes of the war.

Agrarian Policy: -

The new agrarian policy introduced by the British Government shook the foundations of the village
communities. The Zamindars were now asked to provide documents to proof about their land holdings.
If they failed to do so then their properties were confiscated. In addition the rates of taxes on the lands
were also increased due to which thousands of zamindars were in great problem

Unemployment: -

The British did not trust the Indians due to this factor Indians were not appointed on important jobs
especially on the higher posts. The higher posts were now reserved for the British only. This policy
resulted in unemployed & many educated Indians were now without a job. Due to destruction of local
industries (cottage industries) left millions of people jobless especially among lower classes.

3. Religious Causes: -

Propagation of Christianity: -

Although in the beginning the English had shown respect towards all religions, yet with the passage of
time they changed their mind & devised ways & means of propagation of Christianity in India. The
missionary’s were sent to India from England for preaching. They did their preaching mainly on the
public places with the support of British Government. Bible was included in the syllabus of different
school. More ever the British Government now passed a law according to which the convents were
allowed to keep their ancestral properties

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. Anti-religious Laws: -

The British Government introduced certain laws which were against the prevailing religions of the sub-
continent. For example the windows were allowed to remarry which greatly offended the Hindus & so
did the banning of the sati custom in 1829. The British government banned Parda.

4. Military Causes: -

Disbandment of Armies of the annexed states: -

The British had annexed many states of the sub-continent on the basis of the doctrine of lapse. Now
they declared that the armies of these annexed states were banned. This action of their left thousands of
local soldiers unemployed. As the British Army marches into Afghanistan, it created problem. Because
the Hindu soldiers did not want to leave what they saw as Mother India The Muslims soldiers were also
unhappy with having to fight fellow Muslims.

Greased Cartridges: -

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The British introduced a new kind of cartridges which were greased in cow s &pigs fat & the soldiers
were reQuired to chew the top & then use it. Since there were both Muslims &Hindus soldiers in the
army; they became too agitated with this new introduction as pig is consider Haram for Muslims &
cow is a sacred animal for the Hindus. Now both communities refused to use these new cartridges.

Causes of the Failure of the Revolt of 1857

War of independence 1857 was over officially in August 1858. Although the people made great
sacrifices and waged a heroic struggle to end the foreign domination; the attempt to expel British failed
due to number of reasons:

Lack of Coordination

There was absence of fully organized plan and coordination between the freedom fighters; they fought
like rabbles in different groups at various places. Even there was no coordination between the local
rulers who were fighting individually so they were defeated easily by the British troops.

Strength of British Army:

British troops numerically inferior were superior to the armies of the local soldiers; they were well
trained, well equipped and well disciplined. The British also had advantage of effective and adequate
military equipments and resources. Their control over telegraph and postal system enable them
together information from various fronts of the war and issue necessary instructions.

Lack of unity:
There was very little unity and the sense of nationalism amongst the Indian states. The rising was led
by princes and big landlords. They were temporarily united to achieve a single common goal
of throwing out British from India. The only uniting forces were of Muslims. Most of the rulers were
fighting to restore their own regionalauthority and restoration and the protection of their own
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rights .Many of the prominent states for example Hyderabad, Gwalior and Nepal remained loyal to the
British. Rulers of Kashmir and Punjab assisted British government during the rising.

Lack of Leadership
Apart from the Rani of Jhansi (Lakshmi Bar) and Nana Sahib there was no capable central leadership
who could unite whole population.
The last Mughal King was too old and weak and was not fit to be the leader of the rebel s army. The
British succeeded in bribing certain freedom fighters in the Indian camp. These traitors betrayed their
own men & sided with the British troops, which result a great loss to Indians.

Impact of the War of Independence1857

Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal emperor exiled by the British to Rangoon in Burma and Mughal
rule (Muslim Rule) was ended from India forever. War of independence also put an end to the rule of
British East India Company and crown rule was established. British held Muslim responsible for the
rising because they were the chief fighters and Muslims of India wanted to restore Muslim Rule n India.
On other hand Hindu had no such desire. Hindu joined hand with British and started a revengeful
policy to crush Muslims in all fields of life. Soon after the War of Independence British government
realized that some of their earliest policies were wrong for example abolition of Doctrine of Lapse and
change n the policy of annexation; they did much to correct them.

What happened at the battle of Kanpur? [4] (J2011/P1/2a)

Troops joined revolt, killed their officers, led by Nana Sahib, British held out for 3 weeks, then
surrendered, soldiers and 300 women and children slaughtered, remainder kept as prisoners,
reinforcements arrived and prisoners killed, British carried out acts of revenge, Sahib escaped.

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CONSEQUENCES/EFFECTS/RESULTS OF WAR

• British got control of the sub-continent in August 1858.

• The violence and bloodshed on both sides was dreadful.
• British used various methods to kill the prisoners as: hanging, shot out of
• mouths of cannons burned alive and some were sewn into pig skins and
• hanged.
• The Mughal rule totally declined.
• Bahadur Shah Zafar II, who was the last Mughal Emperor, was exiled to
• Rangoon.
• He was a puppet ruler.
• The sons of Bahadur Shah Zafar were killed and their head were
presented to him.
• British Crown Rule started in 1857.
• Lord canning, the last governor-general of EIC was made the 1st viceroy
of the sub-continent.
• Urdu and English were made official languages.
• Railways were introduced.
• Telegraph, postal and police system was introduced.
• Roads were made.
• Industries were abolished.
• Taxes were reduced.
• Muslims were blamed for the revolt.
• Muslims were deprived of their rights.
• Muslims were not given opportunity for education or high posts in the
• government.
• Muslims were not allowed to sit in the competition exams for civil
services.
• Hindus and Sikhs who helped british were given better jobs.
• In 1877, Queen Victoria became the Empress of India.
• In 1878, british imposed Vernacular Press Act, which banned all
publications
• against them.
• The british became powerful and formed Indian National Congres in
1885.
• An arms act was introduced so that Indians could own no weapons.
• Business remained suspended for almost one year.
• British stopped the annexation.
• Conflicts between the muslims and hindus started.
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What was the Doctrine of Lapse? [4]

Governor-General Dalhousie is most associated with it (accept statements that he introduced it because
most books incorrectly assert this), extended British control, when a ruler died without a natural heir the
British would annex his lands, e.g. Oudh.

Why did the Indians not achieve independence in 1857? [7] (N2011/P1/2b)

Level 3: Explain Reasons

There was a lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian population. The Punjab was
uninterested in helping the rebellion and actually sent men and supplies to help the British. This also
happened in Kashmir. The British had more modern methods of fighting and the army was better
disciplined as well as being supplied by some of the local rulers. Their control over telegraph and
postal system enable them together information from various fronts of the war and issue necessary
instructions. The last Mughal King was too old and weak and was not fit to be the leader of the rebel s
army. The British succeeded in bribing certain freedom fighters in the Indian camp. These traitors
betrayed their own men & sided with the British troops, which result a great loss to Indians.

Q Did educational reforms have a more important effect on the Indians than the social, religious
and economic ones introduced by the British during the years 1773 to 1856? Explain your answer.
[14] (N2011/P1/1c)

Q‘Religious factors were more important than any other in causing the War of Independence of
1857-58.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (N2008/P1/1c)

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Was the introduction of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in 1852 the most important reason for the War
of Independence in 1857? Explain your answer.

LEVEL 4: EXPLAIN REASONS

Macauley introduced schools across the country to teach Western ideas using the English language. He
believed that British ideas were far better than anything that came from India and that it would impose
Western values and help the British to govern India more effectively.
Although a common language would help to unite India, imposing a European culture on the Indians
would alienate many of them. Indians had to send their children to co- educational schools, which was
unpopular, since it appeared to impose the British system on the Indians without due regard to their
religious and cultural feelings.
Christian missionaries came to India to convert the local population as well as to set up schools. In
these schools the missionaries taught Christianity and expected local religions to be given up, which
was resented by Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs alike. The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English
as the official language in the 1830s deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus. A number of social
reforms had been imposed by the British without consultation or care for local feeling, which caused
much unrest.
The banning of female infanticide and suttee, whilst seen by the British as inappropriate, did go against
many traditional feelings Hindus especially held. They were also forced to abandon purdha, which had
been an Indian custom for centuries.
In 1852, the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced and this caused great unrest because any local
kingdom not having a direct male heir was taken over by the British.
The introduction of the railway in India revolutionized communication and transformed the country.
For Britain, it meant that there was another means of extending their power and helped industry to
profit by transporting raw materials to the ports. For the Indians, there were many advantages,
especially in times of famine when food could be transported more easily.
As a result of the industrial revolution in England, cheaper &superior goods now flowed in Indian
markets. The local industries could not compete with theimported goods, as a result the local industries
badly suffered.
The new agrarian policy introduced by the British Government shook the foundations of the village
communities. The Zamindars were now asked to provide documents to proof about their land holdings.
If they failed to do so then their properties were confiscated. In addition the rates of taxes on the lands
were also increased due to which thousands of zamindars were in great problem

LEVEL 5: EVALUATION

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SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

Early Biography Details

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Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in 1817 in Delhi. He came from a wealthy family and his father gave
him high quality education. When he was 18 Sir Syed was skilled in Arabic, Persian, Mathematics and
Medicine. He was also introduced as Sub-continent most able writer. In 1838 his father died so he
became a judge in Delhi in 1846. When the war of Independence broke out in 1857 he was working as
Chief Judge in Bijnaur and had saved the life of British women and children during the fighting. In
return for his loyalty the British gave him estate with large income but he refused. His Belief that
armed uprising against the British was pointless made him unpopular to many Muslims. He was
appointed Chief justice in Muradabad and was later transferred to Ghazipore. In 1864 he was
transferred to Aligarh where he played an important part in establishing the college. In 1876 he retired
from his work to concentrate on running the college and devoting himself to improve the position of
Muslims through education. He died on 27 March 1898.

Beliefs
Sir Syed was extremely unhappy about the position of Muslims in the subcontinent. Since the days of
the Mughal declined the social and economical status of Muslims had declined sharply and the role of
Muslims in the war of Independence had left further decline as British took measures to ensure that
their control was unchallenged. Sir Syed Ahmed felt that the poor status of Muslims was due to they
were treated as second-class citizen by British and Hindus and they had to take some responsibilities
themselves. Most Muslims thought that British were no more than just invaders and they had nothing
to do with them. Sir Syed Ahmed believed that Muslims had to accept that the British were there rulers
and could only improve if they have a positive approach towards them. They needed to accept the
British idea and their education if they wanted to improve. Sir Syed wanted to see Muslims untied and
prospering in their social, economical and religious fortune. He made this his Life’s ambition and
founded Aligarh Movement.

Aligarh Movement
Sir Syed was interested in Muslims. He wanted to improve relations with British and the positions of
Muslims.
The central aims of the Aligarh Movement were to:
-improve relations between the British and Muslims communities by removing British doubts about
Muslim loyalty and Muslim doubts about the British intentions.
-improve the social and economic position of Muslims by encouraging them to receive Western
education and take up posts in the civil service and army.
-increase their political awareness to make them aware of the threat to from the Hindu policy of
cooperation with the British.

Work
1. Improving Relation between the British and Muslim Communities
Sir Syed believed that the position of the Muslims in the subcontinent could only be improved if
relations with the British were improved by the Muslims gained higher-quality education. There were
two major obstacles to good relations.
A.The British had put the entire responsibility for the War of Independence in 1857 on the Muslims.
Sir Syed wanted to ensure that this false view was corrected.
B. There was a deep-seated resentment of the British among many in the Muslim community.
Sir Syed wanted to ensure that the benefits and advantages of British rule, in particular in the areas of
science and technology were embraced by the Muslim community to improve the lives of the masses.

Convincing the British

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In 1860 Sir Syed wrote “The Loyal Mohammedans of India”. In this work he defended Muslims and
listed the name of those Muslims who remained Loyal to the British during the uprising. In order to
convince that the British were wrong to fully blame the Muslims for the uprising so he wrote a
pamphlet “Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt”. In this he pointed the reasons for the uprising.
He told that British were unable to understand the Indians. This Pamphlet was circulated freely among
the British officials in India and the copies were also sent to England were it was studied carefully. He
also wrote ``ASBAB-E-BAGHAWAT-E-HIND''- (The causes of Indian Revolt) This book was
published in 1859 after the 1857 revolt after witnessing the atrocities committed by the British on the
inhabitants of Delhi. He saw an uncle, a cousin and an aunt dying before his eyes. He saved his mother
but she died due to privations she had experienced. Muslims were the main targets of the government's
wrath.
Many British thought that he was blaming them for uprising but others sympathetic and accepted the
truth in his words. He also cleared the misunderstanding that Muslim called the British “Nadarath”, He
told that this was no insult but the word came from Arabic word “Nasir” which means helpers.

Convincing the Muslims

Sir Syed was aware that the British knew very little about Islam. Indeed, on a visit to England he was
so offended by an English book on the life of the Prophet (PBUH) that he immediately wrote his own
work correcting the many errors. Sir Syed was aware that Muslim in India knew very little about
Christianity. He tried to overcome this by writing “Tabyin-ul-Kalam” in which he pointed out the
similarities between Islam and Christianity.

2. Encouraging the growth of Western education

●He also supported the idea of western education as he knew that Muslims could not succeed until
they had high quality education which was received by the Hindus. He believed that the acceptance of
Western scientific and technological ideas was necessary as this could only make Muslim advance in
the world of science. He wrote`'TEHZIB-UL-AKHLAQ'' – It succeeded in making people realize the
value of modern knowledge. It also gave new directions to Muslim social and political thoughts.
He related this with Holy Quran that it was written in Quran that the study and that an understanding
of modern scientific belief actually helped reveal the full majesty of God. He established scientific
society at Ghazipore and its main purpose was making Scientific Writing available to more people.
When he visited England he was impressing by the quality of education the student received there so in
1875 he founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College its main purpose was to provide the education
to the Muslims like the people in England received. The subjects were Mathematics, Modern Science
and Agricultural Science. (In 1920 the college became the University of Aligarh.

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3. Increasing Political Awareness

 Syed Ahmed also wanted Muslims to have a good relation with the Hindus but he found out that
Hindus did not want good relations.
 In 1885 Indian Nation Congress was found which claimed to speak for Indians but later it was
found out that it was a body dominated by Hindus.
 Sir Syed wanted Muslims to stay away from Democracy as the Muslims were in minorities in
India and every election would be won by the Hindus.
 A further cause of concern to Syed Ahmed was the “Hindi-Urdu Controversy”. In 1867 the Hindus
demanded that Hindi should be the next official language. The Muslims were struck by this as
Urdu had special place in their hearts. This was another factor guiding him towards his two nation
theory.
 Hindus wanted democracy like in England but he opposed this because in
 majority rules and the muslims were in minority.Sir Syed got so much angered and he opposed
this system.
 He formed MOHAMMADEN DEFENSE ASSOCIATION in 1893, which was
 earlier known as United Patriotic Alliance for the protection of the rights of
 the muslims.
 He also supported the right of SEPARATE ELECTORATES for Muslims
 In 1878 he became the member IMPERIAL LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.
 Allan Octavian Hume formed Congress in 1885.Sir Syed did not support its formation and
urged the muslims not to join it.The congress tried to prove that it was a party for all the fractions
but it was purely a Hindu party whichwas working for the interest of hindus.This paved way for
the establishment of Muslim League later in 1906.
 He also opposed the demand of the Hindus that COMPETITIVE EXAMS should be held for
the government services. He also rejected it because muslims were far behind than the hindus in
education.
 Sir Syed wanted democratic rights in India but believed that this would only disadvantage
Muslims since Hindus were in the majority and would win all the elections. He therefore felt that
the British should treat the Muslims and Hindus differently since they lived separate and different
lives from one another and so were really like separate nations. Sir Syed was the first person to
express this point of view and it became known as the Two Nation Theory that gave hope to
Muslims of a separate homeland.

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Another reason was that the parliamentary system was not supported by Sir Syed was Hindus were in
more number so they always outnumbered the Muslims and due to this Sir Syed opposed it. Sir Syed
realised that separate electorate was the possible solution to this so in view of his Two Nations Theory.
He made this decision of separate electorate demand for elections for the good of the Muslims.

Another reason it was important was that congress spoke of competitive examinations for jobs and
good posts while Muslims were always not given good education so they were also not able to take
good posts as Hindu won all the seats and passed the examinations always. According to Two Nation
Theory Sir Syed suggested it as two separate groups of Muslims and Hindus were not working for the
Muslims at that time so Two Nation Theory was important here as well.

Importance
He worked tirelessly to improve the relation of British and Muslims and wrote several books and
pamphlets so that British might be convinced and trust Muslims once again. He played a major role in
educating Muslims so that they can take up good jobs and their condition was improved. He is known
as “Father of the Pakistan Movement” As he was the first one to express the Idea of treating Muslims
and Hindus separately.

What was ‘The Loyal Mohammedans of India’? [4] (N2011/P1/2a)

To bring about better relations between British and Muslims, told British that Muslims were not
opposed to them, British shouldn’t discriminate against them as Muslims were wrongly blamed for
violence, try to understand and respect Muslim beliefs, should consult with Indians

What was the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental School? [4]

Set up in 1875 on May 24thin Aligarh on pattern of English public school system. The British refused
to allow it to be affiliated with a Muslim university outside British territory so it couldn’t become the
Muslim university that Sir Syed wanted. The school offered western some Islamic and Indian
education and became a symbol of Muslim unity. Many of future Pakistan leaders educated there e.g.
Liaquat Ali Khan and Ayub Khan.

Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan found the Aligarh Movement? [7] (J2011/P1/2b)

Why did Sir SyedAhmad Khan wish to develop a better understanding with the British following
the War of Independence (1857-58)? [7] (J2008/P1/2b)

LEVEL 3: EXPLAIN REASONS

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was one of the Muslim reformers. He carefully studied and analyzed the decline
of Muslims in political power, social status and economic well-being. He came to the conclusion that

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Muslims were being handicapped because of the misunderstanding which had cropped up between the
British and Muslim rulers, the Muslims opposed and hated the British and everything associated with
the British. Muslims kept away from modern education and English language which the British were
trying to enforce in India. On the other hand the British held the Muslims responsible for the revolt of
1857 and considered them (Muslims) to be their real enemies. The result of this mistrust was that
Muslim were being crushed in every way. Therefore, Sir Syed tried to remove this misunderstanding
by addressing both the British and Muslims. If they were to improve their poor status then the Muslims
had to accept more British ideas and take advantage of British education. He wanted to improve their
social and economic conditions by taking up posts in the civil service and the army. If they didn’t do
these things then they would see others prosper instead.

Was the attempt to achieve a better understanding with the British the most important
contribution that Sir Syed Ahmed Khan made to the Muslim cause during the nineteenth century?
Explain your answer. [14] (J2005/P1/1c)

Was the development of a western education system the most important contribution of Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan in developing the cause of Muslims during the nineteenth century? Explain your
answer. [14] (J2009/P1/2c)

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s political beliefs had a greater impact on the Muslims than any of
hisother beliefs’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (N2007/P1/2c)

Were the religious views of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan his most important contribution in developing
the cause of Muslims during the nineteenth century? Explain your answer. [14] (N2010/P1/2c)

LEVEL 4: Explains at least TWO factors, including education. Also produces a judgement or
evaluation.

Education
Sir Syed gave much importance to modern education and his efforts and contribution to Muslim
education and his efforts and contribution to Muslim education is very important. He opened schools at
several places where he was posted. He established Scientific Society and printed the Aligarh Institute
Gazette. He was visited England in 1869 on his own expenses to observe the working of British
Universities. Most important achievement in education sector was the founding of M.A.O College at
Aligarh in 1877. Sir Syed founded the Mohammadens Educational Conference whose objective was to
discuss and solve the education problems of Muslims in the sub-continent. His efforts for Muslim
education served double purpose. It helped the Muslims to get good jobs and raised their status in
society. It also helped in removing the mistrust between the British and the Muslims. Therefore
education was the most important aspect of Sir Syed’s services in the Muslims of India

Politics

He also made a contribution in politics. Sir Syed’s advice to Muslims in the political field is also
important. He believed that under the European system or democratic government the Muslims of India
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would always be at the mercy of Hindu majority. He suggested separate electrorate for muslims. He
advised the Muslims not to join Congress. He opposed the system of competitive examinations for
government posts because Muslims were much behind the Hindus in education. Sir Syed strongly
opposed the replacement of Urdu with Hindi as court and official language

Attempts to achieve a better understanding between the British and the Muslims

He wrote a number of books following the War of Independence in which he tried to show the British
that the Muslims were only partly to blame and that there many who were supporters of the British
government. He suggested that the British should try to understand Muslims better. He explained
‘Nadarath’ in an attempt to remove British misunderstanding of Muslims.

He believed that relations with the British could be improved by improving the understanding of
Christianity by Muslims. He tried to overcome this by writing Tabyin-ul-Kalam, in which he pointed
out the similarities between Islam and Christianity. He was also aware that the British knew little about
Islam and was offended by a book he read in Britain on the life of the Prophet and as a result he wrote
his own work correcting the many errors he had read.

Religion

In Religion Sir Syed united the Muslims by supporting the “Two Nation
Theory”and the Hindi-Urdu controversy of 1867 in which Hindus wanted Hindi to be the official
language while the Muslims wanted Urdu. He realized the threat to Muslims so united them and gave
them good education.

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Languages

URDU- NATIONAL LANGUAGE

Introduction

Language is the only media by which one can express his ideas and feelings. It plays a vital role in
building the character of an individual as well as a nation. Languages bring closer each other and it
creates a sense of harmony among the people.

Urdu - National Language of Pakistan

After independence Quaid-e-Azam said in clear cut words that the National Language of Pakistan
would be Urdu. He said

Let me make it clear that the National Language of Pakistan is going to be Urdu and no other language.
Without one state language no nation can remain tied up solidly together.

Evolution of Urdu

Urdu evolved over a period of centuried by cultural between local people of north of Sub Continent
and Muslims of Arabia, Iran and Turkey. The base of this language is Prakrit, an Aryan language. The
script of Urdu is modified form of Persian. Urdu is a word of Turkish language and its literal meaning
is camp. The infusion of local languages Arabic, Persian and Turkish gave birth to new language Urdi.

Progress of Urdu Language

Due to the efforts of poets and writers during different periods of historyUrdu progressed well and
reached almost all parts of the sub-continent in the 16th Century. The Muslims, from time to time,
brought about changes and amendments in it to make it more simple and easy to understand according
to their needs and requirements.

After the emergence of Pakistan, a great deal of work has been done for the progress of Urdu language.

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The Urdu language has crossed its evolutionary stages after the Independence and is now on its way to
the road of progress and development. Each Pakistani feels proud of speaking, reading and writing
Urdu. Most of our national leaders, while visiting other countries, deliver their speeches in Urdu
language which enhances its prestige on the International level. Several Committees have been formed
for the level. Being the national language of the country, it is the binding force between different parts
of Pakistan.

Importance of Urdu in National Life

1. Means of Brotherhood and Unity

People of Pakistan are one nation, therefore their thinking, aims and objectives are common. Their
progress and prosperity depends upon their unity and brotherhood. An important factor for achieving
this unity and brotherhood is Urdu.

2. Source of Expression

Urdu has become a source of expression, feeling, thoughts and aspiration. People of two different areas
can easily understood each other ideas and thoughts by Urdu.

3. Means of Communication and Co-ordination

Urdu serves as a means of communication and is a binding force between all the four province of
Pakistan. People living in different provinces realize that in spite of speaking different languages, they
are joined together by one national language which is the heritage of all.

4. Medium of Instruction

Urdu language is the medium of instruction in most of the educational instituations of Pakistan. History,
Islamic Studies, Political Science and other subjects are taught upto M.A level in Urdu. Lectures on
Islamic education and religion are also delivered in Urdu throughout Pakistan.

Developments:

 Amir Khusrou (1253-1325) occupies a prominent position in its early development.

 The language received a boost when Emperor Muhammad Shah and Bahadur Shah Zafar took an
interest in promoting it. The latter being a great poet himself.
 Famous poets of this period are Mir, Sauda, Dard and Ghalib.
 Aligarh Muslim University became the centre for the study of Urdu and produced talented writers
like HasratMohani, Majaz and Jazbi.
 In the early twentieth century DrAllamaIqbal, DrNazirAhmad,Hali and AllamaShibli greatly
enriched Urdu prose and poetry, producing numerous literary masterpieces.
 translation of the Quran into Urdu by Shah Abdul Qadir.

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Promotion:
 For the promotion of Urdu, AnjumanTaraqqi-i
 -Urdu, National Language Authority and Urdu Science College board have done good work.
 Urdu Science College was established in 1964 which was given the status of university in 2002.
 Used fopr Communication and in mediums of Tv, Radio, magzines, newspapers.
 Urdu Software has been Developed.
 Urdu dictionaries have been printed.
 Cumpulsuro subject in Schools and Colleges
 Many books have been Published

Conclusion

Being the national language of the country it is the binding force in different parts of Pakistan.
The officers have adopted Urdu language in their official work and the Government has published a
dictionary contained Urdu terms for the office work. The Urdu Development Board and "Anjuman-e-
Taraqi-e-Urdu" are trying to give Urdu a place in society and it is hope that Urdu would find its place
in society within short period of time.

REGIONAL LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan is a multi-lingual country. No less than twenty-four languages and dialects are spoken by the
people of Pakistan, but mainly include five regional languages Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pushto, Brahvi
and Kashmiri. These languages are rich in literature, poetry, folksongs and spiritual sayings of their
respective saints and contribute greatly to the culture of Pakistan.

The regional languages though distinct from one another in their forms, dialects and expressions of
thoughts have several common factors in them. They cultivate in them love, respect and a firm
adherence to the Pakistan Ideology. The regional languages of Pakistan are:

1. Punjabi

Punjabi is the local language of the province of the Punjab which is the biggest province of Pakistan
with regard to population and development. It has its links with the Aryan language Prakrit. Before
partition it was spoken in Delhi, Dhirpur, Peshawar and Jammu too. However as time rolled on the
vocabulary of Punjabi language became a mixture of Persian, Arabic and Turkish words. It has
different dialects in different parts of Punjabi like Saraiki and Potohari but the basic language remains
the same.

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Various forms of Lyric and Narrative Poetry

Punjabi is rich in mystical and romantic poetry. The highly imaginative and artistic exquisite literature,
mostly in verse has two forms one is "Lyric Poetry" which includes Bait, Kafi, Si-harfi, Bara Mah and
Satwara the other one i "Narrative Poetry" which is composed of various rhythms and meters.
Examples are Qissa Noor Namah, Gulzar, Jang Nama and Vaar. Punjabi folk tales are very famous like
Heer-Ranjha

Famous Punjabi Poets

Some of the famous poets of Punjabi language are:

* Baba FaridShakarGanjBaksh* Sheikh Ibrahim FaridShani* Madholal Hussein

* Sultan Bahu* Bullay Shah* Ali Haider* Waris Shah

Promotion After Independence:

Before partition Punjabi was spoken and understood in the eastern part of the Punjab. After
Independence concrete steps were taken for the promotion and development of this language which
made it a popular language in other parts of the province. The Government is still making efforts for
the progress of Punjabi language and extending support to those institutions which are striving for its
development. A present the Punjabi literature is taugthupto M.A. level in Pakistan.
Punjabi films, dramas and theatres have been become very popular. Newspaper, journals and
magazines have also been very significant in promoting Punjabi culture & literature. New poets and
writers like MunirNiazi, Ahmad Rahi, S.Kunjahi, Ashfaq Ahmad, BanoQudsia and others have
produce master pieces of poetry and writings in Punjabi.
Punjabi is taught up to MA level in Punjab University and Punjab Academy has translated and
produced many books in Punjabi. This way round its promotion is quite significant. Punjabi folk art,
culture, craft and songs in their purest forms will be preserved in books, journals, dictionaries and
encyclopedia. Literature of Urdu and Englisjh will be translated to Punjabi.

2. Sindhi

Sindhi is one of the important regional languages of Pakistan. It appears that Sindhi was spoken in the
Indus Delta from time immemorial. It is said that the language of the people of Moen-jo-Daro
contained elements of the present Sindhi language.

The origin of this language is not exactly known. However travelers like Al-Beruni have told us about
the original script of the language. "ChachNama" being an authentic document proves that the dialect
of the Sindhi language was the same in the 12th century, as it is today. With the advent and influence
of Arabs in the Sub Continent Sindhi changed its form and adopted maximum words of Arabic and
also of Persian and Turkish.

Way of Writing

In the beginning Sindhi was written in "Marwari" and "ArzNagari"' way of writing. With the advent
and influence of Arabs in the subcontinent this way of writing was subsequently changed into Arabic
and adopted maximum words of Arabic and also of Persian and Turkish.
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Some of famous Sindhi Poets are

* Shah Abdul LatifBhittai* SachalSarmast* Makhdoom Noor* Shah Inayat* Bedil* Sabit Ali
* KaziKazah

Promotion After Independence:

Several newspapers published in Sindhi, such as Ibrat, Naw-i-Sind and Khadim-I-Watan besides a
number of Weeklies. Sindhi literary board was set up in 1948 which had produced many books with
coordination of poets like F.N Bux and G. Allone.
Sindhi library in Karachi has helped Sindhi literature spread. Many folk writings have also been
produced. Bazme-Talib-ul-Mola have been set up which translates books into Sindhi. Sindhiology Dept.
in Jamshoro University and development & promotion of Sindhi literature and culture through modern
means.
Example: TV, radio, newspapers etc. Dr. Ali Akbar established sarmastacademcy that published many
Sindhi books. The sindhi Language Authority is arranging conferences to develop the use of this
language and to make it compulsory in schools up to intermediate level. Ways os teaching Sindhi must
be improved too. A sindhi font has also been developed that contains Sindhi letter and symbols.

3. Balochi

Balochi is the regional language of Balochistan. It is the least developed of all the regional languages.
It was spread by Balochi tribal migrated from Iran.

The history of Balochi literature may be divided into four periods:

1. Early Medieval Period - 1430 to 1600

2.Later Medieval Period - 1600 to 1850

3.Modern Period - 1850 to 1930

4. Contemporary Period - 1930 up to date

Linguistically Balochi belongs to the western group of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European
languages, and is closely related to Kurdish and Persian. Balochi is spoken in south-western Pakistan,
south-eastern Iran, southern Afghanistan, the Gulf States and Turkmenistan. Literature produced by
earlier poets has no record as it is preserved traditionally in the memories of the people. No newspapers
or books were published in Balochi up till 1940. After partition, however Balochi literature received a
little boost due to the efforts made by many associations and by the establishment of T.V stations. At
present, Balochi literature is on the road to development

Types of Balochi
There are two types of Balochi namely:

Sulemani 2.Makrani
Famous Literacy Figures and Poets of Balochi are;

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* Azad Jamaldini* UlfatNaseem* Abdul QadirShahwani* Malik Mohammad Ramzan

* Mir AaqilMaingalWell known poets of Balochi language are* Jam Darag* Shah Murid* Shahdad

Promotion After Independence:

The Balochi literature was on the verge of decline before partition. After partition, however it received
little boost when Radio Pakistan, Karachi began its broadcast in Balochi language. Balochiprogrammes
were relayed from Radio Pakistan Karachi which enhanced the developmental process of Balochi
language.
Balochi Literary Association
TheBalochi literary Association was set up which published many magazines and articles in Balochi
language. A weekly magazine known as "Nan Kessan" was published. A monthly known as "Olassis"
was also published.
Quetta Television Station
With the establishment of Quetta Television Station the Balochi language has received great fillip. Atta
Shah is a famous Balochi poet of Pakistan. IshaqShamim is another famous poet of Balochi language
whose poem "Dulhan" is very popular. The renowned politician Gul Khan Naseer is also considered a
good poet of Balochi language. Balochi prose has also developed a great deal after partition.
Translation of the Bible has also been published in Balochi language.

4. Pushto

Pushto is the regional language of the N.W.F.P and tribal areas. It belongs to the East Iranian group of
languages and contains many Persian, Arabic, Greek and Pehlevi words.he history of Pashto literature
spreads over five thousand years having its roots in the oral tradition of tapa. However, the first
recorded period begins with Bayazid Ansari (1526-74), who founded his own Sufi school of thoughts
and began to preach his beliefs. He gave Pashto prose and poetry a new and powerful tone with a rich
literary legacy. The second period is perhaps the most prolific and glorious one.
Khushal Khan Khattak (1613-89), father of Pashto, is the central figure of this period. He introduced
new forms and modern trends in Pashto literature. The Persian ghazal, rubai and masnavi influenced
the Pashto poets and writers of this period. The fourth period begins with the dawn of the twentieth
century.
The Khilafat and Hijrat Movements gave rise to a type of poetry that called out to soldiers of freedom.
This generation of Amir Hamza Khan Shinwari and Dost Mohammed of young poets enriched the
poetry of the period with new idealism. The twentieth century proved very fertile, rich and flourishing
for Pashto literature because it gave new genres and literary forms like Drama, Short Story, Novel, Takl,
Character-Sketch, Travelogue, Reportage, Satire, Azad Nazamand Haiku. A large number of literary
organizations also took birth in this century. OlasiAdabi Jirga that is considered as the first ever
organized literary organization of Pashto was founded by in 1949.

Famous Pushto Poets

Some of the well known poets of Pushto language are:

* Amir Karoro* Khushal Khan Khatak* Rehman Baba* Sher Shah Soori* Saifullah* KazimKzim.

Steps Taken to Develop Pushto

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Although Pushto is an old language but its literature is comparatively new one. After independence
Pushto literature received a great boost.The services rendered by the Pushto poets and writers in the
freedom struggle, in fact contributed a great deal towards the promotion of Pushto literature.Sahibzada
Abdul Qayyum worked very hard to create political awareness in the people of N.W.F.P. The Islamic
College, Peshawar which became the citadel of freedom movement in N.W.F.P, was established
because of his dedicated services.
Promotion after Independence:
Peshawar University was established after three years of Independence.
An academy for the promotion of Pushto literature was set up under the supervision of the Government.

The Pushto academy was set up in 1954 and Maulana Abdul Qadir (Alig) was appointed as its
Director. This academy prepared Pushto dictionary.
Pashto dramas and films have also gained importance. Pashto papers, journals and books have also
helped Pashto language to promote. New writers & poets have also added to this contribution by
producing classic poetry and stories Pashto typewriter has also been prepared. Hence Pashto has
greatly been promoted over the year.QlandarMoomand founded Da SahuLeekunkewAdabiMaraka in
1962 and rendered invaluable services to Pashto since its inception. QalandarMoomand compiled the
first ever Pashto to Pashto dictionary (Daryab).

Conclusion
The regional languages of Pakistan - Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pushto, Brahvi are the most modern
Pakistani languages. The have several common feature and their literature bears the same eternal
message for mankind. Government has been doing its best to develop the regional languages.

Q: Why did Pakistan choose Urdu as its national language in 1947? [7]

One of the reasons why Urdu became the national language in Pakistan is its long history. It was widely
used in Mughal period and dates back as far as the sultans of Delhi. In its early stages it was used by
the Muslim armies and became widely spoken and understood in many parts of the sub- continent. So it
was natural that such a well-known and established language would be chosen. Another reason for
Urdu being chosen was its high status.
Some of the finest early poets such as Amir Khusrou wrote in Urdu and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s
school at Aligarh became a centre for Urdu study. Many religious books, including the Quran, were
translated into Urdu. So it was considered an important language with a rich literary tradition.
Perhaps the major reason for Urdu being chosen was the fact that it was so closely associated with the
Pakistan Movement. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan supported it and the
Muslim league was formed not only to defend Muslim interests, but also to protect Urdu. The Quaid-e-
Azam was particularly keen to promote Urdu as he saw it was it as a unifying force. Since Pakistan was
a new country, it was very appropriate to pick a language which had played a part in unifying Muslims.

How successful has the promotion of the following regional languages been in Pakistan between
1947 and 1999?
(i) Punjabi
(ii) Pushto
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(iii) Sindhi
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above [14]

The development of Pushto has been promoted more than any other Pakistani regional lan-guage
between 1947 and 1988.’

The promotion of regional languages in Pakistan between 1947 and 1988 has been more suc-
cessful than the promotion of Urdu.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14] (J2006/P1/1c)

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SOURCE A

Nawab Siraj-ud-Duala opposed the growing British power in Bengal in 1757. Robert Clive,
commander of the British East India Company’s troops that had just retaken Calcutta from the
Nawab, began to re-establish control of Bengal. Clive was heavily outnumbered by the Nawab’s
forces, but persuaded Mir Jafar, the Nawab’s commander, to switch sides and not fight when the
two armies met. The Nawab opened the battle with heavy gunfire which went on until it started o
rain heavily. Clive’s troops covered their cannon and muskets to protect them from the rain, whilst the
Nawab’s troops did not. When the rain cleared, Clive attacked. The Nawab’s troops retreated. 22 of
Clive’s soldiers were killed and 500 of the Nawab’s soldiers were killed.
From Seven Years’ War: Battle of Plassey by Kennedy Hickman

a) According to Source A, what reasons are suggested for the British victory at the battle of
Plassey in 1757? [3]

Reward each correct statement identified from source with 1 mark, up to a maximum of 3.
Clive persuaded Mir Jafar to switch sides
Nawab’s opening gunfire was ineffective
The Nawab didn’t cover their cannon and muskets when it rained
English soldiers knew how to prepare for battle in the rain better
Nawab’s muskets were useless due to the wet powder
Mir Jafar’s men unwilling to fight against the British
Jafar had turned traitor/been corrupted by the British
Nawab had 500 casualties to Clive’s 22
It was raining
The Nawab’s troops retreated

SOURCE B
The British East India Company

What does Source B tell us about the British East India Company in 1825?

LEVEL 3: Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or contextual knowledge[4–5]
The painter has made the British officer the largest figure to demonstrate the importance that they held
in India. Similarly the Indians are shown as small people to reflect their lowly status.
Local rulers are on horseback behind the British official. They are shown as smaller, reflecting their
lower status to the British. The horses are shown as large animals, graceful in appearance and
movement, again
showing superiority and power. This is reinforced by soldiers on horses who were carrying weapons.
The East India Company is shown as being a wealthy organisation as seen in the uniforms and the
decorations on the horses. The Company were able to achieve this wealth through trading as can be
seen by the boat shown inthe picture and through the gaining of lands through conquest and agreements
with local rulers. This is shown by the weapons displayed and the wealthy appearance of the Indians
that the British were also able to exploit.

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Why were the British able to take control of India by 1850?

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7]

The British built a huge network of roads and later railways that meant that communication and
transport links between cities became better, soldiers could travel much more easily from trouble spot
to trouble spot. It also benefitted British trading links which in turn produced more wealth. The battles
of Plassey and Buxar also gave the British the vast riches of Bengal and favourable trading rights with
the local nawabs. This provided massive new resources which Britain could use to consolidate its
control. The British also introduced governor-generals into the provinces who administered them on
British lines and provided yet more control. The British army using its vast local resources and superior
weapons and skills were
increasingly taking control of more land

d) Was the work of the Christian missionaries the most important reason why the Indians
opposed British attempts to westernise them between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer.

LEVEL 4: Explains the work of Christian missionaries AND other reasons [6–9]

Christian missionaries came to India to convert the local population as well as to set up schools. In
these schools the missionaries taught Christianity and expected local religions to be given up which
was resented by Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs alike. However, there were other reasons why the Indians
opposed the British attempts to westernise them. The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as
the official language in the 1830s deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus. This had the potential to
threaten their languages. A number of social reforms had been imposed by the British without
consultation or care for local feeling which caused much unrest. Indians had to send their children to
co-educational schools which was hated since it appeared to impose the British system on the Indians
without due regard to their religious and cultural feelings. Thomas Macaulay believed that European
ideas of education were vastly superior to anything coming out of India and, as a result, the British
imposed a system of education that promoted western values on a people who resented this interference.
They were also forced to abandon purdha which had been an Indian custom for centuries. In 1795 the
killing of baby daughters was declared to be murder, but the British found difficulty in enforcing this as
it was again a tradition practiced in many parts of India. Suttee, the ritual burning of Indian women on
the funeral pyres of their husbands was also banned by the British, first in Bengal and then in the rest
of the country. Although the British had been reluctant to get involved in banning this practice, there
was little opposition to the outlawing of it.

LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgment or evaluation [10]

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Practice Questions of four Marks

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