Rahul’s

a blue print o f success

POLITY HANDOUT 06

PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES, IPU AND IPG

Dated. 22.08.2025

SUPPLEMENT TO CLASS LECTURES

MEANING

Given its size and the vast scope of responsibilities it shoulders, the Indian
Parliament is not suitably structured to examine every issue brought before it in a
thorough and detailed manner. Its functions are extensive, complex, and diverse.
Additionally, Parliament lacks both the time and technical expertise necessary to
scrutinize each legislative proposal or other matters that require attention.
Consequently, to assist in managing its workload, Parliament is supported by a well-
defined system of committees.

While the Indian Constitution makes references to committees at various junctures, it

does not specify their composition, tenure, or functions. These details are addressed
in the procedural rules of the two Houses—Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

A Parliamentary Committee is understood to mean a body that:

1. Is appointed or elected by either House, or nominated by the

Speaker/Chairman;

2. Functions under the guidance of the Speaker or Chairman;

3. Submits its report to the House or to the Speaker/Chairman; and

4. Has a Secretariat provided by either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.

It should be noted that Consultative Committees, though composed of Members of

Parliament, are not categorized as Parliamentary Committees since they do not fulfill
all four of the above conditions.

CLASSIFICATION

Broadly, parliamentary committees in India are of two kinds:

• Standing Committees, which are permanent in nature and constituted on an

annual or periodic basis. These work on a continuous basis.

• Ad Hoc Committees, which are temporary in nature and cease to exist upon
the completion of the specific tasks assigned to them.

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STANDING COMMITTEES

Based on the nature and scope of the work they perform, standing committees can
be classified into six broad categories:

1. Financial Committees

o Public Accounts Committee

o Estimates Committee

o Committee on Public Undertakings

2. Department-Related Standing Committees (24 in number)

3. Committees to Inquire

o Committee on Petitions

o Committee of Privileges

o Ethics Committee

4. Committees to Scrutinize and Control

o Committee on Government Assurances

o Committee on Subordinate Legislation

o Committee on Papers Laid on the Table

o Committee on Welfare of SCs and STs

o Committee on Empowerment of Women

o Joint Committee on Offices of Profit

5. Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the House

o Business Advisory Committee

o Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions

o Rules Committee

o Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House

6. House-Keeping Committees (Service Committees)

o General Purposes Committee

o House Committee

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 o Library Committee

o Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament

AD HOC COMMITTEES

Ad Hoc Committees are temporary in nature and may be of two types:

1. Inquiry Committees: These are formed either by a resolution passed in the

House or at the discretion of the Speaker/Chairman to investigate and report
on specific issues. Some examples include:

o Railway Convention Committee

o Committee on Members of Parliament Local Area Development

Scheme (MPLADS)

o Joint Committee on Security in Parliament Complex

o Committee on Provision of Computers to Members of Parliament and

Political Offices

o Committee on Food Management in Parliament House Complex

o Committee on Installation of Portraits/Statues of National Leaders and

Parliamentarians

o Joint Committee on Maintenance of Heritage Character and

Development of Parliament House Complex

o Committee on Protocol Violations and Disrespectful Behaviour of

Government Officers with MPs

o Committee on Welfare of Other Backward Classes

o Committee to Investigate Misconduct by a Member

2. Advisory Committees: These comprise Select Committees and Joint

Committees on Bills, formed to examine proposed bills in detail. Unlike
inquiry committees, their functioning is governed by the Rules of Procedure
and directives issued by the presiding officer.

When a bill is introduced in either House, it may be referred to a Select Committee

(for the House in which it was introduced) or to a Joint Committee (comprising
members from both Houses). A motion must be moved and passed for such referral.
Once established, the committee examines the bill clause-by-clause and can
suggest amendments. It may also collect opinions from experts, institutions, or
stakeholders. Upon finalising its analysis, the committee submits its report to the

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House. If any member disagrees with the conclusions, they can attach a note of
dissent.

FINANCIAL COMMITTEES

Financial committees are some of the most crucial standing committees of

Parliament. Their primary objective is to ensure financial accountability of the
Executive to the Legislature. These committees scrutinize the government's financial
operations and ensure that public funds are used appropriately and economically.

1. Public Accounts Committee (PAC)

The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is one of the oldest and most powerful
committees of Parliament. It was originally constituted in 1921 under the provisions
of the Government of India Act, 1919, and has continued in operation ever since.

• Composition: The committee consists of 22 members, of which 15 are from

the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha. Members are elected annually
by the respective Houses through the principle of proportional
representation by means of the single transferable vote. This ensures
equitable representation for various political parties.

• Tenure: The term of office for members is one year.

• Chairperson: A minister cannot be a member of this committee. The

chairperson is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha from among its
members. Traditionally, until 1966–67, the chairperson used to be from the
ruling party. However, a convention since 1967 ensures that the chairperson
belongs to the Opposition, enhancing impartiality.

• Role of the CAG: The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India
plays a critical role in supporting the PAC. The CAG submits three key audit
reports to the President: (i) on Appropriation Accounts, (ii) on Finance
Accounts, and (iii) on Public Sector Undertakings. These reports are laid
before Parliament and examined by the PAC.

Functions of the PAC:

1. To examine the appropriation accounts and finance accounts of the Union

Government and other relevant accounts laid before the House.
The appropriation accounts compare the actual expenditure with what
Parliament sanctioned, while finance accounts present the annual receipts
and expenditures.

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 2. To ensure:

o That money has been spent only on authorized purposes;

o That expenditure is within the scope of legal and procedural rules;

o That re-appropriations (transfer of funds from one head to another)

comply with established norms.

3. To scrutinise the accounts of state corporations, trading concerns,

and manufacturing projects, especially those audited by the CAG (excluding
public undertakings assigned to the Committee on Public Undertakings).

4. To analyse accounts of autonomous and semi-autonomous bodies whose

audits are conducted by the CAG.

5. To review the CAG’s reports on receipts, stores, and stocks, and assess the
efficiency of management.

6. To examine excess expenditures, i.e., spending beyond the amount granted

by the Lok Sabha during any financial year.

The CAG functions as the mentor and advisor to the committee, providing crucial
data and insights. As Ashok Chanda, a former CAG, once remarked, the PAC has
grown into a vital instrument for financial oversight and has upheld the principles of
parliamentary democracy.

Limitations of the PAC:

• It does not examine policy decisions, focusing only on implementation and

expenditure.

• It conducts a post-facto examination—reviewing expenditures after they

have occurred.

• It has no authority to intervene in administrative matters or day-to-day

governance.

• Its recommendations are advisory, not binding on ministries.

• It has no power to enforce disallowance of expenditures.

• Being a non-executive body, it cannot issue enforceable orders. The final

decisions lie with Parliament.

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 2. Estimates Committee

The Estimates Committee is another key financial watchdog. Its origin can be
traced to the Standing Financial Committee of 1921, but it was formally
established in 1950 based on a recommendation by John Mathai, the then Finance
Minister.

• Composition: The committee comprises 30 members, all elected exclusively

from the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no representation on this
committee. Members are elected annually by the Lok Sabha following the
principle of proportional representation via the single transferable vote.

• Tenure: One year.

• Chairperson: Appointed by the Speaker from among the members, typically

chosen from the ruling party. Ministers are not eligible to be members.

• Nature: It is often referred to as a "continuous economy committee" due to

its role in suggesting ways to enhance administrative efficiency and reduce
public expenditure.

Functions of the Estimates Committee:

1. To propose economies and improvements in administration, ensuring that

resources are used efficiently and in line with the underlying policies.

2. To suggest alternative policies or administrative reforms to bring about

enhanced efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

3. To evaluate whether the allocations in the budget estimates are well-justified

and being utilised for the intended purposes.

4. To recommend improvements in the presentation format of estimates

submitted to Parliament for easier comprehension and analysis.

However, the committee does not examine public undertakings that fall under the
purview of the Committee on Public Undertakings.

It may conduct ongoing analysis of estimates throughout the financial year, and it
is not mandatory for it to examine the entire set of budget estimates for a given year.
Moreover, the voting on demands for grants in the House can proceed even if the
committee has not submitted its report.

Limitations of the Estimates Committee:

• It reviews estimates after parliamentary approval, not beforehand.

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 • It does not critique the policy framework underlying the estimates.

• Like other committees, its recommendations are not binding.

• Only a few ministries/departments are reviewed each year, meaning full

coverage occurs over several years.

• It does not receive the CAG’s expert assistance, unlike the PAC.

• Its reviews are also of a post-facto nature rather than real-time oversight.

3. Committee on Public Undertakings

This committee was constituted in 1964, following the recommendations of

the Krishna Menon Committee, to specifically oversee the functioning of Public
Sector Undertakings (PSUs).

• Composition: Initially consisting of 15 members (10 from Lok Sabha and 5

from Rajya Sabha), the membership was increased in 1974 to 22
members (15 from Lok Sabha and 7 from Rajya Sabha).

• Tenure: One year.

• Chairperson: Selected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from among the
committee’s members. As with other committees, ministers are not eligible to
be appointed.

• Election: Members are elected annually by both Houses via proportional

representation and single transferable vote, ensuring fair party
representation.

Functions of the Committee on Public Undertakings:

1. To assess and report on the accounts and performance of Public Sector

Undertakings.

2. To review audit reports of the CAG concerning public undertakings.

3. To evaluate whether PSUs are being managed effectively,

following business-like practices and sound financial principles.

4. To undertake functions of the PAC and Estimates Committee concerning

PSUs, as directed by the Speaker.

Restrictions on the Committee:

The committee is prohibited from investigating:

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 • Matters involving core government policy, as opposed to commercial or
business functions of PSUs;

• Routine administrative matters;

• Issues for which there exists a special statutory body created under a
specific Act.

Limitations of the Committee:

• Due to time constraints, it can examine only 10 to 12 undertakings per year.

• Its work is also post-event—analysing issues after they’ve occurred.

• Members may lack technical expertise, limiting their ability to assess

complex technical operations.

• Recommendations, like other committees, are advisory in nature and not

legally binding.

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DEPARTMENT-RELATED STANDING COMMITTEES (DRSCs)

Background and Evolution

The system of Department-Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) was

introduced in 1993 following recommendations of the Rules Committee of the Lok
Sabha, with the objective of strengthening the oversight role of Parliament.
Initially, 17 DRSCs were formed to cover major ministries and departments. In 2004,
the number was increased to 24, ensuring that all ministries/departments of the
Central Government fell within the jurisdiction of at least one DRSC.

Before 1993, there were only three such standing committees (related to Agriculture,
Science & Technology, and Environment & Forests) which were formed in 1989.
These were dissolved and replaced by the more structured DRSC system in 1993.

Composition and Tenure

Each DRSC comprises 31 members:

• 21 members from the Lok Sabha

• 10 members from the Rajya Sabha

Members of the Lok Sabha are nominated by the Speaker, while members of the
Rajya Sabha are nominated by the Chairman of that House. Ministers are not
eligible to be nominated as members. If a member becomes a minister during the
term, they cease to be part of the committee.

The term of office for each committee is one year from the date of its constitution.

Of the 24 DRSCs:

• 16 operate under the jurisdiction of the Lok Sabha

• 8 function under the Rajya Sabha

Each committee is aligned with specific ministries and departments, thereby

ensuring that the entire executive arm of the government is under the purview of
parliamentary scrutiny.

Objectives and Significance

The principal goal of DRSCs is to enhance the accountability of the Executive to

Parliament, especially regarding financial and policy matters. They play a crucial role
in enabling detailed discussion of policy matters, budgetary allocations, and
legislative proposals.

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These committees help reduce the burden on the Parliament during general
discussions, while ensuring that every matter of significance gets the required
attention and scrutiny.

Functions of DRSCs

Each DRSC is mandated to perform the following functions:

1. Examination of Demands for Grants of the concerned ministries before they

are discussed and voted in the Lok Sabha. However, they cannot propose cut
motions.

2. Examination of Bills pertaining to their respective ministries, which are

referred to them by the Speaker or Chairman.

3. Review of Annual Reports of ministries and departments.

4. Examination of National Basic Long-term Policy Documents presented to

Parliament, which relate to the subjects under their jurisdiction.

These committees are also empowered to consult experts, scholars,

stakeholders, and public representatives, making the review process more
inclusive and informed.

Procedure for Consideration of Demands for Grants

• After the general budget discussion, Parliament is adjourned for a fixed

duration.

• During this recess, the DRSCs analyse the Demands for Grants of their
respective ministries.

• The committees are expected to submit their reports within the fixed time.

• The reports are considered by the House, though the recommendations are
not binding.

• A separate report is prepared for the grants of each ministry.

Procedure for Examination of Bills

• The committee considers the general principles and individual clauses of a

bill referred to it.

• Only bills introduced in Parliament and specifically referred by the presiding

officer are taken up.

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 • The committee submits a report with findings and recommendations, including
dissent notes, if any.

Merits of the DRSC System

1. Bipartisan Deliberation: The proceedings are typically non-partisan,

fostering meaningful discussions.

2. Greater Flexibility: DRSCs enjoy more procedural flexibility compared to

sessions of the House.

3. Strengthened Oversight: They ensure continuous and in-depth

parliamentary control over executive actions.

4. Improved Financial Discipline: Ministries become more cautious in

formulating budget proposals.

5. Democratization of Legislative Process: Members across parties get an

opportunity to engage deeply with governance.

6. Expert Involvement: Committees may invite expert opinions, thereby

improving the quality of reports and recommendations.

7. Enhanced Role of Opposition and Rajya Sabha: These committees

empower both Houses and ensure better checks and balances.

Limitations

Despite their merits, DRSCs face certain structural and functional limitations:

• They are barred from examining day-to-day administration of

departments.

• Issues already under consideration by other parliamentary committees are

generally not revisited.

• Their recommendations are not legally binding, though they carry

persuasive value.

• Their effectiveness largely depends on the responsiveness of

ministries and the follow-up mechanism within Parliament.

Impact and Effectiveness

Over time, DRSCs have contributed significantly to informed law-making and

financial oversight. Their recommendations have led to better resource utilization,
clearer policy frameworks, and enhanced transparency. They also create a corpus

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of accessible, researched knowledge that informs debates both inside and outside
Parliament.

Their performance can be evaluated based on four criteria:

1. Holding the Executive Accountable.

2. Generating Public and Expert Engagement.

3. Enhancing the Quality of Parliamentary Debates.

4. Influencing Government Decisions and Policy Refinement.

In conclusion, the DRSC mechanism has emerged as one of the most effective tools
for ensuring parliamentary surveillance, financial probity, and institutional
transparency.

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COMMITTEES TO INQUIRE

These are standing committees entrusted with the task of examining petitions,
addressing issues related to the privileges of members, and maintaining ethical
conduct in Parliament. They play a semi-judicial or advisory role and often deal with
sensitive and high-stakes matters concerning members’ behavior or public
grievances.

1. Committee on Petitions

The Committee on Petitions is responsible for examining petitions submitted by

individuals, associations, or institutions on matters of public importance or in relation
to bills and parliamentary issues.

Scope and Role:

o It entertains and investigates petitions presented to the Parliament.

o These petitions may relate to grievances about laws, requests for

legislative action, or issues concerning the functioning of the
Union Government.

o The committee may suggest measures to redress grievances or

recommend further legislative or administrative action.

Composition:

o Lok Sabha: 15 members

o Rajya Sabha: 10 members

It serves as a valuable mechanism for citizen engagement with the legislative

process, allowing Parliament to remain accessible and responsive to public
concerns.

2. Committee of Privileges

The Committee of Privileges addresses issues concerning breach of parliamentary

privileges. Parliamentary privileges are special rights and immunities enjoyed
collectively by the Houses of Parliament and individually by its members.

Functions:

o It investigates alleged breaches of privilege, whether raised by a

member or referred to it by the Speaker/Chairman.

o It recommends appropriate actions or penalties depending on the

nature of the breach.

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 o The committee’s role is quasi-judicial and is central to maintaining
the dignity and authority of the Parliament.

Composition:

o Lok Sabha: 15 members

o Rajya Sabha: 10 members

This committee plays a vital role in safeguarding the decorum and authority of
Parliament by ensuring that the privileges of members and the institution are not
violated.

3. Ethics Committee

The Ethics Committee is tasked with enforcing moral and ethical standards among
the members of Parliament. It is a relatively recent development in India’s
parliamentary history, created to ensure greater transparency and integrity in public
office.

History:

o Constituted in the Rajya Sabha in 1997 and in the Lok Sabha in

2000.

Functions:

o Examines cases of misconduct or unethical behavior by MPs.

o Enforces the code of conduct adopted by Parliament.

o Recommends disciplinary actions in case of proven unethical

conduct.

Composition:

o Lok Sabha: 15 members

o Rajya Sabha: 10 members

This committee serves as an internal disciplinary mechanism aimed at upholding

the public trust vested in elected representatives.

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COMMITTEES TO SCRUTINISE AND CONTROL

These committees ensure that government commitments, delegated legislation, and

welfare measures are executed effectively and transparently. Their primary role is
to monitor, examine, and control executive actions, thereby strengthening
the oversight function of Parliament.

1. Committee on Government Assurances

This committee scrutinizes assurances, promises, or undertakings given by

ministers on the floor of the House and reports on their fulfillment.

Established: 1953

Composition:

o Lok Sabha: 15 members

o Rajya Sabha: 10 members

Functions:

o Tracks whether ministers have fulfilled their parliamentary

commitments.

o Seeks explanations for delays or non-implementation.

o Enhances accountability and transparency of ministerial statements

and promises.

2. Committee on Subordinate Legislation

Parliament often delegates its legislative power to the executive to frame detailed
rules, regulations, or by-laws. This committee ensures that the delegated authority
is used properly.

Established: 1953

Composition:

o 15 members in each House

Functions:

o Examines if rules and regulations made by the executive are within

the limits of the delegated authority.

o Ensures that delegated legislation does not override the will of

Parliament.

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 o Prevents arbitrary use of delegated powers.

3. Committee on Papers Laid on the Table

This committee examines all non-statutory papers and documents laid before the
House by ministers.

Established: 1975

Composition:

o Lok Sabha: 15 members

o Rajya Sabha: 10 members

Functions:

o Ensures that the documents comply with constitutional provisions,

relevant acts, or rules.

o Does not deal with statutory orders, which fall under the jurisdiction of
the Committee on Subordinate Legislation.

4. Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

This committee monitors and promotes the welfare of SCs and STs, ensuring the
implementation of constitutional and statutory safeguards.

Composition:

o Total: 30 members (20 from Lok Sabha, 10 from Rajya Sabha)

Functions:

o Reviews reports of the National Commissions for SCs and STs.

o Examines the implementation of policies, schemes, and

laws meant for SCs and STs.

o Ensures protection and social justice for these historically

disadvantaged communities.

5. Committee on Empowerment of Women

Established in 1997, this committee examines measures taken by the government to

secure women’s equality, rights, and welfare.

Composition:

o 30 members (20 from Lok Sabha, 10 from Rajya Sabha)

Functions:

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 o Reviews the implementation of recommendations made by
the National Commission for Women.

o Scrutinises government efforts in promoting gender equity and

women’s empowerment across sectors.

o Suggests ways to improve representation, security, and dignity of

women in society.

6. Joint Committee on Offices of Profit

This committee reviews positions held by MPs to determine whether they

constitute offices of profit, which can lead to disqualification under the
Constitution.

Composition:

o 15 members (10 from Lok Sabha and 5 from Rajya Sabha)

Functions:

o Examines government-appointed posts to assess whether they

offer pecuniary benefits or influence, qualifying as offices of profit.

o Recommends to Parliament whether such offices should disqualify an

MP under Article 102(1)(a) of the Constitution.

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COMMITTEES RELATING TO THE DAY-TO-DAY BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE

These committees are crucial in facilitating the daily legislative and procedural
functioning of Parliament. They help regulate the business, manage private
members’ initiatives, ensure adherence to rules, and examine attendance issues.

1. Business Advisory Committee

This committee plays a pivotal role in organizing and planning the legislative
business of the House. It determines the time to be allocated for discussion of
various items of business brought before the House.

Composition:

o Lok Sabha: 15 members including the Speaker, who acts as the ex-
officio Chairperson.

o Rajya Sabha: 11 members, with the Chairman of the Rajya

Sabha serving as the ex-officio Chairperson.

Functions:

o Recommends allocation of time for discussion on bills, motions, and

other parliamentary business.

o Ensures a smooth and efficient schedule of House proceedings.

o Holds regular meetings during the session for time management.

By scheduling debates and legislative business, this committee ensures that the
work of the House is well-organized and time-bound.

2. Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions

This committee is unique to the Lok Sabha and deals with matters related to non-
government (private members') legislative business.

Composition:

o 15 members, including the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha, who

serves as the Chairperson.

Functions:

o Classifies and prioritizes private members’ bills.

o Allots time slots for the discussion of private members’ bills and
resolutions.

o Coordinates with members to avoid duplication or conflict of business.

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Note: The Rajya Sabha does not have a separate committee for this purpose. In the
Rajya Sabha, this function is performed by the Business Advisory Committee.

3. Rules Committee

This committee examines matters relating to the procedure and conduct of

business in the respective House and recommends amendments or additions to the
rules.

Composition:

o Lok Sabha: 15 members, with the Speaker as the ex-officio

Chairperson.

o Rajya Sabha: 16 members, with the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

serving as the ex-officio Chairperson.

Functions:

o Reviews and recommends changes to the Rules of Procedure and

Conduct of Business.

o Proposes procedural reforms for enhancing the efficiency of the

legislative process.

This committee plays a crucial procedural role in keeping the internal functioning of
the Houses updated and responsive to evolving parliamentary practices.

4. Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House

This committee examines requests from members seeking leave of absence from
the sittings of the House. It also investigates cases of prolonged absence without
permission.

Composition:

o Lok Sabha: 15 members.

o Rajya Sabha: No separate committee exists; the Rajya Sabha itself

deals with such matters.

Functions:

o Reviews and recommends action on applications for leave from

members.

o Investigates members who have been absent for 60 days or

more without sanctioned leave.

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 o Makes recommendations regarding the continuance or
disqualification of such members under Article 101(4) of the
Constitution.

This committee helps ensure discipline, accountability, and regular

participation of MPs in House proceedings.

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HOUSE-KEEPING COMMITTEES (SERVICE COMMITTEES)

These committees are concerned with the internal arrangements, welfare, and
amenities for Members of Parliament. They handle logistics, facilities,
accommodation, and resources within the Parliament.

1. General Purposes Committee

This is a high-level committee that deals with miscellaneous matters that do not fall
within the jurisdiction of other committees.

Composition:

o Includes the Presiding Officer (Speaker/Chairman) as ex-officio

Chairperson.

o Deputy Speaker (or Deputy Chairman in Rajya Sabha).

o Members of the Panel of Chairpersons or Vice-Chairpersons.

o Leaders of recognized parties and groups in the House.

o Chairpersons of all Departmental Standing Committees.

o Any other members nominated by the Presiding Officer.

Functions:

o Advises the Speaker/Chairman on matters related to functioning and

facilities within the House.

o Deliberates on any non-categorized business or administrative

matters.

This committee essentially serves as an advisory body on broad, internal

affairs of the House.

2. House Committee

The House Committee is responsible for overseeing the residential and welfare
arrangements for MPs in Delhi.

Composition:

o Lok Sabha: 12 members.

o Rajya Sabha: 10 members.

Functions:

o Manages residential accommodation for MPs.

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 o Oversees facilities such as medical care, canteens, furnishings, etc.,
in government hostels and residences.

o Coordinates with various government departments for MPs’ welfare

needs.

3. Library Committee

This committee assists members in utilizing the resources and services of

the Parliament Library, which is one of the largest legislative libraries in the world.

Composition:

o 9 members in total:

§ 6 from Lok Sabha

§ 3 from Rajya Sabha

Functions:

o Reviews and advises on policies regarding library acquisition, digital

resources, and research assistance.

o Facilitates access to reference materials, parliamentary documents,

and archives.

o Enhances academic and legislative research support for MPs.

4. Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament

Constituted under the Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of

Parliament Act, 1954, this committee regulates the financial entitlements of MPs.

Composition:

o 15 members in total:

§ 10 from Lok Sabha

§ 5 from Rajya Sabha

Functions:

o Frames rules and reviews the provisions for salary, allowances,

pensions, and other perquisites of Members of Parliament.

o Ensures that such provisions are fair, transparent, and consistent with
democratic norms.

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This committee plays a pivotal role in managing the financial well-being of
MPs and ensuring uniformity and accountability in entitlements.

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CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEES

Nature and Objective

Consultative Committees, although composed of Members of Parliament, are not

classified as Parliamentary Committees because they do not fulfill the four
essential conditions that define a parliamentary committee—particularly, they do not
present reports to the House, nor are they constituted under the rules of procedure
of either House.

These committees are primarily intended to facilitate informal discussions between

Members of Parliament and Ministers regarding the policies, programs, and
working of various ministries and departments. They provide a platform for ongoing
dialogue, mutual feedback, and constructive suggestions on issues of national
importance.

Formation and Structure

• These committees are constituted by the Ministry of Parliamentary

Affairs after the formation of a new Lok Sabha.

• They are attached to various ministries/departments of the Union

Government.

• Each ministry has one Consultative Committee attached to it, and sometimes
smaller or related departments may be grouped together under one
committee.

Composition

• Members are drawn from both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

• Membership is voluntary, and MPs may indicate their preference to join

certain committees based on interest or expertise.

• The Minister or Minister of State in charge of the ministry serves as

the Chairperson of that Consultative Committee.

• The minimum number of members is 10 and the maximum is 30.

Membership is reconstituted after every general election, upon the constitution of

a new Lok Sabha, and automatically stands dissolved with the dissolution of that
Lok Sabha.

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Functions

Although not legislative or executive in nature, Consultative Committees play

a supportive and advisory role. Their key functions include:

1. Enabling informal interaction between Members of Parliament and Ministers

to discuss policies, planning, implementation, and outcomes.

2. Providing a forum for feedback from legislators regarding the impact of

government programs.

3. Creating space for recommendations and suggestions for improvements in

schemes, delivery mechanisms, and outreach.

4. Serving as an important source of parliamentary insight, which helps

ministries in course-correcting or adapting policies to ground realities.

These discussions, however, are confidential and not meant for public disclosure or
parliamentary debate.

Meetings and Administration

• The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs is responsible for the composition,

scheduling, and facilitation of meetings of these committees.

• Meetings are held during Parliament sessions as well as in the inter-

session periods.

• Committees usually meet at least two to three times a year, or more

frequently if required by the Chairperson (the concerned Minister).

Informal Consultative Committees for Railway Zones

In addition to ministry-level Consultative Committees, Informal Consultative

Committees are also constituted for each Railway Zone.

• These include MPs from the region or state falling under the jurisdiction of a
specific Railway Zone.

• They provide valuable inputs on matters like railway services, passenger

amenities, infrastructure development, and regional connectivity.

• These committees are also organized by the Ministry of Parliamentary

Affairs and the Ministry of Railways.

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Distinction of Consultative Committees from Parliamentary Committees

Feature Parliamentary Committees Consultative Committees

Constituted by Rules of Procedure of Lok Ministry of Parliamentary

Sabha/Rajya Sabha Affairs

Reporting Present reports to Parliament Do not submit reports to

Parliament

Presiding Speaker/Chairman or elected Concerned Minister acts as

Officer Chairperson Chairperson

Nature of Work Legislative oversight, scrutiny, Informal discussions and

accountability feedback

Binding Nature Recommendations may influence Advisory only; not binding on

legislation the government

Confidentiality Generally public Discussions are confidential

Conclusion

Parliamentary Committees are an essential component of India's legislative

framework. They enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability of
parliamentary functioning. Through in-depth scrutiny, specialized analysis, bipartisan
cooperation, and structured procedures, they help Parliament perform its duties
more responsibly and responsively.

While Standing Committees like the Public Accounts Committee, Estimates

Committee, and DRSCs ensure regular oversight and continuity, Ad Hoc
Committees bring agility and focus to emerging or temporary issues. The House-
Keeping Committees and Business Committees ensure smooth day-to-day
operations, and Consultative Committees serve as an informal bridge between the
executive and legislature. These committees not only strengthen democracy by
holding the executive accountable but also empower MPs, improve transparency,
and enrich legislative outcomes.

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 Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG): An Overview

Rationale Behind the Formation of IPG

The Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG) was conceived as an essential mechanism

to foster and institutionalize inter-parliamentary relations. As articulated by M.N.
Kaul and S.L. Shakdher, the increasing global interdependence has necessitated
active collaboration among democratic institutions across nations. Modern
parliaments no longer function in isolation; instead, they continuously interact to
address shared global concerns such as climate change, economic instability,
terrorism, and geopolitical conflicts.

Inter-parliamentary diplomacy now forms an integral aspect of legislative functions. It

enhances dialogue, fosters mutual understanding, and allows parliamentarians to
share best practices and legislative experiences. IPG plays a pivotal role in enabling
Indian legislators to engage in these global exchanges, promoting democratic ideals
and collective solutions to international challenges.

To serve this purpose, IPG functions as:

• India's National Group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU).

• The India Branch of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association

(CPA).

Through delegation exchanges, correspondence, and joint discussions, IPG

strengthens India’s diplomatic outreach via parliamentary diplomacy.

Composition of the Indian Parliamentary Group

• Establishment: The IPG was officially formed in 1949, following a motion

passed by the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on 16th August 1948.

• Autonomous Status: It is an independent and autonomous body,

functioning separately from the legislature's core operations but composed
solely of its members.

Membership Structure:

1. Full Members: Open to all sitting Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha and
Rajya Sabha).

2. Associate Members: Available to former Members of Parliament, although

they enjoy limited privileges. They cannot participate in IPU or CPA meetings
and are not eligible for travel concessions offered by CPA branches.

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Key Office Bearers:

• President (ex officio): Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

• Vice-Presidents (ex officio): Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha and Deputy
Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

• Secretary-General (ex officio): Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha.

Objectives of the IPG

The Indian Parliamentary Group aims to serve both national and international
purposes. Its primary objectives are:

1. Promote Camaraderie: Strengthen personal relationships among Indian

parliamentarians.

2. Encourage Study and Dialogue: Provide platforms like seminars,

workshops, and orientation programs to deliberate on public issues likely to
be discussed in Parliament.

3. Public Lectures: Organize talks by MPs and notable figures on various

pressing issues—political, economic, defence-related, educational, and social.

4. Foster International Relations: Facilitate visits to foreign nations to build

networks with other parliamentary bodies.

Functions and Activities of the IPG

The IPG undertakes a broad spectrum of activities to fulfill its mandate:

1. Diplomatic Liaison: Acts as a crucial conduit between the Indian

Parliament and foreign legislatures by exchanging delegations, documents,
goodwill visits, etc.

2. Representation in International Fora: Represents India as:

o The National Group at the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU).

o The main branch of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association

(CPA) in India.

3. Hosting Foreign Dignitaries: Arranges addresses by foreign Heads of

State/Government and lectures by distinguished personalities.

4. Seminars and Symposia: Organizes national and international conferences

on contemporary legislative and parliamentary matters.

5. Support for Parliamentary Delegations:

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 o IPG members visiting abroad are provided letters of introduction.

o Indian embassies/missions are informed to offer necessary diplomatic

support and courtesies.

6. Eligibility for Delegations: Only members who have completed six

months of IPG membership are considered for official foreign parliamentary
delegations.

7. Information Dissemination: Publishes the TPC Newsletter quarterly to

update members about IPG’s ongoing activities.

8. Outstanding Parliamentarian Award: Instituted in 1995, this award annually

honours a Member of Parliament for exceptional contributions. A five-member
committee, constituted by the Speaker, finalizes the awardee.

Parliamentary Friendship Groups (PFGs)

To enhance bilateral legislative relationships, the IPG establishes Parliamentary

Friendship Groups (PFGs) with other countries.

Key Features:

• Each PFG comprises MPs from both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

• The Speaker of the Lok Sabha appoints the President of each PFG.

• The IPG manages and supervises all PFG activities.

• Meetings are organized within Parliament House during visits by foreign

parliamentary delegations.

Objectives of PFGs:

1. Promote continuous political, social, cultural, and economic

engagement between partner countries.

2. Facilitate regular interactions and exchanges between parliaments.

3. Enable sharing of parliamentary procedures, governance practices, and

mutual learning.

4. Encourage collaborative participation in international forums.

5. Foster stronger bilateral legislative ties.

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 Indian Parliamentary Group and the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)

The IPU, established in 1889, is the global organization of national parliaments,

comprising 179 member parliaments today. Its primary objectives include:

• Promoting global peace, cooperation, and representative governance.

• Enhancing communication and coordination among member parliaments.

• Addressing global concerns through parliamentary action and dialogue.

IPG as India’s National Group of the IPU:

1. Facilitates Indian MPs' engagement with international peers.

2. Offers exposure to legislative trends and reforms worldwide.

3. Supports Indian parliamentarians in attending Inter-Parliamentary

Conferences abroad.

4. Enables Indian MPs to hold significant positions in IPU bodies (e.g.,

Rapporteurs, Chairpersons, Committee members), helping India voice its
stance on global platforms.

Indian Parliamentary Group and the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association

(CPA)

The CPA is a prestigious association encompassing over 17,000 legislators and

parliamentary staff across 180 legislatures in 53 Commonwealth countries.

Core Mission:

To enhance parliamentary democracy, deepen understanding of constitutional

frameworks, and build a connected, knowledgeable parliamentary community across
the Commonwealth.

IPG as the Indian Branch of CPA:

1. Participation in Events: Members attend plenary sessions, regional

conferences, and seminars.

2. Publications Access:

o Receive ‘The Parliamentarian’ quarterly journal.

o Receive ‘First Reading’, a bi-monthly newsletter.

3. Information Resource: Access to CPA’s Parliamentary Information and

Reference Centre for research on constitutional and legislative matters.

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 4. Facilitated Introductions: CPA assists in arranging professional
introductions for Indian MPs visiting other countries.

5. Parliamentary Privileges Abroad: Members enjoy special courtesies such

as access to parliamentary debates and hospitality when visiting other
Commonwealth nations.

6. Travel and Study Tours: Selected members may undertake study visits to
observe and learn about governance models in other Commonwealth
countries.

Conclusion

The Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG) serves as a dynamic forum to connect

Indian lawmakers with their global counterparts. By bridging parliamentary
institutions through dialogue, knowledge sharing, and diplomacy, the IPG contributes
significantly to international cooperation and legislative development. Its engagement
with global bodies like the IPU and CPA underscores India’s commitment to
strengthening parliamentary democracy worldwide.

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