TOPIC 1

LOCATION OF OUR DISTRICT IN UGANDA

Uganda is divided into districts that are found in four major regions that is;
Western Uganda, Eastern Uganda, Northern Uganda and Central Uganda.
Kampala District is the Capital City of Uganda and is found in the Central
Region.

A MAP SHOWING THE DISTRICTS FOUND IN UGANDA

1
All districts in Uganda operate under Decentralization policy of the
Ministry of Local Government. Decentralization is the transfer of some
powers from the central government to the local government.

Reasons why the government carries out decentralization

 To make administration easy.
 To extend social services nearer to the people in different areas.
 To create employment opportunities for people.

Challenges faced by newly Created districts in Uganda

2
 Shortage of funds to run government programs.
 Some districts lack administrative offices.
 Inadequate skilled labour/ human resource in different fields.
 Incompetence among some local leaders.
 Poor infrastructure like roads and hospitals.
 They have weak systems of cooperation among leaders.
 Low-income base which affects the funding of different sectors.
 Corruption among some government leaders which affects service
delivery
Note: Corruption is the abuse of power, position or public resources for
personal gains.

ELEMENTS OF A MAP
Key: It helps a map reader to interpret symbols used on a map.
Title: It tells what a map is all about. The title is also called heading of
a map.
Compass direction: it shows direction of places on a map.
A compass has four major directions also called cardinal points. They
are North (N), East (E), South (S) and West (W). Between any of these
two directions are secondary points called Semi-cardinal points.
These are; North East (NE), North West (NW), South East (SE) and
South West (SW).
A diagram of a compass with Cardinal and Semi-cardinal Points

The compass faces Northern direction

when put at rest.
People who use a compass in their
work include; pilots, sailors,
mountain climbers, etc.
A compass direction is an element of a map used to show direction of
places, while a compass is an instrument used to show direction.

3
 Scale: it is used to calculate actual ground distance between places on
a map. There are three types of scales used while drawing a map, that
is, Linear scale, Statement scale and Fractional scale. A map drawn to
scale is called an accurate map while a sketch map is a map that is not
drawn to scale.

Common map symbols

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 1
1. What is meant by the term picture of a tree?
……………………………………………………….……………………………..
……………………………………………………….……………………………..
2. State any one difference between a map and a picture.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. How are signposts important in a community?
………………………………………………………………………...…………….

4
4. Draw the maps of the following objects;
Map of a car Map of a water pot

5. How are signposts important in a community?

(i) ……….………………………………………………………………...…………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………...…………

6. What problem is likely to be faced by someone while reading a map

without;
(i) Scale …………………………………………………………...……................
(ii) Title ………………………………………………………………………………
7. State any two reasons why Uganda is divided into districts.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………
8. The distance between Town A and Town B on a map is 4 cm.
What is the actual ground distance between the two towns if 1cm:
100Km?
………………………………………………………………………………
9. Write any two disadvantages of creating more districts in Uganda.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………
10. What is meant by the term decentralization?
………………………………………………………………………………………
11. State any two benefits of decentralization to people in your district.
i) ……………………………………………………………………………………
ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………
5
12. Give one reason why symbols are used on a map
………………………………………………………………………………………

TOPIC 2: PEOPLE IN OUR DISTRICT

TRIBES IN OUR DISTRICT

A tribe is a group of people from the same origin, and speak the same language.
People of the same tribe have the same customs and eat the same staple food.

Examples of Tribes in our district and their languages

Tribe Language Tribe Language
Basoga Lusoga Bafumbira Rufumbira
Banyankole Runyankole Bakiga Rukiga
Banyoro Runyoro Bagisu Lumasaba
Batooro Rutooro Banyole Lunyole
Bakonzo Lukonzo Baganda Luganda
Langi Luo Iteso Ateso
Alur Luo Karimojong Ng’ akarimojong
Jopadhola Adhola Sabiny Kup sabiny
LEGENDS ABOUT PEOPLE IN OUR DISTRICT
Legends are stories told about the people of long ago.
A myth is a story about the people of long ago which explains supernatural
events.

Examples of legends
 Legend of the first Muganda (Kintu and Nambi)
 Legend of the Spear and the Bead
 Legend of the first Bagisu (Mundu and Seera)
 Legend of the Bachwezi and the Batembuzi
 Ruhanga and his sons

Importance of legends
 They promote morals among children.

6
 They enable people to know the origin of their tribes.
 They promote culture in the community.

KINGDOMS AND CHIEFDOMS IN UGANDA

 A kingdom is an area ruled by a king
 A chiefdom is an area ruled by a chief

Kingdoms in Uganda
Kingdom Title of the King Name of the King
Buganda Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II
Busoga Kyabazinga William Nadiope Gabula IV
Tooro Omukama Nyimba Kabamba Iguru
Bunyoro Omukama Solomon Gafabusa
Rwenzururu Omusinga Charles Wesley Mumbere

Chiefdoms in Uganda
Chiefdom Title of the chief Name of the chief
Bugisu Umukuka Bob Mushikori
Iteso Emori mori Osuban Augustine Lemukol
Acholi Rwot David Onen Acana II
Alur Rwoth Valente Ker Oyoma

Social Organisation among the people in our district

People in a district are socially organised under the following social
institutions;
 They formed kingdoms
 They formed chiefdoms
 They formed clans
 They have families and lineage
CLANS
A clan is an organized group of people under one ancestor / fore father. Clans
are formed by families that are related to each other. Each clan is headed by a
Clan leader and has a totem has its symbol.
Duties of a clan leader
7
 To keep clan records.
 To settle disputes among clan members.
 To register clan members.
 To preside over the sharing of land to clan members.
 To organise clan ceremonies and functions.
 To preside over clan meeting.

FAMILIES IN OUR DISTRICT

A family is a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption. There are
mainly three types of families, that is, nuclear family, extended and foster
family.
A Nuclear family
This is a type of family that is made up of the father, mother and their biological
children. In most cases, a nuclear family has very few members because there
are no other relatives.

Advantages of a Nuclear family

 It is easy to provide food to family members.
 It is easy to provide medical care to family members.
 It is easy to promote morals/ discipline among children in a nuclear
family.
 Children get enough parental love in a nuclear family.
 It is easier to provide clothes to family members.
Extended Family
This is the type of family made up of parents, their biological children and other
relatives. In most cases, extended families have more members compared to
nuclear families.

Disadvantages of an extended family

 It is very expensive to provide food to family members.
 It is not easy to discipline children.
 It is expensive to provide better education to all family members.
 Communicable diseases can be easily spread from one person to another.
Foster Family
This is a family which consists of adopted children ie. children are cared for by
people who are not their biological/real parents.

Social activities in our community

8
Social activities are activities that bring people together during bad or good
times. Such activities are performed by a large group of people found in a
particular area.
Examples of social activities
 Child naming ceremony
 Burial ceremony
 Marriage ceremony
 Birthday party
 Last funeral rites
 Circumcision ceremony
 Graduation party
 Initiation/ Installation of
the heir

9
 Circumcision ceremony among the Bagisu tribe

Importance of social activities

 They promote unity among people.
 They promote cultural among people.
 They promote morals by training people what they should do
 They promote love among people.
 They promote co-operation among people

REMEDIAL ACTIVITY 2
1. Give the meaning of the term legends.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. Mention any one moral lesson you learn from the legend of the
spear and the bead.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. Why is it important to teach legends in schools?
………………………………………………………………………………
4. Which legend explains the origin of the Baganda tribe?
………………………………………………………………………………
5. Name the title given to the traditional ruler of Busoga Kingdom.
………………………………………………………………………………
6. State any two advantages of a nuclear family over an extended
family.
i) …………………………………………………………………………..…………

10
 ii) …………………………………………………………………………..…………
7. Give any one role of a family in child upbringing.
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. What are social activities?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Mention any two reasons why a birthday is called a social activity.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ….……………………………………...…………………………………………..
10. State any two reasons why there are few extended families in
urban areas.
(i) …………………..…………………………………………………………..……
(ii) ……………………...……………………………………………………….……

CULTURE IN OUR DISTRICT

 Culture is the traditional way of life among people in a given society. This
involves the behaviour, beliefs, norms, values and practices that are passed
on from one generation to another.
 There are two types of culture, that is, Material culture and Non-material
culture.
Examples of material culture include;
Staple food Musical instruments
Royal regalia Totem
Traditional attire/ clothes Cultural tombs

Examples of non-traditional culture include;

African Traditional Religion Taboos
Traditional music Traditional marriage
Traditional dance Initiation ceremonies eg circumcision
Native language Child naming

11
 The Kasubi tombs, a symbol of Baganda’s identity and beliefs

Ways of promoting/ preserving culture in our district

 By organising music festivals/ MDD concerts.
 By telling stories or legends.
 By participating in cultural ceremonies, eg circumcision.
 By teaching origin of tribes in schools.
 By wearing cultural clothes.
 Preparing and eating cultural foods/ staple food.
 Through planting cultural trees.
 By visiting cultural sites/ resource centers.

Importance of culture in our district

 Culture promotes unity among people.
 It promotes morals among people
 It promotes identity of people who belong to different tribes.
 It promotes self- respect and dignity in society.
 Cultural institutions promote economic development. For example,
by attracting tourists and setting up development projects.
 It promotes co-operation.

MIGRATION OF PEOPLE IN OUR DISTRICT

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another looking for
better settlement.

FORMS OF MIGRATION IN A DISTRICT

(a) Rural-Urban migration
This is the movement of people from villages to towns for better settlement. This
12
 movement is caused by push factors (in villages), or pull factors that may
attract people to go to towns.

(b) Urban- Rural migration

This is the movement of people from towns to villages for better settlement. This
movement is caused by push factors (in towns), or pull factors that might
attract people to go back to their villages for settlement.

Reasons why people move from villages to towns

 To look for better jobs which bring more income.
 To look for better education services.
 To get access to/enjoy social amenities like electricity and piped water.
 To look for better health services.
 To look for wider market for their goods.
 Due to internal conflicts in rural areas.
 To run away from unfavorable cultural practices.

Problems faced by people living in urban areas/ towns.

 Congestion/ traffic jam that leads to unnecessary delays on the road.
 High crime rates caused by wrong doers wrong doers.
 Environmental degradation due to high number of people.
 Development of slums due to limited space for settlement.
 High costs of living as a result of high demand for goods and services.
 Unemployment caused by high competition for jobs.
 Shortage of land to carry out farming.
 Poor sanitation in suburbs.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 3
1. What is meant by the term culture?
…………………………………………………………………………………...
2. Give any one role of a clan leader in a community.
…………………………………………………………………………………...
3. Mention any two examples of non- material culture practiced by people in
13
 your district.
(i) ……………………...…………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………...……………………………………………………………
4. State any two ways culture is useful in child upbringing.
(i) ……………...…………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………...………………………………………………………………
5. Give any one reason for rural- urban migration.
…………………………………...………………………………………………
6. Write any two ways the government can encourage urban – rural migration.
(i) …………………………...……………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………...…………………………………………………
7. How do people in urban areas benefit from those in towns?
(i) …………………………...……………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………...…………………………………………………

TOPIC 3: OUR LEADERS

14 IN THE
DISTRICT
A leader is a person who has authority to rule or manage other people in a
given society. There are five types of leaders. These are; political leaders,
civic leaders, traditional leaders, religious leaders and voluntary leaders

Political leaders include; L.C V Chairperson, L.C I Chairperson, L.C III

Chairperson, Members of Parliament, Resident District Commissioner,
Mayor and the President.

Note: RDCs and RCCs are regarded to be political leaders because they
are appointed by the president who is a political leader and they serve his
interests.

Civic leaders include; the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO), Town

Clerks, Sub- County chiefs and all civil servants who are appointed by the
District Service Commission or Public Service Commission. For example,
Police officers, nurses, teachers etc.

Religious leaders include; Reverends, Pastors, Priests, Imam, Bishops,

deacons, Pastors, Reverend father, catechists and District Khadi.

Traditional leaders are; kings, chiefs and clan leaders.

King of Buganda Arch Bishop of the Church of Uganda

(Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II) (Stephen Kaziimba Mugalu)

Voluntary leaders include; leaders of voluntary organizations, scouts and

girl guides.
Ways of acquiring leaders in our district
 Political leaders-------------------------Through elections
 Civic leaders:----------------------------Through appointment
 Traditional leaders----------------------Through inheritance/ Succession
 Voluntary leaders:----------------------Through volunteering

15
  Religious leaders:----------------------Through ordination

Roles of leaders in our community

 They promote unity among people.
 They help to settle disputes among people.
 They plan for the development of their community.
 They help to maintain law and order in society.
 They help to sensitize people about government programmes.
 They implement government policies.
 They provide protection / security.

BY LAWS IN A DISTRICT
By-laws are laws made by the local council authorities. These laws are made
for a particular local council.

Importance of by-laws in a community

 They are used to settle disputes.
 They are used to promote order in society.
 They are used to promote peace and security.
 They promote respect for people’s rights.
 By- laws guide people in a community

Examples of civic leaders in a district and their duties

District Internal Security Officer (DISO)
 He/she is responsible for spying in the district.
 He/she is responsible for keeping security in the district.

The Chief Administrative Officer (CAO)

 He/she ensures payment of salaries of all civil servants in the district.
 Implements government programmes in the district.
 He/she officiates civil marriages on behalf of the government.

District Health Officer (DHO)

 He/she is responsible for all medical programmes and departments.
16
  He/she makes a plan to control outbreak of epidemic diseases.
 He/she gives special instructions and guidelines to medical workers.
 He/she supervises all health centers.

District Agricultural Officer (DAO)

 He advises farmers on the better methods of farming.
 He helps farmers to improve on their income.
 He encourages farmers to grow more food crops.
District Education Officer (DEO)
 To make sure that all education programmes are carried out in a
district.
 He/she improves the standards of education in the district.
 He/she heads all education departments and institutions in a district.

District Veterinary officer (DVO)

 He teaches people on how to improve the quality of their livestock.
 He implements the quarantine policies in a district.
 He helps animals in giving birth.
 He carries out animal branding and tagging.

The District Forestry Officer (DFO)

 He/she is in charge of the conservation of forests.
 He encourages tree planting in a district.

Voluntary leaders in our district

 Voluntary leaders are leaders who provide/ offer free services to other
people. A Volunteer is a person who offers free services to people. One
becomes a voluntary leader through volunteering.
 Voluntary organizations are groups of people who offer free services to
other people. Examples of voluntary leaders include; Scouts, Girl guides,
leaders of voluntary organizations etc.
Examples of Voluntary organisations
 The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO)
 Uganda Women’s Effort to Save Orphans (UWESO)
 Uganda Red Cross Society
 Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA)
 Compassion International

17
  Islamic Relief Agency (IRA)
 World Vision International

Roles of traditional leaders in the district

 They help in keeping people united.
 They mobilize people for useful projects and community activities.
 They guide people to preserve their culture.
 They chair important cultural functions.
 They keep property for their kingdoms/ chiefdoms. For example land.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 4

1. Give any one quality of a good leader in your community.

………………………………………………………………………...…………
2. Name any two examples of leaders who come into office through
election.
(i) …………..…………………………………………………………….………
(ii)……………..…………………………………………………………….……
3. Give any two contributions of veterinary doctors to livestock farmers.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………...………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………...…………
4. State any two ways corruption affects development in a district.
(i) …………………………………………………………………...……………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………...…………
5. What title is given to the political head of a district?
………………………………………………………………………...…………
6. Mention any one role of the Resident District Commissioner (RDC).
…………………………………………………………………………...………
7. State any one advantage of getting leaders through elections.
………………………………………………………………………...…………
8. Give any one difference between civic leaders and traditional leaders.
18
………………………………………………………………………...…………
9. What is meant by the term decentralization?
………………………………………………………………………...…………
…………………………………………………………………………...………
10. State any two ways decentralization benefits your community.
(i) ………………………………………………………………..…...…………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………….……………
11. What is the smallest level in the structure of the Local Government?
………………………………………………………………………...…………
12. Mention any one responsibility of Local Council leaders in
promoting peace among people.
………………………………………………………………………..………….
13. Give any one role of Scouts and Girl guides club in your school.
………………………………………………………………………...…………
14. State any two problems faced by people in your district as they
try to meet their needs.
(i) …………………………………………………………………...……………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………...……

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 TOPIC 4
RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CHILDREN IN OUR
DISTRICT

Children’s rights
Children rights are basic freedoms to which all children are entitled.
According to Uganda’s constitution, a child is a person below 18 years
of age. Examples of children’s rights include:
 A right to medical care
 A right to play  A right to food
 A right to protection  A right to education
 A right to have a name  A right to parental love
 A right to shelter
Importance of children’s rights

 They promote proper growth of children

 They protect children from harm.
 They promote the respect and dignity for children.
 They promote the wellbeing of children in a society.
 They promote proper child upbringing.

Note: The Vice chairperson is the Local Council I committee

member who is in charge of children’s rights.

Child abuse: This is the violation of children’s rights

Battering of children Street children don’t enjoy their rights

Forms of child abuse

20
 Physical child abuse.
 Sexual child abuse
 Emotional/ Mental child abuse.
 Child neglect

21
Examples of child abuse practices in our society today.
 Defilement of children  Burning of a child
 Denial of food  Battering of children
 Child sacrifice  Denial of education
 Child neglect by parents  Denial of clothes
Causes of child abuse

 Poverty that makes parents lack money to provide for children.

 Practicing alcoholism which leads to battering of children.
 Wars and conflicts in society that involve suffering and death.
 Parental neglect which makes children lack proper care.
 Forcing children into early marriage.
 Indiscipline among children.
Effects of child abuse
 Child abuse leads to disability among children.
 It leads to school dropout.
 It leads to increase in anti-social behaviors among children.
 It leads to punishment/ imprisonment of those who abuse children’s
rights.
 It leads to conflicts among people in a community.
 It leads to early pregnancies.

Child labour

This is the illegal employment of children to do work that affects them

mentally, physically or socially.

Effects of child labour

 It leads to poor child growth and development.

 Child labour leads to death of children.
 It creates anti-social behavior among children due to bad peer influence.
 It leads to school dropout.
 It leads to early marriages among children.

22
REMEDIAL EXERCISE 5

1. What are children’s rights?

………………………………………………………………………...…………
2. Give any two examples of children’s rights.
(i) …………………………………………………………………...……………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………...……………
3. How does poverty in a home lead to child abuse?
…………………………………………………………………………...………
4. State any two ways of ensuring that children enjoy their right to
play while a school.
(i) …………………………………………………………………...……………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………...………
5. Which official on the L.C.1 committee is in charge of Children’s affair?
…………………………………………………………………...………………
6. Give any two duties that children should do at home.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………...…………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………...……………
7. Mention any two challenges faced by street children in urban areas.
(i) …………………………………………………………………...……………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………...…………
8. Mention any two causes of child labour in Uganda today.
(i) ……………………………..………………………………………..…………
(ii) …………………………….………………………………………..…………
9. Give any two benefits children get through fulfilling their
responsibilities at home.
(i) …………..…………………………………………………………..…………
(ii) ………….…………………………………………………………..…………

23
 TOPIC 5
HOW TO MEET PEOPLE’S NEEDS IN OUR DISTRICT

Basic needs
These are things that people cannot live without. For example, food,
shelter, education, medical care and clothing (clothes)
Social services
These are services provided to people in order to live a better life.
Examples of social services include; education service, health
service, security service, water supply, electricity supply, transport
and communication service, etc.
Social service centers
These are places where we get social services, such as schools, hospitals,
police stations etc.

1. Education Service in a district

There are two types of education. That is, formal education and
informal education. Before the coming of foreigners to Uganda, there
was informal education provided by elders to the younger generation.

Formal education is provided at schools, colleges, universities

and institutes of higher education. It is called formal because it is
provided by trained teachers and has a formal system that is
followed.

The Ministry of Education and Sports is responsible for providing

education services in Uganda.

Importance of informal education in a community

 It promotes morals among people.
 It promotes cooperation among people.
 It promotes culture in a given society.
 Informal education enables people to acquire survival skills.
 It unites people in a community.

Government programmes that were introduced to promote education

 Universal Primary Education (UPE)
24
 Universal Secondary Education (USE)
 Alternative Basic Education for Karamoja (ABEK)
 Basic Education for Urban Poor Areas (BUEPA)

Importance of formal education to people

 It is a source of knowledge and skills needed in development.

 It creates employment opportunities for people.
 It promotes effective communication in an among people.
 It creates awareness on environmental protection or conservation.
 It improves people’s standards of living.

Children being taught in a classroom

2. Health services
Health services centers include; hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, health
centers, dispensaries and drug shops.
The health service providers are; doctors, nurses, dentists, surgeons,
midwifes, oculists etc.

Mulago referral hospital A doctor examining a patient

25
3. Transport services in a district
Transport is the movement of people or goods from one place to
another. The types of transport used by people in Uganda include; road
transport, railway transport, water transport, air transport and pipeline
transport.

Road transport
Road transport is the commonest type of transport in Uganda. There are
two types of roads, that is. Tarmac roads and Murram roads.

Feeder roads are small roads that connect to major roads. These
roads are constructed and maintained by District Engineering
department. The Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA) is
responsible for constructing and maintaining major roads.
Causes of road accidents
 Speeding of vehicles which leads to lack of control.
 Over loading that makes the vehicle lose stability.
 Driving vehicles in dangerous mechanical conditions.
 Driving under the influence of drugs e.g, alcohol
 Careless driving like overtaking at corners.
 Poor roads with pot holes affect proper movement of vehicles.

Ways of reducing/ controlling road accidents.

 By enforcing laws against over loading of vehicles.
 By teaching people about road safety rules.
 By driving vehicles in good mechanical conditions.
 By repairing roads that are in bad state.
 Drivers should follow road signs.

The Road signs

Road signs are put up along the roads to guide road users on the proper or
safe way of using the roads. They are categorized into warning signs,
informative signs, prohibitory signs and mandatory signs.

Round about Humps ahead Men at work Danger ahead

26
 Warning road signs

No Parking No Entry Speed Limit No U turn

Prohibitory road signs

Stop Give way Do not turn left Do not turn right

Mandatory road signs

Air port Parking Bus Stop Hospital ahead

Informative signs

WATER TRANSPORT
This is the cheapest and slowest type of transport. It is suitable for
transporting bulky and fragile goods. Water transport is conducted
on lakes, oceans, seas and some rivers.

Boat Canoe Ship

Examples of the means of water transport
27
 Air transport
Air transport is the fastest and most expensive type of transport. The
means of air transport include, aeroplane, helicopter, jet plane etc.
The international Airport in Uganda is Entebbe International Airport
found in Wakiso District.

Helicopter Aeroplane Jet Plane

Means of air transport

REMEDIAL ACTIVITY 6
1. Why did the government introduce Universal Primary Education
(UPE)?
………………………………………………..………………………………
2. Give any two challenges affecting the provision of quality educational
services in Uganda.
(i) ………………………………………………..……………………………..
(ii) …………………………………………………..…………………………..
3. Write any one role of a midwife in a community.
………………………………………………………..……………………………..
4. State any one reason why most roads in Uganda are not yet tarmacked.
…………………………………………………………..………….………………..
5. Mention any one role of the Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA)
……..…………………………………………………………………………….
6. Why is air transport suitable for transporting milk from Uganda to
South Africa?
…………………………………………………………………………….
7. Give any two causes of road accidents.
28
 (i) ………………………………………………………………………..……………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………….…………
4. POSTAL AND COMMUNICATION SERVICES IN OUR DISTRICT
Communication is the sending and receiving of messages. There are
two types of communication, i.e Verbal communication and Non-verbal
communication.
Postal services are provided by Posta Uganda which is a government
company. It has post offices in most districts where we can send and
receive letters and parcels.
Categories of communication means
Traditional means of communication
Modern means of communication

Examples of modern means of communication

Newspaper
Television Radio

Examples of traditional means of communication

 Drums  Messengers
 Horns  Rock paintings
 Gestures  Smoke signals
 Whistles  Bells
 Clapping  Alarms
5. SECURITY SERVICES IN A DISTRICT
Examples of security organs include; the Uganda Peoples Defense Forces
(UPDF), Uganda Prisons force, the Police, Local Defense Unit (LDU) and
Private Security guards.
The Uganda Prisons
 It reforms wrong doers into good citizens.

29
  It trains prisoners productive skills like carpentry, modern farming etc.
 It is under Ministry of Internal affairs.
The Uganda People’s Defense Forces
 It protects the country against any form of attacks.
 It is under the Ministry of Defence
Uganda police force
The Uganda Police force is responsible for keeping law and order. It is under the
Ministry of Internal affairs.
The top commander of the Uganda police is called Inspector General of
Police (IGP). The current IGP is Abas Byakagaba.

Duties of the Uganda police

- It keeps law and order.
- It protects people’s life and property.
- It arrests suspects/ wrong doers.
-To control riots/ strikes.
-It investigates about crimes.
-To implement traffic rules.
-To put out fire in case it breaks out.
Examples of Departments in the Uganda Police
 Directorate of Criminal Investigations (CID)
 Directorate of Fire Prevention and Rescue Service.
 Directorate of Traffic and Road Safety.
Problems facing security organs in their work
 Shortage of funds to run their activities effectively.
 Corruption among police officers which affects service delivery.
 Shortage of police officers for adequate deployment.
 Poor transport network in some areas.
 Poor accommodation facilities for police officers.
 Poor relations with the general public.

6. BANKING SERVICES IN A DISTRICT

The bank that is run by the government is called the Central Bank (Bank of
Uganda). Other banks are owned by private organizations and they are
30
 referred to as commercial banks. The Central bank is headed by the
Governor- Bank of Uganda.

Functions/ duties of the Central bank

 It manages debts of the government.
 It prints new currency notes.
 It mints coins.
 It gives the Government legal advice on financial matters.
 It lends money to other banks.
 It controls money in circulation.
 It keeps government’s money safely.
 It gives licenses to commercial banks and Forex bureaus.
 It gives technical assistance to all financial institutions.

Bank of Uganda headquarters in Kampala City

Examples of Commercial banks operating in Uganda

 Stanbic Bank
 Opportunity Bank  Eco Bank
 Centenary Bank  Housing Finance Trust Bank
 Barclays Bank  Bank of Africa
 Bank of Baroda  DFCU Bank
 Cairo International Bank  Diamond
 Equity Bank
 Trust Bank etc.

31
 Importance of commercial banks to people
 They give loans to people for investing in their projects.
 They keep people’s money safely.
 They give financial advice to business people.
 They keep important documents e.g, land titles, wills and academic
documents. (Certificates, transcripts and result slips)
 They create employment opportunities for people.
 They issue finance cards to customers.

7. ELECTRICITY SERVICES
Most of the electricity we use is produced from fast flowing water. This is
called Hydro-electricity. Electricity is generated at Kiira dam, Bujagali and
Nalubaale HEP Station in Jinja. Solar power is generated by the help of the
sun.
Importance of electricity
 Electricity is used to provide light at home.
 It is used to run machines in industries.
 It is used in cooking food at home.
 Electricity is used for business purposes like salons and selling of cold
drinks.
 Electricity helps in provision of security by use of CCTV cameras and
security lights.
 Electricity is also used to run washing machines at home.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 7
1. Give any two-services provided by the post office in a district.
(i) .....................................................................................................................
(ii) ....................................................................................................................
2. Mention any one way of reducing the cost of electricity at home.
……………………………………………………….…..…………………………
3. State any two roles played by security organs in promoting
safety of people and their property.
32
 (i) ……………………..…………………………………………………………...
(ii) ….............................................................................................................
4. What title is given to the head of the police force in a district?
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. State any two reasons why people keep their money in the bank.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………….....…
(ii) ….............................................................................................................
6. Which department of the Uganda Police puts out fire?
........................................................................................................................
7. State any two challenges faced by people in meeting their needs.
(i) .................................................................................................................
(ii) .................................................................................................................

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 8
1. Name any two examples of health service centers in your district.
(i) ………………………………………………………………...………..………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………..…...……
2. State any two ways a market place helps people to meet their needs.
(i) ……………………………………….…………………………………………
(ii) ……….…………………………………………………………………………
3. Give one difference between the work of a police officer and a teacher.
……………….……………………………………………………………………
4. Mention any one place in a district where people can get
security services.
……….………………………………………….………………………......……
5. State any two ways people help to reduce crime in a community.
(i) ………………..……………………………………………………...…………
(ii) …………………..………………………………………………………...……
6. Match the people in list A with their duties in list B correctly;
33
List A List B
Plumber Sells goods in a shop
Shopkeeper Repairs borehole and water taps.
Carpenter Helps pregnant mothers in safe deliver
Midwife Makes furniture

a) Plumber…………………………………………………………………
b) Shopkeeper…………………………………………………………….
c) Carpenter………………………………………………………………
d) Midwife…………………………………………………………………

34
 TOPIC 6
LOCATION OF UGANDA, EAST AFRICA AND
AFRICA
The common methods of locating places on a map include; the grid
reference and use of neighbouring places. Grid reference refers to the
location of places on a map using the lines of latitude and longitude.

LINES OF LATITUDE
Lines of latitude are imaginary lines drawn on a map from East to West.
The major line of latitude is the equator. It is marked 0◦ north or south.
The equator crosses through Africa in countries like, Uganda, Kenya,
Somalia, DRC, Congo, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe.

Other important lines of latitude include the following;

 Tropic of Cancer---------- 23.5◦ North
 Tropic of Capricorn-------- 23.5◦ South
 Arctic circle------- 66.5◦ North
 Antarctic circle--------- 66.5◦ South

A globe showing the lines of latitude

Facts about the lines of

latitude
 Are known as parallels because
they never meet.
 Run in the east- west direction.
 Measure distance north or south
of the equator.
 Cross the prime meridian at right
angles.
 Get shorter towards the poles.

LINES OF LONGITUDE
Lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on a map from North to South. The
major line of longitude is the Prime Meridian or Greenwich Meridian that is
marked 0◦. Countries in Africa that are crossed by the Prime Meridian include;
35
Ghana, Burkina Faso, Algeria, Togo and Mali.
Importance of the Prime Meridian
 It used to measure the distance of a place East or West of the Prime
Meridian.
 It is used to calculate time/ determining time zones.
 It is used to identify the location of places.
 It helps on a map reader to determine the direction between two places.

A globe showing the lines of Longitude

Facts about the lines of longitude
 They are known as
meridians
 Run from north-south
direction
 Measure distance east or west
of the prime meridian
 Are farthest apart at the
equator and meet at the poles.
 Cross the equator at right angles
 Are equal in length

LOCATION OF UGANDA ON THE MAP OF EAST AFRICA

Uganda is located in the East African geographical region. It is bordered by
the following countries;
 Kenya in the East
 Tanzania in the South
 Rwanda in the South West
 Democratic Republic of Congo in the West
 South Sudan in the North

36
 A Sketch map showing the location of Uganda in East Africa

Uganda is a landlocked country because it does not have a sea port or

coastline. It mainly uses the Sea ports of Kenya (Mombasa) and
Tanzania (Dar-es-Salaam) for handling imports and exports.
South Sudan and Rwanda are the landlocked countries that share borders
with Uganda.
Challenges faced by landlocked countries
 High transport costs while importing and exporting goods.
 High taxes charged on goods being imported or exported.
 Delay of goods in transit due to check points by revenue bodies.

Location of East Africa

37
East Africa is one of the geographical regions that make up Africa. It is
made up of five countries which include; Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania,
Rwanda and Burundi. Tanzania is the largest country in East Africa while
Rwanda is the smallest.
The neighbors of East Africa include;

 South Sudan and Ethiopia in the North

 The Indian Ocean in the East
 Mozambique in the South
 Zambia and Malawi in the South West
 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the West
 Somalia in the North East

LOCATION OF AFRICA
 Africa is one of the seven world continents. A continent is a large mass of
land surrounded by water. Africa is the second largest continent after
Asia. It is located in the center of the globe, that is why is crossed by both
the Prime Meridian and the Equator.
 The geographical regions found in Africa include, West Africa, East
Africa, North Africa, Central Africa, Horn of Africa and Southern Africa.
The Suez Canal was constructed in 1960 to join the Mediterranean Sea
to the Red Sea.
 Africa is located between the latitudes 37◦ N and 35◦ S of the equator. The
equator almost divides Africa into two halves. The Tropic of Cancer and
Tropic of Capricorn are other important lines of latitude that cross Africa.
 According the longitudes, Africa is located between 18◦ W and 51◦ E of
38
 the Prime Meridian. Accra City in Ghana is crossed by the Prime
Meridian.

Water bodies surrounding Africa

 Indian Ocean in the East
 Atlantic Ocean in the West
 Mediterranean Sea in the North
 Red Sea in the North East
Island countries of Africa in the Indian Ocean are; Madagascar, Seychelles,
Comoros and Mauritius. Island countries in the Atlantic Ocean are; Cape
Verde, and Sao Tome and Principe.

Countries that make up Africa

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 9
39
1. Give any one method of locating places on a map.
………….…………………..……………………………………………………
2. What is meant by the term Grid reference?
…………………………………………………………………………...………
3. State any two challenges faced by landlocked countries while carrying
out international trade.
(i) ……..…………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………..………………………………………………………………………
4. Study the map of Kenya below and answer the questions that follow

(a)Name the Inland Port marked N.

…………………………………………………………………….……………
(b) Where was the railway line marked M constructed?
……………………………………………………………………….…………
(c) Name the country marked L.
……………………………………………………………………….…………
(d)Give one problem faced by the builders of the railway line in B above.
…….……………………………………………………………………………

40
5. Mention any two economic advantages Kenya has over Uganda
in terms of international trade.
(i) ………………..………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………..…………………………………………………………
6. How did the following African countries become landlocked?
(a)South Sudan…………………………………………………………………
(b)Ethiopia………………………………….……………………………………
7. Which imaginary line divides the globe into Western and Eastern
hemispheres?
………………………………………………………………………...…………
8. Name the town in West Africa that is crossed by the Prime Meridian.
………………………………………………………………………...…………
9. State one similarity between Uganda and Ethiopia in terms of their
location.
………………………………………………………………………...…………
10. State the main function of the International Date Line (180◦).
………………………………………………………………………...…………

11. What name is given to the angular distance of a place East or West of
the Prime Meridian?
………………………………………………………………………...………
12. Give any one function of the equator to a map reader.
………………………………………………………………………..…………

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 10
13. What is the political importance of physical features in Africa?
………………………………………………………………………….………...
14. Which water channel connects the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea?
………………………………………………………………………………....…
15. Give a reason why Antarctica continent is not suitable for human
settlement.
41
 ………………………………………………………………………….......……
16. Name any two Island countries of Africa located in the Indian Ocean.
(i) …………………………………………. (ii) …………………………………..
17. If the time in Accra Ghana is 2:00pm, what will it be in Nairobi located
within the East African Standard Time?
…………………………………………………………………………….………
18. What is meant by the term enclave country?
…………………………………………………………………………………...
19. Give one example of an enclave country in Africa.
…………………………………………………………………………………...
20. State any two social challenges faced by Island countries of Africa.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………...
21. Study the table below and complete it correctly.

Country Capital city Region

Rwanda Kigali …………………………
Somalia ……………………… Horn of Africa
………………….. Accra West Africa
Egypt ……………………… North Africa

42
TOPIC 7
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF UGANDA, EAST AFRICA AND
AFRICA

Physical features are landforms of an area that give earth its shape.
Physical features include both relief and drainage features. Relief
features are; rift valleys, mountains, hills, plains and basins, while
drainage features include; lakes, rivers, seas, oceans, swamps and
streams.

FORMATION OF MOUNTAINS

There are three processes that lead to formation of mountains.

These are; volcanicity, folding and faulting, as shown in the diagrams
below; Formation of volcanic mountains

Volcanic mountains were formed through the process of volcanicity.

This is the process when molten rock materials (magma) flows from
the earth’s crust onto the surface of the earth.

43
Formation of Block Mountains
Block mountains are formed when old rocks are subjected to compressional
forces. This leads to development of cracks called faults. The continuous
pushing forces the middle part to rise and forms a block mountain, as illustrated
below;

44
Formation of Fold mountains
Fold mountains were formed when young sedimentary rocks were
subjected to compressional forces. The rocks pushed upwards formed
the anticlines while those that were pushed inwards formed the synclines,
as shown below;

FORMATION OF THE RIFT VALLEY

A rift valley is a long and wide depression with steep sides called
escarpments. The Great rift valley was formed through the process of
faulting. When the rocks on the surface are stretched (by tension) they
break. The middle block sinks because it remains unsupported thus
forming the rift valley, as illustrated below;

LAKES IN AFRICA
Lakes are categorized according to the mode of their formation.
Rift valley lakes/ fault lakes

45
These were formed by faulting. They are formed when water fills
depressions on the floor of the rift valley.
Characteristics of Rift valley lakes
 They have salty waters due to lack of outlets.
 They are narrow and oblong.
 They are deep
 They have regular shape

Examples of rift valley lakes in East Africa

(a)In the Eastern arm
 Lake Turkana  Lake Nakuru
 Lake Baringo  Lake Natron
 Lake Elmenteita  Lake Eyasi
 Lake Magadi  Lake Manyara
(b)In the Western arm
 Lake Tanganyika  Lake Albert
 Lake Kivu  Lake George
 Lake Edward  Lake Rukwa

Basin lakes/ depression lakes

These were formed by down warping. Basin lakes have the
following characteristics;
 They have fresh water since they have outlets.
 They have irregular shape
 They have swampy surroundings.
 They are wide
 They are shallow

Ox- bow lakes

46
 They were formed by river meandering. These lakes are usually
found on the lower course of the river due to meanders.
Man-made lakes
These are formed as a result of human activities such as dam
construction.
Examples of manmade lakes in Africa include;
 Lake Kariba on River Zambezi in Zambia
 Lake Volta on River Volta in Ghana
 Lake Nasser on River Nile in Egypt
 Lake Cabora Bassa on River Zambezi in Mozambique
 Lake Kainji on River in Nigeria.

Crater lakes
These are formed when water collects on top of a volcano.
Examples of crater lakes in Uganda include; Lake Katwe, Lake
Mutanda and Lake Bulela.

47
 Lake Katwe in Western Uganda

Lava dammed lakes

These are formed when lava blocks a stream of a river. For
example, Lake Bunyonyi in Kabale

THE COASTAL PLAIN

 A coast is the narrow zone between land and a sea or an ocean. The
part that is constantly washed by sea and ocean waves is called a
shore.
 The coastal plain has features such as, coral reefs, lagoon lakes,
coastal beaches and sea ports. These attract many tourists who
bring income.

Lagoon lake along the coast Port Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania

RIVERS IN AFRICA
The point where a river begins to flow is known as its source. This
may be a lake, highland or a forested region receiving high
amounts of rainfall.

48
 Terms used to describe rivers
Source: This is a place where a river begins to flow
Mouth: This is a place where a river pours its water. There are two
types of river mouths, i.e, a delta and an estuary.
Delta: This is a place where a river splits into many streams as it
flows into the sea. Rivers like R. Zambezi, R. Nile and R. Niger
end in delta form.
Estuary: This is a part of a river where it widens as it flows into the
sea. Most of the rivers in Africa end in form of estuaries, for
example, R. Tana, R. Congo, R. Orange, R. Limpopo, R. Kagera
etc.
Confluence: This is a place where two or more rivers meet and
flow as one river.
Tributary: This is a small river that flows into the main river.
Distributary: This is a small river that flows away from the main
river.

A map of Africa showing major rivers

Stages of a river
 Youth stage/ torrent stage or Upper course
 Mature stage or Middle course
49
 Old Stage or lower course/senile stage
Characteristics of the Upper course of a river
 The river flows fast because the slopes are steep.
 It cuts deeply into the river bed forming a deep valley.
 There are waterfalls and rapids formed at this stage.

Victoria falls on River The Nile delta in Egypt

Zambezi

Characteristics of the Middle course of a river

 Tributaries and distributaries are formed at this stage.
 The river begins to meander (flows in a winding/ curved pat
 The river begins to widen as it carries some eroded materials.
 Deposition of eroded materials begins to take place along the river
banks.

Characteristics of the Lower Stage of a river

 The speed of water flow is low at this stage.

 The river forms meanders and Ox-bow lakes.
 At this stage, flooding often occurs and offloading of most of
the eroded materials.

Note: Activities like crop farming, fishing, water transport, tourism

and crude oil mining are common at the lower course of a river.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 11
Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

50
(a) Name the rivers marked;

(i)
A……………………………...
…
(ii) B: ………...……………...
…….
(iii)D…………………………..
……
(b) State the similarity
between Lake E and
Lake F in terms of
their formation.
………......
………………………...
(c) Give any one reason
why the lake marked W
is swampy.
………………………………
……..

3. Mention any two characteristics of rift valley lakes.

(i) ……………………………...……..
…………………………………………...
(ii) ………………………………...…...…………………………………...
……
4. Give the meaning of the following terms as used to describe
rivers. (a)Confluence: …………………...
51
 …………………………………………… (b)Delta:
…………………………………………………..…………………….
5. Why do most rivers in East Africa pour their water into
the Indian Ocean?
………………………………………………………………….
………………..
6. Why is fishing not common in most rift valley lakes found in
East Africa?
…………………………………………………..
…………………………….....
7. Give any two characteristics of basin lakes.
(i) …………………………………..…………………………………..
…………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………..
…………
8. State any two factors that affect development in mountainous
areas of Africa.
(i) ………….……………………………………………………………..
………
(j) ……….……………………………………………………………..
…………
9. Why do rift valley lakes have salty water?
………………………………………………………………………………
...…
10. Name the deepest lake in East Africa.
………………………………………………………………………………
...…
11. Give any one social importance of lakes to people of East Africa.
…………………………………...
………………………………………………
12. State any two problems faced by water bodies in East Africa.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………
52
 ……
(ii) …………………………………………………………………
…………

53
 TOPIC 8
VEGETATION OF UGANDA AND
AFRICA

Vegetation:
This is the plant cover of an area. There are two types of vegetation, i.e
natural vegetation and planted vegetation.
Natural vegetation:
This is the plant cover of an area that grows on its own.
Planted vegetation:
This is the plant cover of an area that is grown by people.

The vegetation zones found in Africa include;

 Savanna vegetation
 Equatorial vegetation/ Tropical rainforests
 Desert vegetation
 Semi-desert vegetation
 Temperate grasslands
 Mountain vegetation/ Montane vegetation
 Mediterranean vegetation

Map of Africa showing vegetation zones

54
55
Characteristics of equatorial rainforests
 They have evergreen trees since trees do not shed their leaves at
the same time.
 Their trees have buttress roots to give them support.
 Their trees produce hardwood since they take long to mature.
 The trees grow close to each other and their leaves form a canopy.
 Trees grow very tall due to competition for sunlight energy.
 They have broad leaves which help to trap enough sunlight.
Characteristics of savanna vegetation
 Their trees have thick bark to store water for use during a dry season.
 The trees have deep tap roots for absorbing water from underground.
 Trees shed their leaves in a dry season to reduce the rate of
transpiration.
 The trees have thin leaves to reduce the rate of transpiration.
 Grassland savanna has short grass with scattered umbrella shaped
trees.

Note: Savanna grassland supports the setting up of game parks due to

presence of enough pasture for wild animals. It also has enough space for
animals to roam around.

Wild beasts in the savanna grasslands of East Africa

Characteristics of mangrove forests

 The trees have broad leaves
56
  The trees have waterproof hardwood
 They have evergreen trees
 Trees have breathing leaves

Characteristics of semi-desert and desert vegetation

 It is made up of scattered bushes and shrubs.

 Trees have thick barks to reduce the rate of transpiration.
 Trees have thin leaves to reduce the rate of transpiration.
 The trees are thorny which helps to reduce the rate of transpiration.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 13
1. Give any two causes of the difference in vegetation zones of Africa.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
2. State any two ways vegetation is used by people to improve their
health.
(i) ………………………………………..……………………………………….
(ii) ……………………………………………..………………………………….
3. Give any two characteristics of trees that grow in tropical rainforests.
(i) …….………………………………...…………………………………..……..
(ii) …….…………………………………...………………………………………
4. Mention any two reasons why savanna grassland is suitable for
wildlife conservation.
(i) ……………………...…………………...…………………………………..…
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
5. State any two importance of planting trees on the compound at home.
(i) ………………..…………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
6. Name the largest forest found in the central part of Uganda.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
57
 7. Mention any two problems caused by a bush to the community.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
8. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

9. Name the vegetation belts marked by the following letters on

the mountain above.
(i) Y…………………………………. (ii) Z………………………………...
10. State one factor that leads to difference in vegetation on the mountain
above.
……………………………………………………………….
……………………..…
11. Give one economic activity carried out on the vegetation belt marked Z.
…………………………………………………………………………………
……
12. Mention any two differences between a planted forest and natural
forest.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………..…..
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
13. Mention any two characteristics of trees found in desert vegetation
zone.
(i) ………………………….……………………………………………………..
(ii) …………………………….…………………………………………………..

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 14
1. Give any two reasons why the temperate grasslands of South Africa
58
 are suitable for merino sheep rearing.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Write any two characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Why do different animals live in different vegetation zones of Africa?
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Study the map of East Africa below and answer the questions
that follow.

(a) State two characteristics of the vegetation in the area marked XXX.

(i) ………………………………………………….…………………………..…..
(ii) …………………………………………….………………………..………..…
59
(b) Name the type of natural vegetation that grows in the area marked Y.

…………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) How does the above type of vegetation marked XX support the fishing
industry?
……………………………………………………………………………….….
(d) What is the main economic activity carried out by people in
the vegetation zone marked P?
……………………………………………………………………………….…
5. Mention any two negative effects of population growth to the
vegetation.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………
…..
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………
…..
6. Give any two ways human activities lead to environmental
degradation.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………
…..
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………
…..
7. Which type of natural vegetation covers the largest part of Uganda?
…………………………………………………………………………………..

8. State two ways a school contributes to conservation of the

vegetation in a community.
(i) …………………………………..……………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………….………………………………………

Game Parks, Wildlife and their importance

Game Park:
This is an area set aside by the government to conserve wildlife. In
game parks, hunting is not allowed.
Game Reserve:
60
A game reserve is an area set aside by the government for future
development into a game park.
Importance of game parks
 They harbor wildlife that is a source of income through tourism.
 They are used to conserve wildlife for future generations.
 Game parks create employment opportunities for people.
 They are part of heritage for people in East Africa.
 They have encouraged the building of improved transport lines.
 They create market for the local goods in East Africa.
 They promote friendly relationship among people in East Africa.

Problems faced by game parks

 Illegal hunting of animals by poachers leading to their extinction.
 Encroachment on game parks by people to get space for farming.
 Prolonged drought that leads to shortage of water and pasture.
 Wild bush fires that destroy the habitat for animals.

Map of Uganda showing game parks

Tourism in East Africa

61
Tourism is the movement of people to interesting places for adventure or
study purposes.

Tourism is regarded to be an industry because it creates jobs for people

and income for the government. It is called invisible trade because it
does not involve exchange of goods but income is earned.

Examples of tourist attractions in East Africa

Wildlife, Physical Features Climate, Historical sites, Traditional culture
Beautiful scenery etc

Fort Jesus in Mombasa is a tourist attraction

Factors that promote the tourism industry
 Availability of improved transport network.
 Adequate advertisement of tourist attraction through the media.
 Peace and stability in the country (security).
 Availability of a variety of tourist attractions.
 Availability of improved accommodation facilities.

Problems facing the Tourism industry in East Africa

 Political instability which scares away tourists.
 Poor transportand communication network affects movement of tourists.
 Poor accommodation facilities discourage tourists to visit a country.
 Shortage of funds to promote the tourism industry.
 Shortage of well- established tourism centers.
 Limited advertisement of tourist attractions on international media.

Solutions to the problems facing Tourism in Uganda

 By improving on security in all parts of the country.
 By enforcing laws against poaching.
62
  By constructing better roads to ease the movement of tourists.
 By advertising Uganda’s tourist attractions on international media.
 By building better accommodation facilities.

Contributions of tourism to a country

 It creates employment opportunities for people.
 It is a source of income to the government.
 Tourism creates market for the craft industry.
 It promotes environmental conservation in a country.
 It has encouraged the establishment of improved transport network

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 15
1. Give the meaning of the following wildlife conservation
areas. (a)Game park
…………………………………………………………………………………….

(b)Game reserve:
………………………………………………………………………………….…
2. Name the largest game park in East Africa.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

63
 (a) Name the tourist attraction places marked D and G.

(i) D: ……………………………………(ii)
G……………………………… (b)Which wild animals are commonly
found in the game parks marked G?
……………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Give one reason why the area marked ZZ is not suitable for setting up
a game park to harbor crocodiles.
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. State any two roles played by the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA).

(i) ……………………………………………………………………………..…..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………..………
5. What is meant by the term poaching?
…………………………………………………………………………..………
6. Mention any two reasons why schools engage pupils in
tourism activities.
(i) ………………………..……………………………………………………….
(ii) ………..………………………………………………………………………
7. How does Uganda benefit from foreign tourists?
64
 …………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Mention any two reasons why the tourism industry of Kenya is
more developed than that of Uganda.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..
9. State any two challenges faced by the tourism industry in Uganda.
(i) ………………………………………………………..……………………….
(ii) …………………………..…………………………………………………...
10. How do the following contribute to the tourism sector in
Uganda? (a)Mass media
…………………………………………………………………………..…..…..
(b)Improved transport network
……………………………………………………………………………….….
11. State any two ways East African governments can improve on
their tourism industry.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ……………..…………………………………………………………………
12. Why is tourism called an invisible export?
……………………………………………………………………………….….

65
TOPIC 9
CLIMATE OF UGANDA, EAST AFRICA AND AFRICA
Climate is the average weather conditions of an area studied and
recorded for a long period of time. Weather is the state of the
atmosphere at a given time or place.
Recording of weather
Weather is studied and recorded at a meteorological center/ weather
station using different weather instruments. The scientific study of
weather is called Meteorology, and it is carried out by scientists called
meteorologists.
Elements of weather and weather conditions/ types of weather

Element of weather Weather condition

Rainfall Rainy weather
Sunshine Sunny weather
Temperature Cold/ hot weather
Cloud cover Cloudy weather
Humidity Humid weather
Wind Windy weather

Weather instruments and their function

Instrument Function
- It shows the direction of wind.
- A wind vane is placed in an open place to
prevent wind obstruction.

Note: An arrow of a wind vane usually points to

the direction from which wind is blowing.

Wind vane

66
 - It measures the speed of wind.
- It has cups which trap wind and rotate as
wind blows into them.

- The speed of wind is measured in kilo

meters per hour (km/hr)
Anemometer
-It measures the amount of rainfall
received in an area.
-It should be placed 30cm above the
ground to prevent splashes and flowing
water on the ground from entering the
funnel.
-It is placed in an open flat place to prevent
obstruction of rain drops from entering the
Rain gauge funnel.
It is used to measure air pressure. Air
pressure is measured in millibars.

Barometer

67
 - It is used to measure the length that
the sun has shone on a day.
-Sunshine is measured in minutes or
hours.

Sunshine recorder
It is used to measure humidity.
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in
the atmosphere.

Hygrometer
It measures the highest and lowest
temperatures of the day.

Six’s Thermometer

Stevenson screen.
This is a wooden box in which delicate weather instruments are kept at
a weather station. It protects delicate weather instruments from direct
heat and risks of getting broken.

Points to note
68
 -The louvers on the Stevenson Screen
allow free air circulation
-It is painted white to enable it reflect
direct sun rays.
-It is made of wood to prevent it
from absorbing heat.
The instruments kept in a Stevenson screen
include; barometer, hygrometer and Six’s
thermometer

Weather forecast
This is the prediction of future weather changes. Weather forecast is
carried out by meteorologists.

Importance of weather forecasting

 It helps farmers to plan well for their farm activities. e.g.

Planting, harvesting, weeding, spraying, sheep shearing etc.
 It helps travelers to prepare for their journeys. For example, by
carrying suitable clothes for the journey depending on weather
conditions,
 It helps pilots to know when it is safe to have a flight.
 It helps sailors to know when it is safe to sail on a water body.

Weather disasters
A disaster is an unexpected occurrence that causes death and great
damage. Disasters caused by weather include; storms, hailstorms,
floods, lightning, landslides, tsunamis and tornadoes.

Ways of reducing the effects caused by weather disasters

 By constructing storm shelter/ storm walls.
 By using strong materials when constructing houses.
 By planting trees to act as windbreaks.
 Avoid standing under trees when it is raining.
 By installing lighting conductors on building to overcome lighting.
REMEDIAL EXERCISE 16
1. Give any one importance of windy weather to a farmer.

69
 ……………………………………………………………………………………
2. Why do people use an umbrella when it is raining?
……………………………………………..
……………………………………..
3. How does rainy weather affect people’s way of dressing?
……………………………………………………………………………………
.
4. Study the weather instrument below and answer the questions
that follow.

(a)Name the weather instrument in the diagram above.

…………………………………………………………………………………..
(b)What is the function of the above weather instrument at a weather
station?
……………………………………………..
……………………………………..
5. Why is a Stevenson screen installed at a weather station?
…………………………………………..
………………………………………..
6. Name any two instruments kept in a Stevenson station.
(i) ……………………..
……………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
…
7. State any one reason why a Stevenson screen is painted white?
70
 ………………………………………………………………………………..
…..
8. Why is rainfall measured in millimeters?
……………………………………………………………………………………
.
9. Give any one effect caused by heavy rainfall in an area.
………………………………………………………………………………..
…..
10. How does deforestation lead to weather disasters?
…………………………………………………………………………..
………..
11. State any one way of controlling the occurrence of floods in an area.
……………………………………………………………………………..
……..
12. Mention any one reason why the information about weather is
important to people.
……………………………………………………………………………………
.
Climatic regions of Africa

71
Characteristics of Equatorial climate
 The region is hot and wet throughout the year.
 The region receives high amounts of rainfall. (1,700mm- 2,250mm)
per annum
 The region mainly receives convectional rainfall.
 There is a high rate of evaporation.
 It experiences high temperatures. (25◦C-30◦C)

72
A graph representing equatorial climate

Characteristics of Tropical climatic region

 It has both dry and wet seasons.
 It has high humidity in the hot and wet season.
 Moderate rainfall is received. (380mm to 1,270mm)
 It experiences high temperatures. (15◦C to 25◦C)

Note: Most parts of Africa experience tropical climate because they lie
within the tropics, that is, Tropic of cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.

A climate table showing average rainfall and temperature for

Nakasese, Uganda

Months J F M A M J J A S O N D

Temp (◦C) 25 24 23 20 28 17 15 16 17 21 22 25

R/f (mm) 120 100 70 60 65 10 05 08 08 80 85 90

Characteristics of Desert climatic region

 It experiences hot temperatures during day time. (35◦C to 40◦C)
73
  Temperatures at night are very cold below 5◦C
 The region is dry and hot throughout the year.
 Little amount of rainfall is received throughout the year.

Sand dunes in Algeria The Dahla oasis in Egypt

 Deserts in Africa include, Sahara, Namib and Kalahari. There are

interesting features in deserts which act as tourist attractions, for
example, sand dunes, desert vegetation, pyramids and oases.

 Deserts have cool temperatures and night and hot temperatures during
day time because they do not have clouds to regulate temperatures in
the atmosphere. People adapt to hot conditions by wearing turbans and
light clothes.

Characteristics of Mediterranean climatic region

 It receives moderate rainfall. (500mm to 750mm) per annum.
 It experiences summer and winter seasons.
 Winters are cool and wet.
 Summers are warm and dry.
 Temperatures range from 10◦C in winter to 21◦C in summer.

Note: Mediterranean climate supports citrus fruit growing. That is,

grapes, oranges, lemons, limes and tangerines

Characteristics of temperate climatic region

 It experiences both summer and winter seasons.
 Summers are warm and wet.
 Winters are cool and dry.
 It experiences summer temperatures of about 26◦C and 10◦C in winter.

Temperate climatic region covers the Natal, Transvaal and Orange

74
 Free State. In such areas, economic activities like; crop farming
(sugarcane, wheat, maize and barley), and merino sheep rearing are
carried out.

Merino sheep Wheat garden in Orange Free State

Characteristics of Mountain climatic region

 Temperatures reduce with increase in altitude.
 The windward side of a mountain receives relief rainfall.
 The leeward side of a mountain is in a rain shadow due to dry winds.

Formation of relief/ Orographic rainfall

Note: Mountains are responsible for the formation of relief rainfall because
they block warm moist wind that rises and cools to form nimbus clouds.
Factors that influence the climate of Africa
1. Latitude: Areas near the equator experience high temperatures. This is

75
 because the sun overheads the equator twice in a year. Areas near the
equator also receive direct sun rays.

2. Altitude: Altitude is the height of land above the sea level. Areas on
higher altitude are cooler than those on low altitude. This is because
areas on high altitude have thin layers of air which allows heat to
escape faster than low lands that have thick layers of air.

3. Prevailing winds:
 Wind is referred to as moving air. Winds that blow from the sea towards
land are called onshore winds. These bring rain because they pick
moisture as they blow over the sea. Onshore winds include; Westerly
winds, South East monsoon winds, North East monsoon winds and
South West monsoon winds.
 Winds that blow from land towards the sea or land are called offshore
winds. These lead to dry conditions/ do not lead to rain formation
because they don’t carry moisture. Offshore winds in Africa include;
Harmattan winds and North East trade winds.

Map of Africa showing prevailing winds and Ocean currents

76
 4. Relief: The windward side of a mountain receives more rainfall then the
leeward side.
5. Human activities: Some human activities like afforestation increase the
rate of rain formation while deforestation reduces the rate of rain
formation.
6. Ocean currents
 An ocean current is a mass of ocean water flowing in a particular
direction. The two types of ocean currents are; cold ocean currents and
warm ocean currents.
 The warm ocean currents include; Somali current, Mozambique current,
Agulhas current and Guinea Ocean current. The cold ocean currents
are Benguela cold current and Canary current.

7. Distance from large water bodies.

Places near large water bodies receive more amounts of rainfall than
places far from water bodies. This is because there is a high rate of
evaporation that helps in the formation of nimbus clouds.

Land breeze (at night) Sea breeze (during day time)

8. Vegetation distribution
Places near forests receive more rainfall than those far from forests.
Forests help to filter the atmosphere thus leading to cool temperatures.
Note: Both vegetation and water bodies lead to the formation of
convectional rainfall.

77
 REMEDIAL EXERCISE 17
1. Study the map of Africa below and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Name the ocean currents marked;

(i) A: ………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) B:
………………………………………………………………………………
(b)How does the winds marked D affect the climate of Mediterranean
regions?
……………………………………………………………………………….……
(c) Why does ocean current marked A lead to arid climatic conditions in
Africa?
………………………………………………………………………………….…
2. Name any two human activities that lead to drought in an area.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………….…
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………….…
3. What is meant by the term global warming?

78
 …………………………………………………………………………………..….
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Give any two causes of global warming in Africa.

(i) …………………………………………………………………………..……..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………..………..
5. State any one way afforestation influences the climate of Africa.
………….....................................................................................................
6. Apart from prevailing winds, give any two other factors that influence
the climate of Africa.
(i) ……..………………………………………………………………...……..
(ii) ………..………………………………………………………………...…..
7. Study the climatic table below and answer the questions that follow.

Months J F M A M J J A S O N D

Temp (◦C) 35 33 35 30 29 29 32 36 38 40 42 39

R/f (mm) 03 15 -- -- -- 17 15 08 08 -- -- --

(a) Name the type of climate shown in the table above.

………………………………………………………………………………..…
(b)Mention any one factor that influences the above type of climate.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) What is the temperature range?
……………………………………………………………………………..……..
(d)Give any one human activity carried out in areas with the
above type of climate.
………………………………………………………………………………..…..
8. State any two causes of ocean currents.
(i) ………..…………………………………………………………………..……
(ii) …………...………………………………………………………………….....
79
 REMEDIAL EXERCISE 18
1. How does the Somali Ocean current influence the climate of Africa?
……….……………………………………………………………………………
2. In which way can agriculture be improved in desert areas of Africa?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Give any one reason why Libya has more irrigation projects than
Uganda.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Mention any two disadvantages of living in areas with desert conditions.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………….…..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………….….......
5. Why do deserts experience cold nights?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
6. What is meant by the term climate change?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
7. State any two indicators of climate change in Uganda.
(i) ………………………………………………………………...…………...…..
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………......………..
8. Give any two ways human activities lead to climate change in Uganda.
(i) ………………………………………………………………...………...……..
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………...…...……..
9. State any two effects of climate change on farming.
(i) ………………………………………………………………...…………..….
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………...…………
10. Write any two ways people can reduce the effects caused by
strong winds in an area.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………….
80
 (ii) ………………………………………………………………………………….

The influence of climate on human activities

The nature of Climate has a lot of influence on human activities in different
climatic zones of Africa.

Human activities in Equatorial climate zone

- People carry out lumbering due to presence of equatorial rain
forests.
- Equatorial climate favours plantation farming due to high amounts of
rainfall received. Crops grown include; sugarcanes, tea, cocoa, rubber,
palm oil etc.
- People carry out hunting in thick equatorial forests due to presence of
wildlife.
- There are many tourist attractions in Equatorial climatic regions. For
example wildlife.

Human activities in Tropical climate zone

 There is livestock farming due to presence of savannah grasslands.
 People carry out crop farming due to reliable rainfall received.
Mainly annual crops are grown, e.g maize, tobacco, groundnuts,
millet etc.
 There is tourism due to presence of savannah vegetation that
supports wildlife conservation.
 Tropical climate favours the growth of woodlands used for lumbering.
Human activities in Mediterranean climate zone
 The warm summers attract tourists in Mediterranean regions.
 Mediterranean climate favours the growing of citrus fruits.
These include; lemons, limes, grapes, oranges and
tangerines.
 The climate also favours the growth of soft wood that
promotes lumbering.
 The production of fruits has led to the development of wine
processing industries.

81
 Harvesting of oranges in the Mediterranean region of Algeria

Human activities in Temperate climate zone

 Temperate regions receive reliable rainfall for crop farming.
Crops grown include; maize, sugarcane, barley and wheat.
 The cool temperature in temperate regions promotes merino
sheep rearing and dairy farming.
 There is tourism due to presence of temperate grassland with wildlife.

Human activities in Desert and Semi-desert climate zone

 Desert and semi-desert regions favour nomadic pastoralism
due to shortage of pasture for animals.
 Tourism is carried out due to presence of interesting features like
sand dunes, oases and desert plants.
 In order to carry out farming people carry our irrigation due to
shortage of rainfall.

Human activities in Mountain climate zone

 The high amounts of rainfall on the wind ward side promote crop
farming.
 The high rainfall on the wind ward side promotes the growth of
forests used for lumbering.
 The grassland on the foot hills of a mountain promotes livestock
farming.
 The cool climate on mountains promotes dairy farming.

82
 REMEDIAL ACTIVITY
1. Name any two citrus fruits grown in Mediterranean climatic zone.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
2. State any two ways climate influences human activities.
(i) ………………………………………………….………………………………
(ii) …………….……………………………………………………………………
3. Give any two problems faced by people living in semi-desert
climatic regions.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………….
4. What climatic factor promotes dairy farming on the Kenyan highlands?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Mention any two economic activities carried out in desert
climatic regions.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………….
6. State any one factor that leads to sparse population in
deserts?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Why is there more crop farming on the wind ward side of the
mountain compared to the lee ward side?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Mention any two ways tropical rainfall influence the climate of
surrounding areas.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………….

83
TOPIC 10
RESOURCES IN UGANDA AND EAST AFRICA

Resource: A resources is any component of the environment that

people use to satisfy their needs.
Renewable resources: These are components of the environment that
can replace themselves naturally once used by people. They include;
land, vegetation, water, human labour and animals.
Non- renewable resources: These are components of the environment
that cannot replace themselves naturally once used by people. For
example minerals.

Land as a resource
Land is regarded to be the most important resource in the environment.
This is because most of the other resources are found on land. It is a
primary resource where most human activities are carried out.

Importance of land to people

 Land is used to grow crops for selling and consumption.

 It is used for constructing infrastructure like roads for transport.
 Land is a source of minerals that are sold for income.
 Land supports the growth of vegetation that is used for grazing.
 Land is used for burial of the dead people.
 Land is used as collateral security for acquiring a loan in a bank.
 People build houses on land for settlement.

Causes of land conflicts in our community

 Unfair distribution of land among family members.
 Lack of land documents to show ownership of land.
 Lack of a will by the deceased on land distribution.
 Land grabbing by other people.
 Unclear boundaries between plots of land

84
 Ways people acquire land in Uganda
 Through buying land
 Through inheriting land from relatives
 Through donation
Note: Land title or land agreements are legal documents that show
ownership of land

The Land Estate- dealers help people to sell and buy land

Systems of crop farming practiced in East Africa

1. Subsistence farming
This is the growing of crops on small scale mainly for home use. Crops
grown on subsistence farms are mainly food crops like maize, millet,
sweet potatoes etc.

Reasons why most Ugandan farmers practice subsistence farming

 It is cheap to start and manage.
 It requires a small piece of land to be carried out.
 It does not require farm mechanization that is costly.
 It requires cheap labour mostly provided by family members.
2. Plantation farming
This is the growing of one perennial crop on a large scale for
commercial purposes. Perennial crops include; vanilla, sugarcanes,
wattle trees, bananas, tea, coffee, sisal, rubber trees etc.
Advantages of plantation farming
 It creates job opportunities for people.
 It is a source of foreign exchange through exporting farm produce.
 It leads to improvement of infrastructures.
 It supports the growth of agro-based industries through providing
raw materials.
85
Note: Agro-based industries are industries that use farm produce as
their raw materials. These include; food processing industries,
beverage industries and dairy industries.

3. Irrigation farming
This is the growing of crops under artificial supply of water to the gardens.
A place where crops are grown under irrigation system is called an
irrigation scheme.

Examples of irrigation schemes in Uganda

Scheme Source of Crops grown
water
Doho scheme R. Manafwa Rice
Kibimba scheme Lake Victoria Rice
Mubuku scheme River Sebwe Rice, maize fruits, vegetables

Kiige scheme Lake Nabigaga Citrus fruits

Sango bay scheme Lake Victoria Sugarcanes and maize
Kakira scheme Lake Victoria Sugarcanes
Lugazi scheme Lake Victoria Sugarcanes

Advantages of irrigation farming

 Crops are grown at any time of the year.
 Crops are not affected by drought due to constant water supply.
 Crops produce high yields because they get enough water.
 Irrigation turns a dry piece of land into arable farmland.
Disadvantages of irrigation farming
 Irrigation is only limited to places with a reliable water source.
 An irrigation scheme is expensive to start and manage.
 Irrigation farming leads to soil leaching due to continuous flow of
water through the canals.

4. Mixed farming
This is the growing of crops and rearing of animals on the same
piece of land separated into different plots.

Advantages of mixed farming

86
 The farmer gets double income.
 It promotes maximum utilization of land. Infertile land can be used
for rearing animals.
 It promotes interdependence between crops and animals on the farm.
 The farmer feeds on a balanced diet from crop and animal products.
 It leads to high crop yields

Disadvantages of mixed farming

 It is expensive to start and manage a mixed farm.
 It requires a large piece of land to set up both crop and animal farms.
 It requires a lot of skilled labour that might be costly.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 19
1. State any one reason why land is regarded as the most
important resource in the environment.
……………………………..
……………………………………………………..
2. Apart from farming, give any two other economic uses of land to
people.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
.
3. What is subsistence agriculture?
……………………………………………………………………………………
.
4. In which way does plantation farming contribute to agro-
based industries?
……………….
……………………………………………………………………
5. Give any one reason why subsistence farming is commonly
practiced by people in Uganda.
……………………………………………………………………………………
.

87
 6. Give the meaning of the term agro-based industries.
……………………………………………………………………………………
.
7. Why does the government encourage people to grow more
non- traditional cash crops?
……………………………………………………………………………………
.
8. Give two advantages a farmer gets by growing crops and
rearing animals on the same piece of land.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
.

Water as a resource
Water as a resource is got from both natural sources and artificial
sources. Natural sources of water include; lakes, rivers, oases,
swamps, streams and oceans/ seas. Water is also got from artificial
sources like boreholes and constructed spring wells.

Uses of water bodies

 Water bodies are used for transport.
 Water bodies are a source of fish used as food.
 They attract tourist who bring income to the government.
 Rivers with waterfalls are used to generate hydro electricity
 Water bodies modify the climate through the formation of rainfall.
 They are a source of water for domestic use, irrigation and
industrial use.

Methods of fishing used in East Africa

Modern methods Traditional methods
Trawling Angling/ use of fishing hooks
Purse seining Use of fishing baskets
Long line fishing Use of fish traps
Drift farming Use of fishing spears
Gill netting Use of cast nets
88
 Long line fishing method

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 20
1. Name any two species of fish caught in East Africa’s water bodies.
(i) …………………………………..…… (ii) ……………..…….………..
……..
2. Give any two reasons why modern methods of fishing are used on
Lake Victoria.
(i) ………..……………………………………………………………….….
……
(ii) …………..………………………………………………………………..
……
3. State any two problems faced by fishermen in East Africa.
(i) …………..…………………………………..
…………………………………
(ii) ……………..…………………………………..
………………………………
4. Name any two local methods fishmongers use to preserve their fish.
(i) …………..
……………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ……………..
89
 …………………………………………………………………..
5. Mention any two effects of water hyacinths to the fishing industry.
(i) ………..
………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) …………..
……………………………………………………………………..
6. Give any two ways fishing improves the life of people who live
near water bodies.
(i) ……………..
…………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………..
………………………………………………………………..

Human labour as a resource

In East Africa, labour used in production activities is mainly provided
by human beings. There are three categories of human labour. That
is, skilled labour, semi-skilled labour and unskilled labour.

Importance of human labour as a resource

 Human labour helps to operate industrial machines
 Human labour is a source of revenue through taxation.
 It is a source of market for goods and services.
 Human labour provides social services.
Vegetation as a resource
Vegetation is the plant cover of an area. Different species of
vegetation like trees, grasslands, flowers are important social and
economic resources to people.

Importance of vegetation as a resource

 Forests are a source of timber used in carpentry.
 Savanna grasslands are used for wildlife conservation.
 Trees help to purify air by absorbing carbon dioxide.
 Vegetation is a source of herbal medicine used for treatment.
 Trees are planted to act as windbreaks.
 Trees help in the formation of rainfall through transpiration.
 Forests are used for cultural heritage in a community.
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REMEDIAL EXERCISE 21
1. Give any two importance of human labour to industries.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) ………………………………………………………..
………………………..
2. Name any one example of a planted forest in Uganda.
……………………………………………………………..
……………………..
3. Which type of rainfall is formed due to existence of a forest in an area?
…………………………………………..
………………………………………..
4. State any two benefits of trees in a school compound to pupils.
(i) ……………...
………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………...
……………………………………………………………….
5. How does rural electrification help to conserve natural forests?
……………………………………………………………………………………
.
6. Give any one way of conserving natural vegetation in an area.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) …………….
……………………………………………………………………
7. State any two ways people have destroyed the vegetation in your area.
(i) ………………………….
………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
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 .
8. Mention any two problems created by draining swamps in an area.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
.
ANIMALS AS A RESOURCE

 Domestic animals like cattle are a source of milk.

 Wild animals attract tourists who bring income.
 Animals are a source of meat.
 Animals are a source of skins and hides used in leather industries.
 Some animals are used for transport. For example donkeys, horses
and camels. These are referred to as pack animals.
 Some animals are used for cultural purposes like paying dowry or
bride price

Donkeys are used for transport Gorillas in Bwindi National Park

SYSTEMS OF ANIMAL REARING PRACTICED IN EAST AFRICA

Dairy farming
This refers to the rearing of cattle mainly for milk production. A dairy farm is
a place where cattle are kept mainly for milk production.

Examples of dairy products include; ghee, cheese, milk, yoghurt and ice
cream.

Ranch farming
Ranch farming is the keeping of cattle mainly for beef production. A ranch
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farm is a place where cattle are kept mainly for beef production.

Examples of ranch farms in Uganda

Kisozi ranch (Gomba district), Singo ranch, Zziwa ranch, Kabula ranch in
Sembabule, Nyabushozi in Kiruhura and Buruli in Nakasongola.

Nomadic pastoralism
This is the movement of nomads with their animals from one place to
another looking for water and pasture.
Nomadic pastoralism is mainly practiced by tribes in Semi-desert areas of
East Africa, such as North Eastern Uganda, Northern Kenya and Central
part of Tanzania.

Nomadic pastoral tribes in East Africa

 Iteso  Bahima
 Karimojong  Masai
 Pokot  Turkana
Problems faced by the pastoralists in Uganda.
 Cattle rustling
 Poor breeds of cattle
 Shortage of water for animals
 Shortage of pasture
 Outbreak of animal diseases
 Poor veterinary services

Solutions to the problems facing pastoralists

 By disarming nomads to control cattle rustling.
 Construction of valley dams to provide water for animals.
 By extending veterinary services to the pastoral tribes.
 By encouraging pastoralists to keep a manageable number of animals.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 24
1. Write any one economic importance of donkeys to people in
Kapchorwa.
93
 ……………………………………………………………………………………
..
2. State any two challenges faced by Karimojong nomads.
(i) ……….
………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ……….
………………………………………………………………………….
3. Give a solution to each of the challenges in (2) above.
(i) ………….
……………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………….
……………………………………………………………………….
4. Which domestic animal plays the same role as a police man?
……………………………………………………………………………………
..
5. Mention any two factors to consider while setting up a dairy industry.
(i) ….
……………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ….
……………………………………………………………………………….
6. How do dairy industries benefit livestock farmers in areas where
they are established?
.....................................................................................................................
.
…….
……………………………………………………………………………….
7. State any two problems caused by nomadic pastoralism in East Africa.
(i) ……….
………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ……….
………………………………………………………………………….
94
8. State any two reasons why pastoral tribes settled in plain areas of
East Africa.
(i) ……….………………………………………….
………………………………
(ii) ……….……………………………………………….
…………………………

Minerals as a resource
 Minerals are valuable substances found in the earth’s crust. There
are three different categories of minerals mined in East Africa, that is,
metallic minerals, non-metallic minerals and fuel/ energy minerals.
 Mining is the extraction of valuable substances from the earth’s crust.
Examples of the methods used in mining include; opencast mining,
underground mining, alluvial mining, and drilling.

Importance of minerals to people

 Minerals are sold to earn income for the government.

 Minerals are used as raw materials for secondary industries.
 The mining industry creates jobs for people.
 Mining leads to improved infrastructure in an area.
 Mining of minerals creates market for goods sold in an area.

Tunnels of Kilembe mine Cement is made from limestone

Note: Mining is a Primary industry because it deals with extraction of

raw materials from underground or water bodies.
Categories of industries
(a) Primary industries

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 These are industries that deal in extraction of raw materials from
underground or water bodies. For example; mining, farming, lumbering
and fishing.

(b) Secondary industries

These are industries that use raw materials from primary industries to
make new products. For example, dairy industry, carpentry, food
processing industries, mineral processing industries and leather tanning
industries.

(c) Tertiary industries

These are industries that provide services to the public. They include;
insurance, tourism, banking, music industry, warehousing, transport and
communication.

(d) Traditional industries

These are locally established home industries that involve the use of
local technology. For example, pottery, weaving, basketry, iron smelting
etc.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 25
1. Why is mining called a primary industry?
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
2. Apart from mining, give any two other examples of Primary industries.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………..
……………..
(ii) ……..…………………………………………………………………………..
…
3. State any two economic importance of the mining industry to a country.
(i) …………………………………………..…………………………...
…………

96
 (ii) ……………………………………………...……………………………..
……
4. Give any two dangers of mining to the environment.
(i) …………………………………………..…………………………...
…………
(ii) ……………………………………………...……………………………..
……
5. Which method of mining is used to extract crude oil?
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
6. Apart from the method above, give two other types of mining used in
East Africa.
(i) ……….
………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) …….
…………………………………………………………………………….
7. Give any two ways crude oil mining in the Albertine valley benefits
the nearby community.
(i) …………………………………..
……………………………………………….
(ii) …………………………….
……………………………………………………..
8. Mention any two problems faced by miners while using the
underground method of mining.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………..
…...
(ii) …….…………………………………………….………………………………
9. State any two reasons why some minerals in East Africa are not well
exploited.
(i) …………...…………………………………………………………………..
…...
(ii) ……………..………………………………………………….

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 ………………….
10. Name any two major minerals mined from Osukuru hills in Tororo.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
…
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………….
………….
11. Complete the table about major minerals mined in East Africa

Mining area Mineral Products

Kilembe mines Electric wires

Soda ash Glass

Hima Limestone

Albertine valley Petrol

Osukur hills Artificial fertilizers

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 TOPIC 11
RESPONSIBLE LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT

Environment refers to man and all his surroundings. Components of the

environment include; land/ soil, air, water, animals, birds, plants and insects

Environmental degradation
This refers to the lowering of the quality and productivity of the environment.
Human activities that lead to environmental degradation include; deforestation,
swamp drainage, bush burning, poaching, industrialization, over-cultivation and
poor disposal of waste.

Bush burning and plastic pollution are forms of environmental

degradation

Effects of irresponsible living in the environment

 It leads to outbreak of diseases
 It leads to acidic rainfall in the environment.
 It leads to climatic changes in an area.
 It leads to shortage of clean water for home use.
 It leads to death of animals.
 It reduces agricultural production.
 It leads to weather disasters like landslides and floods.
 It leads to global warming in the environment.

Positive environmental practices

These are human activities which help to conserve the environment.
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Environmental conservation/ protection is the act of protecting the environment
from lowering its quality and productivity. These activities include;

100
 Use of waste management practices. These include; reusing, returning,
refusing, reducing and recycling of waste.
 Planting of trees which help in the formation of rainfall.
 Practicing terracing to control soil erosion on highlands.
 Carrying out agro-forestry to modify the climate.
 Carrying out bush fallowing to regain soil fertility.
 Enforcing of government laws against environmental pollution.

REMEDIAL ACTIVITY 26
1. What is meant by the term environmental degradation?
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. State any two human activities that lead to pollution.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
3. Give any one advantage of having a recycling factory in an area.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Mention any one effect of plastic pollution in the environment.
…………..…………………………………………………………………………
5. State any two roles played by a school environmental club.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
6. State any one role of each of the following government bodies;
a) National Forestry Authority (NFA)
……………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Uganda Wildlife Conservation Educational Center (UWEC)
……………………………………………………………………………………
TOPIC 12
PEOPLE OF UGANDA, EAST AFRICA AND AFRICA

Archaeology and the Stone Age period

101
 Archaeology is the scientific study of ancient people and the tools that they
used. It is carried out by scientists called archaeologists.
 Dr. Louis Leakey is the most popular archaeologist because he discovered
the oldest human skull at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.
 Stone age period was the period when early man used tools made out of
stones. It is categorized into three major stages, i.e the Old stage, Middle
Stage and the New Stone age period.

Dr. Louis Leakey Stages of development of early man

The Old Stone Age period

 People got food by hunting animals and gathering fruits.
 People used stone made tools such as bolas, hand axe and stone spears.
 People made rock paintings as a way of record keeping.

The Middle stone age period

 This was the period when early man discovered fire.

 Fire improved early man’s way of life by providing light, used to boil
poison, hardening of tools and scaring away dangerous wild animals.
 Early man also tamed a dog during the Middle stone age period.
 Early man was able to start living a settled life after discovering farming.
This marked the end of the Middle stone age and the beginning of the New
stone age period.

The New Stone Age period

During this period, people tamed other animals such as goats, cows and
sheep. People also settled in communities and started carrying out local trade

102
and building huts.

The discovery of iron marked the end of the stone age period.

NB: The period when people started using tools made out of iron was called
the Iron Age. Bachwezi were the first people to carry out iron smelting in East
Africa. Improved iron tools like knives, pangas, hoes, spears and arrows were
made. These helped people to do their work easily.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 16

1. Why is East Africa called the cradle land of mankind?

……………………………………………………………………………………..
1. State any two importance of archaeological sites in East Africa.
(i) ……………….………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ……………….………………………………………………………………….
2. What tourist attraction do people go to see at the Nyero Stone age site?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Mention any two challenges early man faced before discovering fire.
(i) ……….………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ……….………………………………………………………………………….
4. Give any two ways iron discovery improved early man’s way of life.
(i) …….…………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) …….…………………………………………………………………………….
5. Which group of people introduced iron smelting in East Africa?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
6. How does the government conserve the remains of long ago for
public viewing?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Give any two ways a dog was useful to early man.
(i) …………………………..……………………………………………………...

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 (ii) ………………………………..
…………………………………………………
ETHNIC GROUPS IN EAST AFRICA
An ethnic group is a group of people from the same origin and they speak
closely related languages.

Map of East Africa showing the migration routes of ethnic groups

Origins of ethnic groups that came to East Africa

(a) Bantu: Cameroon Highlands

(b) River- Lake Nilotes: Bahr-el-Ghazal
(c) Highland Nilotes: Ethiopian Highlands
(d) Plain Nilotes: Southern
Ethiopia
(e) Cushites: The Horn of Africa

The major ethnic groups in East Africa and their tribes Bantu

104
  Baganda  Luhya (Kenya)
 Bagisu  Taita (Kenya)
 Bagwere  Sukuma (Tanzania)
 Bakiga  Ngoni (Tanzania)
 Kamba (Kenya)  Chagga (Tanzania)
 Kikuyu (Kenya)  Nyamwezi (Tanzania)

River-Lake Nilotes (Nilotics)

 Acholi
 Alur

Plain Nilotes (Nilo hamites)

 Karimojong  Kumam
 Iteso  Langi

Highland Nilotes  Kipsigisi (Kenya)

 Sabiny (Uganda)  Dadong (Tanzania)

The Cushites (Hamites)

 Dahalo
 Rendile
 Boran
 Palwo
 Jaluo
 Masai
 Turkana
 Samburu
 Polot
 Marakwet (Kenya)
 Tugen (Kenya)
 Nandi (Kenya)
 Somali
 Oromo
 Hawiyah

105
The Karimojong (Plain Nilotes) A Somali lady (Cushite)

Reasons for the migration of ethnic groups

 Internal and external conflicts which led to suffering and death of
people.
 Lack of fertile land for agriculture which was affecting food production.
 Shortage of water and pasture for livestock which led to loss of
their animals.
 Outbreak of diseases which increased suffering and death of people.
 Civil wars that broke out as result of invasions by other
strong communities.
 Love for adventure in order to see what existed in other places.
 Harsh climatic conditions that affected both arable and livestock
farming.
 Population increase that led to shortage of land for settlement.

Effects of ethnic migration in East Africa

 It led to intermarriages between people of different tribes.
 It led to introduction of new culture and traditions.
 It led to introduction of new types of crops.
 Indigenous people were displaced from their land.
 It led to introduction of new skills like iron smelting and bark
cloth making.
 It led to introduction of centralized monarchy.
 It led to population increase in new areas of settlement.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 17

106
1. State any two contributions of the Bachwezi to the social, political
and economic development of the interlacustrine regions.
(a) Social contributions

(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
…
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
… (b)Economic contributions
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………
.
(c) Political contributions
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………
.
2. Who were the founders of the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom?
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Study the map below and answer the questions that follow;

107
 S
P

(a) Name the ethnic group that came to Uganda through route P.

………………………………………………………………………………….
…
(b) What was the origin of the ethnic group named in (a) above?

……………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Give any one tribe found in the area marked S.
………………………………………………………………………………….
…… (d)State any one reason why the Bantu settled in the area marked R.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Give any two reasons why the Bachwezi carried out iron smelting.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………
.
5. Mention any two factors that led to the downfall of the Bunyoro
Kitara empire.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………
.

108
 (ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………
.
6. Name any two sources of history in East Africa besides archaeology.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………
.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 18
1. Give any two similarities among tribes from the same ethnic group.
(i) ……………..………………………………………………………………….…
(ii) ………..……………………………………………………………………….…
2. Why did some Iteso change to mixed farming when they came to
Uganda?
……………………………………………….………………………………………
3. State any two factors that influenced the Bantu communities to settle
on the central plateau of East Africa.
(i) ……………..……..………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………….
……………………………………………………………………
4. Which ethnic group is found in most parts of North Africa?
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Study the list of the tribes below and identify their ethnic
groups accordingly.
 Baganda  Sabiny
 Karimojong  Ngoni
 Acholi  Somali
 Turkana  Boran
 Jaluo
 Nandi

(a)River Lake Nilotes

109
 (i) ……………………………………… (ii)
………………………………………. (b)Highland Nilotes
(i) …………………………………….... (ii) ……………………..………………..
(c) Plain Nilotes
(i) ……………………………………….. (ii)
……………………………………… (d)Bantu
(i) ……………………………………….. (ii) ……………………..…….…………
6. Who were the original inhabitants of South Africa before the coming
of Bantu ethnic group?
…..…………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Give any three problems faced by ethnic groups during their migration.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………..…….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………...
8. Write any two positive effects of ethnic migration to the natives of
East Africa.
(i) …………………..……………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………..………………………………………………………….

ORGANIZATION OF ETHNIC GROUPS IN EAST AFRICA

Political organization
 The Bantu were politically organized in kingdoms and chiefdoms. They
formed centralized system of administration where power was distributed
from the top-most ruler such as a king to the local people.
 The Bantu were able to form kingdoms because they lived a settled life.
Pastoral groups like Nilotes and Cushites were not able to form kingdoms
due to unsettled life that they lived.
Social organization
 The people of Pre-colonial societies were socially organized in families,
lineages, clans and communities. They also carried out social activities
such as;
Initiation ceremonies like circumcision
- Child naming

110
 - Installation of the heir
- Worshipping of their gods
- Burial ceremonies
- Traditional marriage
Economic organization
 The Pre-colonial people carried out various economic activities varying
from one society to another. This involved the production and exchange of
goods and services to meet the basic needs of people in a given
community.
 People of the pre-colonial period carried out the following economic
activities;
 Local trade  Pottery
 Iron smelting  Hunting
 Backcloth making  Crop farming

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 19
1. Name any two tribes in Uganda that carry out traditional circumcision.
(i) ………………………………………. (ii) …………………………………
2. Why were Bantu able to form kingdoms?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Name any one Bantu kingdom that was formed in Kenya.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Mention any one way the coming of early foreigners led to the
growth of the Buganda Kingdom.
………………………………………………………..…………………………
5. State any one factor that hindered the Karimojong to form a kingdom
………………………………………………………..…………………………
6. Give any two advantages and two disadvantages of kingdoms.
a) Advantage
(i)………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
b) Disadvantages
111
 (i)……………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………..
7. Mention any two ways the Bantu tribes were economically organized.
(i)…………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………

112
 TOPIC 13
HOW UGANDA BECAME A NATION
 A nation is a group of people living together within the
same geographical area and ruled under one government.
 A homogenous nation is a group of people who speak the
same language, have the same culture and ruled under one
government.
 A heterogenous nation is a group of people who speak different
languages, have different culture but ruled under the same
government.

Evolution of Uganda’s political boundaries

(a) The Nyanza Province (transferred to Kenya in 1902)

 The British wanted to put the railway line under one government.
 The British wanted to put the Nandi and Masai under one government.
 They wanted to concentrate on developing the North instead of
dividing its resources for the Nyanza province
(b)The West Nile region (transferred from Sudan in

113
 1914) The British wanted to have full control of the River
Nile.
(c)The North Eastern part (transferred to Kenya in
1926)
The British wanted to control cattle rustling by separating the
Karimojong from the Turkana.
(d) The Western part of Uganda (1910)

The part close to Lake Albert was transferred to DRC in 1910. In the
same year, the area close to Lake Edward was given to Uganda. The
colonialists wanted to use the rift valley as a natural boundary
between these two countries.
(e) Lado enclave (1914)

It was transferred to Sudan to control resistances by separating the

Dinka from the Acholi.
(f) The Southern part (1910)

This was transferred from the German East Africa to Uganda.

Problems caused by boundary demarcation during colonial rule

 It led to separation of some tribes. For example the Basamia in Busia
 Some countries lost their land to other countries, which reduced
their size.
 It resulted into border conflicts in some areas.
 Some tribes lost their historical origin.

Note:
The colonialists used physical features to create political boundaries
because they are permanent.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 31
1. Give any two processes that were involved in making Uganda a nation.
(i) ……………………………………..……………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………..………………………………………………
2. Give any one characteristic of each of the following types of nations.
a) Homogeneous nation
114
 ………………………………………………..……………………………………
b) Heterogeneous nation
………………………………………………..……………………………………
3. State any two reasons why colonialists made boundaries between
their territories.
(i) ………………..…………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………..……………………………………………………………
4. Mention any two ways the evolution of Uganda’s boundaries
affected some tribes.
(i) ………………………………………………...…...……………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………..…………………
5. State any one reason why physical features were used to
create boundaries between African countries.
…………………………………………………...………………………………...

TREATIES/ AGREEMENTS SIGNED BY COLONIALISTS IN

UGANDA DURING COLONIAL RULE

The 1894 Protectorate treaty

It was signed between Kabaka Mwanga II and Colonel Colville. This treaty
confirmed British rule over Uganda. It made Uganda become a British
protectorate. Sir. Gerald Portal recommended Uganda to be declared a
British Protectorate.
Uganda was officially declared a British Protectorate by Sir. Lord Roseberry.

The 1900 Buganda agreement

It was signed between Sir Apollo Kaggwa on behalf of the Buganda Kingdom
and Sir Harry Johnston on behalf of the British colonial government.

Kabaka Mwanga II was supposed to sign the agreement but didn’t because
he was in exile. His son (Daudi Chwa II) did not sign the agreement also
because he was still young.

The 1900 Buganda Agreement confirmed British control over Buganda

Kingdom.

115
The 1900 Tooro agreement

This agreement was signed between Omukama Kasagama and Sir Harry
Johnston. Tooro lost her independence and hut and gun taxes were
introduced.

The Ankole agreement of 1901

It was signed between Omugabe Kahaya and Sir Fredrick Jackson. Some
counties like Igara, Buhweju and Bunyaruguru were added to Ankole from
Bunyoro.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 32
1. Name any two of the major terms of the 1900 Buganda agreement.
(i) ………………………………………………...………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………...…………………………
2. Give any one reason for signing the 1900 Buganda agreement.
…………………………………………………………………....…..……………
3. Who signed the 1900 Buganda agreement on behalf of the British colonial
government?
…………………………………………………………..…………………………
4. Why did the British colonialists introduce taxes in Uganda?
………………………………………………………………..……………………
5. State any two results of the 1900 Buganda agreement.
(i) …………………………………………..………………………………..…...…
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………...………..
6. Why did the British colonialists introduce taxes in Uganda?
……..………………………………………………………………………………
7. State any two negative effects of colonial taxes to Africans.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………..……
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..…
8. Why is Sir Apollo Kaggwa remembered in the history of Buganda during
British rule?

116
 ………………………………………..……………………………………………
9. Why was Kabaka Mwanga II not able to sign the 1900 Buganda
Agreement with the British colonialists?
………………………………………………………………..……………………
10. Name the British colonial governor who exiled King Edward Muteesa II
to Britain in 1954.
………………………………………………………………..……………………
11. State any two ways the Baganda reacted to the 1954 Kabaka Crisis.
(i) ……..…………………………………………………………..………………..
(ii) ………..………………………………………………………..………………..
12. Write any one reason for signing the 1954 Namirembe Agreement.
………………………………………………………………..……………………
Rebellions fought in Uganda during British rule The
Nyangire rebellion
It was staged due to the following reasons;
 The Banyoro did not want to be ruled by Baganda colonial agents.
 The Banyoro wanted to protect their independence.
 The Banyoro did not want to lose their land.
 They wanted to preserve their culture.
 The Banyoro did not want Luganda to be used in their area.

Omukama Kabalega resited colonial rule but was defeated. He was

captured by the British with the help of Semei Kakungulu and exiled to
the Seychelles Islands.

Mwanga’s revolt
Mwanga II turned against the British in 1894, despite the fact that he
signed with them agreements. He fought the British in order to protect
the independence of his kingdom but he was overpowered. He was
captured and also exiled to the Seychelles Islands together with
Omukama Kabalega.

The Lamogi rebellion (1911-1912)

The Lamogi rebellion was staged by the Acholi tribe led by Chief Awich
of Payera. The main cause was forced gun registration by the British.
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 The British wanted to disarm the Acholi by removing guns from them.

Systems of colonial administration used in Uganda

Indirect rule
This was a system of colonial administration where the colonialists
used local chiefs to rule on their behalf.

Reasons for using indirect rule

 Local chiefs were cheap to be paid by the colonialists.
 It solved the problem of language difficulties.
 It solved the problem of labour shortages.
 It helped to overcome local resistances against colonial rule

Direct rule
This was the system of administration where the colonialists ruled by
themselves without using local chiefs.

Reasons for using Direct rule by colonialists

 Colonialists did not trust local chiefs.
 They wanted to ease the exploitation of resources.
 Some areas did not have chiefs or kings.
 They wanted to promote their culture.
 They wanted to show their superiority over Africans/ to
suppress Africans.
 Colonialists wanted to protect strategic areas for easy administration.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 33
1. Give any two causes of the 1897 Sudanese mutiny in Uganda.
(i) ……………………..…………………………………………………..…..……
(ii) ………………………..…………………………………………………..…..…
2. State any two causes of the Nyangire rebellion in Bunyoro Kingdom.
(i) ………..……………………………………………………………………..…..
(ii) …………..………………………………………………………………………
3. Mention any two negative effects of the Nyangire rebellion to the
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 Banyoro.
(i) ………..……………………………………………………………………..…..
(ii) …………..………………………………………………………………………
4. In which way is the Seychelles Island remembered in the colonial
history of Buganda and Bunyoro kingdoms?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Name the colonial agent who extended British colonial rule to
Eastern parts of Uganda.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
6. How did the person in (4) promote the establishment of British
colonial rule in Eastern Uganda?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
7. What was the main cause of the Lamogi rebellion in Northern
Uganda between 1911 and 1912?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Give any one reason why the British wanted to disarm the
Acholi in Northern Uganda.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
9. State any two ways the British colonialists benefitted by using
indirect rule in their administration.
(i) ………………..…………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………..………………………………………………………………
10. Write any two reasons why the British used direct rule in some parts of
East Africa.
(i) ……..……………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………..…………………………………………………………………………
11. Give any two ways Africans benefitted from indirect system of
colonial administration.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………

119
TOPIC 14
UGANDA AS AN INDEPENDENT NATION

An independent nation is a nation that manages its own social, political

and economic affairs. Uganda as an independent nation has symbols
which differentiate it from other countries. These include the following;

 The Uganda National Anthem

 The Uganda National Emblem
 The Uganda National
 The Constitution
 The Uganda National Coat of Arms
 The Uganda
 National Flag

The Uganda National Coat of Arms

The meaning of each feature on the Uganda Coat of Arms

The shield and spears: They symbolize the traditional weapons we use to
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defend our country.

The drum: It symbolizes traditional means of communication,

entertainment and traditional culture of Ugandans.

The Kob: It stands for abundant wildlife found in Uganda.

The Crested crane: The crested crane is the national emblem for
Uganda. It stands on one leg to show that Uganda is moving forward in
terms of development.

Blue strips on bottom of the shield: They symbolize River Nile and
its source in Uganda.

Blue strips on top of the shield: They symbolize water bodies in Uganda.

Cotton and coffee: They symbolize traditional cash crops grown in

Uganda.

The green landscape: It represents the abundant vegetation in Uganda.

The sun: It represents abundant sunshine received in Uganda. It also

symbolizes that Uganda experiences warm tropical climate.

The national motto, FOR GOD AND MY COUNTRY: It means that

Uganda is a God-fearing country.

The Uganda National Constitution

A constitution is a set of laws used to govern a country. The 1967

Republican constitution abolished all kingdoms in Uganda. The 1995
People’s constitution restored kingdoms in Uganda.

Importance of the Uganda National Constitution

- It promotes democracy in a country.

- It promotes peace among people in a country
- It protects and promotes human rights
- It guides on systematic change of government
- It promotes national unity among people
- It guides people in a country

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The Uganda Flag and National emblem

122
REMEDIAL EXERCISE 34
1. State any two ways the constitution guides us on the use of the
Uganda National Flag.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
2. Give any one reason why school pupils should stand upright
while singing the Uganda National anthem.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. How is the Uganda flag used to observe a national mourning event?
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. What does the red colour symbolize on the Uganda national flag?
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. Name the item on the Uganda Coat of Arms that represents cash
crop growing.
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. What does the item below symbolize on the Uganda National coat
of arms?

……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Give any two ways a constitution promotes good governance
in a country.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………

Democracy and elections in Uganda

Democracy is a system of government where people are allowed to

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 exercise their rights. It can also mean the rule of majority over minority.

Indicators of democracy in a country

 Regular free and fair  Freedom of worship
elections  Freedom of movement
 Freedom of speech  Freedom of speech
 Freedom of association

Importance/ functions of democracy

 It gives people the opportunity to elect their leaders.
 It encourages freedom of speech about issues affecting a country.
 It promotes transparence and accountability of leaders.
 Democracy promotes peaceful transition of power.
 Democracy promotes patriotism and national unity.

Challenges affecting democracy in Uganda

 Poverty that promotes voter bribery during elections.
 Segregation of citizens according to their tribe or region.
 High crime rates that make people fear to freely engage in politics.
 Dictatorship and maladministration by some leaders.
 Greed for power among some leaders.

ELECTIONS IN UGANDA

An election is the process of through which people cast votes to choose

leaders of their choice. In Uganda, Electoral Commission is the body
responsible for organizing elections.

There are two types of elections, i.e. local elections and national/
general elections.

Note: An election held to fill a vacant political post is called a by-election.

Roles of the Electoral Commission

 To register voters / updating voters’ register.
 To conduct voter education/ civic education on elections.
 To train electoral officials on how to conduct elections.
 To demarcate constituencies/ voting districts.
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  To set up polling stations.
 The Electoral Commission nominates candidates.
 It sets up the program for campaigns by candidates.
 It supplies electoral materials to polling stations.
 It declares the election results.

Examples of officials during Elections

a) Presiding officer: is in charge of elections at the polling
station.
b) District Election Administrator: is in charge of elections at
the district.
c) Polling constable: he ensures that there is security at a
polling station.
d) Election observers/ Election monitors: These are people who
come to see how elections are being conducted. They are mainly
sent by non- governmental organizations and donor bodies. For
example, Commonwealth, the United Nations and African Union

e) Candidates’ agents: they represent their respective candidates

at a polling station.
Bad practices before elections
 Supporters of different candidates fighting and harming each other.
 Some candidates use abusive language during campaigns.
 Some candidates say bad things/ blackmail competitors during
campaigns.
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  Candidates giving money to voters to buy their votes.

Bad practices during elections

 Showing of party signs at a polling station.

 Campaigning at the polling station.
 Mishandling of election materials such as ballot papers or ballot boxes.
 Rigging of votes by voters.
 Interfering with the work of polling officials.

Causes of a By-election
 When a political leader occupying a post dies.
 When the court nullifies election results.
 When the political leader holding the position dies.
 When the political leader goes in exile and leaves official duties.
REMEDIAL EXERCISE 35
1. What is meant by the term national election?
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. State any two roles of the Electoral Commission while preparing
for general elections.
(i) ……….………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……….………………………………………………………………………
3. State any two indicators of democracy in Uganda.
(i) ……….………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) ……….………………………………………………………………………...

4. Which body was formed by the government to manage the

electoral process?
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. State any two challenges faced by the government while
implementing democracy in Uganda.
(i) ……………..…………………………………………………………..………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………..………

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 6. What is meant by the term by-election?
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. State any one reason why the government conducts regular, free
and fair elections.
…………….…………………………………………………...…………………
8. State any one use of the voters’ register to the Electoral Commission.
………………………..…………………………………………………………..
9. Write any two advantages of using the secret ballot method of voting.
(i) …………………………..……………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………..………………………………………………………..

TOPIC 15

THE GOVERNMENT OF UGANDA

A government is a group of people who control a nation or state.
They are individuals with authority to exercise power on behalf of
the people they lead

ORGANS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT

THE EXECUTIVE ORGAN

The Executive organ is made up of the President, ministers, civil
servants, the police, prisons and the army. It is headed by the
president.

Roles of the Executive organ

 To implement government policies/ enforces laws.
 To carry out day- today administration of the country.
 To plan for the country/ makes a national budget.
 To prepare and present the bill to the parliament.

THE JUDICIARY

The Judiciary is made up of the justices, judges, lawyers and

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 magistrates. It is headed by the Chief Justice. He is assisted by the
Principal Judge. All courts in Uganda are administered by the Chief
Registrar of the Courts of Judicature.

Roles of the Judiciary organ of government

 To interpret the national constitution/ interprets laws
 To settle legal disputes in courts of laws.
 To punish law breakers/ suspects.

THE LEGISLATURE
The Legislature organ is made up of the Members of Parliament and
ex- officios. It is headed by the Speaker of Parliament. There are
other officials in the Parliament, like the Sergeant-at- arms who is
responsible for security, and the Clerk to Parliament, who records
parliamentary proceedings.

Duties of the Legislature

 To make laws for the country.
 To amend the national constitution.
 To approve all major appointments made by the president.
 To approve the national budget.
 To oversee the work of other organs of the government.

President of Uganda Speaker of Parliament Chief Justice

HE Yoweri K MuseveniRt. Hon Anita Among Alphonse Owiny Dollo

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 36
1. Which organ of a democratic government is headed by the President?
……………………………………………………………………………………
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2. Give any two duties of the government in a country.
(i) ………………….…………………………………………………………...…
(ii) …………………..……………………………………………………………..
3. To which organ of a democratic government do Members of
Parliament belong?
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Name any two titles of officials who belong to the Judiciary
organ of government.
(i) ……………………………………… (ii) …………………………………….
5. State any one difference between a bill and a by-law.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Give any one major duty of the Chief Justice in Uganda.
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Write any one role of the Speaker during parliamentary proceedings.
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. Give any two roles of the Judiciary in promoting justice among people.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………...
9. How does the Judiciary benefit from the work of the parliament?
……………………………………………………………………………………
10. When does a bill become a law in Uganda’s government?
……………………………………………………………………………………
11. Why are women represented in the parliament of Uganda?
………………….………………………………………………………………...
12. Give the meaning of the term shadow cabinet.
……….…………………………………………………………………………...
13. Apart from women, mention one other special interest group of
people represented in the parliament.
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 (i) …………….…………………………………………………………………...
(ii) ……………..…………………………………………………………………..

Rights and responsibilities of citizens

- A citizen is a person who has legal right to belong to a given country.
It is the relationship that exists between an individual and the country
to which he/ she belongs.
- Citizenship is a state of having legal rights to belong to a given
country.

WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP

a) Citizenship by birth

This is when a person becomes a citizen after being born in a given country.

b) Citizenship by registration

This is when a foreigner applies and is allowed to become a citizen in

a given country.

c) Citizenship by naturalization

This is when a foreigner lives in a given country for many years

and becomes a citizen of that country.

d) Citizenship by descent

This is when a person is born in a country where his or her ancestors

were once citizens.

Responsibilities of a citizen in Uganda

 To keep law and order  To defend their country
 To pay taxes promptly  To participate in elections
 To keep environment clean  To participate in self-help
 To respect and protect public community work.
property  To participate in self-help
community work

Rights of a citizen in Uganda

These are basic freedoms to which all people are entitled. For example;
130
  The right to life
 The right to freedom of movement
 A right to freedom of worship
 A right to freedom of association
 A right to own property
 Adults have a right to marry and start a family
 A right to vote for leaders

TYPES OF BUDGET AND GOVERNMENT REVENUE

Surplus budget
This is a type of budget where the income is more than the
expenditure.

Advantages of a surplus budget

 It promotes saving of income for future use.
 It does not lead to debts since there is no borrowing.
 It promotes economic investment and development

Deficit budget
This is the type of budget where the expenditure is more than the
income.

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Disadvantages of a deficit budget
 It promotes debts due to borrowing of money.
 It does not promote saving of money for future use.
 It limits economic investment due to lack of money

Balanced budget
This is the type of budget where the income and expenditure are the same. It is
also called equilibrium budget. There is neither saving nor debts in balanced
budget.

National budget
A national budget is an estimate of a country’s income and
expenditure for a given financial year. A financial year is the period in
which a national budget runs.
The National Planning Authority is the government body that prepares a
national budget. It is under the ministry of Finance, Planning and
Economic development.

Reasons for preparing a national budget

 For easy provision of social services by catering for all sectors.
 To easily account for the expenditure of government revenue.
 To promote economic development of a country.
 To identify and cater for government priorities.
 To spend government revenue properly.
 To avoid wastage of government revenue.

SOURCES OF GOVERNMEN REVENUE

 Grants  Loans
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  Taxes  Tourism
 Donations  Privatization
 Agricultural exports  Court fines
Types of taxes collected in Uganda
Excise duty
This is the type of tax charged on locally manufactured good.
Customs duty
This is the type of tax charged on goods entering a country (imports).
Value Added Tax (VAT)
This is the tax included in prices of consumer goods and services.
Pay As You Earn (PAYE)
This is the type of tax paid by civil servants according to their earning.
Property tax.
This is the tax paid by people who own property like commercial building.

Roles of the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA)

 To assess government revenue
 To control smuggling
 To collect taxes
 To conduct tax education
Challenges faced by URA while collecting taxes
 Tax defaulting by tax payers. Some people refuse to pay taxes
 Smuggling of goods. This reduces the amount of taxes to be
collected by the government.
 Corruption among some revenue officers.
 Ignorance among people about the importance of paying taxes.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 37
1. What is meant by the term national budget?
……………………………………………………………………………………
1. State any two reasons why the government prepares a national budget.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
2. Which government ministry prepares a national budget?
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……...……………………………………………………….……………………
3. Write any two effects of a deficit budget to family development.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………..…………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………..………
4. Give any one advantage of having a balanced budget.
…………………………………………………………………..………………
5. Mention any two disadvantages of smuggling to the
economy of Uganda.
(i) …………………………………………………………..……………………
(ii) ……………………..……………………………………..………………….
6. How can the government fight against smuggling of goods?
……….…………………………………………………………………………...
7. Name any two types of taxes paid by civil servants in Uganda.
(i) ………………………………………..…………………………..……………
(i) ……………..……………………………………………………..………...…
8. Who is a citizen of Uganda by Naturalization?
…………………………………………………………………………………...

134
 TOPIC 16

POPULATION OF UGANDA AND EAST AFRICA

Meaning of key population terms

Population: This is the total number of people living in an area.

Population growth: This is the gradual increase in the number of people
living in an area.
Population census: This is the official counting of people living in an area.
National Population census: This is the official counting of people in a
country.
Population distribution: This is the way people are spread in an area.
Population density: This is the average number of people living in an
area.
Population explosion: This is the rapid increase in the number of people
living in an area.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Climate
Places that receive reliable rainfall attract more people than dry areas
because they support crop farming.
Drainage
Areas with poor drainage system experience floods which discourage
human settlement.
Relief
Flat areas are densely populated because it is easy to construct houses
compared to valleys and hilly areas.
Economic opportunities
Many people are attracted to areas with more job opportunities like towns
compared to those with few jobs.
Soil fertility
Areas with fertile soils for farming have more people than those with poor
soils.
Security and peace
Many people prefer to live in peaceful areas free from wars and conflicts.

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Factors that lead to high Population growth
 High fertility rate in women
 Improved health services
 Failure to use family planning
 Practicing polygamy
 Practicing early marriages
 Cultural beliefs for a specific gender
Ways of reducing the Population growth rate in a country
 By encouraging people to use family planning methods.
 By encouraging people to practice monogamy instead of polygamy.
 By promoting girl-child education to reduce early marriages.
 By giving family benefits to small size families.

Reasons for carrying out National Population Census

 To know the total number of people for proper planning.
 To determine the death rate and birth rates.
 To know the population structure of a country.
 To plan well for all categories of people in a country.
 To determine the birthrates and death rates in order to improve
health services.
 To promote youth empowerment projects in the country.

The Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) is the government body

responsible for carrying out population census. It is under the Ministry of
Finance, Planning and Economic development.

Problems of a high Population density

 It leads to environmental degradation. For example, swamps and forests
are cleared in order to get space for farming or settlement.
 It leads to shortage of land due to land fragmentation.
 It leads to high costs of living due to high demand for goods and services.
 It leads to high crime rates as a result of unemployment among people.
 It leads to traffic congestion in urban areas.
 It leads to easy spread of diseases among people.
 It is expensive for the government to provide social services to people.
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 Advantages of a having a big population in an area
 It creates abundant market for goods and services.
 It provides enough labour force needed in production.
 It creates a large tax base for the government.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 29
ant by the term Population growth?
…………………………………………………………………………………
…..
1. State any two factors that lead to population growth in Uganda.
(i) ……………….…………………………………………………………….……
(ii) ……………….…………………………………………………………….……
2. Give any two effects of a high population on the provision of
social services.
(i) …….……………………………………………………………………….……
(ii) …….……………………………………………………………………….……

3. Why does the government encourage people to use family planning?

……………………………………………………………………………..
………
4. In which way does illiteracy affect the control of population growth?
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..…
5. How does each of the following factors influence people’s settlement in
an area?
(i) Social services:
………………………………………………......................
…………………………………………………………………………………
……
(ii) Climate: ……………………………………………….
……………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………
……
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 (iii) Nature of the soil: ……………………………………….
……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……
6. Give any two factors that lead to population increase in Kampala City.
(i) ………………………………………………..
…………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………………..
……………………………………
7. Town X has a total population of 90,000 people and its total area is 300
sq. Km. Calculate the Population density of this town.

………………………..
……………………………………………………………
8. State any two disadvantages of having a big population in a country.
(i) ……………………………………..
……………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………..
…………………………………………

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 30
1. Why should a country with a fast growing population
modernize her agricultural sector?
…..…………………………………………………..
………………………………
2. Give the meaning of the term national population census.
…..……………………………………………………..
……………………………
3. Why is Population census carried out after a long period of
time in Uganda?
…..……………………………………………………………………………..
……
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4. Name the government body that carries out Population census.
……..
……………………………………………………………………………..…
5. How does the government use the information collected about the
youth during population census?
…..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Give any two challenges faced by enumerators while
carrying out population census.
(i) ……………...
…………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
…….
7. State any one factor that leads to Population explosion in an area.
……..…………………………………………………………………………..
……
8. Write any two factors that have contributed to a sparse population in
North Eastern Uganda.
(i) ………..
……………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………..……………………….
……………………………………………

139
 TOPIC 17
THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY (EAC)

BACKGROUND AND FORMATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY

The EAC, originated from the East African High Commission (EAHC) that
had been formed by the colonial government in 1948. The EAHC was
replaced by the East African Common Services Organization (EACSO) in
1961. The East African Community replaced the EACSO in 1967. Its
headquarters was set up in Arusha- Tanzania.

The East African Community (EAC) is an inter-governmental organization

that unites countries in the East African geographical region. It was formed
in 1967 by three heads of state of East African countries, shown below;

Milton Obote Julius Nyerere Jomo Kenyatta

Objectives of the East African Community

 To allow free movement of people and goods across the borders.
 To create abundant market for goods and services in the region.
 To promote regional trade among East African Countries.
 To promote industrialization among member states.
 To promote cooperation in the region.
 To promote unity among East African countries.
 To promote peace among member states.
 To promote security among member states.

COLLAPSE OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY (EAC) IN 1977

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The EAC collapsd due to the following reasons:
 Shortage of funds to run the activities effectively.
 Uganda and Tanzania complained that Kenya was benefitting most.
 Disagreements between Nyerere and Iddi Amin Dada.
 Mistreatment of Kenyan nationals in Tanzania.
 Differences in political ideologies among the member states.

Effects of the collapse of the East African Community

 It led to decline of market for goods and services.
 It led to nationalization of East African Community assets.
 Some people lost their jobs due to decline of EAC departments.
 It led to high taxes on imports and exports.
 It led to closure of borders between East African Countries.

Institutions that survived the collapse of the EAC in 1977

 East African School of Librarianship at Makerere University.
 East African Development Bank in Kampala
 East African Flying School in Soroti
 The Inter-University Council of East Africa

Revival of the East African Community

The final treaty to revive the East African Community was signed in 1999,
then, in 2001, the community was officially revived by three Heads of State.

Yoweri K Museveni Benjamin Mkapa Daniel Arap Moi

Reasons for the revival of the East African Community
 To strengthen the existing institutions of the former East African
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 Community.
 To promote peace among member states.
 To promote regional trade among East African countries.
 To revive free movement of people and goods within the region.
 To create a wider market base for member countries.
 To promote the transport and communication network.
 To promote unity and cooperation among member states.
 To streamline and ease the migration of people among member states.

Expansion of the East African Community

 Rwanda and Burundi joined the EAC in 2007
 South Sudan joined the community in 2016
 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) joined the EAC in 2020 while
Somalia which is the newest member state joined the community in 2023.

ORGANS OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY

 East African Legislative  East African Court of Justice
Assembly (EALA)  The Council of Ministers
 The Summit  The Summit
 Sectoral Committee

EAC headquarters in Arusha Verinica Mueni Nduva

(EAC Secretary General)
REMEDIAL EXERCISE 20
1. What role was played by Mwalimu Julius Nyerere towards the
formation of the East African Community in 1967?
……………………………………………………………………………….
……
142
2. State any two objectives for the formation of the (EAC).
(i) …………………………………….……………………………………….
……
(ii) ………………………………………..………………………………….
…….
3. Give any one reason for the downfall of the East African Community.
………...………………………………………………………...…………..……
4. Mention any two ways the collapse of the East African
Community affected East African countries.
(i) ………………..………………………………………………………..
……….
(ii) …………………..………………………………………………………..
…….
5. Identify any two departments of the East African Community (EAC)
that survived its collapse in 1977.
(i) ………..……………………………………………………………..
………….
(ii) …………..……………………………………………………………..
……….
6. Why was the East African Community revived?
…………………………………………………………………….
………………
7. Name any two personalities who were involved in the revival of the
East African Community.
(i) …………………………………………….
……………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………….
……………………………………
8. How is Arusha important to the affairs of the East African Community?
……………………………………………….
……………………………………
9. State any two benefits of the East African Community to its
143
 member countries.
(i) ………..………………………………..………………………………………
(ii) …………..………………………..
…………………………………………….
10. Give any two challenges faced by the current East African Community.
(i) ………..…………………………………………………………………..
…….
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………….
……
11. State any two solutions to the challenges affecting trade in the
East African Community.
(i) ………………………………….……………………………………….…...
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………….
.
Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

12. What does the blue colour symbolize on the above flag?
……………………………………………………………………………………
13. State any two main roles of the EAC Secretariat.
(i) …………………………………...……………………………..
………………
(ii) ……………………………………..………………………….
………………..
14. Compare the EALA and Uganda’s legislature in terms of their duties.
……………………………………………………………………………………
15. Which organ of the East African Community comprises the
144
 presidents of the member states?
……………………………………………………………………………………
16. Mention any one reason why Somalia joined the East
African Community.
………………………...…………………………………..
………………………

145
 TOPIC 18
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION IN EAST
AFRICA

Transport in East Africa

Transport is the movement of people or goods from one place to
another. The types of transport used in East Africa include; road
transport, air transport, railway transport, water transport and pipeline
transport.

Road transport
Road transport is the most common type of transport used in East
Africa. The means of road transport include; cars, bicycles,
motorcycles, lorries, trucks, donkeys etc.

Examples of modern means of road transport

Types of roads
There are two types of roads in East Africa, that is, murram roads and
tarmac roads.

Advantage of murram roads

They are cheap to construct and maintain.

Disadvantages
 They become muddy in the rainy season.
 They become dusty in the dry season.
 They are easily develop potholes during the rainy season.
 They are not durable due to strong materials used.

Advantages of the tarmac roads

146
 They don’t become muddy during the rainy season.
 They don’t become dusty during the dry season.
 They are durable compared to murram roads.

Disadvantage
They are expensive to construct and maintain.

Note: The Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA) is the body

responsible for road transport in Uganda. It is under the ministry of
Works and Transport.
Duties of UNRA

 It constructs major
roads or highways.
 It carries out road
maintenance when they are
in poor state.
 It puts up road signs that
guide road users.
 It compensates people
whose land is affected Road under construction
by road construction.

Advantages of road transport

 It provides door to door services. This involves taking people or

goods to their final destination.
 Road transport is common in all places.
 It does not follow a fixed time table i.e, one can move at any time.
 It is cheaper for short distances.

Disadvantages of road transport

 It is affected by traffic jam that leads to delays.

 Accidents are very common on roads.
 It is affected by bad weather conditions. For example heavy rainfall.
 Vehicles emit dangerous smoke that pollutes the environment.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 26
147
2. State any two advantages of tarmac roads over murram roads.
(i) ………………………….
………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………….
…………………………………………………
3. Name the following road signs.

4. Mention any two problems faced in a community with murram roads.

(i) …………………………………………………………..
………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………..
…………………………
5. State any two ways a good transport sector promotes
economic development in a country.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………..
………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………..
…………
6. Why is the distance between Kampala and Nairobi shorter by air
transport than road transport?
………………………………………………………………………………..
……
………………………………………………………………………………..
……
7. Mention any two advantages of road transport.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
148
 …
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..
…
8. Give two measures the government can use to reduce road accidents.
(i) …….…….
………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …….…….
………………………………………………………………………

AIR TRANSPORT
Travel by air involves the use of aeroplanes, helicopters or jet planes.
Air transport is the fastest means of travel. It is possible to reach any
part of the world within 48 hours.

Examples of airports in East

Africa
 Entebbe international Airport
 Jomo Kenyatta International
Airport
 Moi international Airport
 Eldoret international Airport
 Julius Nyerere International Jomo Kenyatta airport
Airport
 Kilimanjaro international Airport
 Zanzibar (Abeid Amani Karume) Airport

Advantages of Air transport

 It is the fastest type of transport which saves time.
 It is reliable and convenient as it keeps a fixed time table.
 It is suitable for transporting perishable goods because it is quicker.
 It can link many distant places of the world in a short time.
 It can be used to rescue people trapped by natural disasters like
floods or earthquakes.

149
 Disadvantages of Air transport
 It is the most expensive type of transport.
 It does not transport passengers or goods to their final destinations.
 In case of an accident, chances of survival are very few.
 Air transport is not flexible since it works on a fixed time table.

PIPELINE TRANSPORT
This involves the transportation of liquid products and gas using
underground pipes. Pipelines are convenient and effective for
delivering goods from one place to another. Examples of pipelines
in East Africa include the following

 East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP)

 Mombasa- Nairobi Pipeline
 The Tanzam/ Tanzania-Zambia pipeline
 Mtwara- Dar-es-Salaam Natural gas pipeline

East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP)

Advantages of pipeline transport

 Pipelines are quick in delivering liquid products from one
place to another.
 Pipelines help to reduce traffic jam caused by oil tankers and trailors.
 Different petroleum products can be transported using the
same pipelines.
 It reduces risks of theft faced on roads.
Disadvantages of Pipeline transport
 It might take long to discover leakages which lead to great losses.
150
  Pipelines lead to fire outbreaks in case of leakages.
 Pipelines are expensive to install.

REMEDIAL ACTIVITY

1. Draw a symbol of an airport in the space provided below.

2. Name any two legal documents one must have in order to

use air transport from Uganda to USA.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
…
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
…

3. State any one reason why air transport is the most

suitable for transporting perishable goods for a long
distance.
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………
4. Give any two reasons why few people in Uganda use air transport.
(i) …………….………………………….
…………………………………………
(ii) …………….………………………………….
…………………………………
5. State any two roles of the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) in Uganda.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………….
…
(ii) ………….…………………………...
…………………………………………

151
 6. Give any one advantage of using pipelines for transporting
petroleum products.
………………………………………………………..
……………………………
7. Apart from petroleum products, give any two other
commodities transported using pipeline transport.
(i) ……………………………………. (ii) ……………..
………………………
8. Mention any one disadvantage of pipeline transport.
………………………………………………………..
……………………………

RAILWAY TRANSPORT IN EAST AFRICA

This involves the movement of people or goods from one place to another
using trains. Before the collapse of the East African Community, railway
transport was managed by the East African Railways and harbours. Each East
African country started running its own railway transport services in 1977.

THE TANGA-KOROGWE RAILWAY LINE

This was the first railway line to be constructed in East Africa. It was
constructed by the German East Africa Company during German rule in
Tanganyika.

THE TAZARA RAILWAY LINE

This is also called Tanzam railway line. It was constructed by the
government of Tanzania and Zambia. Chinese engineers provided labour
during the construction of the Tazara railway line.

The main reason for constructing the Tazara railway line was to connect
Zambia to the coast for easy transportation of copper.

THE KENYA-UGANDA RAILWAY

The construction of the Kenya-Uganda railway was funded by the British
colonial government through the Imperial British East Africa Company
(IBEACO). The construction work between the port city of Mombasa and port
Kisumu began from 1896 up to 1901. The network in Uganda was laid
between 1926 and 1960s to link Uganda to the coast of East Africa.

Personalities who contributed to the Uganda railway

152
Sir William Mackinnon
He suggested the idea of constructing the Uganda railway.
Sir George Whitehouse
He was the chief engineer during the construction of the Uganda railway.
Colonel Patterson
He killed the two man eaters (lions) at Tsavo National Park
Capt. Mac Donald
He made the survey of land where the Uganda railway was built.
Guildford Molesworth
He made the final inspection of the already built railway line. He commended
George Whitehouse for the good engineering work.

The Indian Coolies

These were the people who provided labour during the construction of the
Uganda railway. African men refused to do the construction work because
they never wanted to leave their families behind.

Reasons for building the Kenya-Uganda railway

 To ease British colonial administration in the interior.
 The British wanted to stop slave trade in East African countries.
 To link Uganda to the coast of East Africa.
 To promote transport and communication network.
 To develop Uganda and Kenya economically.
 To ease the exploitation of resources like minerals and cash crops.Map of
East Africa showing the railway network

153
 Problems faced during the construction of the Uganda railway
 The Indian Coolies were attacked by fierce lions at Tsavo.
 Shortage of labour at the beginning of the construction work.
 Attacks from hostile tribes like the Nandi and Masasi. The Nandi used to
steal construction materials of the railway line.
 The builders were attacked by tropical diseases like malaria and sleeping
sickness.
 Physical barriers affected the construction work. For example, the rift
valley, mountains, water bodies etc.
 Shortage of supplies like food, clean drinking water and medicine.

EFFECTS OF THE UGANDA RAILWAY

Positive effects
 Uganda as a landlocked country was linked to Port Mombasa.
 It helped in the fight against slave trade. This is because slaves were
replaced by trains in carrying goods from the interior.
 It led to development of many towns were the railway line passed. For
example, Nairobi started to develop into a town because it is where the
154
 store for construction materials was set up.
 The Uganda railway improved transport and communication between
Uganda and Kenya.
 It promoted international relationship between Uganda and Kenya.
 It promoted trade activities in the interior of East Africa. For example, the
Indian Coolies who remained back set up shops and businesses in East
Africa.

Negative effects
 It led to exploitation of resources in East Africa by the colonialists.
 It affected African resistances against colonial rule. This is because the
British troops could easily be transported to fight rebellions in different
parts of East Africa.
 The Indians became close agents of the colonialists in East Africa.
 Many people lost their land where the railway line passed. They were not
compensated by the colonial government.
 The Uganda railway encouraged White settlement who grabbed Kikuyu
land on the Kenyan highlands.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 27
1. State any two reasons for constructing the Uganda railway.
(i) ………….………………………………………………….……………………
(ii) ………….………………………………………………….……………………
2. How did the following people contribute to the construction of the Kenya-
Uganda railway?
a) Capt. Mac Donald
……………………………………………………………..
………………………
b) Colonel Patterson
………………………………………..………………………....
…………………
3. In which way did the Nandi and Masai affect the construction of the
Uganda railway?
…..
…………………………………………………………………………………
155
4. State any one advantage of using railway transport.
……………………………..
………………………………………………………
5. Give two ways the Uganda railway contributed to colonial rule in East
Africa.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………
……
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………
……
6. Why was the Kenya- Uganda railway extended to the following places?
a) Kasese
…………………………………………………………………………
b) Pakwach:
………………………………………………………………………
c) Namasagali:
……………….......................................................................
7. Giveany two ways the Uganda railway has promoted
economic development in East Africa.
(i) ………………………………….………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………….………………………………………………
8. State any two ways the Uganda railway affected East African countries
negatively.
(i) ………………………………….………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………….……………………………………………….

WATER TRANSPORT
This refers to the movement of goods and people on water bodies using
vessels like ships, ferries, dhows, canoes or boats. Water transport on lakes
is called inland water transport, while the one on seas or oceans is called
sea water transport.

The inland ports on Lake Victoria

156
Advantages of Water transport
 It is the cheapest type of transport which makes it affordable.
 It is suitable for transporting fragile goods.
 It transports the most bulky goods.
 It helps transport goods to and from different regions of the world
separated by seas and oceans.
 It is convenient and reliable as it keeps a fixed time table.

Disadvantages of water transport

 It is the slowest type of transport which leads to delays.
 It is expensive to construct sea ports and harbours.
 It is affected by bad weather like storms and rainfall.
 It is affected by floating vegetation on waters bodies (hyacinths).

Note: Water hyacinths can be cleared on water bodies using the following
methods;
 By introducing beetles to feed on them.
 By spraying using herbicides.
 By removing them manually using hands.

REMEDIAL ACTIVITY
1. How do inland ports promote trade in East Africa?
……………………………………………………………………………..
………
2. Name any one inland port on each of the following lakes;
a) Lake Tanganyika:
157
 ………………………………………………………….....
b) Lake Albert:
……………………………………………………………………
c) Lake Victoria: ……………………………………………………………….
…
3. Give any one effect of water hyacinths on water transport.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…..
4. Mention any two weather conditions that affect water transport.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
…..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
…..
5. Why is water transport suitable for transporting fragile goods?
…………………………………………………………………………………
…..
6. State any two disadvantages of water transport.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
…
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
…
7. Give any two factors to be considered when choosing a type of
transport to use for a specific journey.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
…..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
…..
8. Why is water transport not suitable for transporting perishable goods?
…………………………………………………………………………………
…
COMMUNICATION IN EAST AFRICA
158
Communication is the sending and receiving of messages. There are
two types of communication, that it, verbal communication and non-
communication.

Means of communication are categorized into traditional and modern

means. The traditional means include, drum, horn, smoke signals,
trumpet whistles etc. Modern means of communication include
televisions, magazines, radios, telephones etc.
Modern means of communication

Traditional means of communication include; drums, horns, trumpets,

smoke signals, messengers, whistle etc.

Advantages of using modern means of communication

 They have a wider coverage for spreading information to different
places.
 They can be used to store information for future reference.
 They are quick to deliver message from the sender to the receiver.
 They are less tiresome to use because they involve technology.

Disadvantages of traditional means of communication

 Traditional means have a small coverage.
 They are tiresome to use since they involve physical energy.
 They cannot store information for future use.
 They are slow to use.
 Their information can be misinterpreted.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 28
1. What are mass media of communication?
………………………………………….…………………………………..
159
 ……
2. Name any two examples of the mass media of communication.
(i) ……………………………………...
…………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………...
…………………………………………
3. In which way do mass media contribute to the business sector?
……………………………….
…………………………………………………..
4. State any two disadvantages of using newspapers as
means of communication.
(i) …………………………………...
……………………………………………
(ii) …...........................................................................................................
5. How is electricity useful to people when using modern
means of communication?
…………………………………………...
………………………………………
6. Give any two duties of the Uganda Communications Commission
(UCC).
(i) ………………………………………...
………………………………………
(ii) …...........................................................................................................

7. In which way are hills useful to telecommunication companies?

………………………………...
…………………………………………………
8. Apart from communication, give any other two uses of mobile
phones to people in your community.
(i) ……………………..…………….
……………………………………………
(ii) ………………………..………….
160
 ……………………………………………
9. Give any two reasons why televisions are not commonly used in
rural areas.
(i) …………..
……………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………..
…………………………………………………………………
10. State any two ways the government benefits from
telecommunication companies.
(i) ………………...
………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………...
…………………………………………………………
11. Give any two advantages of using televisions over radios in
communication.
(i) ………………...
………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………...
…………………………………………………………
12. State any two advantages of a radio over a
newspaper for communication.
(i) ………………...
………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………...
…………………………………………………………

161
TOPIC 19

FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN UGANDA, EAST AFRICA

AND AFRICA

Foreign influence refers to the social, political and economic

changes that were brought to African continent by groups of people
from other parts of the world. Foreigners were people who came to
Africa from other continents, especially Asia and Europe. These
came in five groups namely;

 Traders: They mainly wanted to trade with the people in Africa.

 Explorers: They wanted to find more about Africa.
 Missionaries: They wanted to spread Christianity.
 Colonialists: They came to rule African countries
 Settlers: They wanted to get land for settlement

THE TRADERS
 There were three groups of traders that came to Africa, i.e, Arab
traders, Indian Traders and European traders.
 The Arab Traders came from Asia, in countries like Persia, Saudi
Arabia and Yemen. They came to the coast of East Africa using
dhows that were sailed by the help of Monsoon winds.
 The first group of Indians to come to East Africa were the Indian
Coolies. These were brought to construct the Uganda railway.

Reasons for the coming of the Arab Traders to East Africa

 To carry out trade
 To spread Islamic faith
 To escape religious wars in their home countries.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 38
1. Name the first group of European foreigners to come to East Africa.
……………………………………………………...
162
 ……………………………
2. How is Kabaka Suunna II related to the coming of Arab
traders to Buganda?
……………………………………………………………………...
……………

3. Why were journeys of Arab traders to the coast of East

Africa successful?
………………………………………………………………………...
…………
4. State any two reasons why Arab Traders took long to trade
in the interior of East Africa.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………...
………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………...
……
5. Name the means of transport below as used by the Arab traders.

………………………………………………………………...
…………………
6. Why did traders move in caravans during the Long distance trade?
……………………………………………………………………...
……………
7. State any two ways the coming of Arab traders led to
economic development of Uganda.
(i) ………………...
………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………...
163
 ……………………………………………………………
8. Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

W
P

(a) Which cash crop was introduced by the Arabs on island P?

………………………………...
………………………………………………...
(a) Name the town marked W that was used as a slave market in
Tanzania.
……………………..
…………………………………………………………….
(b) W hat was the first group of foreigners to come to country marked X?

……………………..
…………………………………………………………….
9. Name any two items of trade the people of East Africa sold to Arabs.
(i) ………………………...
164
 ………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………...
……………………………………………………
10. State any two factors that attracted Arab traders to settle at the
coast of East Africa.
(i) ……..
…………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………..
……………………………………………………………………
11. Why did Islamic religion took long to be spread in East Africa.
(i) …………………..
……………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………..
……………………………………
12. How were the items below useful during the Long distance trade?

…………………………………………...
………………………………………
13. How did Arabs contribute to the introduction of the Swahili race?
…………………………………………………………………………………

SLAVE TRADE IN EAST AFRICA

Slave trade was the illegal buying and selling of human beings for
hard labour. Slavery is the illegal possession of people for hard
labour with little or no pay.

Ways slaves were acquired in East Africa

 Through inter-tribal wars

 Through buying slaves from chiefs
165
 By capturing lonely travellers
 Through raiding villages
Note: The slave trade markets were Tabora, Zanzibar and Kilwa.
Gore Island in Senegal was the largest slave market in Africa.

Slaves matching to the coast of East

Africa
Effects of slave trade in East Africa
(a) Positive effects
 Kings and chiefs got weapons that they used for defence.
 It led to introduction of new trade items in the interior.
 It led to the growth of some towns at the coast. For example, Mombasa,
Zanzibar, Dar-es-Saalam, Kilwa and Malindi.
 Kings and chiefs acquired wealth by selling slaves

(b) Negative effects

 It led to death of people through human suffering.
 Slave trade led to separation of family members from their homes.
 It led to outbreak of famine due to lack of labour in agriculture.
 It led to depopulation of East Africa by taking away people.
 Some tribes fought one another through raiding of slaves.

Methods used to abolish slave trade in East Africa

 Construction of the Uganda railway
 Missionaries preached against the evil of slave trade.
 Through signing of treaties. For example; Moresby treaty, Frere treaty
and Hamerton treaty.
 Through introduction of trade items to replace slave trade with
legitimate trade.
166
REMEDIAL EXERCISE 39
1. What is meant by the term slave trade?
…..………………………………………………...
………………………………
2. State any two ways slaves were mistreated by slave masters in
East Africa.
(i) …………..…………………………………………...
…………………………
(ii) ……………...…………………………………………..
………………………
3. How did the Uganda railway help to stop slave trade in East Africa?
………..…………………...
………………………………………………………
4. Write one contribution made by Missionaries in the abolition of
slave trade?
…………..…………………...
……………………………………………………
5. Give any one method used by Sir Samuel Baker to fight against
slave trade in Northern Uganda.
………………………………..…………………………………………………
6. Give any one reason why Africans were not able to resist against
slave trade.
…………..…………………...
……………………………………………………
7. State any two reasons why slaves were taken from Africa to other
parts of the world.
(i) …………………………………………..………………..
……………………
(ii) ……………………………………………..………..
…………………………
8. Mention one way slave trade affected economic activities in East
Africa.

167
 ………..……………………………………………...
……………………………
9. Why did abolition of slave trade take long to be achieved in Africa?
……………………..……………………………...
………………………………
10. Name the country in Africa that was used to resettle freed slaves.
……………………..………………………………………………………..
…….

EXPLORERS IN AFRICA
An explorer is a person who goes to a foreign land to study more
about it. Before the coming of explorers, Africa was referred to as a
“Dark continent”. This is because the Europeans did not have any
information about the interior of Africa.

Reasons why explorers came to East Africa

 They wanted to study more about Africa’s physical features.
 They wanted to find trade opportunities
 They wanted to study about the traditions of African people.
 They wanted to pave way for the Missionaries to come and
spread Christianity.
 They wanted to win fame and prestige for discovering the interior of
Africa and its major physical features like rivers, lakes and mountains.

The Portuguese Explorers

The Portuguese came from Portugal. They were the first group of
explorers to come to Africa. For many years, several Portuguese
sailors tried to trace the sea route to India but were not successful.
The first Portuguese seaman to find the route to India was Vasco Da
Gama. Bartholomew Diaz had earlier tried to trace for direct sea
route to the Middle East but ended at the Southern cape of Africa.
The ships for his sailors were destroyed by storms, and he named it
“Cape of Storms”

Reasons why the Portuguese conquered the coast of East Africa

168
 They were looking for a sea route to India.
 They wanted to control the Indian Ocean trade that was profitable.
 They wanted the set up naval bases for their sailors.
 They wanted to spread Christianity at the coast.

The role of Prince Henry the Navigator

 He built a school were sailors were trained.
 The school built strong ships which would sail through strong storms.
 He sponsored sailors to find a sea route to India.
 He invented the use of a compass for finding direction while sailing.

Vasco da Gama (Left) and Bartholomew Diaz (right)

The Portuguese benefited from finding the sea route to India in

the following ways;
 They were able to carry large amount of goods than using land routes.
 The sea routes were, free from dangerous animals or hostile tribes.
 The Portuguese were able to make a lot of profits because water
transport is cheap to use.

OTHER EXPLORERS AND THEIR DISCOVERIES

Dr. David Livingstone
 He explored R. Zambezi and named the Victoria falls.
 He explored River Lualaba in Democratic Republic of Congo.

Dr. Mungo Park

He drowned and died at Bussa Falls when he was trying to trace the
source of River Niger.

Joseph Thompson
169
 He was the first European to cross the land of the Nandi and
Masai successfully.
Sir Samuel Baker
 He tried to trace for the source of River Nile from its mouth at
the Nile Delta in Egypt.
 He was the first European to see Lake “Mwitanzigye” and named it
Lake Albert.
 He was also the first European to see Murchison falls along River
Nile.

Henry Morton Stanley

 He circumnavigated (sailed around) Lake Victoria to prove if it
was the true source of River Nile.
 He was the first European to see Lake Edward and Lake George.
 He was the first European to see Mountain Rwenzori and
named it Mountains of the moon.
 He also wrote a letter on behalf of King Muteesa I to convince
Christian Missionaries to come to Buganda.

John Hanning Speke

He discovered the source of River Nile in 1863. He also saw and
named the Rippon falls. These were submerged due the construction
of the Kiira dam.

EFFECTS OF EUROPEAN EXPLORERS

Positive effects
 They led to the coming of European traders who started trading
companies in Africa.
 They campaigned for the abolition of slave trade in Africa.
 They named Africa’s geographical features, such as lakes, rivers etc.
 Their reports led to the coming of Missionaries who spread Christianity.
 They exposed Africa to the rest of the world.

Negative effects

 Exploration reports on fertile soils led to land grabbing by the White

settlers.
 Exploration reports led to the scramble and partition of Africa.
 Exploration of Africa led to establishment of colonial rule.
170
 REMEDIAL EXERCISE 40
1. Why was Africa called a Dark continent by the Europeans?
…………………………………………………………………………….……
2. State any two reasons why the Royal Geographical Society
sent explorers to Africa.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………..
………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………..
……
3. State any two reasons why most explorers to East Africa first
went to Bagamoyo.
(i) ……………………………………………………………..
…………………
(ii) …………………………………………..
……………………………………
4. How did hostile tribes in Kenya make the work of explorers difficult?
………………………………………………………….…………..
……………
5. Name the first European explorer to cross through the land of
Nandi and Masai successfully.
…………………………………………………..……….
………………………
6. Why was West Africa referred to as the “White man’s graveyard?”
…………………………………………………………………………….
……..
7. How did the wrong information about Africa affect the work of
explorers?
……………………………………………………………………………….…
8. State any two positive effects of explorers in Africa.

171
 (i) ……………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………….

Missionaries in Africa
A missionary is a person who leaves their country and goes to a
foreign land to spread the word of God. Missionaries came to Africa
for the following reasons.

 They wanted to spread Christianity among Africans.

 They wanted to stop slave trade that was inhumane.
 To introduce literacy and scientific knowledge.
 They also wanted to civilize Africans by introducing Western culture.

Examples of Missionaries and their contributions

Alexander Mackay
 He was the leader of the Church Missionary
Society in Uganda.
 He introduced the first printing machine in
Uganda.
 He built workshops in Nateete.
 He taught Ugandans practical skills
like carpentry, building and printing
Dr. David Livingstone
 He preached against the evil of slave trade
in East Africa.
 He mobilized money in Europe to help in
the abolition of slave trade.
 He wrote reports against the evil of slave
trade.

Johann Ludwig Krapf

 He built a Mission station at Rabai Mpya
near Mombasa.
 He translated the New Testament Bible into
Kiswahili language.
 He wrote the first Kiswahili dictionary and
grammar book.
172
Effects of Missionaries in Africa
(a)Positive effects
 They spread Christianity in Africa which improved people’s
morals in society.
 They preached against slave trade which was causing
suffering to people.
 They spread Western civilization in Africa to improve people’s
social wellbeing.
 They built hospitals for providing improved health services.
 They built schools to promote educational services.
 They introduced formal education to promote literacy.
 They translated the Bible into other languages which eases the
spread of God’s word.

(b)Negative effects
 They exposed Africa’s natural resources to the colonialists.
 They undermined Africa’s culture and traditions.
 Their preaching led to divisions and disunity among Africans.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 41
1. How did the following people lead to the introduction of
Christianity in Uganda?
(i) Henry Morton Stanley
…………………………...…………………………………..
……………………
(ii) King Muteesa I
…………………………………...…………………………………………..
……
2. State any two ways Missionary work affected the social life of
Africans negatively.
(i) ……………….…………………………………………………………..
……
(ii) …………….………………………………………………………………..
…
173
3. How did Missionaries contribute to colonial rule in Africa?
………………………………………………………………………………….
..
4. State any two social reasons why Missionaries came to Uganda.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………...
…………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………...
………
5. How was the Church Missionary Society useful to early
Missionaries who came Uganda?
……………………………………………………………………………..
.The diagram below shows a printing machine introduced by
Alexander Mackay in Uganda. Use it to answer question (6)

6. In which way did the above machine contribute to the

spread of Christianity in Uganda?
……………………………………...
……………………………………………
7. Give one way Dr. Albert Cook improved the health services in
Uganda.
………………………………………...
…………………………………………
8. Give any two ways Johann Ludwig Krapf contributed to the
spread of Christianity in East Africa.
(i) ………………………………………...
………………………………………
174
 (ii) …………………………………………...
……………………………………

THE EUROPEAN TRADERS

This was a group of Europeans who came to Africa with the motive
of carrying out trade. Some European traders like Capt. Fredrick
Lugard, Cecil Rhodes and William Mackinnon formed trading
companies, such as IBEACO, GEACO etc. Traders came to Africa
for the following reasons;
(i) They wanted to get raw materials for their home industries.
(ii) They wanted to get enough market for their finished goods.
(iii) They wanted to get enough labour to work in their industries.

The Trans-Atlantic Trade

This was the trade carried out by people from West Africa, Americas
and Europe across the Atlantic Ocean. The trade routes formed a
triangular shape, thus a name Triangular Trade.
The slaves were taken from Africa to Americas, to grow cotton,
tobacco, coffee and sugar. These were then shipped to Europe to be
exchanged for manufactured consumer goods which were taken to
Africa. The goods would be given to local chiefs who would help in the
capture and sale of slaves.
Trade items from West Africa: Slaves, kola nuts, gold, ivory
Trade items (raw materials) from Americas to Europe

 Cotton  Sugar
 Coffee  Silver
 Tobacco  Tea
Trade items from Europe to Africa (finished goods)
 Cigarettes  Guns
 Clothes  Gunpowder
 Spirits  Ironware

175
REMEDIAL EXERCISE 42
1. Write any two reasons why European traders came to Africa.
(i) ………………………………...
………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………...
………………………………………………
2. Why did Sir William Mackinnon form the IBEACO?
……………………………………….…………………………………………
3. Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Why were slaves taken through route K to Americas?

……………………………………………………………………………………
…
b) Name any two raw materials that were transported from Americas
to Europe during the Triangular trade.
(i) ………………………………….
………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………….
………………………………………………
4. Why was the Trans-Atlantic trade also called Triangular trade?
……………………………………….…………………………………………
5. Writes GEACO in full.
………………………………………………………………….………………

176
6. Why was Capt. Fredrick Lugard sent to Uganda in 1890?
………………………………………………………………….………………
7. Give any two factors that made IBEACO to run bankrupt.
(i) ………………………………………………………………….
………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………….
………………
8. How did the missionaries help IBEACO when it ran bankrupt?
………………………………………………………………….………………
9. What is meant by the term Trans-Saharan trade?
………………………………………………………………….………………
10. State any two problems that were faced by Trans- Saharan traders.
(i) …………………………………………………...
……………………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………...
…………………………
11. Name any two trade items that were transported from West
Africa to North Africa during the Trans-Saharan trade.
(i) …………………………………………………………...
……………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………...
…………………

COLONIALISTS IN AFRICA
These were foreigners who came to establish colonial rule on behalf
of their home government.

THE SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION OF AFRICA

Scramble for Africa: This was the struggle among European
countries to get territories in Africa.

Partition of Africa: This was the peaceful division of African

territories among European colonial masters. The meeting that
177
 eased the process of Partition of Africa was held in 1884, ie, the
Berlin Conference. The Berlin Conference was chaired by
Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck.

Some of the terms of the Berlin Conference

 European countries would claim territories where their nationals
were actively operating.
 Border conflicts would be solved using peaceful means.
 Physical features were to be used to create natural boundaries.
 Colonial masters would stop slave trade in their territories.

Methods used to establish colonial rule in Africa

 Use of military force  Use of trading companies
 Signing treaties  Use of Missionaries
 Use of collaborators  Use of divide and rule policy
Effects of Colonialists in Africa

Political effects
 They introduced new systems if government.
 They reduced the powers of traditional leaders.
 They drew up political boundaries between African countries.
 Africans lost their political independence.
Economic effects
 They introduced cash crops which improved the economy of
African countries. For example cotton, coffee and oil palm.
 They build manufacturing industries in Africa which created jobs
for people.
 They exploited Africa’s resources through mining and exporting
cash crops.
 They introduced new items of trade.
 They introduced new form of currency.
 They led to development of towns or urban centers.

Social effects
 They improved social services by building schools and roads.
 They undermined Africa’s culture and traditions.
 They intermarried with Africans which led to new races of people.
178
  They introduced new religions that promoted morals and social
values.
 They practiced racial segregation of Africans.
 They led to outbreak of rebellions that involved death of people.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 43
1. State any two methods that were used by Europeans to acquire
colonies in Africa.
(i) ……………………………………………..
……………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
…
2. What was the main objective of the 1884 Berlin Conference?
…………………………………………….
………………………………………
3. Give any two ways industrial revolution in Europe
contributed to colonization of Africa.
(i) ………………………………………….
………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………….
………………………………………
4. In which way did Otto Von Bismarck contribute to colonization of
Africa?
…………………………………………….
………………………………………
5. Name any two social services that were improved by
European colonialists in Uganda.
(i) ………………………………………….
………………………………………
(ii) ……………..……………………………...
……………………………………
6. Name the British imperialist who was sent to represent
IBEACo in Uganda.
179
 ……………………………………………….
……………………………………
7. Give two ways IBEACO contributed to British colonial rule in East
Africa.
(i) ………………………………………………….………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………….
………………………………
8. State the colonial similarity between Uganda and Kenya.
…………………………………………………….
………………………………
9. Name the agreement that finalized the partition of East Africa.
…………………………………………………….
………………………………

Systems of colonial administration

Indirect rule
This was a system of administration where the colonialists used local
chiefs to rule on their behalf. This system was mostly used by the
British colonialists in Uganda. The British empowered African chiefs to
collect taxes, supervise cash crop growing and settling of disputes
among people.

Direct rule

This was a system of administration in which the Europeans used

their own administrators to rule Africans. This system was mostly used
by the Germans and Belgian colonialists. Direct rule enabled the
colonialists to dominate Africans and exploit African resources without
any hindrances.

Assimilation policy

This was a system where African territories were administered using

the laws of their colonial countries in order to adopt European culture.
Assimilation was mostly used by the French in West Africa. This
system was applied in the following ways;
180
 Africans were allowed to acquire French citizenship.
 French language was taught in African schools.
 Intermarriage between Africans and the French was allowed.
 West Africans adopted French dress code.
 French religion was introduced in West Africa.
 Africans were allowed to travel to France.
 French was used as the official language.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 44
1. Give any two ways direct rule was applied by British colonialists
in Uganda.
(i) ………………………..………………………………………...………………
(ii) …………………………..………………………………………...……………
2. Give the meaning of the term Assimilation policy as used by the French
in West Africa.
……..………..……………………………………….
……………………………
3. State any two ways the assimilation policy affected people in Africa.
(i) ………..………………...………………………………………………………
(ii) …………..………………...……………………………………………………
4. Name any two African countries where the assimilation policy was used
the French colonialists.
(i) ……………………………………… (ii) ……………..
………………………
5. Which system did the French introduce to replace the assimilation
policy?
………..……………………………………………………...
……………………
6. State any two ways Semei Kakungulu promoted British colonial rule
in Eastern Uganda.
(i) ……………..……………….……………………………..……………………
(ii) ………………..…………….
………………………………..…………………

181
 7. State any two reasons why colonialists built offices in their territories.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………...
…
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………...
……

8. Who was the first British colonial governor of Uganda?

……………………………………………………...
……………………………
9. Write any two ways African chiefs used resistance to respond to
colonial rule.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
…
(ii) ………………………………………………………………..
………………

DUTCH SETTLERS IN SOUTH AFRICA

The Dutch were the first group of settlers to come to South Africa.
They were carrying out trade through the Dutch East India Company
(DEICO). Dutch settlement was spearheaded by Jan Van Riebeck
in 1652. This group of Dutch, were crop farmers, and they were
called the Boers speaking a language called Afrikaner.

Dutch settlement at the Cape colony was later interfered by the

British settlers, which resulted into the Great Trek. Great Trek was
the movement of the Boers from the Cape colony to the interior of
South Africa.
Causes of the Great Trek
 The Boers wanted to be free from British domination.
 Introduction of English as an official language to replace
Dutch language.
 Abolition of slave trade that was profitable to the Dutch.
 The Boers wanted to get enough land for settlement and farming.
 High taxes imposed on Boers’ farms by the British.
182
Effects of the Great Trek
 The Boers established independent republics of Natal, Transvaal
and Orange Free State.
 It led to conflicts between the Boers and some tribes in the
interior. For example the Ndebele and the Zulu.
 Some natives in the interior lost their land to the Boers.
 It led to the Anglo- Dutch wars because the British wanted to take
over the Boer republics.
 Africans were later subjected to the apartheid policy.
 During the Great Trek, the Boers discovered some minerals like
gold and diamond.

THE APARTHEID POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA

This was the racial discrimination of Black Africans by the Whites in
South Africa. Africans were segregated socially, politically and
economically by the Whites through the following ways;

 Africans were not allowed to share social service centers with

Africans.
 Africans were re- settled in Bantustans. These areas had
poor conditions.
 Africans were not supposed to intermarry with the Whites.
 Africans were denied the freedom of movement.
 Africans were not allowed to share commercial centers with
the Whites.

Bantustans in South Africa

 These were home places which were reserved for Black
Africans during apartheid in South Africa.
 Examples of Bantustans were; Qwaqwa, Kwandebele,
Transkei, Ciskei, Kwazulu and Lebowa.

Problems faced by Africans in Bantustans

 Shortage of food due to limited agriculture.
 Congested homesteads with poor accommodation.
 There were poor social services due to poor schools and hospitals.

The role of OAU in the struggle to end apartheid policy

 OAU suspended South Africa from participating in All Africa Games.
183
 It extended financial support to anti-apartheid movements.
 It demanded for the release of political prisoners.
 It provided military support to fight the apartheid government.
 OAU put economic sanctions (embargo) against South Africa.

The role of Frontline States

These were countries that provided military support to end
apartheid policy in South Africa. They include; Tanzania, Botswana,
Zambia, Zimbawe, Angola and Malawi
 Frontline states provided military support.
 They gave asylum to nationalists of South Africa.
 They put trade embargo against South Africa.

The role of Nelson Mandela

 He led demonstrations and strikes to oppose apartheid laws.
 He led the African National Congress to oppose apartheid.
 He was the leader of the military wing under ANC called “Spear
of the Nation”
 He wrote articles in newspapers to demand for the rights of Africans.
 He held peaceful negotiations with Fredrick de Klerk to end
apartheid.

Note: Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years at the Robben

Islands for opposing the apartheid policy.

Nelson Mandela Robben Islands in Atlantic Ocean

The role of Fredrick Willem de Klerk

 He accepted to release Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners.

184
  He held peaceful negotiations with Nelson Mandela.
 He accepted to hand over power as the last racist president.
The role of Bishop Desmond Tutu
 He chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. This was
aimed at reconciling the Whites and Africans.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 45
1. State any two factors that forced the Dutch settlers to migrate
from the Cape colony.
(i) …………….
……………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………….
………………………………………………………………………
2. Give any two economic effects of the Great Trek in South Africa.
(i) …………………...…………………………………………………..
…………
(ii) ……………………….…..………………………………………………..
……
3. Name one of the new states formed by the Boers after the Great Trek.
……………………………………………………………...
……………………
4. Give the meaning of the term apartheid policy.
……..…………………………………………………………...
…………………
5. Mention any two ways the apartheid policy was practiced in South
Africa.
(i) …………..……………………………………………………...………………
(ii) ……………..……………………………………………………...……………
6. How did Nelson Mandela contribute to the end of apartheid
policy in South Africa?
…………………………………………………………………….
………………
7. Name the last racist president of South Africa.
185
 ……...………………………………………………..
……………………………
8. Give any two negative effects of the apartheid policy to South Africans.
(i) ……………………………..………………………...
…………………………
(ii) …………………………..……………………………...
………………………

186
 TOPIC 20
NATIONALISM AND THE ROAD TO
INDEPENDENCE
THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE IN UGANDA
Characteristics of Colonial administration in Uganda
The colonial administration had certain elements that were different and new
from the African way of governance. These include the following;
 Colonialists introduced foreign oppressive laws.
 They introduced different types of taxes.
 They introduced forced labour without payment.
 They practiced segregation of Africans.
 They also introduced colonial policy.

Formation of the Legislative Council (LEGCO)

The Sir Robert Coryndon formed the Legislative Council in 1921, but it
was mainly dominated by the Europeans like E. BJarvis, A.B Howes, Dr.
A. Wiggins, Boory E, Garnhem and Lewis E. The LEGCO was formed to
make laws and advise colonial governors.

In 1945, Governor Sir. John Hathon Hall nominated the first three
Ugandans to the LEGCO. These were; Michael Ernest Kawalya
Kaggwa (Central Uganda), Petero Nyangabyaki Akiiki (Western
Uganda) and Yekonia Zirabamuzaale (Eastern Uganda). Yekosofati
Innyon was nominated to represent the Northern region in 1946.

The Kabaka Crisis of 1953

This was the period when Kabaka Edward Muteesa II was exiled to
Britain by Sir Andrew Cohen. He was exiled because he opposed the
idea of the East African Federation. He also demanded for separate
independence of Buganda.

Reasons why Edward Muteesa II opposed the East African Federation

 He did not want Buganda to lose its special status.
 He wanted to maintain Buganda’s separate independence.
 He thought that the White settlers in Kenya would control Buganda’s
resources especially land.

When their King was in exile, the Baganda staged strikes,

187
demonstrations and boycotted British goods and means of transport.

The 1955 Namirembe Agreement

 The agreement was signed to reconcile the British government and
Buganda Kingdom. It was signed by Sir Keith Hancock on behalf of
the British government and Michael Kintu signed it on behalf of
Buganda Kingdom.

In the Namirembe agreement, it was agreed that;

 Buganda would remain part of Uganda and would not get
separate independence.
 Kabaka Edward Muteesa II was to return to his kingdom.
 Members of the Lukiiko would be directly elected.
 The idea of the East African Federation was dropped.

Reaction to colonial rule in Uganda

Some Africans reacted to colonial rule by collaborating while others
resisted colonial rule. Examples of collaborators were, Semei
Kakungulu, Nuwa Mbaguta, Omukama Kasagama and Apollo
Kaggwa.

Ways African chiefs used collaboration to respond to colonialism

 They were empowered to collect taxes/ tributes.
 They supervised cash crop growing.
 They were empowered to settle disputes among people.
 They mobilized people to do communal work.
 They enforced colonial policies.
 They set up colonial administrative posts in different areas.
 They helped to suppress colonial resistors. Like Omukama
Kabalega and Kabaka Mwanga II

Reasons why some African chiefs collaborated with the colonialists

 They wanted to get colonial favors from Europeans.
 They wanted to get military support to fight their rivals.
 They wanted to get gifts like money and land.
 They did not have military powers to resist colonial rule.

Reasons for resisting colonial rule

188
 Some kings and chiefs wanted to protect the independence of
their area.
 They wanted to protect their land from being grabbed.
 They wanted to protect their cultural values and traditions.
 They wanted to control their own resources.
 They did not their people to be subjected to oppressive colonial
policies. These include; over taxation, forced labour and
discrimination.

The struggle for independence in Uganda

Leading Nationalists in the struggle for Uganda’s independence

King Muteesa II Ignatius K. Musaazi Benedicto Kiwanuka

Edward Fredrick Muteesa II

He opposed the idea of the East African Federation.

Iganatius Kangave Musaazi

He formed the first nationalistic political party in Uganda. This was the
Uganda National Congress (UNC)
Benedicto Kiwanuka
 He attended the Lancaster House Conference in London that
drafted Uganda’s independence constitution.
 He was the first chief minister of Uganda.

Dr. Apollo Milton Obote

 He was the leader of UPC that led Uganda to independence.
 He attended the Lancaster House Conference to draft
189
 the independence constitution of Uganda.
 He was the first Executive Prime Minister of Uganda.

Milton Obote led Uganda got independence on 9th October 1962

under the Uganda People’s Congress (UPC).

The Uganda flag was raised by Kanuti Akorimo and the Union Jack was
lowered by Sydney Small of Birmingham.

Establishment of colonial rule in East Africa

The scramble for and partition of East Africa

 Scramble for East Africa was the struggle between Germany and
Britain to get territories in East Africa.
 Partition of East Africa was the peaceful division of territories in East
Africa between Germany and Britain.
 The 1884 Berlin Conference was held in Germany to get peaceful
means of sharing African territories among European colonial
powers. This conference was chaired by Chancellor Otto Von
Bismarck.

Note: The 1890 Anglo-German agreement (Heligo land treaty) led to

the final partition of East Africa between Britain and Germany.

Reasons for the Scramble and Partition of East Africa

 The colonialists wanted to get exploit raw materials for their
home industries.
 They wanted to get market for their finished goods.
 They wanted to invest their surplus capital in East Africa.
 They wanted to get cheap labour.
 They wanted to gain political pride.
 They wanted to settle their excess population.

The Europeans used the following methods to get territories in East

Africa
 They signed treaties with local chiefs or kings.
 They used divide and rule policy in some societies.
 They used Missionaries to preach and soften the hearts of Africans.
 They used trading companies. For example GEACO and IBEACO.
 They used military force in areas that had resistances.

190
REBELLIONS THAT TOOK PLACE IN EAST AFRICA AND THEIR
CAUSES

The Maji Maji rebellion (1905-1907)

This was the greatest of all rebellions in German East Africa. It was led by
Kinjekitile Ngwale Bokero.

Causes of the Maji Maji rebellion

 German arrogance and disrespect of African culture.
 Low wages paid to African workers.
 Heavy taxation of local people by the Germans.
 Africans hated harsh rule by the Akidas.
 Replacement of African traditional rulers by the Jumbes.
 Africans were forced to grow cash crops. For example, cotton and tea

Effects of the Maji Maji rebellion

 It led to outbreak of famine in Tanganyika.
 Many people lost their lives
 It led to destruction of property.
 It led to separation of families

Other rebellions staged in Tanganyika against German rule were;

 Abushir revolt: Led by Abushir Bin Salim
 Hehe rebellion: Led by Chief Mkwawa
 Chagga- Nyamwezi rebellion: Led by Chief Siki and Chief Meli

The Mau Mau rebellion (1951-1956)

It stands for Mzungu Arudi Ulaya, Mwafriaka Apate Uhuru (Let the
Europeans go back to their country and Africans get their
independence). Mau Mau rebellion was led by two military leaders,
Dedan Kimathi and General China. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta was the
political leader.

Causes of the Mau Mau rebellion

 Grabbing of Africans’ land on the Kenyan Highlands.
 Under representation of Africans on the Legislative Council (LEGCO).
 High costs of living in Kenya.
 The British had refused Africans to grow cash crops.

191
 High taxation of local people in Kenya.
 Introduction of the Kipande system (identification cards).

Effects of the Mau Mau rebellion

Negative effects
 Thousands of people lost their lives and property.
 It forced many people into reserves and detention camps.
 It led to outbreak of famine due to reduced food production.
 Many of the Mau Mau suspects were arrested.

Positive effects
 Taxes were reduced.
 It sped up the independence process of Kenya.
 It promoted the spirit of nationalism among Kenyans.
 Some Africans regained their land that had been grabbed.
 Africans were allowed to grow their own cash crops.
 Social service centers were improved.
Reasons why the Mau Mau rebellion lasted for long
 It involved skilled and fearless freedom fighters.
 It was supported by many Kenyans.
 It had strong leaders.
 There were many hideouts for Mau Mau fighters. For example,
Kenyan highlands and Aberdare forests.

Nationalism and the Road to independence in Africa

Definitions of Key terms

Pan- Africanism: This is a feeling of uniting and promoting political,
social and economic interests of Africa.
Pan- Africanists: These were people who led the struggle for unity and
independence of Africa. They were from both within and outside Africa.
Nationalism: This refers to deep love for one’s country to
have independence.
Patriotism: This is one’s devotion to serve and defend one’s country.

African countries that were not colonized

Ethiopia
 Ethiopia had a strong army equipped with modern weapons.
192
 It had strong able leaders who united people to defeat the Italians.
 The country has mountainous relief that provided natural
defense against Italian troops.
Liberia
It had been set aside to resettle the freed slaves.

Reasons for independence struggle in Africa.

 The Africans wanted to control over their natural resources.
 They wanted to stop oppression that they were facing from the Whites.
 Africans wanted to stop exploitation of their resources by the colonialists.
 They wanted to revive their culture that had been eroded by foreigners.
 They wanted to regain their dignity and self-respect.
 They wanted to regain their land that had been grabbed by the Whites.
 Africans also wanted to ensure human equality.
Examples of Pan-Africanists
 Marcus Mosiah Garvey
 Booker Washington
 Henry Sylvester Williams
 William Du Bois
 Edward Blyden
 Dr. James Emmanuel K. Aggrey
 Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

Marcus Garvey Kwame Nkrumah Booker T. Washington

Marcus Garvey was from Jamaica. He formed Universal Negro

Improvement Association as well as a trading company called Black
Star Liner.

Methods used by Pan-Africanists to demand for independence

193
  By conducting conferences/ meetings to sensitize Africans.
 By writing articles in newspapers to expose the evil of colonialism.
 By staging protests against colonial oppressive policies.
 Through demonstrating to advocate for positive reforms.

Methods used by nationalists to struggle for independence

 They formed political parties to unite Africans in the struggle
for independence
 They staged rebellions in order to regain freedom in their land.
 Formation of nationalistic movements to fight for their rights.
 Formation of trade unions to promote the rights of traders.
 Staging of demonstrations to advocate for positive reforms.
Leading nationalists in the struggle for independence
Kwame Nkrumah
 He started the Accra Evening Newspaper for publishing the
evil of colonialism.
 He formed the Convention People’s Party (CPP) that led
Ghana to independence.
 He organized boycotts and strike to demand for independence.
 He won the 1956 general elections and led Ghana to independence
on 6th March 1957. Ghana was the first Black African country to
get independence.

Julius Nyerere
 He was the leader of Tanganyika African National Union (TANU).
 He used TANU to unite people in Tanganyika to demand
for independence.
 He called for diplomatic support for independence from the UN.

Note: Julius Nyerere under TANU led Tanganyika to independence on 9th

December 1961. Tanganyika was the first country in East Africa to get
independence because it was a Trusteeship territory.

Nelson Mandela
 He contributed to the struggle for African freedom in South Africa in
the following ways
 He was the secretary of the Youth League of the African
National Congress.
 He formed the military wing of the ANC called “Spear of the Nation”.
194
  He staged demonstrations against the apartheid policy.
 He held peaceful negotiations with Fredrick de Klerk to end
apartheid policy.
 He won the first multi-racial elections and became the first Black
African president of South Africa.

Other nationalists include;

Patrice Lumumba (DRC)
Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)
Hastings Kamuzu Banda (Malawi)
Benjamin N’namdi Azikiwe (Nigeria)
Keneth Kaunda (Zambia)
Samora Machel (Mozambique)

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 46

1. Give the meaning of the term independence.

……………………………………………………………..………………………
2. State any two reasons why Africans fought for their independence.
(i) ……………………………..……………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………….…………………………………………….…
3. Name any two methods used by people of Uganda to get
their independence.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..…
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..…
4. How did Ingantius Kangave Musaazi contribute to independence
struggle in Uganda?
………………………………………………………………………………..……
5. What title was given to the head of government in Uganda between
1962 and 1967?
…………………………………………………………………………..…………
6. Who was the first executive Prime Minister of Uganda?
……………………………………………………………………………..………
7. Why was the Kabaka Yekka Party helpful to Milton Obote in the
195
 1962 general elections?
…….……………………………………………………………………….………
8. Which political party led Uganda to independence in 1962?
……….……………………………………………………………………….……
9. Mention any two important events that marked the celebrations
of Uganda’s independence on 9th October 1962.
(i) ………………………………………..…………………………………...……
(ii) …………………………………………..………………………………...……
10. Who raised the Uganda National flag on the independence day?
………………………………………………………………………………..……
REMEDIAL EXERCISE 47
1. How was independence struggle in Uganda different from that
of Kenya?
……………………………………………………………………………………
...………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Mention any two causes of the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………..……..
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………..…..
3. In which way did the First and Second World Wars
contribute to independence struggle in East Africa?
……………………………………………………………………..…………..…
4. Give any two reasons why the Mau Mau rebellion lasted for a
long period of time.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………..….
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………...
5. State any two ways local communities in Kenya benefitted from the
Mau Mau rebellion.
(i) ……………………………………………..…………………………………...
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………...
6. Give any two negative effects of the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………...

196
 (ii) ……………………………………………………………………………...…
7. Mention any one reason why Tanzania got independence
before Uganda.
……………………………………………………………………………..……..
8. Give any two reasons why Mwalimu Julius Nyerere is still
remembered in Tanzania’s road to independence.
(i) ……………………………..…………...………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………...……………………………………
9. What role was played by political parties during independence
struggle in East Africa?
………………………………………………....…………………………………

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 48
1. State any two contributions made by Marcus Garvey in promoting
Pan Africanism.
(i) ……………………………………………...…………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………...………………………………
2. Name the country in West Africa that was not colonized.
…………………………………..………………………………………………..
3. Why was the country in (2) above not colonized?
……………………………………..……………………………………………..
4. Give any two Pan-Africanist roles played by Dr. Kwame Nkrumah.
(i) …………………………………...……………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………...…………………………………………
5. Apart from Marcus Garvey and Kwame Nkrumah, name any two other
Pan-Africanists.
(i) …………………...……………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………...………………………………………………………
6. State any two factors that enabled Ethiopia to remain independent
from Italian rule.
(i) ………………………………………………….………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………...…………………………
197
7. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.

Country Nationalist Political party

Uganda People’s
Uganda ……………………… Congress (UPC)
Kwame Nkrumah Convention People’s
…………………..
Party (CPP)
Tanzania
Mzee Jomo
……………………….
Kenyatta
African National
South Africa ……………………… Congress (ANC)

8. How did Patrice Lumumba help Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

to attain her independence?
……………………………………………………………………………………
9. Give any three problems faced by Pan- Africanist during
independence struggle.
(i) …………………………………………………...…………………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………...………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………...……………………
10. Give any two reasons why some African countries took long to
attain their independence.
(i) ……………………………………………………..………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………...…………………………

198
 TOPIC 21
POST
TOPICINDEPENDENCE
21 IN AFRICA

POST INDEPENDENCE AFRICA

The Organization of African Unity (OAU)

The first organization to bring together all African countries was called
OAU. This was aimed at preserving the unity among Africans that they
attained during Pan-Africanism struggle. The Organization of African Unity
was formed in May 1963. The name OAU was suggested by Herbert
Maga, the president of Benin by then. The headquarters of OAU was built
in Addis Ababa- Ethiopia.

Examples of the founder personalities of OAU

o Emperor H. Selassie (Ethiopia)
o Sekou Toure (Guinea)
o King Hassan (Morocco)
o Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)
o Julius Nyerere (Tanzania
o Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia)
o Apollo Milton Obote (Uganda)
o Mzee Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya)
o Abdel Gamal Nasser (Egypt)

199
OAU headquarters in Ethiopia

Objectives of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

 To promote unity and solidarity among African countries.
 To defend the sovereignty and independence of African countries.
 To eliminate colonialism and racism of any form from Africa.
 To foster and uphold human rights.
 To improve the standards of living of people in Africa.
 To promote social, political and economic development in Africa.
 To promote international cooperation between Africa and the rest of the
world.

The African Union (AU)

The idea of transforming the OAU into an African Union was first
suggested by Muarmmar Gaddafi the former President of Libya. The AU
was launched on Monday 9th July 2002 in Durban, South Africa during the
OAU Summit meeting.
Note: Almost all the objectives of the OAU were maintained.

Organs of the African Union (AU)

 Assembly of the Union  African Union Commission
 Executive Council of the  The Court of Justice of the
Union Union
 Pan- African Parliament  Peace and Security Council
Challenges of the African Union (AU)
200
 Some countries don’t remit their contribution that leads to limited funds.
 There are constant wars which affect peace among member states.
 Difference in political ideologies leading to misunderstandings.
 There is overdependence on developed countries.
 High rate of unemployment among people.
 Poverty that has led to backwardness and unproductivity.

Possible solutions to the challenges of African Union (AU)

 The AU should promote democracy in member countries.
 The AU should set up financial institutions to give loans to member
states. For example the African Development Bank.
 The AU should adopt a common currency to ease trade.
 The AU should use peaceful negotiations to settle disputes.
 The AU should send a joint army to war torn countries.

201
 REMEDIAL ACTIVITY 49

………………………………………………………...……….…………………
of OAU.
………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………….……………

……………………….…………………………………………………..………
(OAU).
(i) ………………………………………………………………………….……
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………….…
5. Mention any two achievements of the Organization of African Unity
(OAU).
………………
(ii) …………………………….…………………………………………………
OAU).
………………
(ii) …………………………………….…………………………………………
frican Union
(AU).
(i) …………………………………….…………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………….…………………………………………

(i) ……………………………….………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………….………………………………………………
9. In which way is Durban in South Africa related to the formation of
the African Union (AU)?
……………………………………………………………………………………

202
 (i) …………….…………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………….…………………………………………………………………
(iii) …………….…………………………………………………………………

Regional economic groupings in Africa

These are organizations that were formed to solve the social, political
and economic challenges facing the African continent. They include
the following;
(a) East African Community (EAC)
(b) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
(c) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
(d) Inter- Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
(e) Economic Community of Central Africa States (ECCAS)
(f) Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Benefits of regional bodies to African countries

 They promote trade among member states.
 They promote regional cooperation among member states.
 They promote transport and communication.
 They create a wider market for goods and services.
 They create employment opportunities for the population.
 They promote free movement of people and good across the borders.
 They have improved people’s standards of living.
 They promote peaceful living among member states.

Challenges faced by regional economic groupings in Africa

 Occurrence of civil wars among member states.
 Political differences among member states.
 Lack of a common currency that makes transactions costly.
 There is poor transport linkage among some member states.
 High level of poverty that affects the purchasing power.
 Some member states do not remit their contribution leading to
shortage of funds for the organizations.
 Different levels of industrialization leads to imbalances in benefits.
 Lack of a common language that affects communication.

203
 Solutions to the problems faced by regional bodies.
 Encouraging peaceful means of settling disputes.
 By adopting a common currency to ease trade activities.
 By encouraging foreign investment to promote industrialization.
 Adopting a common language to ease communication.
 By carrying out joint development of infrastructure such as roads.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 50
1. State the meaning of the term Common market.
…………….................................................................................................
2. Name the largest economic grouping in Africa.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Apart from the East African Community, name two other regional
body where Uganda is a member state.
(i) ……………………………………………………..……………………...……
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………...…
4. Study the map of Africa below and answer the questions that follow.

204
5. Name the regional economic region whose member countries
are shaded in the map above.
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Give any two ways the above regional body benefits its member states.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………...………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………...……
7. Mention any four member states of the Southern African
Development Community (SADC)
(i) …………………………………… (iii) ………………..………..………….
(ii) ……………………….…………… (iv) ………………..……….………….
8. Give any two objectives for the formation of the Inter-Government
Authority on Development (IGAD).
(i) ……………………………...…………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………...……………………………………………
9. State any one factor that promotes trade in common markets.
………………………………...………….………………………………

205
 TOPIC 22
TOPIC 22
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA

An economy refers to the relationship between trade, production and
supply of money in a country. Development is the gradual change from a
poor status to a better status.
African countries entirely depend on resources to improve their economic
development. Resources are used by people to generate wealth. These
include: Land, climate, human beings, minerals, plants/ vegetation, water
bodies etc.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 51
1. What is meant by the term resource?
………………………………………………………………………………..……
2. Name any four major economic resources in Africa.
(i) …………………………………… (iii) ……………………………………
(ii) …………………………………… (iv) ……………………………………
3. State any two importance of each of the following resources to people.
a) Land
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
b) Water bodies
(I) ………………………………………………………………………………
(II) ………………………………………………………………………………
c) Animals
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
d) Human beings

206
 (i) ………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
4. Give any two ways people have led to destruction of vegetation
as a resource.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
5. State any one way of conserving forests as a resource in
the environment.
…………………………………..…………………………………………………
6. Mention any two problems faced by human labour as a resource.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………

Case study: Economic Development in Sudan

Sudan is found in the North African region. Is mainly experiences desert
climate that is hot and dry throughout the year. Due to dry climatic
conditions of Sudan, crop farming is mainly carried out using irrigation.
The Gezira Irrigation Scheme

 Irrigation is mainly carried out on the Gezira irrigation scheme.

The scheme is found in the land between the Blue Nile and White Nile.
207
 Cotton is the main crop grown by farmers on the gezira irrigation
scheme.
 Canal irrigation is the method used on the Gezira scheme.
 The water flows from a reservoir (Sennar dam) through the farms.
 The scheme is managed by the Gezira Irrigation Board.
Factors that favoured the setting up of the Gezira irrigation
scheme
 Gently sloping land for easy flow of water and farm mechanization.
 Availability of a reliable source of water from the Blue Nile.
 Favourable climatic conditions for cotton growing.
 Availability of enough capital for the project.
 The soils in the area are favourable for cotton growing.
 The area was free from diseases due to dryness.
 Availability of unoccupied land due to sparse population.

Contributions of the Gezira scheme to the economy of Sudan

 It earns the country foreign exchange through export of cotton.
 It has led to the development of agro-based industries.
 The project creates employment opportunities for people.
 It has led to the development of social amenities such as
schools, recreational centers, health centers etc.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 52
1. Give any two factors that made the establishment of the Gezira
irrigation scheme possible.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
2. State any three economic benefits of the Gezira irrigation scheme Sudan.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………
3. Why is the canal method of irrigation the one that is used on the
Gezira irrigation scheme?
…………………………………………………………………………..…………
4. Mention one importance of Sennar dam to the development of Sudan.
208
 ………………………………………………………………………………..……
5. Give any two problems faced by cotton farmers on the Gezira
irrigation scheme.
(i) …………………………………………..……………………………...………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………...………
6. State any two reasons why plantation farming is not well developed
in most rural areas of Uganda.
(i) ………………………………………………..…………………...……………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………...…………
7. Apart from farming, give any two other economic activities carried
out in Uganda.
(i) ………………………..……………………………………………………...…
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………...

8. What is the main crop grown on each of the following irrigation

schemes in Uganda?
(a) Kibimba irrigation scheme: ……………..……………………………………

(b) Mubuku irrigation scheme: ………………..…………………………………

CASE STUDY: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

Nigeria is found in the West African region. It experiences three types of
climate, i.e semi-desert climate, equatorial climate and tropical climate.
Crop farming, mining and pastoralism are the main economic activities
carried out in Nigeria.

Oil palm growing is carried out in areas with equatorial climate due to
high amounts of rainfall received. Pastoralism is carried out by the Fulani
nomads through the system of transhumance. They keep animals like
cattle, goats, sheep, camels and horses.

The Kainji dam Power project

This is the largest hydro-electric power project in Nigeria. It is located on
River Niger and produces 960 megawatts of electricity. Its construction
led to the creation of a man- made lake called Lake Kainji.
Importance of the Kainji dam project to Nigeria
 It is used to generate hydro electricity used in industries.
209
 It is used as a fishing ground.
 It supports tourism which is a source of revenue to the government.
 The lake is a source of water for domestic and industrial use.
 It has promoted irrigation farming which promotes food security.

Oil mining in Nigeria

 The Oil wells in Nigeria are found on the bed of the Atlantic Ocean
and the Niger Delta. Oil deposits found on land are called onshore
wells while those found on the ocean bed are called offshore wells.

Contributions of Oil mining to the economy of Nigeria

 It has created job opportunities in oil wells and refineries.
 It is a source of fuel such as petrol, jet fuel, diesel, kerosene and gas.
 Mining has led to development of social amenities such as
schools, hospitals and stadiums.
 Mining sites have developed into urban centers for example, Kaduna.
 The government fetches foreign exchange through exporting crude
oil and its products.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 53
1. Give any two benefits of oil mining to the economy of Nigeria.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
2. Compare the Nile delta to the Albertine valley of Uganda in terms
of mining.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. How does the mining of crude oil support the transport industry?
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Study the map of Nigeria below and answer the questions that follow.

210
 L

a) Name the river marked L.

……………………………………………………………………………………
b) Give any two economic importance of the place marked M to Nigeria.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
c) Use letter N to show River Niger on the map above.
5. State any two importance of the Great Manmade river to
Libya’s development.
(i) ………………………………………...………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………...……………………………………
6. Mention any two reasons why the Northern part of Libya is
more populated than the Southern part.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
7. Give any two factors that have promoted Oil palm growing in Nigeria.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
8. Name any two products made from Oil palm.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………

211
9. State the similarity between the Fulani tribe of Nigeria and
the Karimojong in terms of their occupation.
……………………………………………………………………………………
Case study: Economic Development in South Africa
The major economic activities carried out in South Africa include;
mining, industrialization and farming.
Minerals mined in South Africa include; gold, diamond, phosphates,
crude oil, copper, iron ore, lead, zinc, cobalt, tin, silver, manganese and
nickel. South Africa is the leading producer of gold in the world. Gold is
mined in Witwatersrand (Golden arc), while diamond is mined in
Kimberly.

Industrialization in South Africa

South Africa is the most industrialized country in Africa. Examples of
industries found in South Africa include;
 Food processing industries
 Vehicle assembly
 Jewellery manufacturing
 Textile industries
 Pharmaceuticals
 Motor vehicle
 Gold refining
 Chemical industries

Factors that have led to the rapid industrial development in

South Africa
 Availability of electricity that helps to run machines.
 Availability of capital for buying machines and paying labour.
 Availability of both local and foreign market for minerals.
 Well- developed transport network for easy transportation of raw
materials and finished goods.
 Availability of raw materials used in manufacturing goods.
 There is enough skilled labour to work in industrial activities.
Contributions of industrial development to South Africa
 Industries have created jobs for people in South Africa.
 The government earns foreign exchange through exportation of
manufactured goods.
212
  The industries have led to development of infrastructures like road,
railways, sea ports and air ports.
 Industries have led to the growth of other sectors through creation of
market. For example, agriculture and mining.
 The government earns revenue through taxing the industries.
 People in South Africa can easily access manufactured goods.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 54
1. Study the map of South Africa below and answer the questions
that follow.

ZIMBABWE

MOZAMBIQUE
BOTSWANA

ESWATINI
NAMIBIA

K
L

a) Name the country marked K.

……………………………………………..……………………………………
b) What type of climate is experienced in the area marked M?
………………………………………………..…………………………………
c) Which group of people moved to the interior of South Africa through
route L?
………………………..……………….………………………..………………
d) Why did the above group of people migrate from place M?
………………………..……………….………………………..………………
2. Which minerals are mined from the following places in South Africa;

213
 (i) Witwatersrand: …………………………..………………………………….
(ii) Kimberly: …………………………………….………………………………
3. State any two factors that have led to the development of the
mining industry in South Africa.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
4. Mention any two reasons why South Africa is the most
industrialized country in Africa.
(i) ……………………….……………..…………………………………………
(ii) ………………………….………………..……………………………………
5. Give any two reasons why Uganda has few manufacturing industries.
(i) …………………………..…………………..…………………………………
(ii) ………………………………..………………..………………………………
6. Give one reason why lumbering is common in Democratic Republic of
Congo (DRC)
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. State any one similarity between DRC and Uganda in terms of climate.
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. Give two factors that have led to slow economic development in DRC.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..

214
 TOPIC 23
MAJOR WOLRD
ORGANIZATIONS
THE UNITED NATIONS
The origin of the United Nations (UN) is traced right from the occurrence
of the first and second world wars. The First World War was caused by
Germany and lasted from 1914 to 1918.
Germany lost the war and all her colonies were given to other colonial
powers as Mandate territories in 1919. After the First World War, the
League of Nations was formed to stop occurrence of another war but it
finally failed. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War, still
caused by Germany.

Formation of the United Nations (UN)

The Second Word War lasted from 1939 to 1945. After the war, the
United Nations (UN) was formed on 24th October 1945 to replace the
League of Nations that had failed to stop world wars. The
headquarters of the United Nations (UN) is found in New York-USA.

Antonio Guterres UN headquarters in New York

City UN Secretary General

Objectives of the United Nations (UN)

 To promote peace and security in the world.
 To promote international relationship among countries in the world.

215
  To improve peoples’ standards of living.
 To get peaceful means of settling disputes among member states.
 To promote the respect for human rights.

Organs of the United Nations (UN)

 The General Assembly
 The Secretariat
 The Security Council
 The Economic and Social Council
 International Court of Justice

Specialized agencies of the United Nations

The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The following are its
functions
 To protect and advocate for the rights of children throughout the world.
 To protect children from violence and abuse.
 It carries out immunization of children against different disease.
 It promotes nutrition and provision of safe drinking water.
 To promote gender equality through girl- child education.

World Health Organization (WHO)

It is an agency of the UN responsible for the promotion of world public
health. The functions of the World Health Organization include;
 It word with world governments to promote public health.
 It provides funds for health projects like immunization of children.
 It promotes health education through funding and publicity.
 It carries out disease surveillance and monitors disease control.
 It coordinates the developed and developing countries in health matters.

Other agencies of the United Nations (UN) include the following;

 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
 The Word Food Programme (WFP)
216
 The International Labour Organization (ILO)
 The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Challenges faced by the United Nations in its work

 Shortage of money that affects funding of UN activities.
 World dictators who interfere the implementation of policies.
 The Arms race which continues to threaten world peace.
 International conflicts among countries affecting
international cooperation
 Political instabilities that lead to suffering and death of people.
 Differences in political ideologies

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 55
1. Name the symbol of the United Nations (UN) shown below.

……………………………………………..………..……………………………
2. What was the main reason of forming the League of Nations in 1919?
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Why did Germany lose her colonies after the First World War in 1919?
………………………..……………………………..……………………………
4. Give any two objectives for the formation of the United Nations (UN).
(i) ……………………………………………..………..…………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
5. How is New York City important to the affairs of the United
Nations (UN)?
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. What do Olive branches symbolize on the above symbol?

217
 ……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Write UNESCO in full.
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. State any two roles played by UNESCO for the UN member states.
(i) …………………………………………………………………...……………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………...…………
9. Mention any three ways the World Health Organization (WHO)
helped countries in the world to fight the spread of COVID 19.
(i) …………………………………...……………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………...………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………...………………………………………
10. State any two ways the UNHCR caters for the welfare of
refugees worldwide.
(i) ……………………………………...…………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………...……………………………………
11. Name any two permanent member states of the UN Security Council.
(i) …………………….……………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………...………………………………………………………
12. Mention any two reasons why the UN sends peace keeping forces
to war-torn countries.
(i) ……………………………….…………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………...……………………………………………

REMEDIAL ACTIVITY 56
1. State any two ways the International Labour Organization promotes
the rights of workers in the world.
(i) ………………………………...………………………………………………
(ii) .............................................................................................................
2. Give any two benefits of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
to children in Uganda.
(i) ……………………………………..…………...………………………………
218
 (ii) ………………………………………...………………………………………
3. State any two duties of the World Food Programme (WFP)
(i) …………………………...……………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………...………………………………………………
4. Write two ways the government of Uganda benefits from
the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
5. What title is given to the overall leader of the United Nations (UN)?
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Who is the current overall leader of the United Nations?
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. State any one duty of the International Court of Justice (ICC).
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. Mention any two examples of human rights in the UN Charter.
(i) ………..……………………………………………………………..…………
(ii) …………..……………………………………………………………..………
9. How are human rights abused in your community?
(i) ……………..……………………………………………………………..……
(ii) ………………..……………………………………………………………..…
10. State any two duties of the Uganda Human Rights Commission
in promoting people’s rights in Uganda.
(i) …………………………………..…………………………………...………
(ii) ………………………………………..………………………………...……
11. Give any two effects caused by gender- based violence in
Uganda today.
(i) ………………………….………………………………………..……………
(ii) ……………………………….……………………………………..…………

The Commonwealth of Nations

219
 This is an organization that unites Britain, her former colonies and
dominion states. The headquarters of the Common wealth of Nations
is found in London- Britain. The King of England is the title given to
the head of the Common wealth of Nations. Dominion states include;
New Zealand, Canada and Australia.

Characteristics of the Commonwealth of Nations

 They use English as their official language.
 They use the British system of education.
 They participate in the Common wealth games.
 They participate in CHOGM (Commonwealth Heads of
Government Meeting)

Note: Uganda hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting

(CHOGM) in 2007.

Flag of the Commonwealth King Charles III of England

Objectives of the Common wealth of Nations

 To promote democracy and good governance.
 To unite Britain and her former colonies.
 To enable member states exploit their resources in advanced way.
 To promote education, sports, agricultural and health standards.
 To uplift the standards of living among member states.
 To carry out joint ventures in trade and resolve political conflicts.
 To provide market for industrial and agricultural products.

REMEDIAL EXERCISE 57
1. How did Rwanda become a member of the Commonwealth of Nations?
220
 ……………………………………………………………………………..………
2. Name the town where the headquarters of the Commonwealth of
Nations is found.
………………………………………………………………………………..……
3. State any two ways the Common wealth of Nations promotes
economic development among its member states.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..…
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………..
4. How does Uganda benefit from participating in the Common
wealth games?
……………………………………………………………………………..………
5. Give any two ways the Common wealth of Nations promotes
democracy among member states.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………..……
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..…
6. Where do we find the headquarters of the Commonwealth of Nations?
………………………………………………………………………..……………

221
 TEST PAPER ONE
SECTION A (40 MARKS)
1. Give any one way plantations contribute to the development of
industries in Uganda.
……………………………………………….………………..……………….
2. Why do traffic police officers wear jackets with reflectors?
………………………………………………………………..…………………
Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

Income
Expenditure

3. Name the type of budget shown above.

………………………………………………………………..……………………
4. Mention any one disadvantage of the above type of budget.
………………………………………………………………..……………………
5. Give one reason why the government carries out rural electrification.
………………………………………………………………..……………………
6. Name the imaginary line of latitude marked 23.5◦ North on the globe.
………………………………………………………………..……………………
7. Give one duty of the Local Council One Executive Committee in an area.
………………………………………………………………..……………………
8. State any one problem faced by livestock farmers during a rainy season.
……………………………………………………………..……………………...
9. Mention one factor that leads to cancelling of election results by
the Electoral Commission.
………………………………………………………………..……………………
10. How did Frontline States help to fight against the apartheid Policy
222
 in South Africa?

…………………………..………………………………………………………
Study the diagram below and answer the questions (11-12)

…………………………………………………………………………………...

11. Name the method of farming shown in the diagram above.

………………………………………………………………..……………………

12. Why is the planted grass important in the above method of farming?

………………………………………………………………..……………………

13. Mention the historical activity that made Dr. Louis Leakey a popular
archaeologist in East Africa.
………………………………………………………………..……………………

14. Why is the Cape province of South Africa suitable for citrus fruit growing?

………………………………………………………………..……………………

15. How do Kingdoms preserve traditional culture in a community?

………………………………………………………………..……………………

16. Give any one effect of strong wind to water transport.

………………………………………………………………..……………………
17. Name the water body that separates Africa from Asia.

………………………………………………………………..……………………
223
18. What direction will you face if you turn 90◦ Clockwise from the
point marked W?

………………………………………………………………..……………………

19. Give any one economic benefit of salt mining to people who live
around Lake Katwe.
………………………………………………………………..……………………

20. Mention any one school activity that promotes the spirit of
patriotism among pupils.
………………………………………………………………..……………………

21. Why are children encouraged to prevent gifts from strangers in

a community?
………………………………………….…………………………………………

22. Give any one reason for the formation of trading companies by
European Colonialists in East Africa.
………………………………………………………………..…………………...

23. Why was the 1890 Anglo-German agreement signed?

………………………………………………………………..…………………...

24. Mention one characteristic of trees in the Savanna region of Africa.

………………………………………………………………..…………………...

25. State any one social challenge faced by the Karimojong in North
Eastern Uganda.
….……………………………………………………………..…………………...

26. Which organization was replaced by the United Nations in 1945?

………………………………………………………………..…………………...
27. Mention any one condition one should fulfill in order to participate

224
 in general elections.
………………………………………………………………..…………………...

28. Why did Arab traders settle at the coast of East Africa?

………………………………………………………………..…………………...

29. Give any one importance of having a national language in a country.

………………………………………………………………..…………………...

30. Name the type of tax charged on goods entering a country.

……………………………………………..………………………………………

31. What will be the time in Accra Ghana if it is 4:00pm in Uganda that lies
in the East African Standard Time Zone?

………………………………..……………………………………………………

32. State any one way citizens of Uganda express their freedom of speech.

………………………………………………………………..…………………...

33. Give any one major cause of environmental degradation in urban

areas of East Africa.
……………………..………………………………………………………………

34. What process led to the formation of the Atlas mountain ranges
in Morocco?
………………………..……………………………………………………………

35. State any one role of the East African Legislative Council (EALA) to
the East African Community.

…………………………………………………………………………………
For each of the questions 36 to 40, answer EITHER the Christian OR
Islamic question but not both. No marks will be awarded to a candidate
who attempts both alternatives in a particular number.
225
36. EITHER: Name one Christian religious symbol used to identify a
church in an area.
………………………………………………………………………..……………

OR: Name one Islamic symbol used to identify a mosque in an area.

…….………………………………………………………………………………

37. EITHER: Why did God destroy human race with floods during the
time of Noah?
…………………………………………………………………………………
OR: Why did Allah destroy human race with floods during the time of
Prophet Nuhu?
…….………………………………………………………………………………

38. EITHER: Name one book in the Bible that was written by Moses.

………………………………..……………………………………………………

OR: Name the Holy Book that was received by Prophet Musa.

……………………………….……………………………………………………

39. EITHER: How do women suffer today as a result of Eve’s

disobedience before God?
……………………………….…………………………………………………
OR: How do women suffer today as a result of Hawa’s disobedience
before Allah?
……………………………….……………………………………………………

40. EITHER: Why is it important for Christians to respect other religions?

………………………………..…………………………………………………...

OR: Why is it important for Muslims to respect other people’s religion?

……..………………………………………………………………………………
226
 SECTION B (60 MARKS)
41. a) Give any two problems faced by the fishing industry in East Africa.
(I) …………………………………….……………………………………………
(II) ………………………………….………………………………………………
(b) State any two solutions to each of the problems stated above.
(i) …………………………………….……………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………….……………………………………………
42. (a) State any two ways the National constitution promotes good
leadership in a country.
(I) ………………………………………..…………………………………………
(II) ……………………………..……………………………………………………
(b) Give any two problems faced by citizens who fail to abide by
the National Constitution.
(i) ………………………………..…………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………..………………………………………………
43. Study the map below and answer the questions that follow;

227
 (a) How do winds marked Q affect climate of the East African coast?
………………..…………………………………………………………………
(b)State the similarity between Lake R and Lake S in terms of
their formation.
…………………..………………………………………………………………
(c) Mention two ways Long Distance trade led to growth of the
Bantu Chiefdom marked P.
(i) …………..………..……………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………..……..……………………………………………………………
44. (a) Give any two ways climate influences human activities in an area.
(I) …………………………………………………………………………………
(II)………………………....………………………………………………………
(b) Mention any two causes of climate change in East Africa.
(i) …………..………………..……………………………………………………
(ii) ……………..………………..…………………………………………………

45. Match the Missionaries in List A to their contributions in List B;

Missionary Contribution
Albert Cook Wrote reports against slave trade in East
Africa
Johann Ludwig Krapf Introduced a printing machine in Uganda
Alexander Mackay Treated people suffering from sleeping
sickness a
Dr. David Livingstone Built a Mission Station in Rabai Mpya

a) Albert Cook: ………………………………………………………………….

b) Johann Ludwig Krapf: ……………………………………………………....
c) Alexander Mackay: ………………………………………………………….
d) Dr. David Livingstone: ………………………………………………………

228
46. (a) Give any two causes of civil wars among Africans countries.
(I) ………………………………………………………………………………
(II)………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Mention any two methods that can be used to stop civil wars among
African countries.
(i) ……………..………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………..…………………………………………………………………
47. (a) Give any two roles of the National Forestry Authority (NFA).
(I) ………………..…..………………………………………………………..
(II)……………..………..………………………………………………….......
(b) Name any one major natural forest found in Uganda.
…………………………………………………..……………………………...
(c) State any one benefit of forest to people in a given area.
…………………………………………………………………………………

48. Study the map below and answer the questions that follow;

(a) Name the game park marked by letter H.

229
 …………………………………………………………………………………
(b)What is the compass direction of town F from town E?
…………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Mention one factor that favours the conservation of crocodiles in the
game park marked H.
…………………………………………………………………………………
(d)Use letter K to show River Katonga on the above map.
49. (a) Name any two member countries of the Economic
Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
(I) ………………………..………………………………..……………………
(II)…………………..………………………………………..……………
b) State any two reasons for the formation of regional bodies in
Africa.
(i) …………..…………………………………………...………………………
(ii) ……………..…………………………...……………………………………
50. (a) Give the meaning of the term Population growth.
………………..…………………………………………………………………
(b) State any two advantages of having a big population in an area.

(i) ………………….…………………………………………………...………

(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Write one negative effect of a large population on natural resources.

……………………………………………………………………………
For each of the questions 51 to 55, answer EITHER the Christian
OR Islamic question but not both. No marks will be awarded to a
candidate who attempts both alternatives in a particular number.

51. EITHER: “I am the way, the truth and life. No one comes to the
Father except through me.
(a) Who said the words in the quotation above?
230
 ……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Who is regarded as the Father in the quotation above?

……………………………………………………………………………………

(c) State two things Christians should do on earth in order to go to

the Father named in (b) above.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
OR: “if you stretch out your hand to kill me, I shall not stretch out my hand
to kill you, for I fear Allah, the Lord of the worlds. (Surah Al-Maidah 5:28-
29)

(a) Who said the words in the quotation above?

……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State one reason why one of the sons of Prophet Adam killed
his brother.
………………………………………………………………………………
(c) What happened later to the son of Abraham who killed his brother?
……………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Give any one lesson you learn from the quotation above.
……………………………………………………………………………………
52. EITHER: (a) Apart from conducting prayer, give any two other
duties of Christian leaders in the church.
(i) ……………………………………………………………...…………......
(ii) ………………………………………………………………...……………
(b) State any two challenges faced by religious leaders in their work.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
OR: (a) Apart from conducting prayers, give any two other duties of
Muslim leaders in the mosque.
(i) ……………….………………………………...………………………………
231
 (ii) ………..…………………………………………..…………………………
(b) State two challenges faced by Islamic religious leaders in their work
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………...

(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………...

53. EITHER:
(a) Which religion existed in Uganda before the coming of foreigners?
………………………….………………………………………………………
(b) Give any two differences between Christianity and the religion
named in (a) above.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
(c) State any one role of the Inter-Religious Council of Uganda (IRCU).
…………………………………………………………………………………..
OR:
(a) Which religion existed in Uganda before Islam?
………………………….………………………………………………………
(b) Give any two differences between Islam and the religion named in (a)
above.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Name the body that unites all religions in Uganda.
…………………………………………………………………………..………..
54. EITHER: (a) Give any two importance of baptism in Christianity.
i) ………………………………………………………………………………
ii) ……………….………………………………………………………………..
(b) State two conditions that one should fulfill before receiving Holy
Communion.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………..
232
 OR: (a) Give any two importance of performing Hijjah to a Muslim.
(i) …………………..……………………………………………………………..
(ii) ……………………..…………………………………………………………..
(b) State any two conditions one should fulfill before performing Hijjah.

(i) ………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) ………………………..……..………………………………………………

55. EITHER:
(a) Give any two causes of misunderstandings among Christians.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Mentionany two ways a Christian can reconcile with God.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………
OR:
(a) Give any two causes of misunderstandings among Muslims.
(i) ……………………………………………………..…………………….
(ii) ……………………………………………..…………………………….
(b) Mention any two ways a Muslim can reconcile with Allah.
(i) …………………………..…………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………..……………………………………………

TEST PAPER TWO

SECTION A (40 MARKS)
1. State any one importance of swamps in the environment.
……………………………………………………..……………………………
2. Mention any one way the government is able to find out the
problems among the citizens in a country.
……………………………………………………..………………………………

233
3. What role was played by nationalists in Uganda during the
struggle for independence?
……………………………………………………..………………………………
4. Name the method of voting for leaders shown in the diagram below.

………………………………………………………………………..…………
5. Give any one benefit of conducting a music concert in a school.
……………………………………………………..………………………………
6. Write any one disadvantage of growing crops in mountainous
areas without terracing.
……………………………………………………..………………………………
7. Give any one relief agency that helps people affected by disaster.
……………………………………………………..………………………………
8. Which slave market was found in the interior of East Africa?
……………………………………………………..………………………………
9. State the meaning of the black colour on the Uganda National Flag.
……………………………………………………..………………………………
10. Why do areas near the equator receive heavy rainfall?
…………………………………………………………………..………...……
11. Mention any one river in Africa that ends in an estuary.
………………………………………………………….…………………………
12. Why should school children learn about road safety rules?
……………………………………………………………….……………………

234
13. What representation of a table is shown in the diagram below?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
14. Why are farmers in North Eastern Uganda advised to grow
quick maturing crops?
………………………………………………………..…………………………..
15. Name any one social service center where people can report suspects.
…………………………………………………………..………………...……
16. State any one importance of grassland to people in East Africa.
…………………………………………………………..………………...……
17. What problem did the builders of the Uganda railway face at Tsavo?
……………………………………………………………..……………...……
18. How do Newspapers promote economic development in a country?
…………………………………………………………………..………...……
19. Give one way the rift valley makes transport difficult in an area.
…………………………………………………………………..………...……
20. What is meant by the term “Great Trek?”
………………………………………………...……………………..…………...
……………………………………………………………………………………
21. Give any one problem associated with a deficit budget.
……………………………………………………………………….……………
22. What type of houses are built using local materials?
……………………………………………………………………….……………
23. How did the abolition of slave trade enable Liberia to be free
from colonial rule?
…………………………………………………………………………..…………
235
24. Mention any one reason why an investor should start a dairy industry
in Western Uganda but not Northern Uganda.
………………………………………………………………..……………………
25. How did Rwanda join the Common wealth of Nations?
……………………………………………………………….……………………
26. Give any one way climate influenced Bantu settlement in East Africa.
…………………………………………………………………..…………………
27. State any one reason why every member of a family should fulfill
their responsibilities.
………………………………………………………………………………..……
28. Name the climatic zone in Africa that does not experience any
dry season throughout the year.
…………………………………………………………………………………..…
29. What is meant by the term mixed farming?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
30. How can the people use land as a resource to meet their needs?
……………………………………………………………………………..………
31. Give any one effect of the earth’s rotation on its axis.
………………………………………………………………………………..……
32. How did South Sudan become a landlocked country?
…………………………………………………………………………………..…
Use the diagram below to answer questions 33 and 34.

236
33. Name the shaded area on the globe above.
………………………………………………………………………….…………
34. Which line of latitude is marked T on the globe?
………………………………………………………………………….…………
35. Write any one importance of Mangrove forests to the boat
building industry in East Africa.
………………………………………………………………………….…………
For each of the questions 36 to 40, answer EITHER the Christian OR
Islamic questions but not both. No marks will be awarded to a
candidate who attempts both alternatives in the same number.

36. EITHER: How does a Christian prepare for prayer?

………………………………………………………………….…………………
OR: How does a Muslim prepare for prayer?
…………………………….
………………………………………………………
37. EITHER: Name the town where Jesus Christ was buried.
…….……………………………………………………………………….………
OR: Name the town where Prophet Muhammad was buried.
……………………………………………………………………………………
38. EITHER: Why is Angel Gabriel important in Christianity?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
OR: Why is Angel Jibril important to Islam?
…………………………………………………………………………………..…
39. EITHER: Give one thing Christians should do to live a successful life.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
OR: Give one thing Muslims should do to live a successful life.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
40. EITHER: Mention one way the Israelites suffered while in Egypt.
……………………………………………………………………………………..

237
 OR: Mention one way the Ban-Israel suffered while in Egypt.
……………………………………………………………………………………..

SECTION B (60 Marks)

41. (a) Why was early man called Stone age man?
…………………………………………………….……………………………
(b) State any two challenges faced by early man when looking for food.
(I) ………………………………………………..……………………………
(II) ……………….………………………………..……………………………
c) Write any one way iron discovery improved the life of early man.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
42. (a) State two benefits of the Commonwealth to its member states.
i) ………………………………………………………………………………….
ii)………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Give one characteristic among Commonwealth member states.
………..……………………………………………………………………………
(c) What title is given to the head of the Commonwealth of Nations?
……………..………………………………………………………………………
43. (a) What is a common market?
……………..………………………………………………………………………
(b) State any two reasons for the formation of COMESA.
(I) ……………..…………………………………………………………………
(II)……………..…………………………………………………………………
(c) Name the town where the headquarter of COMESA is found.
……………..………………………………………………………………………
44. (a) Give any two ways Missionaries contributed to development in East
Africa.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………

238
 (b) State any two problems faced by Missionaries in East Africa.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
45. (a) Mention any two ways of acquiring citizenship in Uganda.
(i) …………………………….....………………………………………………..
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State any two responsibilities of a citizen in a country.
(i) ………………………………………………..……………………………….
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
46. Study the map below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) How did country marked L become landlocked?

………………………………………………………..……………………………
b) Name the Bantu tribe that entered East Africa following the route K.
…………………………………………………………..…………………………

239
 c) Use letter C to show the position of Somalia on the map above.
d) What is the main occupation of people who live in area J?
……………………………………………………………………………………
47. (a) Write any one importance of the Uganda National Coat of Arms
to the government.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Which feature on the Uganda Coat of Arms represent the following;
(i) Tropical climate: ………………………………………………...…….
………
(ii) The African race: Black colour:
……………………………………………..
(iii) Rich vegetation cover: The green landscape: …………..
………………..

48. (a) Give any two ways the government is promoting the skilling of
youths for development.
(i) ………………..………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………..…………………………………………………………………
(b) State any two challenges faced by youth skilling programs in Uganda.
(i) ……………………..……………..…..………………………………………
(ii) ………………………..……………..…..……………………………………
49. (a) How does the Blue Nile promote irrigation farming in Sudan?
…………………………………………………..…………………………………
(b) Mention two ways irrigation farming benefits the economy of Sudan.
(i) …………………………………………………...……………………………...
(ii) ……………………………………………………….…………………………
(c) Which irrigation scheme is found in Kasese district of Western Uganda
…………………………………………………………………………..…………
50. (a) Give any two problems faced by African countries while
exploiting resources
240
 (i) ………………………..………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………..……………………………………………………
(b) State any one way of caring for each of the natural resources below;
(i) Vegetation
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Domestic animals
………………………………………………………………………………
…

For each of the questions 51 to 55, answer EITHER the Christian

OR Islamic questions but not both. No marks will be awarded to a
candidate who attempts both alternatives in the same number.

51. EITHER: (a) Give two ways man has failed to live up to God’s
standards.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………
(b) Mention two consequences of failing to live up to God’s standards.
(i) …………………………………..……………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………..……………………………………………….
OR: (a) Give two ways man has failed to live up to Allah’s standards.
(i) …………………………………………………………..…………………….
(ii) …………………………………………………………..……………………..
(b) Mention any two consquencies of failing to live up to Allah’s
standards.
(i) …………………………………..……………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………..………………………………………………..
52. EITHER: (a) What religious term is used to refer to a person who
accepts to be killed for their faith in God?
……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Give any two examples of people who were killed in Namugongo
241
for their faith in God.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………..….
(c) Mention any one way how the above people are remembered for
their expressing their faith in God.
………………………………………………………………………………
OR: (a) What religious term is used to refer to a person who accepts
to be killed for their faith in Allah?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Name the king of Buganda who ordered for the killing of Muslim
converts for their faith in Allah.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) State any two lessons Muslims learn from the actions
of early Muslims converts.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………
……
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………
……
53. EITHER: (a) Why are the following people in the Bible still
remembered by Christians?
(i) Simon of Cyrene
……………………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) Joseph of Arimathea:
……………………………………………………………………………………
.

(b) Give any two ways Jesus Christ acts as the way to God the Father.

(i) ………………………………………………………………..
…………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………..
242
 …………………… OR: (a) How were the following people important
to Prophet Muhammad in his ministry?
(i) Hadijjah
……………………………………………………………….
……………………
(ii) Abu-Talib
……………………………….
……………………………………………………
(b) Give any two ways Prophet Muhammad perfected Islam
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
54. EITHER: (a) Give any two charity activities a Christian child can
do to serve the needy people in a community.
(i) ……………………………...
………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………...
……………………………………………
(b) State any two benefits a Christian child gets by doing charity
work for the needy people.
(i) ……………………………..
…………………………………………………..
(ii) …………………………………..
…………………………………………….. OR: (a) Give any two charity
activities a Muslim child can do to serve the needy people in a
community.
(i) …………………………………………………………………..
……………..
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State any two benefits a Muslim child gets by doing charity
work for the needy people.
(i) ……………………………..
…………………………………………………..
(ii) …………………………………..………………………………..…………..
243
55. EITHER: (a) State any one role of the Inter-Religious Council of
Uganda.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
a. Name any two Christian denominations under the Uganda
Joint Christian Council (UJCC)
i. …………………………………………………………………………………
ii. …………………………………………………………………………………
b. Mention any one way the Uganda Joint Christian Council (UJCC)
contributes to good governance in Uganda.
……………………………………………………………………………….……
OR: (a) State any one role of the Inter-Religious Council of Uganda.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name any two Muslim sects under the Uganda Muslim
Council
(UMSC)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Mention any one way the Uganda Muslim Supreme Council
(UMSC)
contributes to good governance in Uganda.
………………………………………………………………………….…………

TEST PAPER THREE

SECTION A (40 MARKS)
1. Give any one local way of locating places in a community.
Using the the compass/ Use of the neighbouring places/ use of
landmarks.
2. Name the neighbouring country of Uganda to the South West.
Rwanda
3. What is meant by the term plateau?
A plateau is a raised flat-topped piece of land
4. Name the stone age site with rock paintings found in Kumi district.
244
 Nyero Stone Age Site
Use the diagram below and answer the question that follow. (5)

5. What type of rainfall is shown above?

Cyclonic rainfall/ Frontal rainfall
6. State any one factor that influences wildlife distribution in game
parks.
Vegetation distribution/ Climate of an area / Nature of the habitats
7. Give any one effect of a large population to the vegetation in an
area.
 A large population leads to deforestation/ It leads to swamp
drainage
 A large population leads to bush burning to create space for
settlement.
8. Give one reason why schools take children to visit tourism places.
To learn about different tourist attractions/ For study purposes/ To have
fun/ for pleasure
9. How does the government of Uganda involve her citizens to
exercise democracy?
 By organizing free and fair elections/ referenda
 By allowing citizens express their freedom of speech.
 By allowing citizens have freedom of movement
 Through promoting the freedom of worship
 By allowing people to express their freedom of assembly.
10. State any one advantage of a surplus budget to a country.
 A surplus budget promotes economic investment/ It promotes
savings
 It limits debts/ It prevents borrowing of money paid with interests
11. Mention one duty of the East African Legislative Assembly
(EALA).
To make laws for the East African Community

245
 Study the diagram below and answer the questions (12-13)

12. Name the process illustrated in the diagram above.

Faulting
13. Indicate compressional forces on the diagram above.
14. How did Captain Fredrick Lugard help Omukama Kasagama of
Toro?
 He restored Omukama Kasagama to his throne.
 Lugard helped Kasagama to fight and defeat Omukama Kabalega to
retain his power as a king of Toro
15. State the meaning of the term enumerators.
These are people who collect information during population census.
16. In which way does Uganda benefit from trading with other
countries?
 Uganda gets foreign exchange/ income/ revenue
 Uganda gets market for her goods.
 It promote trade research on value addition.
 It promotes cooperation between Uganda and other countries.
 Uganda is able to get goods that it does not produce.
17. Why is 9th October, 1962 remembered in the history of Uganda?
 It was the date when Uganda got her independence.
 It was the date that marked the end of colonial rule in Uganda.
18. Mention one traditional method of fish preservation.
Smoking/ sun drying/ salting
19. State one characteristic of trees in planted forests.
 Trees in planted forests produce soft wood.
 They take a short period to mature/ to get ready for harvesting.
20. How did the Indian Coolie contribute to the transport
sector in East Africa?
They provided labour during the construction of the Uganda
railway.
246
 Study the diagram below and answer questions (21).

21. State any one any one advantage of using the means of
transport in the diagram above.
 It is cheap to use since it does not need to buy fuel.
 It can be used travel through narrow roads where vehicles can
reach.
 It is quick to use for shorter distances.
 It carries a large amount of goods than carrying on the head.
22. Give any one cause of the separation of the Luo speakers in
Pubungu.
 Conflicts between Gipiir and Labong
 Misunderstandings caused as a result of the spear and the bead.
23. Write any one way the police promotes people’s safety in a
community.
 By putting out fire in cases it breaks out.
 The police guards important places.
 It provides security to people during mass gatherings.
 It helps to control or stop riots and strikes.
 It guides the public on security matters/ gives security tips to people.
 It arrests wrong doers or suspects
 The police guides road users by controlling traffic.
 It carries out patrol and tracking of security threat activities.
24. Why is a district divided into counties?
 To bring services nearer to people/ To create jobs for people
 To ease administration by the government
25. Which element of a map tells what a map is all about?
The title/ Heading of the map
26. Why are traffic lights important on busy roads?
To control traffic flow/ To control collision of vehicles/ To guide
motorists
247
27. State one problem faced by Karimojong nomads.
 Prolonged drought spells that lead to shortage of water
 Shortage of pasture for their livestock.
 Cattle rustling
 Lack of good veterinary services.
28. Name the landlocked country found in the horn of Africa.
Ethiopia
29. Why did the colonial government form the Legislative Council?
 To make laws for guiding colonial administrators.
 To give legal advice to colonial officials
30. Give one effect of heavy rainfall to murram roads.
 It makes murram roads to become muddy.
 Rainy weather makes murram roads to become slippery.
 It makes the murram roads to develop potholes
31. Mention any one raw material used to make fertilizers.
Phosphates/ Potassium/ Calcium
32. Give the meaning of the term renewable resources.
These are components of the environment that cannot be replaced
naturally after use.
33. Mention any one cause of Population growth in East Africa.
 Polygamy  Teenage pregnancies
 Cultural beliefs like desire  Poor family planning
for a specific gender  High fertility rate in
 Early marriages women
34. How is windy weather helpful to crop farmers?
 It helps in winnowing of cereals.
 It acts as an agent of pollination
35. What title is given to highest civil servant in a district?
The Chief Administrative Officer (CAO)

For questions each of the questions 36 to 40, answer EITHER

Christianity or ISLAM but not both. No marks will be awarded to
a candidate who attempts both alternatives on the same number.
36. EITHER: Who rescued the Israelites from Egypt? Moses
OR: Who was the first convert of Prophet Mohammed? Hadijjah
37. EITHER: Which sacrament introduces one into God’s family?
248
 Baptism
OR: Which pillar introduces one into Islam?
Shahadat
38. EITHER: Give the reason why Christians give offertory in church.
 To get blessings (Luke 6:38)
 To obey God’s command (Deut 16:17)
 To support the ministry of God
 To support the needy people/ the poor (Luke 12:33-34)
OR: Give one reason why Muslims give zakat.
 To purify their wealth.
 To fulfill the third pillar of Islam.
 To help the needy.
 To get blessings from Allah.
 It is a way of working for Janah
39. EITHER: Why was Baby Jesus taken to Egypt?
To protect Him from King Herold who wanted to kill Him
OR: Why did Mohammed leave Mecca to go to Medina?
 He wanted to escape the pagans in Mecca who wanted to kill him.
 He was commanded by Allah to go to Mecca
40. EITHER: State any one role of a Priest in Christianity.
 To lead prayers in church
 To conduct religious marriages (accept all sacraments)
 To conduct Bible lessons/ teaches the word of God.
 To counsel Christians/ carries out guidance and counseling
OR: State any one role of the Imam in Islam?

SECTION B (60 MARKS)

41. (a) State any one similarity between the Bagisu and Chagga.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………(b)
Give two factors that attracted the Bantu to settle in East Africa.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..

249
 (c) Mention any one effect of Bantu settlement in East Africa.
………………..……………...…………………………………………..………

42. (a) Name the type of family that comprises only parents and their
biological children.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(III) Give any two advantages of the above type of family
1. …………………………………………………………………………………
2. …………….…………………………………………………………………...
(IV) Apart from the family in (a) above, mention one other type of family.
……………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Study the sketch map below and answer the questions that follow.

(i) Name the type of climate experienced in the area marked C.

………………………………..……………………………………………………
(ii) How do winds marked B influence the climate in Sahara desert?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) Give one characteristic of tree found in area marked D.
…………………………………………………………………………………….

250
 (iv) Why does area D experience cold nights?
……………………………………………………………………………………
iii) a) State any two duties of the Central Bank in Uganda.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………..
…………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………..
…………………
b) Give two ways commercial banks support development in a country.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………..
…………
(ii) ……………………………………………………..
…………………………
45. (a) Mention any two groups of people who belong to the Judiciary
organ of government.
i) ……………………………………………………………………………….
.
ii) …………………………………………………………………………
…….. (b)Give any one duty of the Judiciary organ of government.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(c) What title is given to the person who heads the Judiciary organ of
government?
……………………………………………………………………………………
46. a) How did Arab Traders benefit from the South East Monsoon
winds during their journeys to East African?
……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Give any two trade items brought by Arab Traders to East Africa.
i) ………………………………………………………………..
………………
ii) …………………………………………………………………..
……………
(c) State any one reason why Islam took long to spread in East Africa.

251
…….…………………………………..…………………………………………
47. (a) Give any two natural disasters faced by people who live on slopes
of mountains.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………….
.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………….
.
(b) State any one way of reducing the occurrence of disasters
on mountains.
……….…………………………………………………………………………..
(c)How does the government help people affected by disasters
on mountain slopes?
……………………………………………………………………………………
48. (a) Mention any one reason why River Congo carries a large volume
of water to the Atlantic Ocean.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name any one tributary of River Congo.
…………………..………………………………………………………………..
(c) State the meaning of the following terms;
(i) Tributary…………..…………………………………………………………
(ii) Distributary………………………………………………………………….
.
49. (a) State any two ways modern farming improve peoples’
standards of living.
(i) ………………………………………..………………………………….…..
(ii) …………………………………………..
……………………………………
(b) Mention any two reasons why some people fail to carry out
modern farming practices.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………….
.
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………….

252
 .
50. (a) Apart from education, give any two other examples of social
services.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
.
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………..
.
(b) State any two problems faced by the government while providing
education services to people.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………….
.
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………….
.
For questions each of the questions 36 to 40, answer EITHER
Christianity or ISLAM but not both. No marks will be awarded to a
candidate who attempts both alternatives on the same number.

51. EITHER: (a) On which day did Jesus go to Jerusalem as a king?

………………………………………………………..……………………………
(b) State any two reasons why Jesus went to Jerusalem on the day in (a)
(i) ………………………………………………………..
…………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………….
.
(c) How did people welcome Jesus to Jerusalem on the day named
in (a) above?
…………………….. ………………………………………………………………
OR: (a) On which day do Muslims end the fasting period?
…………………...…………………………………………………………………
(b) Give any two factors that hinder some Muslims from fasting.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
253
 (c) Name any one group of Muslims who are exempted from fasting.
……………………………….……………………………………………………
52. EITHER: a) Name the son of Adam who killed his brother.
………………………………………………………….…………………………
b) Why did the person in (a) above kill his brother?
…………...…………………………………………………….…………………
c) What did God do the son of Adam who killed his brother?
……………………………………………………………………………………
d) State any one lesson you learn from the story of the sons of Adam.
……………………………………………………………………………………
OR: a) Name the son of Adam who killed his brother.
……………………………………………………………………………………
b) Why did the person in (a) above kill his brother?
………………………………...…………………………………………………
c) What did Allah do the son of Adam who killed his brother?
…………………………………………………………………………………
d) Give any one lesson you learn from the two sons of Adam.
…………………………………………………………………………………
53. EITHER: (a) State any two causes of divorce among married couples.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………..
……..
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………..
…………..
(b) Mention any one effect of divorce to married couples.
……………………………………………………….…………………..………
(c) State any one Biblical teaching on divorce.
………….………………………………………………………………………..
OR: (a) State any two causes of divorce among married couples.
254
 (i) ………………………..
………………………………………………………..
(ii) ……………………..
…………………………………………………………..
(b) Mention any one effect of divorce to married couples.
……………………….……………………………………………………………
(c) State any one Islamic teaching on divorce.
……………………………………………………………………………………
54. EITHER: a) Give any two strange things that happened on the
day Jesus Christ was crucified on the cross.
(i) ………………………………………………………………….……………
(ii) ………………………………………………………….……………………
b) State any one reason was Jesus Christ was crucified.
…………………………………………………………………………………
c) Name the place where the body of Jesus was buried.
……………………………...…………………………………………………..
OR: a) Why is it important for Muslims to have strong faith in Allah?
(i) …………………………………..
……………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………..
…………………………………………
b) Mention any two ways Muslims promote their faith in Allah.
(i) ………………………………………..
………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………..
……………………………………
55. EITHER: (a) What is meant by the term reconciliation?
………………………………………………..……………………..……………
(b) State any two traditional methods of reconciliation.

255
 (i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Give any one importance of reconciliation in a community.
……………………………………………………………………..………………
OR: (a) What is meant by the term reconciliation?
………………………………………………..……………………..……………
(b) State any two traditional methods of reconciliation.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Give any one importance of reconciliation in a community.
……………………………………………………………………..………………

TEST PAPER
FOUR SECTION A (40
MARKS)
1. Name any one African Island country found in the Indian Ocean.
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. How does afforestation improve the climatic conditions of an area?
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Name the source of raw material for making the object below.

………………………………………………………………
4. State any one importance of crude oil mining to the transport sector.
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. What is meant by the term Population Structure?

256
 ……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Mention any one problem caused by poaching to the tourism
industry in East Africa.
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Give any one adaptation of people to live in Semi-desert areas of
North Eastern Uganda.
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. State any one difference between customs duty and excise duty
as sources of government revenue.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
9. Name any one personality who was involved in the formation of the
East African Community in 1967.
……………………………………………………………………………………
10. Apart from communication, give one other use of mobile phones
to people.
……………………………………………………………………………………
Study the diagram below and answer the questions (11-12).

11. Name the weather instrument shown above.

……………………………………………………………………………………
12. What is the function of the above weather instrument to meteorologists?
…………………………………………………………………………………
…
13. State any one role played by the Village Health Team (VHT)
in a community.
257
……………………………………………………………………………………
14. Mention any one way Missionaries contributed to the social
wellbeing of people in East Africa.
…………………………………………..…………………..……………………
15. Give any one importance of a national identity card to a citizen.
…………………………………………………..……………………..…………
16. How does poor transport network affect development in an area?
………………………………………………………..………………..…………
17. In which way did the Legislative Council help Africans
during independence struggle in East Africa?
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
18. State any one reason why Antarctica continent is not suitable for
human settlement.
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
19. What method is used to get political leaders in Uganda?
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
20. Why does the government discourage the use of undersized
nets for fishing?
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
21. What does the road sign below stand for?

……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
22. State any one way unemployment leads to increase of crime rates
in a community.
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
23. Name any one month in a year when equinox takes place.
258
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
24. In which way is meteorological information useful to crop farmers?
……………………………………………………………………………………
25. Give any one reason why the Uganda railway was extended to
Kasese District in Western Uganda.
……………………………………………………………………………………
26. What title is given to the head of the Executive organ of government?
……………………………………………………………………………………
27. State any one reason why the Uganda Women’s Effort to Save
Orphans was formed.
……………………………………………………………………………………
28. Name the vegetation zone found along the coastal plain of Kenya.
……………………………………………………………………………………
29. Why does Uganda use English as her official language?
……………………………………………………………………………………
30. State any one way of reducing the cost of electricity at home.
……………………………………………………………………………………
31. Which physical feature covers the largest portion of East Africa?
……………………………………………………………………………………
32. What is the compass direction of Uganda from Tanzania?
……………………………………………………………………………………
33. Mention any one disadvantage of using traditional
means of communication.
……………………………………………………………………………………
34. Why do areas with many economic activities attract a big population?
……………………………………………………………………………………
35. State any one duty of the National Environment Management
Authority
(NEMA)

259
 ………………………………………………………………………………
…… For each of the questions 36 to 40, answer EITHER the
Christian OR
Islamic question but NOT BOTH. No marks will be awarded to a
candidate who attempts both alternatives in a particular number.

36. EITHER: Name any one of God’s promises to faithful Christians.

……………………………………………..….………………………………….
OR: Name any one of Allah’s promises to faithful Muslims.
……………………………………………………………………………………
37. EITHER: Which punishment was given to Adam by God
for his disobedience?
………………………………………………………………………………
…… OR: Which punishment was given to Adam by Allah for his
disobedience?
……………………………………………………………………………………
38. EITHER: Why do Christians pay tithe in the church?
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
OR: Why do Muslims pay zakat in a mosque?
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
39. EITHER: State any one role of angels in Christianity.
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
OR: State any one role of angels in Islam.
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
40. EITHER: Mention any one way Christian religious
organizations promote development in Uganda.
………………………………………………………………....…………………
OR: Mention any one way Islamic has contributed to development.
………………………………………..…………………………………………

SECTION B: 60 MARKS

260
41. Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

W
X

a) Name the kingdom found in area marked B.

……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
b) Which tourist attraction is famous in the game park marked W?
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
c) Why is area marked X favourable for tobacco growing?
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
d) How does lake marked Z promote trade in Uganda?
……………………………………………………..…..…………………………
42. a) Give any two products made from coffee as a traditional cash crop.
(i) ……………………………..………………………………..……………
(ii) ………………………..………………………………………..…………
b) State two reasons why you would advise a farmer to sell
coffee in form of its products.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………..
…………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………..
………

261
43. Match the elements of a map in list A to their function in list B
Element of a map Function
Compass direction Tells what a map is all about
Key Used to show direction of places on a map
Scale Used to interpret map symbols
Title Used to calculate actual ground distance
between places on a map

a) Compass direction: ……………………………………………..……..

…..
b) Key:
………………………………………………………………………….
c) Scale: …………………………………………………………………….....
d) Title: …………………………………………………………………………
44. a) Give any two problems that affected the work of explorers in
East Africa.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………
.
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………
.
b) State any two reasons why the Royal Geographical Society
(RGS) sent explorers to East Africa.
(i) ………………………..…………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………………………….
…………………………

45. a) Mention any two importance of wildlife in Uganda’s game parks.

(i) ……………………………………………………………………………….
.
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………….
.
c) Give any two problems faced by wildlife in Uganda’s game parks.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………….
262
 .
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………….
.
46. a) Mention any two negative effects of colonial rule on traditional
political systems of Africa.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
b) Write any two ways Africans showed that they were not happy
with colonial rule in their area.
(i) …………………………………..
……………………………………………..
(ii) ……………………………………..
…………………………………………..
47. (a) State any two ways some local chiefs used collaboration to respond
to colonial rule
(i) ……………………….………………….
……………………………………
(ii) ……………………….………………….
……………………………………
a) Give any two problems faced by European colonialists in Africa;
(i) …………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………
b) Why does the climatic region marked D experience cold nights?
…………………………………...………………………………………………
48. a) State any two roles played by courts of law in a country.
(i) …………………………..
……………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………..
………………………………………………………
b) What title is given the head of the Judiciary organ of government?
………………………………………………………...………………………….

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 c) Apart from the Judiciary, give any one other organ of a
democratic government.
……………………………………………………………..……………………
49.a) Give any two reasons why the Banyoro staged the
Nyangire rebellion.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………..
…….
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………..
.
b) Mention any two positive effects of the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
50. a) State any two effects of poor disposal of industrial wastes to a
community.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Name one place at school where waste materials are disposed.
………………………………………………………………………………….....
(c) Give the meaning of the term recycling as used in
waste management.
……………………………………………………………………………………
For each of the questions 51 to 55, answer EITHER the Christian
OR Islamic question but NOT BOTH. No marks will be awarded to a
candidate who attempts both alternatives in a particular number.

51. EITHER: (a) Why did God destroy human race by floods during the
time of Noah?
…………………………………………………………………………………...
(b) How was Mount Ararat useful to Noah at the end of floods?
…………………………………………………………….………………………
(c) Which bird took an olive branch to Noah after the floods?

264
…………….………………………………………………………………………
(d) What did God use as a symbol of His covenant that God made
with Noah?
…………….………………………………………………………………………
OR: (a) Why did Allah destroy human race by floods during the time of
Prophet Nuhu?
…………….………...……………………………………………………………
(b) How was Mount Arafat useful to Noah after the end of floods?
……………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Which bird took an olive branch to Prophet Noah after the floods?
……………………………………………………………………………………
(d) What did Allah use as a symbol of the covenant that Allah made
with Prophet Nuhu?
……………………………………………………………………………………
52. EITHER: (a) Name any one type of suffering.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Mention any two causes of suffering among Christians.
(i) …………………...
……………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………...
…………………
(c) What should a Christian do in times of suffering?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
OR: (a) Name any one type of suffering.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Mention any two causes of suffering among Muslims.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………….
.
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………….
.
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 (c) What should a Muslim do in times of suffering?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
53. EITHER: (a) What does ash symbolize on the Ash Wednesday?
……………………………………...………………………………………..……
(b) State any two reasons why Christians fast during the lent period.
(i) …….……………………………...……………………………………..
………
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………….
….
(c) Which important day marks the end of the Lent period?
……………………………...………………………………………………………
OR: (a) State any two reasons why Muslims fast during Ramadhan.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………….
.
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………….
.
(b) Name two groups of people who are excused from fasting in Islam.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………............
.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………..
………
54. EITHER: (a) Mention any two ways the devil tempted Jesus
while He was in the desert.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………..
…
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………….
.
(b) What helped Jesus to overcome the temptations of the devil?
……………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) Mention any one religious practice that can help a
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 Christian to overcome devil’s temptations.
………………………..……………………………………………………………
OR: (a) Give two reasons why Prophet Muhammad performed the
Hegira.
(i) ………………………………………………………………..
…………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………..
………………
(b) Name any one place visited by Muslims while during Hijjah in Mecca
……………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) Mention one condition to be fulfilled by a Muslim before
performing Hijjah.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
55. EITHER: (a) Name any two law books in the Bible.
(i) ………………………...……………………….…………………………….
(ii) …………………………...……………….………………………………….
(b) State any one importance of a Bible in a Christian family.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Give any one way of showing respect to the Bible as a Holy Book.
…………………………………………………………………………………...
OR: (a) Name any two other Holy books in Islam besides the Qur’an.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State any one reason why Muslims recite a Qur’an.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Give one way of showing respect to the Qur’an as a Holy Book.
…………………………………………………………………………………

ANSWERS FOR TEST PAPER THREE SECTION A (40 MARKS)

267
1. EITHER: To lead prayers in church/ To conduct religious marriages
(accept all sacraments)/ To conduct Bible lessons/ To counsel
Christians OR: To lead prayers in Islam/ To conduct Nikkah/ Teaches
Qur’an lessons

SECTION B (60 MARKS)

41. (a) Desert climate
(b) A camel has a large hump for storing water
 It has large flat hooves for east movement on sand.
 A camel has long eye lashes to prevent dust from entering its eyes
 A camel has large flat hooves for easy movement on sand.
 It has strong jaws and teeth for chewing prickly desert vegetation.
(c) Growing of citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, tangerines)
(d) Benguela Cold Ocean current
42. (a) An extended family
(b) There is limited space to accommodate extended families.
 There are high costs of living in urban areas.
 It is expensive to take care of extended families in urban areas.
(c) Nuclear family/ Foster family
43. (a) They both carry out circumcision / They are all Bantu tribes
 Both the Bagisu and Chagga grow Arabica coffee.
 Both the Bagisu and the Chagga settle on slopes of volcanic
mountains.
(b) There were fertile soils to support crop farming
 The area received reliable rainfall for crop farming.
(c) The Bantu led to the displacement of the Bushmen
 They introduced new crops/ They introduced new culture
 They introduced new Bantu languages
268
  They introduced new skills like iron smelting and bark cloth making.
44. a) To control all the activities of other banks
 It prints new currency/ It mints coins.
 The Central bank permits commercial banks to operate.
 It gives licenses to forex bureaus/ It replaces counterfeit currency.
 It pays government loans/ It gives financial advice to the
government.
b) Commercial banks give loans to people for investment
 They give financial advice to people/ They create jobs for people.
 They keep important documents for people (land titles/ wills)
45. (a) Judges/ Magistrates/ Lawyers/ Attorneys/ Justices/ Court Clerks
Court prosecutors/ Court servers
(b) To punish law breakers/ To settle disputes in courts of laws
 The Judiciary interprets laws to the public
(c) The Chief Justice
46.a) The Monsoon winds blew the dhows of Arab Traders across the Indian
Ocean
(b) Mirrors/ plates/ cups/ guns/ gun powder/ Persian carpets
(c) African men feared to be circumcised/ Islamic language was difficult
to learn / Africans hated Arabs because of slave trade
47. (a) Landslides/ Volcanic eruption
(b) By planting trees to control soil erosion on mountain slopes.
 Through terracing to control soil erosion on mountains
 By planting trees that help to control landslides on mountains
(c) By providing them with food/ resettling them to safer places
 The government provides them with shelter/ camps for
accommodation.
48. (a) River Congo has many tributaries

269
It flows through the Congo basin that receives heavy amounts of rainfall
(b) River Ubangi/ River Kasai/ River Lualaba/ River Kwango
(c) State the meaning of the following terms;
(i) A tributary is a small river that flows into the main river
(ii) A distributary is a small river that flows away from the main river
49. (a) People get employment opportunities in modern farming.
 Modern farming creates market for agro-inputs (fertilizers,
pesticides, farm tools, agro-chemicals)
 Modern farming is a source of income for people by selling the
produce.
 It promotes food security since it increases food production.
(b) People lack skills needed in modern farming/ Due to lack of capital
 People lack improved farm machines needed in modern farming.
 Some people lack enough land due to land fragmentation.
 Shortage of market for produce also discourages some farmers.
50. (a) Health service/ transport/ communication/ electricity supply
(b) Shortage of funds used to buy educational requirements.
 Corruption among educational officials which results to shortage of
scholastic materials
 Ignorance among parents that affects their cooperation with teachers
in supporting learners
51. EITHER: (a) Palm Sunday
(b) To cleanse the temple/ To pray/ To fulfill the scripture
 Jesus went to celebrate the Passover
(c) They spread tree branches on the path for Jesus
 They sang songs of praise for Jesus/ They laid clothes on the path
for Jesus Christ
OR: (a) The First day of the 10th Month on the Islamic calendar

270
(b) When a Muslim is sick/ When a female Muslim is in her periods
 When one is on a long journey/ When a mother is pregnant
 When a mother is breast feeding
(c) Name any one group of Muslims who are exempted from fasting
52. EITHER: a) Cain
(b) It was due to jealousy/ due to envy
 God had rejected his offering and accepted Abel’s sacrifice
c) He was cursed to become a homeless wanderer
d) We should always give to God good offering/ We should not be
jealousy because it leads to sin/ We should love God
OR: a) Habeel
b) It was due to jealousy/ due to envy
 Allah had rejected his offering and accepted Abel’s sacrifice
c) He was cursed to become a homeless wanderer
d) We should always give to Allah good offering/ We should not be
jealousy because e it leads to sin/ We should love Allah
53. EITHER: (a) Adultery/ disobedience/ failure to fulfill one’s roles in
marriage/ Suspicion of witchcraft/ unfaithfulness/ poverty
(b) Divorce leads to school dropout among children due to lack of parental
support and care.
 Divorce affects family development due to lack of cooperation.
 It leads to poor provision of basic needs to family members.
 It leads to loss of respect and dignity among partners.
(c) The Bible condemns divorce/ it is not allowed by Gods
OR: As above in Either
54. EITHER: a) There was darkness for three hours
 The curtain in the temple tore into two from top to bottom
 There was earthquake/ the earth shook
271
  The rocks split and God’s people who had died came back to life
b) He called himself a child of God/ he preached against the Jewish
culture.
c) In Jerusalem/ Garden tomb
OR: a) It is a source of blessings/ It brings success in life/ Source of
protection
 A Muslim with faith is able to resist temptations/ Source of guidance
b) Through observing the Pillars of Islam (accept examples)
 Through reading the Holy Qur’an
55. EITHER: (a) Reconciliation is the bringing back of a broken relationship
(b) Paying fines/ through arbitration/ through apologizing/ by sharing a
meal
c) Reconciliation promotes peace/ promotes unity/ prevents revenge
OR: As above in (a)

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 ANSWERS FOR TEST PAPER FOUR
SECTION A (40 MARKS)
1. Seychelles Island/ Madagascar/ Mauritius/ Comoros
2. Afforestation increases the rate of transpiration which increases
rain formation
 Planted trees help to purify the air by absorbing carbon dioxide
and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.
3. Swamps / wetland
4. Crude oil is used for making fuel that runs the engine of vehicles.
5. Population structure is the number of people according to gender
and age.
 It is the composition of the population in terms of gender and age.
6. Poaching leads to migration of animals that would attract
tourists. It leads to death of animals which reduces their
population.
7. They wear light clothes to reduce heat on their bodies.
 They wear turbans prevent to their heads from strong sun heat.
 They carry out irrigation farming to increase food production.
 They build houses with flat roofs to reduce heat.
8. Customs duty is charged on imports while excise duty is charged
on locally manufactured goods.
9. Dr. Apollo Milton Obote/ Julius Nyerere/ Mzee Jomo Kenyatta
10. Mobile phones are used for advertising goods.
 They are used for entertainment/ They are used for study purposes.
 They are used for paying bills/ For transacting mobile money services.
 They are used to store information for future use.
11. Wind vane
12. It is used to show the direction of wind.
 To show the direction from which wind blows
13. To sensitize people about good health practices.
 To mobilize people for health programs like immunization.
 They teach people on how to control the spread of diseases.
14. They built hospitals to provide health services to people.
 They built schools to provide educational services to people.
 They spread Christianity to shape people’s morals.

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15. It is used for identification of a citizen since it contains bio-data.
 It is used to access services in public offices by identifying oneself.
 It is a requirement for acquiring a passport or Visa.
 It is a requirement for verifying legal voters during elections.
 It helps to prevent fraud that may cause insecurity.
16. It affects the provision of social services to the population.
 It affects the movement of people to their places of work.
 Poor roads affect the movement of tourist to tourism places.
 It discourages investment like setting up of industries in an area.
17. LEGCO made fair laws for Africans that improved their freedom.
 Africans to get political experience to demand for their rights
 Africans were able to represent their views on the need
for Independence.
18. Antarctica is too cold for human settlement/ It is a frozen continent
19. Elections/ Casting of votes
20. It leads to fish extinction in water bodies by catching immature fish.
 It involves indiscriminate fishing that reduces the population of
fish in water.
21. It stands for a round about
22. Unemployment leads to theft in order to get money for survival.
 Unemployed people practice robbery in order to get money.
 It leads to fraud in order to get money/ It leads to child labour
23. March/ September
24. It helps farmers to plan for their farm activities well.
 It helps farmers to know when to plant or harvest their crops.
25. To ease the transportation of copper from Kilembe mines
26. The President
27. To help widow mothers care for their children/ To cater for the
needs of orphans/ To provide relief aid to needy children especially
orphans
28. Mangrove vegetation/ Mangrove swamp/ Mangrove vegetation
29. Uganda was colonized by Britain whose language is English
 Uganda is a member of the Commonwealth
30. By switching off lights when they are not in use
 By using energy saving bulbs / By using electricity sparingly
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31. The Plateau/ East African Plateau
32. North/ Northern direction
33. Traditional communication means have a smaller coverage.
 They require a lot of effort to be used, like drums.
 Their information can be misinterpreted.
 Their information cannot be stored for future use.
34. There are improved social service in areas with many
economic activities
 There are many job opportunities for people
 There are improved social amenities in areas with many economic
activities
35. NEMA protects the environment against pollution.
 It formulates environmental policies that promote conservation.
 To sensitize people on environmental matters
36. EITHER: They will go to heaven after death/ They will
enjoy everlasting life.
 They will live longer/ They are blessed by God/ They get divine favor.
 God promises successful life to faithful Christians/ They
get protection
OR: They will go to Janah after death/ They will enjoy everlasting life
 They will live longer/ They are blessed by Allah/ They get
divine favor.
 Allah promises successful life to faithful Muslims/ Allah protects them
37. EITHER: Adam was chased from the Garden of Eden/ He was to die
 God cursed Adam to work hard and sweat in order to get what to eat.
OR: Adam was chased from the Garden of Eden/ He was to die
 Allah cursed Adam to work hard and sweat in order to get what
to eat.
38. EITHER: Paying tithe is a way of obeying God’s command.
 It is a source of blessings to a Christian/ To support the ministers
of God.
OR: To purify their wealth/ To get blessings from Allah
Paying Zakat is a way of fulfilling the third pillar of
Islam
39. EITHER: Angels protect Christians/ They deliver God’s message
to people
275
  Guardian Angels act as warriors/ They bring blessings to Christians
 They help Christians to in intercession/ They provide watchful care
OR: They record the deeds of people/ They take souls/ They bring
blessings
 They guard the gates of Janah and Jahannam
40. EITHER: They have started development projects for Christians
 They create employment opportunities for people
 They provide relief aid to needy people/ They provide guidance
and counseling / They have set up school/ They set up health
institutions
OR: They have started development projects for Muslims
 They create employment opportunities for people
 They provide relief aid to needy people/ They provide guidance
and counseling/ They have set up school/ They set up health
institutions
41. (a) Victoria Nile b) Both are landlocked countries (they don’t have
sea port)
(c) It is used to generate hydro- electricity/ Attracts tourists who
bring income
(d)There are fertile soils for tobacco growing/ There is optimum
rainfall suitable for tobacco to grow well
42. a) Beverages/ gunpowder
b) Coffee products fetch more income/ They are easy for transporting
 Coffee products are easy to store/ They are of more value
 It is easy to do packaging of coffee products
43. Compass direction Used to show direction of places on a map
Key Used to interpret map symbols
Scale Used to calculate actual ground distance
between places on a map
Title Tells what a map is all about

44.a) Attacks from hostile tribes that threatened their lives.

 Poor transport network affected their movement from one
place to another.
 They were affected by tropical diseases.
 Attacks from dangerous wild animals found in thick forests

276
  Language barrier which affected communication with local people
b) To study more about the physical features of Africa
 To find trade opportunities for their home countries
 To study more about the traditions of Africans
45. a) Wildlife attracts tourists who bring income.
 It is used for study purposes or research by students/ scholars.
 Wildlife is part of heritage for Uganda
 It creates jobs for people (tour guides, tourism companies)
 Protection of wildlife encourages the conservation of vegetation.
b) Poaching which reduces the number of wild animals.
 Wild bush fires which destroy animal habitats/ destroys pasture
 Human encroachment on game parks that leads to
destruction of animal habitats
 Shortage of pasture and water due to prolonged drought.
46. (a) Colonialists exiled traditional leaders like kings.
 It led to introduction of new systems of government to replace
traditional systems.
 They introduced new laws used to control their colonies.
b) They staged rebellions/ They staged riots/ they staged strikes
47. (a) The ocean current brings rain to Africa
b) (i) B: The Mediterranean sea (ii) C: The Atlantic Ocean
c) There are no clouds to regulate temperatures
48.a) To promote democracy in a country/ To judge suspected
wrong doers
 To promote justice in a country/ For peaceful resolution of conflicts
b) The Chief Justice
c) Executive/ Legislature (Parliament/ National Assembly)
49.a) They did not want to be ruled by Baganda colonial agents
 They did not Luganda language to be used in their area
 They did not want to lose their land/ To preserve their culture
b) Social services were improved/ Some people gained back their land
 It sped up the independence process/ Africans were allowed to
grow their own cash crops/ Taxes were reduced/ Africans were
ruled in a better way.
50.a) It leads to pollution in a community (water, soil and air pollution)
277
  It leads to easy spread of diseases in a community.
b) Dust bin/ toilet (latrines)/ septic tanks/ incinerators
c) Recycling is the turning of waste materials into useful products.
51. EITHER: (a) People were sinful/ People were disobedient before God
(b) It is where Noah’s ark rested after the floods
(c) A dove took a fresh olive leaf to Noah
(d) A rainbow
OR: (a) People were disobedient before Allah/ People were sinful
(b) It is where the ark of Prophet Nuhu rested after the floods
(c) A dove brought a fresh olive leaf
(d) a rainbow
52. EITHER: (a) Physical suffering/ Spiritual suffering/ Economic
suffering/ Social suffering/ Mental (emotional) suffering
(b) Laziness/ diseases/ poverty/ lack of guidance/ sinning/ disobedience
(c) A Christian should pray to God in times of suffering/ A Christian
should seek for guidance and counseling from Church leaders in
time of suffering
OR: (a) As above in Either
53. EITHER: (a) Man came from dust and will go back to dust
(b) To draw closer to God/ To get blessings/ To be forgiven by God
(c) Palm Sunday
OR: (a) To repent of their sins/ To fulfill the fourth pillar of Islam
 To work for Janah (paradise)/ To draw closer to Allah
(b) Name any two groups of people who are excused from fasting
in Islam.
54. EITHER: (a) The devil tempted Jesus to turn stones into bread
The devil tempted Jesus to jump off the highest temple in
Jerusalem The devil tempted Jesus to bow down and worship him
(b) Jesus recited the scriptures in the Bible/ He was guided by the
Holy Spirit
(c) Praying to God for guidance/ Reading the Holy Bible/ Fasting
OR: (a) He wanted to flee from pagans in Mecca who wanted to kill Him
 He was commanded by Allah to go to Mecca
(b) The Kaaba/ Zam zam water
(c) One must pay all the debts before performing Hijja
278
  One must be in good health conditions/ One must make a Will
 One must leave the family with enough money for use
55. EITHER: (a) Genesis/ Exodus/ Leviticus/ Numbers/ Deuteronomy
(b) It is a way of worshipping God/ We get God’s guidance
through reading the Bible/ The Bible is used for healing/ For
casting out demons
(c)A Bible should be kept in a clean place/ Nothing should be put on
top of the Bible/ Avoid tearing pages in the Bible/ Avoid writing in
the Bible
OR: (a) Injir/ Zabur/ Tauret (Taurat)
(b) To get Allah’s guidance/ To know more about Allah/ To worship Allah
 To draw closer to Allah/ To work for Janah
(c) One should get ablution before using the Qur’an
 By keeping it in a clean place/ Do not put anything on top of
the Qur’an

ANSWERS FOR TEST PAPER THREE

SECTION A (40 MARKS)
2. Using the the compass/ Use of the neighbouring places/
use of landmarks.
3. Rwanda
4. A plateau is a raised flat-topped piece of land
5. Nyero Stone Age site
6. Frontal rainfall/ Cyclonic rainfall
7. Vegetation distribution/ Climate of an area / Nature of the habitats
8. A large population leads to deforestation/ It leads to swamp drainage
 A large population leads to bush burning to create spacefor
settlement.
9. To learn about different tourist attractions/ For study
purposes To have fun/ for pleasure/
10. By organizing free and fair elections/ referenda
 By allowing citizens express their freedom of speech.
 By allowing citizens have freedom of movement
 Through promoting the freedom of worship
279
  By allowing people to express their freedom of assembly.
11. A surplus budget promotes economic investment/ It promotes savings
 It limits debts/ It prevents borrowing of money paid with interests
12. To run daily activities of the East African Community
13. Faulting
14. Done on the diagram
15. He restored Omukama Kasagama to his throne by fighting Omukama
Kabalega.
16. These are people who collect information during population census
17. Uganda gets foreign exchange/ Uganda gets market for her goods.
 It promotes cooperation between Uganda and other countries.
 Uganda is able to get goods that it does not produce.
18. It was the date when Uganda got her independence.
 It was the date that marked the end of colonial rule in Uganda.
19. Smoking of fish/ Sun drying of fish/ Salting of fish
20. They produce soft wood/ They mature fast/ They comprise trees of
the same species
21. They provided labour during the construction of the Uganda railway
22. It carries bulky goods/ It is reliable since it works on a fixed time table.
 It is not affected by traffic congestion
23. There were misunderstandings between Gipiir and Labongo
Gipiir and Labong failed to reconcile after having a conflict over
the spear and the bead
24. By putting out fire in cases it breaks out.
The police guards important places.
It provides security to people during mass gatherings.
It helps to control or stop riots and strikes.
It guides the public on security matters/ gives security tips to people.
It arrests wrong doers or suspects
The police guides road users by controlling traffic.
It carries out patrol and tracking of security threat activities.
25. To bring services nearer to people/ To create jobs for people
To ease administration by the government
26. The title/ Heading of a maps
27. To control traffic flow/ To control collision of vehicles/ To guide motorists
280
28. Cattle rustling/ Shortage of water and pasture for animals/
Animal diseases
29. Ethiopia
30. To make laws/ To advise the colonial governors
31. Heavy rainfall makes murram roads slippery/ It creates potholes
in roads
32. Phosphates/ Potassium/ Calcium
33. These are components of the environment that can be replaced
naturally after use
34. Polygamy/ early marriages/ teenage pregnancies/ poor family planning
35. It helps in winnowing of cereals/ It helps in self- pollination of crops
36. The Chief Administrative Officer (CAO)
37. EITHER: Moses OR: Hadijjah/ Khadijah
38. EITHER: Baptism OR: Shahadat
39. EITHER: To get blessings/ To support the ministry of God
OR: To purify their wealth/ To fulfill the third pillar of Islam/ To help
the needy
40. EITHER: To protect Him from King Herod who wanted to kill him
OR: To escape the pagans in Mecca who wanted to kill him
41. EITHER: To lead prayers in church/ To conduct religious marriages
(accept all sacraments)/ To conduct Bible lessons/ To counsel
Christians OR: To lead prayers in Islam/ To conduct Nikkah/ Teaches
Qur’an lessons

SECTION B (60 MARKS)

41. (a) Desert climate
(e) A camel has a large hump for storing water
It has large flat hooves for east movement on sand.
A camel has long eye lashes to prevent dust from entering its eyes
A camel has large flat hooves for easy movement on sand.
It has strong jaws and teeth for chewing prickly desert vegetation.
(f) Growing of citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, tangerines)
(g) Benguela Cold Ocean current
42. (a) An extended family
(b) There is limited space to accommodate extended families.
281
 There are high costs of living in urban areas.
It is expensive to take care of extended families in urban areas.
(c) Nuclear family/ Foster family
43. (a) They both carry out circumcision / They are all Bantu tribes
Both the Bagisu and Chagga grow Arabica coffee.
Both the Bagisu and the Chagga settle on slopes of volcanic mountains.
(b) There were fertile soils to support crop farming
 The area received reliable rainfall for crop farming.
(c) The Bantu led to the displacement of the Bushmen
 They introduced new crops/ They introduced new culture
 They introduced new Bantu languages
 They introduced new skills like iron smelting and bark cloth making.
44. a) To control all the activities of other banks
 It prints new currency/ It mints coins.
 The Central bank permits commercial banks to operate.
 It gives licenses to forex bureaus/ It replaces counterfeit currency.
 It pays government loans/ It gives financial advice to the government.
b) Commercial banks give loans to people for investment
 They give financial advice to people/ They create jobs for people.
 They keep important documents for people (land titles/ wills)
45. (a) Judges/ Magistrates/ Lawyers/ Attorneys/ Justices/ Court
Clerks Court prosecutors/ Court servers
(b) To punish law breakers/ To settle disputes in courts of laws
 The Judiciary interprets laws to the public
(c) The Chief Justice
46.b) The Monsoon winds blew the dhows of Arab Traders across
the Indian Ocean
(b) Mirrors/ plates/ cups/ guns/ gun powder/ Persian carpets
(c) African men feared to be circumcised/ Islamic language was
difficult to learn / Africans hated Arabs because of slave trade
47. (a) Landslides/ Volcanic eruption
(b) By planting trees to control soil erosion on mountain slopes.
 Through terracing to control soil erosion on mountains
 By planting trees that help to control landslides on mountains
(c) By providing them with food/ resettling them to safer places
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  The government provides them with shelter/ camps
for accommodation.
48. (a) River Congo has many tributaries
It flows through the Congo basin that receives heavy amounts of rainfall
(d) River Ubangi/ River Kasai/ River Lualaba/ River Kwango
(e) State the meaning of the following terms;
(i) A tributary is a small river that flows into the main river
(ii) A distributary is a small river that flows away from the main river
49. (a) People get employment opportunities in modern farming.
 Modern farming creates market for agro-inputs (fertilizers,
pesticides, farm tools, agro-chemicals)
 Modern farming is a source of income for people by selling
the produce.
 It promotes food security since it increases food production.
(b) People lack skills needed in modern farming/ Due to lack of capital
 People lack improved farm machines needed in modern farming.
 Some people lack enough land due to land fragmentation.
 Shortage of market for produce also discourages some farmers.
50. (a) Health service/ transport/ communication/ electricity supply
(b) Shortage of funds used to buy educational requirements.
Corruption among educational officials which results to shortage
of scholastic materials
Ignorance among parents that affects their cooperation with teachers
in supporting learners
56. EITHER: (a) Palm Sunday
(b) To cleanse the temple/ To pray/ To fulfill the scripture
 Jesus went to celebrate the Passover
(c) They spread tree branches on the path for Jesus
 They sang songs of praise for Jesus/ They laid clothes on the path
for Jesus Christ
OR: (a) The First day of the 10th Month on the Islamic calendar
(b) When a Muslim is sick/ When a female Muslim is in her periods
 When one is on a long journey/ When a mother is pregnant
 When a mother is breast feeding
(c) Name any one group of Muslims who are exempted from fasting
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57. EITHER: a) Cain
(b) It was due to jealousy/ due to envy
 God had rejected his offering and accepted Abel’s sacrifice
e) He was cursed to become a homeless wanderer
f) We should always give to God good offering/ We should not
be jealousy because it leads to sin/ We should love God
OR: a) Habeel
e) It was due to jealousy/ due to envy
 Allah had rejected his offering and accepted Abel’s sacrifice
f) He was cursed to become a homeless wanderer
g) We should always give to Allah good offering/ We should not
be jealousy because e it leads to sin/ We should love Allah
58. EITHER: (a) Adultery/ disobedience/ failure to fulfill one’s roles
in marriage/ Suspicion of witchcraft/ unfaithfulness/ poverty
(b) Divorce leads to school dropout among children due to lack of
parental support and care.
 Divorce affects family development due to lack of cooperation.
 It leads to poor provision of basic needs to family members.
 It leads to loss of respect and dignity among partners.
(c) The Bible condemns divorce/ it is not allowed by Gods
OR: As above in Either
59. EITHER: a) There was darkness for three hours
 The curtain in the temple tore into two from top to bottom
 There was earthquake/ the earth shook
 The rocks split and God’s people who had died came back to life
d) He called himself a child of God/ he preached against the
Jewish culture.
e) In Jerusalem/ Garden tomb
OR: a) It is a source of blessings/ It brings success in life/ Source
of protection
 A Muslim with faith is able to resist temptations/ Source of guidance
d) Through observing the Pillars of Islam (accept examples)
 Through reading the Holy Qur’an
60. EITHER: (a) Reconciliation is the bringing back of a broken relationship
(b) Paying fines/ through arbitration/ through apologizing/ by

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 sharing a meal
e) Reconciliation promotes peace/ promotes unity/ prevents revenge
OR: As above in (a)

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