1.

Gempa Bumi (Earthquake)

Earthquakes being the most deadly natural hazards strike without any prior warning leaving
catastrophe in their wake with terrible loss of human lives as well as economic loss.

Technically, an earthquake (also known as tremor, quake or temblor) is a kind of vibration

through earth’s crust. These powerful movements trigger a rapid release of energy that creates
seismic waves that travel through the earth. Earthquakes are usually brief, but may repeat over a
long period of time (earth science 2001). Earthquakes are classified as large and small.

Large earthquakes usually begin with slight tremors but rapidly take form of violent shock. The
vibrations from a large earthquake last for few days known as aftershocks. Small earthquakes are
usually slight tremors and do not cause much damage. Large earthquakes are known to take
down buildings and cause death and injury (Richter 1935). According to some statistics, there
may be an average of 500,000 earthquakes every year but only about 100,000 can be felt and
about 100 or so can cause damage each year. That's why earthquakes are dreaded by everyone.

2. Tsunami

Tsunami occurs when major fault under the ocean floor suddenly slips. The displaced rock
pushes water above it like a giant paddle, producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface.
The ocean waves spread out from the vicinity of the earthquake source and move across the
ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they reach the continental
shelf, the part of the earth crust that slopes, or rises, from the ocean floor up to the land.

A tsunami washes ashore with often disastrous effects such as severe flooding, loss of lives due
to drowning and damage to property. A tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by a
disturbance along the ocean floor. This disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a
volcanic eruption. A tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it reaches shallow
water, this fast traveling wave grows very large.

3. Daur Ulang (Recycle)

Recycling is a collection, processing, and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thrown
away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, from old newspapers to plastic
spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and uses it in new
products.

In general, using recycled materials to make new products costs less and requires less energy
than using new materials. Recycling can also reduce pollution, either by reducing the demand for
high-pollution alternatives or by minimizing the amount of pollution produced during the
manufacturing process.

Paper products that can be recycled include cardboard containers, wrapping paper, and office
paper. The most commonly recycled paper product is newsprint. In newspaper recycling, old
newspapers are collected and searched for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminum foil.
The paper goes to a processing plant where it is mixed with hot water and turned into pulp in a
machine that works much like a big kitchen blender. The pulp is screened and filtered to remove
smaller contaminants. The pulp then goes to a large vat where the ink separates from the paper
fibers and fl oats to the surface. The ink is skimmed off, dried and reused as ink or burned as
boiler fuel. The cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers to be made into paper again.

Experts estimate the average office worker generates about 5 kg of wastepaper per month. Every
ton of paper that is recycled saves about 1.4 cu m (about 50 cu ft) of landfill space. One ton of
recycled paper saves 17 pulpwood trees (trees used to produce paper).

4. Proses Pencernaan (Digestive Process)

Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. Food is needed to built up new cells and
replace the worn out cells. However, the food that we take must be changed into substances that
can be carried in the blood to the places where they are needed. This process is called digestion.

The first digestive process takes place in the mouth. The food we eat is broken up into small
pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with saliva, a juice secreted by glands in the mouth. Saliva
contains digestive juice which moisten the food, so it can be swallowed easily.

From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus (the food passage) into the stomach. Here,
the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours. Then the
food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular walls of the intestine are squeezing,
mixing and moving the food onwards. In a few hours, the food changes into acids. These are
soon absorbed by the villi (microscopic branch projections from the intestine walls) and passed
into the bloodstream.

5. Proses Pembuatan Cokelat (Chocolate Making Process)

Have you ever wondered how people get chocolate from? In this article we’ll enter the amazing
world of chocolate so you can understand exactly what you’re eating.

Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially
in places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the
size of a small pine apple. Inside the fruit are the tree’s seeds, also known as cocoa beans.

The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the chocolate
maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans
from different places have different qualities and flavor, so they are often sorted and blended to
produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed. Winnowing removes the meat
nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then, the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to
make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some
amount of fat, and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which
is why the ground nibs form liquid. It’s pure bitter chocolate.

6. Fotosintesis (Photosynthesis)
What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is a food-making process that occurs in green plants. It
is the chief function of leaves. The word photosynthesis means putting together with light. Green
plants use energy from light to combine carbon dioxide and water to make sugar and other
chemical compounds.

How is the light used in photosynthesis? The light used in photosynthesis is absorbed by a green
pigment called chlorophyll. Each food-making cell in a plant leaf contains chlorophyll in small
bodies called chloroplasts. In chloroplast, light energy causes water drawn form the soil to split
into hydrogen and oxygen.

What are the steps of photosynthesis process? In a series of complicated steps, the hydrogen
combines with carbon dioxide from the air, forming a simple sugar. Oxygen from the water
molecules is given off in the process. From sugar together with nitrogen, sulphur, and phosporus
from the soil-green plants can make starch, fat, protein, vitamins, and other complex compounds
essential for life. Photosynthesis provides the chemical energy that is needed to produced these
compounds

7. Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a clean burning substitute for petroleum based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is made of
vegetable oil. To make or manufacture Biodiesel, you must first start with raw materials. The
raw
materials needed in the production of Biodiesel are a small amount of methanol and a ready
supply of vegetable product. One of the most common vegetables used in the production of
Biodiesel is corn, although depending on the geographic location of the manufacturing facility
many other plants are used as well (rapeseed, soybeans flaxseed, etc.). The first step is to use the
raw vegetable product to make vegetable oil. Vegetable oil by itself will not be what you need to
power a car, from here it has to be processed into Biodiesel.

The process for converting vegetable oil into Biodiesel is sometimes called ester interchange. To
complete this process the vegetable oil has to be combined with a smaller amount of methanol
and then put in the presence of a small quantity of an alkaline catalyst (for example, 5% to 1%
sodium hydroxide). Vegetable oil is made up of so-called triglycerides, which is a compound of
the trivalent alcohol glycerin with three fatty acids. The goal of ester interchange is to separate
the glycerin molecule from the three fatty acids and replace it with three methanol molecules.
This process then yields roughly 90% Biodiesel and 10% of a glycerin byproduct. The glycerin
byproduct can be used in a number of other chemical processes for different industries.

8. Ponsel (Cell Phone)

A cell phone is a great gadget in this modern world. What is a cell phone? A cell phone is
actually a radio in certain way. Like a radio, by a cell phone we can communicate to other people
in real time. Million people use cell phone for their communication. Even nowadays, people use
cell phones to communicate in voice, written and data. Alexander Graham Bell is the person who
make great change in the way people communicate to each other. He invented a telephone in
1876. While wireless radio was formally known in 18994 presented by Guglielmo Marconi. By
these two technologies, then a cell phone was born.

A cell phone or in long term “cellular telephone’ works by transmitting signals of radio to towers
of cellular. The towers are networked to a central switching station. The connection usually uses
wire, fiber optic-cables, or microwave. Then the central switching station which handles calls in
certain given area is directed connected to the wire-based telephone system. Cellulars are pick up
by the towers and relayed to another cellular telephone user or the user of wire-based telephone
network. The towers vary in the capacity and capability to receive signals. Some can receive the
signal from short distance and the others can receive more distance. However, there are usually
more than one tower in certain given area so that the system can handle the increasing telephone
traffic.

Great! Here are 5 multiple-choice questions in English for each of the 8 explanation texts
you've provided:

1. Earthquake

1. What is an earthquake?
o A. A flood caused by rain
o B. A fire under the earth
o C. A vibration through the earth’s crust ✔️
o D. A volcanic eruption
2. What causes the vibration in an earthquake?
o A. The rotation of the earth
o B. Rapid release of energy creating seismic waves ✔️
o C. Movement of ocean tides
o D. Heavy rainfall
3. What is true about large earthquakes?
o A. They are harmless
o B. They start with violent shocks
o C. They may begin with slight tremors and cause aftershocks ✔️
o D. They never repeat
4. How many earthquakes are felt by people each year?
o A. 500,000
o B. 100,000 ✔️
o C. 100
o D. 50,000
5. Why are earthquakes feared?
o A. They bring snow
 o B. They are difficult to detect
o C. They happen only in the ocean
o D. They cause serious destruction and loss of life ✔️

2. Tsunami

1. What causes a tsunami?

o A. Heavy rainfall
o B. A strong wind from the sea
o C. A sudden shift in a major fault under the ocean floor ✔️
o D. The movement of tides
2. What happens when a tsunami reaches the shore?
o A. It disappears
o B. It becomes weaker
o C. It causes severe flooding and damage ✔️
o D. It becomes a small wave
3. What makes a tsunami wave grow in size?
o A. Wind pressure
o B. Rising temperature
o C. Reaching the continental shelf ✔️
o D. Evaporation of water
4. What is a tsunami in simple terms?
o A. A storm
o B. A sea wave caused by a disturbance along the ocean floor ✔️
o C. A tide
o D. A ripple from a boat
5. Why is a tsunami hard to detect in the ocean?
o A. It floats on the surface
o B. It travels too slowly
o C. It is very small in deep water ✔️
o D. It moves with the wind

3. Recycle

1. What is recycling?
o A. Throwing away used materials
o B. Burning waste products
o C. Collecting and reusing waste materials ✔️
o D. Making new materials from trees
2. Which of the following is a recycled paper product?
o A. Plastic spoon
 o B. Cardboard container ✔️
o C. Metal can
o D. Broken glass
3. Why is recycling beneficial?
o A. It takes more time and money
o B. It produces more pollution
o C. It saves energy and reduces pollution ✔️
o D. It increases garbage
4. What happens to ink during newspaper recycling?
o A. It is reused or burned as fuel ✔️
o B. It is thrown away
o C. It is painted over
o D. It remains in the paper
5. How much landfill space is saved by recycling one ton of paper?
o A. 1.4 cu m ✔️
o B. 4.1 cu m
o C. 14 cu m
o D. 0.5 cu m

4. Digestive Process

1. What is the purpose of digestion?

o A. To increase hunger
o B. To break down food into usable substances ✔️
o C. To store food in the stomach
o D. To remove waste
2. Where does digestion begin?
o A. Stomach
o B. Esophagus
o C. Mouth ✔️
o D. Small intestine
3. What is the function of saliva?
o A. To cool the mouth
o B. To make food spicy
o C. To moisten and break down food ✔️
o D. To store food
4. What happens in the small intestine?
o A. Food is stored
o B. Food is vomited
o C. Food is turned into gas
o D. Food is mixed and absorbed ✔️
5. What are villi?
o A. Muscles in the stomach
 o B. Juices in the mouth
o C. Tiny projections that absorb nutrients ✔️
o D. Cells in the liver

5. Chocolate Making Process

1. Where does chocolate come from?

o A. Sugarcane
o B. Coffee trees
o C. Cacao trees ✔️
o D. Coconut trees
2. What are cocoa beans?
o A. The fruit of cacao tree
o B. The leaves of cacao tree
o C. The seeds inside cacao fruit ✔️
o D. The bark of the cacao tree
3. What process brings out the chocolate flavor?
o A. Washing the beans
o B. Fermenting
o C. Roasting ✔️
o D. Peeling
4. What is chocolate liquor?
o A. A sweet drink
o B. A liquid from crushed nibs ✔️
o C. A fermented bean juice
o D. A mix of sugar and cocoa
5. Why does chocolate liquor become liquid?
o A. It has no fat
o B. It is boiled in water
o C. It contains a lot of fat ✔️
o D. It is frozen and melted

I’ll continue with questions 6–8 in the next message. Let me know if you'd like them formatted
for worksheets or quizzes!