Fazaia Model Inter College, Mushaf Sargodha

Summer Vacation Task

Class: X
Subject: Computer Science
Note: Learn exercise of chapter 1+2 and Solve the worksheet on loose sheets
and make a presentable file of your task.
CH 1
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Number System Conversions

Name: Sohaib Ansar

Class: 10th F

1. What is the decimal equivalent of binary 1101?

a. A. 11
b. B. 12
c. C. 13
d. D. 14
2. Convert octal 17 to decimal.
a. A. 15
b. B. 14
c. C. 13
d. D. 12
3. What is the octal equivalent of decimal 25?
a. A. 31
b. B. 30
c. C. 22
d. D. 24
4. Convert hexadecimal A to decimal.
a. A. 11
b. B. 10
c. C. 12
d. D. 9
5. What is the decimal value of hexadecimal 1F?
a. A. 31
b. B. 30
c. C. 28d. D. 29
6. What is the binary equivalent of octal 7?
a. A. 111
b. B. 101
c. C. 011
d. D. 100
7. Convert binary 110 to octal.
a. A. 4
b. B. 5
c. C. 6
d. D. 3
8. What is the binary equivalent of hexadecimal F?
a. A. 1110
b. B. 1111
c. C. 1011
d. D. 1101
9. Convert binary 1010 to hexadecimal.
a. A. A
b. B. B
c. C. C
d. D. D
10. What is the decimal equivalent of binary 1001?
A. 8
B. 9
C. 7
D. 6
Binary Arithmetic & Complements
11. What is 1's complement of 1010?
A. 0101
B. 1001
C. 0110
D. 0101
12. What is 2's complement of 0101?
A. 1010
B. 1011
C. 1100
D. 1101
13. What is the result of subtracting 5 from 7 using 1’s complement?
A. 10 B. 2
C. 1
D. 4
14. In 2’s complement, what is -6 represented in 4 bits?
A. 1010
B. 1011
C. 1010
D. 1010
15. What is the signed 4-bit 2’s complement of +5?
A. 0101
B. 1011
C. 1111
D. 0111
Theory & Concepts
16. What is the Most Significant Bit (MSB) of 1010?
A. 1
B. 0
C. 10
D. 11
17. In signed binary numbers, what does MSB 1 mean?
A. Positive
B. Negative
C. Even
D. Odd
18. What is a binary digit?
 A. A number between 0 and 9
B. A character
C. 0 or 1
D. Any digit
19. Why is binary efficient for computers?
A. Easy to read
B. Used in programming only
C. Matches on/off states in hardware
D. Matches decimal system
20. Which number system uses base-16?
A. Binary
B. Octal
C. Decimal D. Hexadecimal
Coding Schemes
21. ASCII uses how many bits?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 8
D. 10
22. Unicode can use up to how many bits?
A. 8
B. 16
C. 24
D. 32
23. What is the benefit of Unicode over ASCII?
A. More compact
B. Simpler
C. Supports all languages
D. Uses fewer bits
24. What is machine code?
A. Java Code
B. High-level Code
C. Binary instructions
D. Assembly Code
25. Why are coding schemes used?
A. Display graphics
B. Store numbers only
C. Represent characters in binary
D. Encrypt data
Operating Systems & Concepts
26. Which is faster to create?
A. Process
B. Thread
C. File
D. Program
27. Which has separate memory space? A. Thread
B. Process
C. Variable
D. Function
28. What does memory management do?
 A. Formats disk
B. Allocates RAM
C. Deletes files
D. Transfers data
29. Where is RTOS used?
A. Desktop PCs
B. Mobile games
C. Embedded systems
D. Data entry
30. Multiprogramming involves:
A. Only one program
B. One program in memory
C. Multiple programs in memory
D. One thread
Hosting & Applications
31. On-premises hosting gives:
A. High cost, low control
B. Low security
C. Full control
D. Internet access
32. Cloud hosting is:
A. Expensive
B. Low maintenance
C. Always offline
D. Hard to scale
33. What is an application patch?
A. A new OS
B. A full software
C. An update
D. An antivirus
34. Offline applications:
A. Need internet
B. Work without internet
C. Are games
D. Cannot be edited
35. Online applications require:
A. RAM
B. Disk
C. Internet
D. USB
Advanced OS Topics
36. Which OS task manages files?
A. Process management
B. File system management
C. Memory management
D. Device management
37. In process states, "Ready" means:
A. Executing
B. Terminated
C. Waiting for CPU
 D. Being created
38. "Waiting" process is:
A. Finished
B. Waiting for I/O
C. Getting CPU
D. Creating threads
39. An IDE typically includes:
A. Games
B. Media tools
C. Code editor
D. Paint tool
40. IDEs improve:
A. Storage
B. Programming efficiency
C. Battery
D. Network speedMixed Review
41. Which number system uses digits 0–7?
A. Binary
B. Octal
C. Decimal
D. Hexadecimal
42. What does 2's complement help with?
A. Represent decimal
B. Store characters
C. Represent negative numbers
D. Encrypt data
43. What is Overflow?
A. Error in I/O
B. When result exceeds max limit
C. Memory leak
D. Low RAM
44. Underflow happens when:
A. Result is negative
B. Memory is full
C. RAM is free
D. Result is too small
45. Process management includes:
A. File editing
B. Assigning CPU
C. Data input
D. RAM cleaning
46. What is hexadecimal of 1010?
A. B
B. A
C. 9
D. C
47. 1’s complement of 0001 is:
A. 1111
B. 1110
C. 1000
 D. 0000
48. Thread is part of:
A. File
B. Process
C. OS D. Storage
49. Which OS type is for multiple users?
A. Single-user
B. Multi-user
C. Real-time
D. Embedded
50. Which is used in industrial controllers?
A. RTOS
B. Multi-user OS
C. Gaming OS
D. None

Conversion based questions

. Convert Decimal to Binary

1. Convert 5 to binary.
Converting binary from decimal
2 5
2 2---1
1---0

Answer (101)2
1. Convert 12 to binary.
Converting decimal to binary
2 12
2 6---0
2 3---0
1---1

Answer (1100)2
1. Convert 31 to binary.
Converting
2 31
2 15---1
2 7---1
2 3---1
1---1

Answer (11111)2
1. Convert 44 to binary.
Concersion
2 44
2 22---0
2 11---0
2 5---1
2 2---1
1---0

Answer (101100)2
1. Convert 100 to binary.
Conversions

2 100
2 50---0
2 25---0
2 12---1
2 6---0
2 3---0
1---1

Answer (1100100)2
2. Convert Binary to Decimal
1. Convert 1010 to decimal.
Conversions
=1*23+0*22+1*2+0*20
Answer (10)10
2. Convert 1100 to decimal.
Conversion
= 1*23 + 1*22 + 0*2 + 0*20
Answer (12)10
2. Convert 1111 to decimal.
Conversion
=1*23 + 1*22 + 1*21 + 1*20
Answer (15)10
2. Convert 1001 to decimal.
Conversions
=1*23 + 0*22 + 0*21 + 1*20
Answers (9)10
2. Convert 101010 to decimal.
Conversion
=1*25 + 0*24 + 1*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 0*20
Answer (42)10
.3. Convert Octal to Decimal
1. Convert 10₈ to decimal.
Conversion
=1*8 +0 *80
Answer (8)10
1. Convert 17₈ to decimal.
Conversion
=1*8 + 7*80
Answer (15)10
1. Convert 21₈ to decimal.
Conversion
=2*8 + 1*80
Answer (17)10
1. Convert 45₈ to decimal.
Conversion
=4*8 + 5*80
Answer (37)10
1. Convert 77₈ to decimal.
Conversion
=7*8 + 7*80
Answer (63)10
4. Convert Decimal to Octal
1. Convert 8 to octal.
Conversion
8 8
1----0

Answer (10)8
2. Convert 16 to octal.
Conversion
8 16
2----0

Answer (20)8
2. Convert 25 to octal.
Conversion
8 25
3-----1

Answer (31)8
2. Convert 50 to octal.
Conversion
8 50
6-----2

Answer (62)8
2. Convert 64 to octal.
Conversion
8 64
8-----0
1-----0

Answer (100)8

5. Convert Hexadecimal to Decimal

1. Convert A₁ ₆ to decimal.
Conversion
A==10,
=10*160
Answer (10)16
2. Convert 1F₁ ₆ to decimal.
Conversion
F==15,
=1*161 + 15*160
Answer (31)10
2. Convert 3C₁ ₆ to decimal.
Conversion
C==12,
=3*16 + 12*160
Answer (60)10
2. Convert 7D₁ ₆ to decimal.
Conversion
D==13,
=7*16 + 13*160
Answer (115)10
2. Convert 99₁ ₆ to decimal.
Conversion
=9*16 + 9*160
Answer (153)10
6. Convert Decimal to Hexadecimal
1. Convert 10 to hexadecimal.
Conversion
16 10
A

Answer (A)16
2. Convert 15 to hexadecimal.
Conversion
16 15
F

Answer (F)16
2. Convert 25 to hexadecimal.
Conversion
16 25
1----9

Answer (19)16
2. Convert 35 to hexadecimal.
Conversion
16 35
2-----3

Answer (23)16
2. Convert 50 to hexadecimal. .
Conversion
16 50
3----2

Answer (32)16
7. Convert Octal to Binary
1. Convert 5₈ to binary.
Conversion
5==101
Answer (0101)2

2. Convert 7₈ to binary.
Conversion
7==111
Answer (0111)2
2. Convert 10₈ to binary.
Conversion
1==001 , 0==000
Answer (00010000)2
2. Convert 17₈ to binary.
Conversion
1==0001 , 7==0111
Answer (00010111)2
2. Convert 21₈ to binary.
Conversion
2==0010 , 1==0001
Answer (00100001)2
8. Convert Binary to Octal
1. Convert 110 to octal.
Conversion
110==6
Answer (6)8
2. Convert 1111 to octal.
Conversion
| 001 | |111|
001==1 , 111==7
Answer (17)8
2. Convert 1000 to octal.
Conversion
|001| |000|
001==1 , 000==0
Answer (10)8
2. Convert 101011 to octal.
Conversion
|101| |011|
101==5 , 011==3
Answer (53)8
2. Convert 111000 to octal.
Conversion
|111| |000|
111==7 , 000==0
Answer (70)8
9. Convert Hexadecimal to Binary
1. Convert A₁ ₆ to binary.
Conversion
A==1010
Answer (1010)2
2. Convert B₁ ₆ to binary.
Conversion
B==1011
Answer (1011)2
2. Convert F₁ ₆ to binary.
Conversion
F==1111
Answer (1111)2
2. Convert 1A₁ ₆ to binary.
Conversion
1==0001 , A==1010
Answer (00011010)2
2. Convert 2F₁ ₆ to binary.
Conversion
2==0010 , F==1111
Answer (00101111)
10. Convert Binary to Hexadecimal
1. Convert 1010 to hexadecimal.
Conversion
1010==A
Answer (A)16
2. Convert 1111 to hexadecimal.
Conversion
1111==F
Answer (F)16
2. Convert 1100 to hexadecimal.
Conversion
1100==C
Answer ( C )16
2. Convert 1001 to hexadecimal.
Conversion
1001==9
Answer (9)16
2. Convert 101010 to hexadecimal.
Conversion
|0010| |1010|
=0010==2 , 1010==A
Answer (2A)
11. 1's Complement
1. Find 1's complement of 1010.
1’s compliment
1010: Invert(0101)
Answer (0101)16
2. Find 1's complement of 1101.
1’s compliment
1101: Invert (0010)
Answer (0010)2
2. Find 1's complement of 0000.
1’s compliment
0000: Invet (1111)
Answer (1111)2
2. Find 1's complement of 1111.
1’s compliment
1111: Invert (0000)
Answer (0000)2
2. Find 1's complement of 1001.
1’s compliment
1001: Invert (0110)
Answer (0110)2

12. 2's Complement

1. Find 2's complement of 1001.
1’s compliment
1001: Invert (0110)
2’s compliment = 1’s compliment +1
1001 + 1 = 1010
Answer (1010)2
2. Find 2's complement of 0001.
1’s compliment
0001: Invert (1110)
2’s compliment = 1’s compliment +1
1110 + 1 = 1111
Answer (1111)2
2. Find 2's complement of 1010.
1’s compliment
1010: Invert (0101)
2’s compliment = 1’s compliment +1
0101 + 1 = 0110
Answer (0110)2
2. Find 2's complement of 0100.
1’s compliment
0100: Invert (1011)
2’s compliment = 1’s compliment +1
1011 + 1 = 1100
Answer (1100)2
2. Find 2's complement of 1111.
1’s compliment
1111: Invert (0000)
2’s compliment = 1’s compliment +1
0000 + 1 = 0001
Answer (0001)2
13. Subtraction Using 1's Complement
1. Subtract 5 – 3 using 1’s complement.
5(0101) - 3(0011) = 0101 - 0011
Taking 1’scompliment of subtrehend
0011: Invert (1100)
Now adding minued and 1’s compliment of subtrehend
0101
+ 1100
1-0001
Now adding overflow with remaining part
0001 + 1 = 0010
Answer (0010)2 >2
2. Subtract 7 – 2 using 1’s complement.
7(0111) - 2 (0010) = 0111 - 0010
Taking 1’scompliment of subtrehend
0010: Invert (1101)
Now adding minued and 1’s compliment of subtrehend
0111
+ 1101
1-0100
Now adding overflow with remaining part
0100 + 1 = 0101
Answer (0101)2> 5
2. Subtract 10 – 5 using 1’s complement.
10(1010) - 5(0101) = 1010 - 0101
Now adding overflow with remaining part
0101: Invert (1010)
Now adding minued and 1’s compliment of subtrehend
1010
+ 1010
1-0100
Now adding overflow with remaining part
0100 + 1 = 0101
Answer (0101)2 > 5
2. Subtract 15 – 9 using 1’s complement.
15(1111) - 9(1001) = 1111 - 1001
Taking 1’scompliment of subtrehend
1001: Invert (0110)
Now adding minued and 1’s compliment of subtrehend
1111
+ 0110
1-0101
Now adding overflow with remaining part
0101 + 1 = 0110
Answer (0110)2 > 6
2. Subtract 8 – 4 using 1’s complement.
8(1000) - 4(0100) = 1000 - 0100
Taking 1’scompliment of subtrehend
0100: Invert (1011)
Now adding minued and 1’s compliment of subtrehend
1000
+ 1011
1-0011
Now adding overflow with remaining part
0011 + 1 = 0100
Answer (0100)2 > 4
14. Subtraction Using 2's Complement
1. Subtract 5 – 3 using 2’s complement.
5(0101) - 3(0011) = 0101 - 0011
Taking 2’s compliment of subtrehend
0011: Invert (1100) > 1’s compliment
1101 + 1 = 1101 > 2’s compliment
Now adding minued and 2’s compliment of subtrehend
0101
+ 1101
1-0010
Ignore the overflow
Answer (0010)2 >2
2. Subtract 9 – 2 using 2’s complement.
9(1001) - 2(0010) = 1001 - 0010
Taking 2’s compliment of subtrehend
0010: Invert (1101) > 1’s compliment
1101 + 1 = 1110 > 2’s compliment
Now adding minued and 2’s compliment of subtrehend
1001
+ 1110
1-0111
Ignore the overflow
Answer (0111)2 >7
Subtract 15 – 7 using 2’s complement.
15(1111) - 7(0111) = 1111 - 0111
Taking 2’s compliment of subtrehend
0111: Invert (1000) > 1’s compliment
1000 + 1 = 1001 > 2’s compliment
Now adding minued and 2’s compliment of subtrehend
1111
+ 1001
1-1000
Ignore the overflow
Answer (1000)2 >8
3. Subtract 20 – 10 using 2’s complement.
20(10100) - 10(01010) = 10100 -01010
Taking 2’s compliment of subtrehend
01010: Invert (10101 ) > 1’s compliment
10101 + 1 = 10110 > 2’s compliment
Now adding minued and 2’s compliment of subtrehend
10100
+ 10110
1-01010
Ignore the overflow
Answer (01010)2 > 10
4. Subtract 100 – 40 using 2’s complement.
100(1100100) - 40(0101000) = 1100100 - 0101000
Taking 2’s compliment of subtrehend
0101000: Invert (1010111 ) > 1’s compliment
1010111 + 1 = 1011000 > 2’s compliment
Now adding minued and 2’s compliment of subtrehend
1100100
+ 1011000
1-0111100
Ignore the overflow
Answer (0111100)2 > 60
15. Signed Bit Representation Using 2's Complement
1. Represent -5 in 4-bit 2’s complement.
-5 = -(+5)
5=0101
Now taking 2’s compliment of binary form
0101: Invert (1010) > 1’s compliment
1010 + 1 = 1011 > 2’s compliment
Answer (1011)2
2. Represent -8 in 4-bit 2’s complement.
-8 = -(+8)
8 = 1000
Now taking 2’s compliment of binary form
1000: Invert (0111) > 1’s compliment
0111 + 1 = 1000 > 2’s compliment
Answer (100)2
3. Represent -3 in 4-bit 2’s complement.
-3 = -(+3)
03 = 0011
Now taking 2’s compliment of binary form
0011: Invert (1100) > 1’s compliment
1100+ 1 = 1101 > 2’s compliment
Answer (1101)2
4. Represent -6 in 4-bit 2’s complement.
-6 = -(+6)
6 = 0110
Now taking 2’s compliment of binary form
0110: Invert (1001) > 1’s compliment
1001 + 1 = 1010 > 2’s compliment
Answer (1010)2
5. Represent -12 in 5-bit 2’s complement.
-12 = -(+12)
12= 01011
Now taking 2’s compliment of binary form
01011: Invert (10100) > 1’s compliment
10100 + 1 = 10101 > 2’s compliment
Answer (10101)2
Q3. Write answers of the following short response questions.

1. What is the significance of the Most Significant Bit (MSB) in signed binary
numbers?

MSB in signed binary shows the sign: 0 = Positive, 1 = Negative.

1. What is a binary digit, and why is it fundamental in computer systems?

A binary digit (bit) is 0 or 1; it's fundamental because computers use it to represent
all data using electrical on/off states.
1. Why are binary numbers more efficient for computer calculations than
decimal numbers?
Binary numbers are more efficient because computers use two states (on/off), making
binary simpler, faster, and more reliable for processing than decimal, which needs
10 different states.

How do ASCII and Unicode differ in character representation?

ASCII uses 7 bits to represent 128 characters, mainly English letters, digits, and
symbols, meanwhile Unicode uses up to 32 bits, representing over 1.1 million
characters, covering many languages, symbols, and emojis.

1. What is the importance of positional value in number systems? Give two

examples.

Positional value determines the worth of a digit based on its position in a number. It
allows us to represent large and small values efficiently using the same digits.

Examples:

In 345, the digit 5 is in the units place (value = 5), 4 is in the tens place (value = 40),
and 3 is in the hundreds place (value = 300).

6. What is the process to convert a binary number to its hexadecimal equivalent?

7. What is the purpose of machine code in computer operations?
Machine code is the lowest-level programming language that a computer directly
understands and executes. It tells the CPU exactly what to do using binary
instructions (0s and 1s).Means It acts as the bridge between software and
hardware, allowing programs to run on a computer.
8. Why coding scheme is used in computer? Give three reasons.

· Data Representation

· Standardization
· Efficient Storage & Processing

8. State five differences between a process and a thread.

Process Thread
An independent program in execution. A lightweight unit of a process.
Has its own memory space. Shares memory with other threads in the
same process.
Slower Faster
Higher overhead for creation and Lower overhead and faster to
context switching. create/switch.
One process crash doesn’t affect others. If one thread crashes, it can affect the
whole process.

8. What is memory management and how does it work in an operating system?

Memory Management:
It is the process by which an operating system (OS) controls and allocates computer
memory (RAM) to programs and processes.

How It Works:

Allocation: Assigns memory to processes when they need it.

Tracking: Keeps track of each byte of memory—what’s free and what’s in use.

8. What is a real-time operating system and where is it commonly used?

Real-Time Operating System (RTOS):

An RTOS is an operating system designed to process data and respond instantly
(within strict time limits).

Common Uses:

Medical devices

Telecommunication systems

8. Differentiate between multiprogramming and multitasking operating systems.

Multi-programming Multitasking
Running multiple programs in memory Running multiple tasks (parts of
at once programs) at once
E.G: Batch systems Modern OS

8. List two pros and two cons of on-premises hosting.

Pros of On-Premises Hosting:

Full Control: You manage all hardware, software, and data.

Data Security: Sensitive data stays within your organization.

Cons of On-Premises Hosting:

High Cost: Expensive hardware, maintenance, and IT staff needed.

Limited Scalability: Harder to quickly upgrade or expand resources.

8. What is an application patch? Give key functions of it.

Application Patch:
A patch is a software update that fixes issues or improves functionality in an
application.

Key Functions:

Security Updates

Performance Improvements

8. Differentiate between offline and online applications. Give one example of

each.
Offline Application Online Application
Donot Require Internet access Require Internet access
Can be accessed locally Only accessed through browser
E.g: Ms word E.g: Google docs

Q4. Write answers of extended response questions.

1. Explain decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems with

examples.

Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Number Systems:

Decimal (Base 10): Uses digits 0-9. Each digit's place value is a power of 10.

Example: (347)10

Binary (Base 2): Uses digits 0 and 1. Each digit's place value is a power of 2.

Example: (1011)2

Octal (Base 8): Uses digits 0-7. Each digit's place value is a power of 8.

Example:( 745)8

Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F (A=10, B=11...F=15).
Example: (2F )16

1. What is 2’s complement, and why is it used? Give examples.

2’s Complement and Its Use:

Definition: A method for representing negative numbers in binary.

Why Used: It simplifies binary arithmetic and allows the same hardware to add both
positive and negative numbers.

Example:

Positive 5 in 4 bits: 0101

Negative 5: 1’s compliment >(1010) + 1 = 1011>2’s compliment

3 Define the terms Overflow and Underflow. Explain Overflow in number

system with one example.

Overflow and Underflow:

Overflow: Occurs when a calculation exceeds the maximum limit of number

representation.

Underflow: Happens when a value is too small to be represented (especially in

floating-point numbers).

Example of Overflow:

When you add 11111111(255) with 1(1)

11111111

+ 1

0-0000000> 0 is the overflow

Example of underflow:

1. What is the significance of ASCII and Unicode character coding schemes?

Significance of ASCII and Unicode:

ASCII: Stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It uses 7 or
8 bits to represent English letters, digits, and basic symbols. It is efficient and widely
used in systems that primarily handle English text.
Unicode: A universal character encoding standard that uses up to 32 bits. It includes
characters from virtually all writing systems, including Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Arabic,
Chinese, and emojis. Unicode supports multiple languages and ensures text
consistency across platforms and devices.

Significance: ASCII and Unicode are crucial for enabling computers to store, process,
and display textual data. ASCII is simple and suitable for basic text and programming,
while Unicode is essential for global communication, multilingual support, and
modern web and mobile applications. Without these standards, exchanging and
displaying text across different systems would be unreliable and inconsistent.

5. What is an operating system? Explain any five tasks/functions of OS.

Operating System and Its Functions:

Definition: Software that manages hardware and software resources and provides
services to programs.

Five Functions:

Process Management: Handles creation, scheduling, and termination of processes.

Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates RAM to programs.

File System Management: Manages data storage and retrieval.

Device Management: Controls input/output devices.

User Interface: Provides a way for users to interact (CLI or GUI).

6. Explain any four types of operating systems.

Types of Operating Systems:

Batch OS: Executes batches of jobs with minimal user interaction.

E.g: Banking system

Time-Sharing OS: Allows multiple users to share system resources simultaneously.

E.g:

Real-Time OS: Provides immediate processing and response (used in medical,

automotive systems).

E.g:

Distributed OS: Manages multiple computers as a single system.

E.g:
7. How operating system manages applications? Explain five states of a process
with diagram.

Application Management and Process States:

How OS Manages Applications: The OS loads applications into memory, allocates

resources, schedules execution, and ensures proper termination.

Five Process States:

New: Process is created.

Ready: Process is waiting to be assigned to CPU.

Running: Process is being executed.

Waiting: Process is waiting for an event (like I/O).

Terminated: Process has finished execution.

Diagram:

New → Ready → Running → Terminated

↓ ↑

Waiting

8. Explain the role of Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) in the

software development process, including specific features that enhance
programming efficiency.
9. What is software hosting? Explain On-premises and Cloud hosting. Also give
two pros and cons of each.

Software Hosting:

Definition: Making software accessible to users via a server.

On-Premises Hosting:

Software is hosted on the company’s own servers. It is companis own server and
company is responsible for this server.

Pros:

Full control

Better data security

Cons:

High setup and maintenance cost

Limited scalability

Cloud Hosting:

Software is hosted on third-party cloud servers. Cloud vendors sell services and they
are also require to manage it.

Pros:

Scalable and flexible

Lower upfront cost

Cons:

Dependent on internet

Data privacy concerns