MIND MAP EVOLUTION (PART-1)

ORIGIN OF LIFE

evolution is a stochastic
forms on Earth;
history of life mutation in organisms
Biology is the study ofnature
Evolutionary in and chance
Process based on chance events

EVOLUTION
Theories on Evolution of Life For
Origin of the Universe and Earth
- Origin of life: Life appeared 500
- Probable age of Universe:~ 13.8 billion years old after formation of Earth (4 mil ion years
billion years
Composition: Stars, clouds of gas and dust-’ Galaxies -’
Cluster of galaxies’Universe
Theories given to explain the origin of life:ago)
Origin: Explained by the Big Bang theory
Probable age of Earth: ~ 4.5 billion years old
- Origin: Earth belongs to solar system of milky way galaxy

Theory of Panspermia/Cosmozoic theory Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Formation of First Cell (Biogenesiel

- Proposed by Greek philosophers, - As per this theory, life originated Theory of Biogenesis: First forms of it.
units of life called spores (panspermia) from decaying and rotting matter arose in aquatic environment
or came from outer space and like straw, mud, etc.;theory from non-living molecules (e.g.,(2000
RNA. mya)
developed into living forms dismissed experimentally by Louis protein, polysacchaides); once formed
Pasteur these cellular forms evolved into
complex biodiversi oftoday
Theory of Chemical Evolution (Oparin and Haldane Theory) -ieclrodes
To vacuum
pump
- States life originated from pre-existing non-living organic
molecules; formation of life was preceded by chemical CH, ark
evolution NH, discharge
-Gases
- Experimentalevidence of chemical evolution: Given by S.L. H,0
H, a Water out
Miller (1953) - Closed flask experiment mimicking the
Condenser
reducing nature of primitive earth atmosphere
- Experimental set-up: Electric discharge created in a closed fose Water in
flask containing CH4, H, NH, and water vapour (H) at -Water droplets
8000°C Water containing
- Observation: Amino acids formation in the flask; formation Boiling water organic compounds
of sugars, nitrogen bases, pigments and fats observed in Liquid water in trap
similar experiments later
Miller's Closed flask experiment
ADAPTIVERADIATION
Process of evolution of different species ina
given geographical
from a common point and radiating to other geographical areasarea starting
(habitats)

Darwin'sfinches - Galapagos Islands Marsupial Radiation - Australia

Australian Marsupials and Placental
Mammals

All bird varieties evolved from - Within the

original seed-eating finches; Australian
continent,
many different marsupials - Represent Convergent evolution and also
with alteration in beaks some
(pouched animals) are found; all Branching placental(a key Darwinism)

-A variety of descent concept of

finches became insectivorous of them have mammals have evolved
and some vegetarian evolved from a
common ancestral stock which appear similar to a corresponding
marsupial, e.g., Placental wolf and Tasmanian
 Xam ideaoiogy X

EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION

Paleontological Evidence Embryological Evidence for Evolution (Ernst Heckel) Biochemical Evidence

Paleontology: Study of - Based his theoryupon the observation of

fossils
- Similarities in proteins
certain common features during embryonic and genes performing
Fossils: Remains of stage in all vertebrates that are absent in
hard parts of life-forms acommon given
adults, e.g., presence of vestigial gill slit but it is function among
found in rocks, e.g., a functional organ only in fishes diverse organisms, and
Dinosaurs - Disapproved by Karl Ernst von Baer; he similarity in metabolic
- Ages of the fossils is noted that embryos never pass through the processes provides
calculated through adult stages of other animals clues for common
radioactive (carbon)
ancestry
dating
Comparative Anatomy (Morphological evidencesj
Concept of Homology (Homologous Organs) vs Analogy (Analogous Organs)

Homology
Organisms having the same anatomical structure
developed along different directions due to Anatormicallydifferent siructures having the ne fuaction (in
adaptations/different functions. different Grganisms).
Result of divergent evolution. Result of convexgcnt evolution.
Indicates common ancestry. Does not indicaie comRCiI aCSIry.
Eg, Forelimbs of whale, bats, cheetah and human, thorns of E.g., Wings of butterîy and birds, Sweet potato and potato, eye
Bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbits of octopus and mamnals, flippers of penguins and doiphiu
Sarne fICie:
(a) (b)

LTendril
Insect
Thorn (Butterfly) Bat

Bougainvillea Cucurbita Man

Different skeletal structures

Examples of homologous organs in (a) plants and (b) animals Examples of analogous organs

Evolution by Natuiral Selection (lndustrial melanism) Evolution by Anthropogenic Action

number than dark-winged

- Before industríalisation, white-winged mothswere more in -Selective breeding: Man has
was reversed
moths, while post-industrialisation, this todeposition of bred selected plants and
During industrialisation, white lichen covered tree trunks became dark due aninals and thus created new
dust and coal particles (s00t and smoke). breeds within short period of
picked up by predators from the dark
Thus, white-winged moths could be easily moths times
survived.
background and dark-winged (melanised) Chemical resistance:
Excessive use of herbicides
and pesticides, and antibiotic
drugs has resulted in
Moths in evolution of resistant varieties
Moths in Polluted of microbes in much lesser
Unpolluted area (~1920) time scale;thus, pathogenic
area (-1850s)
species are appearing in
very short time period
 MIND MAP EVOLUTION (PART-I1)

THEORIES OF(BIOLOICAL) EVOLUTION

Lamarckism Darwinism
EVOLUTION
Overview of Lamarck's Theory
Overview of Charles Darwin's Theory
Internal Urge
Reproductive
Environmental Changes fecundity
New Needs (Tendency for increase
in number) Struggle for Natural selection
Use of Organs existence
Disuse of Organs
|Organs Gradually Environmental (Competition) More offspring by fittest
Develop Better Organs Gradually stress + organisms (Persistence of
Disappear Heritable
adaptive traits) Rvolution
(Limited resources) variation
Inheritance of Acquired Characters
Environmental Clbaige in the
(In structure and genec makeup
behaviour) changes of porulation by
Origin of New Species
natsral selection
(Adaptation)
Concept of (a) Lamarckism vs (b) Darwinism
(a)
(b)

Ancestral giraffes Offspring inherited

stretched their necks stretched necks
This happened Among ancestral
repeatedly over Those with longer
generations
giraffes, some necks left more This happened
individuals had repeatedly over
longer necks offspring with generations
than others long necks
- Experimented on evening-primrose
Mutation theory of Differed with Darwin regarding how plant (Oenothera lamarckiana)
Evolution: Hugo de Vres Mendel's observations which evolution occurs; Darwin did not
include
- As per de Vries, evolution were brought forth again by de Vries' work
occurred in a single step (saltation)
BRIEF ACCOUNT OFEVOLUTION OF
LIFE FORMS

Emergence of Early life forms (organisms) Age of Reptiles (- 200 mya)

Age of Mammals
- First cellular lifeforms : 2000
million years ago (mya) - Dominant reptiles: Dinosaurs,
- Invertebrates: 500 mya First mammals were shrew-like
-Jawless, amphibious fish : 350 mya e-g., Aquatic- Ichthyosaurs, (fossils small sized)
- Sea weeds and few plants: 320 Land- Tyrannosaurus rex (20 - Becamne
mya feet height and dagger-like dominant animal
- First organisms to invade land: Plants; group due to viviparity and
bryophytes ’ teeth)
pteridophytes (giant ferns contributing to coal depos Disappeared around 65 mya, increased intelligence
its) ’gymnosperms ’ angiosperms possibly due to climatic - Continental drift influenced
- First amphibians: Lobefins (amphibious changes from a massive species distribution
fish),
ancestors of modern day frogs and salamanders,
Coelacanth e.g., asteriod impact, and evolution
of surviving ones into birds
(discovery of Archaeopteryx
fossil)
 Xam idea

HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE

Concept of Genetic Equilibrium (Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium) Factors influencing Hardy-Weinberg £quilibrium

Peak gets higher

-Allelic frequencies in a population are stable and and narrow - Gene migration (Gene flow):
remain constant from generation to generation, Individuals migrate to another
i.e., gene pool (total number of genes and their place/population, new genes or
alleles in a population) is constant alleles are added to the present
Expressed as p2 + 20q t q' = lwhere pand q population and are lost from the old
are frequencies ofAA and aa respectively, population, thereby changing the
and 2bq is of Aa (Sum total of all allelic frequencies
frequencies is l) (a) Stabilising Genetic drift: Changesoccurring in
- Disturbances in genetic equilibrium result in frequencies by chance.; leads to
evolution Founder effect
Peak shifts in - Mutation: Advantageous mutations
one direction
lead to new phenotypes and over a
few generations, resuit in speciation

oiNndvfua.ls wpheniotyhpe Phenotypes

favoured by
natural
Medium-sized
individuas
are favoured
- Genetic recsenbiration: During
gametogenesis, variatiors due to
recombination rssuit n ne

selection
Either of the 3) birectionai
phenotypes
mean character -- Naturai sekeutig: Heritabie
vaiue favoured
variations that enabie suryivai of the
Peripheral character fttest leave a greater umier of
value at both ends of Twc peaks form
curve are favoured progeny. Naturai selerion operares
in three ways upon d:fferert raits:
Trait
(a) Stabilising (b) Directional and (c)
Operation of Natural Selectionbdaunot Disruptive

(c) Disruptive

Human Ancestors Time of Origin General Features

Evolution of Man
1. (a) Dryopithecus Ape-like, hairy, arms and legs of same length, large brain,ate
- Factors responsible 15mya soft fruits and leaves, walked like gorillas and chimpanzees
for most successful
(b) Ramapithecus More man-like, walked more erect, teeth like mnodern man
evolution:
Language skills and 3-4 mya
Fossils found in Tanzania and Ethiopia, man-ike primates,4
feet tall, walked upright
self-consciousness 2. Australopithecines Ate fruit, hunted with stone weapons, brain capacity was
2 mya
- Significant 400-600 cc
Landmarks in Fossils found in East Africa, first human-like being, brain
Evolution of Man: 13. Homo habilis 2 mya capacity 650-800 cc, did not eat meat.

14. Homoerectus
1.5 mya Fossils found in Java, brain capacity 900 cc, ate meat
(ava man)

5. Homo 1,00,000-40,000 Fossils found in east and central Asia, brain size 1400cc, used
neanderthalensis
(Neanderthal man)ear ago |hides to protect body, buried their dead
75,000-10,000
Arose during ice age, beginning of human civilisation
years ago
6. Homo sapiens
(Modern m¡n) 18,000 years ago Prehistoric cave art (eg., Bhimbetka) developed
10.000 years back Agriculture started, human settlements started
 VIIND AP HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES (PART - I)
HUMAN DISEASES

Condition that adversely affects the overall functioning of the body, characterised by various signs and symptoms

Infectious/Communicable Diseases
HUMAN HEALTH
Iransmitted from an infected toa healthy individual through disease-causing organisms (pathogens) AND DISEASES
Viral Diseases
Diseases Causative Agents Symptoms
Common cold Rhino viruses Nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, couch
headache, tiredness, ete.; last 3-7 days
Chikungunya and Mosquito-borne viruses Fever, muscle and joint pain (arthritis in severe cases), headache, etc
Dengue (transmitted via Aedes mosquito)
Bacterial Diseases
Diseases Causative Agents Symptoms
Typhoid Salmonella typhi High fever (39°-40°C), weakness, stomach pain, consüpation,
headache, loss of appetite: intestinal perforation in severe cases
Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae, Fever, chills, cough, headache; in severe cases, lips and
Haemophilus influenzae fingernails turn blue
Protozoan Diseases
Diseases Causative Agents Symptoms
Malaria Plasmodium sp. (P. vivax, P Recurring fever with chills every 34 days due to RBC rupture
malariae, Pfalciparum) and haemozoin release

Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Constipation, abdominal pain and Cramps, stools with mucus
andblood clots, ete.
Helminthic Diseases
Diseases Causative Agents Symptoms
Ascariasis Ascaris (roundworm) Internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia, intestinal
blockage
Filariasis Wuchereia bancrofti, W. malayi Chronic inflammation of lymphatic
Elephantiasis limbs); deformities in genital organs vessels (especially lower
Fungal Diseases
Diseases Causative Agents
Symptoms
Ringworm Microsporum, Trichophyton, Dry, scaly lesions on skin, nails and scalp, intense itching, etc.
Epidermophyton
Non-infectious/Non-communicable Diseases
Diseases that cannot be spread from an infected to a healthy
individual
Disease Types of Tumors Causes (Carcinogens) Detection and Diagnosis Treatment
Cancer Benign Tumors: " Ionising (X-rays,
Characterised Localised, non-invasive, Biopsy and Surgery
Y-rays), and non-ionising Histopathology Radiotherapy
by uncontrolled and cause minimal damage radiations (UV rays)
Malignant Tumors: examination Chemotherapy
cell division. Chemical carcinogens
Leads to Fast-growing, inyasive, like tobacco smoke (a major|" Blood/Bone marrow tests Immunotherapy
formation of damage nearby tissues, cause of lung cancer) Radiography (X-rays),
CT Scan, and MRI
tumor and can spread metastasis)" Oncogenic viruses (that
through blood to form carry viral oncogenes) Antibody-based
secondary tumors detection for
Cellular/Proto-oncogenes cancer-specific antigens
Molecular diagnosis
 Xam idea Biology Xi

IMMUNITY
Ability of the body to fight disease-causing organisms. conferred by the
immune Syste

Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity

Non-specific type of defence present at the time by body's memory
of birth. Accomplished by four kinds of barriers: Pathogen-specific immunity characterised

Physical Barriers Active Immunity

Immunity developed by the host's immune system after

LSkin is the main barrier that prevents the entry of infection or vaccination. It is slow and takes time to give
microorganisms into our body its full effective response
- Mucus lining in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and
urogenital tracts traps microbes entering the body
Physiological Barriers Immune Responses

- Acid in the stomach, saliva in the Oth, aad -Priznary Response: Reaction of the body's
tears from eyes prevent microbial growi inmune systera to the first attack of a
pathogea it is siow and of iow irteaiy
Secontary Response (Anananestic): Reaction of
Cellular Barriers
the vody's imune svstem to ãsubsc:E
CRcoar with the same pathogen. it is o:ore
-White blood cells (leukocytes), polynorpocear itsiezsse and quicker than the prinary rponse
leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils), moacyies, aisa!
killer cells (lymphocytes), and nmarrophages in tisues
phagocyte and destroy microbes Cells involved

Cytokine Barriers
- B-lymphoeytes B-cells: Produce antibodies
- Virus-infected cells secrete interferons, which
in response to a pathogen
protect the nearby non-infected cells - Tlymphocytes: Help B-cells to produce
antibodies and are involved in cell-mediated
immune response (CMI)
Antibody
Special proteins produced by B-lymphocytes in
response to pathogens Types of Active Immune Responses
destroy
They bind to specific antigens to neutralise or
them Humoral Immunity: Antibody-mediated response
-Structure: by B-lymphocytes
which incude 2long
" Made up of four peptide chains, and light chains (L) - Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI): Immunity
and heavy chains(H) and 2 short mediated by Tlymphocytes
" Represented as HgLg
Types: IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgG
Antigen binding site
Antigen binding site Passive Immunity

Ready-made antibodies are introduced into the

body toprotect against foreign agents
Light Examples:
chain IgA present in the colostrum during iniial
lactation period by the mother
Heavy chain: Transfer of maternal antibodies through the
placenta
Injection of antibodies (e.g., anti-venom,
antibody molecule gamma globulin, etc.)
Structure of an
 MINDMAP HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES (PART - I)

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Components

Lymphoid Organs Bone Marrow HUMAN HEALTH

" Site of all blood cell and lymphocyte formation
AND DISEASES
Thymus
Lobed organ, located near the heart, beneath the breastbone
Large in infants, shrinks after puberty
Function: Site of Tlymphocyte development and maturation
Secondary Lymphoid Organs - Spleen
" Large bean-shaped organ that contains
" Traps blood-borne microbes and is lymphocytes and phagocytes
the reservoir of RBCs
- Lymph Nodes
" Small solid structures located at
different points of the lymphatic system
Trap antigens in lymph and tissue fluid,
and cause an immune which in turn activate the lynphocytes
response
Tonsils, Peyer's Patches of small
lymphoid organs intestine, and Appendix are other
secondary
Lymphoid Tissues - Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT): Found in
and urogenital tracts and constitutes the respiratory, digestive,
nearly 50% of total lymphoid tissue
Immune Cells
Lymphocytes and Phagocytes
Soluble Molecules - Antibodies

Recognises foreign antigens

Functions Responds to antigens
- Remembers antigens
- Plays an important role(immunological memory)
in allergic reactions,
auto-immune diseases, and organ transplants
IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Allergies AIDS
Auto Immunity
Exaggerated immune response to certain Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome that
environmental antigens (allergens) results due to HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Inability to distinguish
Common examples of allergens include Virus), a group of retroviruses which foreign organisms (e-g.,
mites in dust, pollens, animal dander, etc. their RNA genome to form viral DNA replicate
using
pathogens) from
self-cells
- Symptoms of an allergic reaction include reverse transcriptase
Can result from
sneezing, watery eyes, running nose, etc. Transmission Routes:
genetic and other
Allergy can also result from the release of Sexual contact with an infected person unknown reasons
chemicals like histamine and serotonin Blood transfusion Results in
from mast cells
" Sharing infected needles auto-imnmune diseases
Anti-histamine, adrenaline and steroids " Mother to child (via placenta) like Rheumatoid
are used to reduceallergic symptoms arthritis
Individuals with multiple sexual partners, drug
addicts, children born to HIV infected mothers,
and individuals who require repeated blood
transfusions are at high risk of getting AIDS
 Xam idea Biology Xi
V'accination and Immunisation
nrinciple of vaccination and
immunisation is based on the memory' of the
Invaccination a preparaton of antigenic
in the body
immune systerm:
proteins of bathogen orinactiuotol/weakened
oathogen (vaccíne) are introau
Vaccines generate menory5and Tcells that
Immunisation is the process by which the bodyrecognise
produces
the pathogen on subseauent exposure and
produce resPo
when aquick mmune response is necded antibodies against vaccine to neutralise pathogens
ntitoxin are injected into the patient and (like in case of tetanuis infecticon and snake bite), preformed anum
is termed as passive
immunisation
DRUG ABUSE
Non-medical use ofanugs that impar physical, psychological and psvchological functions of
the body. There are four cateyories or arbgs
HO
Opioids - -Drugs that bind to specific opioid
receptors in our CNS and
gastrointestinal tract, for e.g., Heroin (commonly called smack)
extracted from the latex of poppy plaut (Papaver
- It is chenically somniferum) H se
diacetyimerphine, which is a white, colouress,
odourless, bitter crystalline compound HO
- It is take: by snorting and iniection and slows dowr body fuctions
Cannabinoids - - Interacs ith a:abinoid receptors present in the
natu:3i cannabiioids ike hashish, ganja, caras andiraL, 10T P8:
srarijuanaare
obtaired ron the dried leaves of aSsRAN Rztioa
- Taker by oral injections and inhalation and aecis the
cardicvascuiar system of the body
Cocaine - - Akaoid exirRCted from the dried leaves and youmg twigs ot eietai strucres a a t s i
Eryt:roeyium cova moiccule

Interieres with the transport of ueurotransmiter dogamine, stimuiating

the CNS in producing a sense of euphoria, and increases energy
- Atropa belladona and Datura are other common cxamples
Other drugs - Include barbiturates, amphetamines and benzodiazepines

ALCOHOLABUSE
Periodic and chronic intoxication ofa person due to regular consumption of alcohol in low or high concentration

Addiction and Dependence Causes of drug/alcohol abuse Effects Prevention and Control

- Addiction is a psychological - Curiosity and - Reckless behaviour, vandalism -Avoid undue peer pressure
and violence - Education and counselling
attachment to the effects of experimentation

drugs/alcohol (e.g-, - Need for - Respiratory failure, heart failure

and cerebral hemorrhage that Seeking help fron parents
euphoria, temporary excitement/adventure
may lead to coma and death and peers
-
well-being) To escape facing
Poor academic pertormance.
- ldentifying signs of danger
Drives people to take problems - Seeking professional and
drugs/alcohol even when isolation, depression, ete.
they are not needed - StresS
May cause infections like AlDS medical help
- Dependence is the physical - Peer pressure and Hepatitis-B (in severe cases
Unstable family
and psychological state Cirrhosis (due to chronic use of
where the body depends on environment
drugs and alcohol)
drugs/alcohol
-If regular intake of
Use of anabolic steroids in
females leads to masculinisation,
drug/alcohol is disrupted, it increased aggressiveness, mood
Tesults in withdrawal swings, abnormal menstrual
cycle, etc.
Syndromne, characterised by
anxiety, shakiness, nausea
and sweating
 A MCROSES IN HUMAN WEIFARE (PART )
PRODUCTS
MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD

Microbes in Household Product Traditional Drinks and Food Bread

- Lactohacllus or LAB - Dough for bread

-Dosa and idli: Fermented by making is
Gowth of LAB improve bacteria using Saccharomyces cerevisine fermentet
nutritional qualiy of milk yeast) (baker's
onverting it into curd by while - Toddy drink: Microbial
- Microbe metabolise food
increaing vitamin B content
fermentation of palmtree sap material
evolve CO, leading to 'puffed-up' and
Milk is incubated with curd - Other food items: Fish, soyabean
and bamboo shoots appearance of dough
LAB grows in milk Cheese varieties:
" Swiss cheese (large hole
Lactic acid Production appearance)- Propionibacterium
shermani (bacteria)
Coagulation and digestion of milk protein " Roquefort cheese: Fermented by
fungi
Improved nutritional quality by Vit B1g
In our stomach, LAB is
beneficial
checking disease causing microbes in

Swiss Cheese Roquefort Cheese MICROBES IN

MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS HUMAN WELFARE

Fermented Beverages
Organic acids

- Microbes grown in large vessels called

fermentors Organic acids Microbe Type of microbe
Beverage formation process: Fermenting Citric acid
malted cereals and fruit juices with Saccharomyces Aspergillus niger Fungi
Gerevisiae (brewer's yeast) to produce ethanol Acetic acid (Vinegar)Acetobacter aceti Bacteria
- Formation of different types of alcoholic drinks Butyric acid
depends on raw naterial and type of processing Clostridium butylicum Bacteria
With distillation- Whisky, brandy, rum, etc. Lactic acid
Without distillaion - Wine, beer, etc. Lactobacillus sps Bacteria
Ethanol Saccharomyces cerevèsiae Yeast (fungi)

Fermentors Yeast (Saccharonyces cerevisiae)

 Xam idea Biology Xl
MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS

Biogas is a mixture of (inflammable)

gases (methane CH4,
fuel CO_, etc.) produced by the microbial activity, and may be used as
Ringas formation: Anacrobic digestion of
Methanobacterium biomass (predominanty cellulose) by
rce of Methanogens: Rumen of
methanogenic bacteria (methanoge
cattle,
Lsteria and is used for biogas generation cellulose-rich material in cattle food: thus. cowdung
or gobar IS
siogascomposition: CH4 + CO, + Ho
dian Agricultural Research Institute
(IARI) and Khadi and villace Industries
technology of biogas production in India Commission (KVIC) developea e
Dung

Water Gas Siudge

Digester

Atypical biogas plant

Antibiotics Commercial Enzymes

- Chemical substances produced by Microbes are also used for production of enzymes:
certain microbes that can either Enzyme Uses
kill or retard the growth of other
(disease-causing) microbes Lipase Used in detergent formulations.
-Penicillin: Helps in removing oily stains from lauandry
"Produced by fungi Penicillium Pectinase and protease - Used for clarifying bottled juices.
notatum Invertase produced by yeast - To invert sugar for ice creams and
" First antibiotic to be discovered confectioneries.
"Discovered by Alexander
Fleming, (inhibited growth of Healthcare Industry
Staphylococci bacteria)
Fullpotential as an antibiotic - Enzyme: Streptokinase
was established by Ernest Chain . Produced by bacterium Streptococcus and moditied by genetic engineering
and Howard Florey; Fleming .Usage: ACt as clot-buster' forintarction
removing clots from blood vessels of patients who
Chain and Florey were awarded have undergone myocardial
Nobel prize in 1945 or their Bioactive molecules:
discovery of penicillin Source organism
Some deadly diseases cured by Molecule Use
antibiotics ínclude: Cyclosporin A Trichoderma Used as immunosuppressive
Plague polysporum (fungus) in organ ransplant patients.
agent
" Whooping cough (kali khansi)
- Used as
Diphtheria (gal ghotu) Statin
Monascus purpureus blood-cholesterol
Leprosy (kusht rog) (fungus) lowering agent. It competitively
inhibits enzymes for cholesterol
synthesis.
MIND MAP MICROBES IN
HUMAN WELFARE (PART-11)
MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
- Sewage ismunicipal wastewater containing large amounts of human exCreta, pathogens (organic matter)
-
reated in Sewage Treatment Plants (STPS and made les polluting before discharging into natural bodies
Treatment is carried out in two
stages:

Primary Sewage Treatment (Physical treatment)

nvolves physical removal of coarse solid materials (grit) through filtration and sedimentaton
-SOids that settle form the primary sludee, and supernatant forms
- Efluent is taken the eftluent
for secondary
treatment
Secondary Sewage Treatment (Biological treatment)
- Involves the action of heterotrophic MICROBES IN
microbes naturally present in the sewage HUMAN WELFARE
PTimary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks: results in
aerobic microbes forming flocs vigorous growth of useful
- Flocs are masses of bacteria associated with
structures
fungal filaments to form mesh-like
Growing microbes consume organic matter
indicates higher polluting potential of wastethereby
water
reducing the BOD; higher BOD
Spent sludge is used as manure; gases evolved form biogas and is used as a
energy source (inflammable nature) renewable

Sewage

Sequential
filtration
(To remove
floating debris)

Sewage Treatment Plant

Efluent Effluent
Primary Aeration tank Secondary Setling Clarified effluent to
setling tank (Agitation and O2) tank Activated
water bodies
Primary sludge reduce BOD sludege
for diposal

Anaerobic sludge
Inoculum digester

Spent sludge
(as manure/landfill)
Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment
Sewage treatment Steps
 Xamidea Biology-XI

is the use of biological

MICROBES AS BIOcONTROL
methods AGENTS
measures help to reduce for controlling plant diseases and
Biocontrol

- biocontrol

-Use of pests
holistic approach dependence of farmers on toxic chemicals
and pesticides; organic farmers use a
-Exampless of Biological control of pests and diseases:

Ladybirds and Dragonflies

- Used to get rid of
aphids and mosquitoes, respectively
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
- Control butterly caterpillars; dried spores of Bt are mixed with water
plants like brassicas and fruit trees and spraye o

Trichoderma sps.
- A free-living izngi present in root ecosystems where they act against
several piarr p3tF-3s
UOViruses (esp. genus Nucleopolyhedroviras}

- Controls inses and arthropods; species-specific, narrow spectrun iasecticids fdc at harg
non-target organisms), thus, helpful in Integrated Pest Managenent (Pi) proganes
MICROBES AS RO EEP

- Microorganisms which enrich the nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) quality of the soil; orgaric íarming prootes their usage
- Sources of biofertilisers: Bacteria, fungi and Cyanobacteria

Bacteria

found in root nodules oflegumes

-Rhizobium: Nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria
Azospirillum and Azotobacter: Nitrogen
fixing free living bacteria in soil

Fungi

Glomus with plants:

association of fungal genus
Mycorrhiza: Symbiotic and passes it to the plant
phosphorus from soil
fungal symbiont absorb
Cyanobacteria

and increase the

organic matter of fthe soil through their photosynthetic activity
atmospheric nitrogen
Fix fertilizers
on chemical
dependency organic matter toir
Reduce
increase soil fertility by adding
Blue-green algae biofertilisers in
paddy fields
Cyanobacteria are important
plant
Some examples: Anabaena in Azolla
Cyanobacteria: Oscillatoriaand blue green algae
Symbiotic Cyanobacteria:
Nostoc,
Free living