UNIT-II

INTRODUCTION OF IOT& APPLICATIONS

loT comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to internet. By 2020 there will
be atotal of 50 billion devices /things connected to internet. IoT is not limited to just connecting
things to the internet but also allow things tocommunicate and exchange data.

Definition:
A dynamic global n/w infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual -things have identities,
physical attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly
integrated into information n/w, often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.

Characteristics:
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating
conditions, user's context or sensedenvironment.
Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and changing conditions.
2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain
functionality.
3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of interoperable
communication protocols ans can communicate with other devices and also with
infrastructure.
4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identiffer([P
address).
5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and exchange
data with other devices and systems.

Applications of IoT:

1) Home
2) Cities
3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health &LifeStyle
 atat

L6gfesios

ss

Block Diagram Of IoT

Connectivity ProcesSor Audio/Video /OInterfaces

Interfaces (for sensors,
USB Host HDMI
CPU actuators, etc.)
3.5mm audio
RJ45/Ethernet UART
RCA video
SPI
Memory lnterfaces Graphics Storage Interfaces
12C
SD
NAND/NOR GPU
MMC CAN
DDR1/DDR2/DDR3 SDIO
 Agglees

artyhes
Capiters

Wearsle
lertris

Aitoobles

Systen

Prieters

tuistrsat

eafrhcare

eanc

sensing,
remote
devices which have unique identities and perform
The things in IoT refers to
IoT with other connected
IoT devices can exchange dat
actuating and monitoring
capabilities. either locally or
data from other devices and process data
devices applications. It collects
other devices both wired
remotely.
consist of several interfaces for communication to
AnIoT device may internet connectivity
includes (i) I/O interfaces for sensors, (ii) Interfaces for
and wireless. These audio/videointerfaces.
interfaces and (iv)
(111) memory and storage
IoTProtocols:
determine how data is physically
sent over the network's
a) Link Layer : Protocols Hosts on the
medium. Local network connect to which host is attached.
physical layer or protocols. Link layer
the link layer using link layer
same link exchange data packets over signaled by the h/w device over the medium to
determines how packets are coded
and
which the host isattached.
 A p p l i c a t i o nL a a y e r

Websockets

AMO
CoAP

DDS
HTTP
XMPP

MOTT
Transport Layer

UDP

TCP

N e t w o r k Layer

6LOWPAN

IPV6
IPv4

Link Layer
2G/3G/LTE
802.16-WiMax
802.3 - Ethernet Cellular
802.154 LR-WPAN
802.11 - WiFi

Protocols: layer.
of wired Ethernet standards for the link
" 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses
Eg: 802.3 uses co-axial cable: 802.3i uses copper
fiber optic connection: 802.3ae uses Ethernet overfiber.
LAN(WLAN) communication
802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is acollection of wireless
standards including extensive description of link layer. Eg: 802.1la
operates in 5GHz
2.4/5GHz
band, 802.11b and 802.11g operates in 2,4GHz band, 802.11n operates in
band, 802.11ac operates in 5GHz band, 802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards including
exclusive description of link layer. WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s.
802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless
personal area network(LR-WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols such as
ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up to100Mb/s(4G).

B Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to

destination n/w. Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains
source and destinationaddress.

Protocols:
" Py4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w using a
hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of 2**32addresses.
IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows 2**128
addresses.
 . 6LOWPAN:(|v6overl.owpowerVirelesPersonalAreaNetworkjoperatesin
24 GHz requency range and data transfer 250
Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end kb/s. capability independent of the
message transfer
underlying niw, Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP.
Povides functions such as eror control, segmentation, flow controll and congestion control.
Protocols:
. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along with HTTP and
protocol. IP
HTTPS) email(along with SMTP, Connection oriented and stateless
Protocol deals with sending packets,FTP).
protocols in
TCP ensures reliable transmission of
order. Avoids n'w congestion and congestioncollapse.
protocol. Useful in time sensitve
Cor User Datagram Protocol is connectionless Transaction oriented and stateless
ppicatOns, very small data units to exchange.
protocol. Does not provide guaranteeddelivery.
protocolS to
D) ApplicationLayer: Defines how the anplications interface with lower layer
send data over the n'w. Enables process-to-process communication usingports.
Protocols:
forms foundation of www. Follow request
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that
response nmodel Statelessprotocol.
COAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine(M2M) applications
client
environment and constrained n/w. Uses
with constrained devices, constrained
server architecture.
single socketconnection.
WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a
light weight messaging protocol based
MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport isarchitecture. Well suited for constrained
on publish-subseribe model, Uses client server
environment.
Protocol for real tìme communication and
XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence server-server
streaming XML data between network
entities. Support client-server and
communication. device-to-device
centric middleware standards for
DDS: Data Distribution Service is data
publish-subscribemodel.
ormachine-to-machine communication. Uses
application layer protocol for
AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open publish-subscribemodel.
business messaging. Supports both point-to-point and
LOGICAL DESIGN of IoT

identification,
IoT Functional Blocks: Provide the system the capabilities for
sensing, actuation, communication andmanagement.
 Application

Services
Security
Management
Communication

Device

provide sensing, actuation, monitoring

Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that
and controlfunctions.
Communication: handles the communicationfor IoTsystem.
Services: for device monitoring, device control servíces, data publishing services and
services for devicediscovery.
Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoTsystem.
Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as authentication,authorization,
message and context integrity and datasecurity.
Application: loT application provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of IoTsystem.
IoT Enabling Technologies Networks, Cloud
technologies including Wireless Sensor architectures,
IoT is enabled by several Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and engines.
Computing, Big Data Analytics, internet and semantic search
Communication Protocols, Web Services, Mobile
devices with sensors which
Comprises of distributed
Network(WSN): one of the most
1) Wireless Sensor
environmental and physical conditions. Zig Bee is
are used to monitor the
used byWSNs.
popular wireless technologies described as follows:
WSNs used in IoT systems are humidity and other
Monitoring System: in which nodes collect temp,
Weather
analyzed.
data, which is aggregated and air quality and
quality monitoring systems: to collect data on the indoor
Indoor air
concentration of various gases. variouslocations.
to monitor soil moisture at
SoilMoisture Monitoring Systems: data(motiondata
collecting surveillance
Surveillance Systems: use WSNs for
detection). variouspoints.
Smart Grids :use WSNs for monitoring grids at
 Health Monitoring Systems: Use WSNs to monitor the heale
structures(building, bridges) by collecting vibrations from sensor nodes deplo
Structural

at various points in thestructure.

9 Cloud Computing: Services are offered to users in differentforms. provision computing

Infrastructure-as-d-service(laaS):provides users the ability to
are provided to the users as a virtual
and storage resources. These resources
machine instances and virtualstorage.
Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS): provides users the ability to develop and deploy
application in cloud using the development tools, APls, software libraries and
services provided by the loud serviceprovider.
Sotware-as-a-Service(SaaS): provides the user acomplete software application or
the user interface to the applicationitself.
3) Big Data Analytics: Some examples of big data generated by lo1are
Sensor data generated by IoTsystems.
Machine sensor data collected from sensors established in industrial and energy
systems.
Health and fitness data generated IoTdevices.
Data generated by loT systems for location and trackingvehicles.
Data generated by retail inventory monitoringsystems.
4) Communication Protocols: form the back-bone of IoT
systems and enable network
connectivity and coupling toapplications.
Allow devices to exchange data overnetwork.
" Define the exchange formats, data encoding addressing schemes for device
and
routing of packets from source todestination.
It includes sequence control, flow control and retransmission of lostpackets.

5) Embedded Systems: is a computer system that has computer hardware and

software
embedded to perform specific tasks. Embedded System range from low cost miniaturized
devices such as digital watches to devices such as, digital cameras, POS terminals,
vending machines, applianceset.,
DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs
1) Home Automation: ambient
energy by adapting the lighting to the
a) Smart Lighting: helps in savingdiming the light whenneeded.
conditions and switching on/off or information
management easier and also provide status
b) Smart Appliances: make the
to the usersremotely. sensors and door sensors)
Detection: use security cameras and sensors(PIR
c) Intrusion email sent to
Alerts can be in the forn of SMS or
to detect intrusion and raise alerts.
theuser. homes and buildings to
d) Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in detectors
sign of fire. Alerts raised by smoke
detect smoke that is typically an early the
alarm system. Gas detectors can detect
can be in the form of signals to a fire
LPGetc.
presence of harmful gases such as CO,

2) Cities:
space easier and convenient for drivers.
a) Smart Parking: make the search for parking
the no. of empty parking slots
Smart parking are powered by loT systems that detect backends.
and send information over internet to smart application
help in savingenergy.
b) Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can information
provide on driving condition,
c) Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can conditions, traffic condition
travel time estimating and alert in case of poor driving
andaccidents.
sensors to monitor the vibration
d) Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of
levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings.
aggregated in cloud
e) Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be
based scalable storagesolution.
 and water
loT systems for fire detection, gas lese
0 Emergency Response: their effects on the
detection can help in generating alerts and
minimizing criti
infrastructures.
3) Environment:
Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data
from a no. of sensorsattached and send
in
ends. The data collected
ne data to cloud based applications and storage back
Cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud basedapplications.
0) Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission of harmful gases(CO2, CO,
NO, NO2 etc.) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological
Sensors. The collected data can be analvzed to make informed decisions on pollutions
controlapproaches.
9 Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban development, noise levels n
cities have increased and even become alarmingly high in some Cites. 101 a
holse pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise monitoring systems that are
deployed at different places in a city. The data on noise levels from the station is
collected on servers or in the cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to geneTate
noise maps.
d) Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to
and human life. Early detection of forest fire can help in natural resources, proPoy
e) River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage minimizingdamage.
to natural and human
resources and human life. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the
water level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring system
sensor nodes that monitor the water level and flow uses a no. 0f
ratesensors.
4) Energy:
a) Smart Grids: is a data communication network
integrated with
that collects and analyze data captured in near-real-time about the electrical grids
power transmission,
distribution and consumption. Smart grid technology provides predictive information
and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to
manage power. By using loT based sensing and measurement technologies, the health
of equipment and integrity of the grid can beevaluated.
b) Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems integrated with the transformers
at
the point of interconnection measure the electrical variables and how much power is
fed into the grid. For wind energy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to
regulate the voltage at point of interconnection which coordinate wind turbine outputs
and provides powersupport.
c) Prognostics: In systens such as power grids, real-time information is collected using
specialized electrical sensors called Phasor Measurment Units(PMUs) at the
substations. The information received from PMUs must be monitored in real-time for
estimating the state of the system and for predictingfailures.
5) Retail:
a) Inventory Management: loT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory using
data collected by RFIDreaders.
 b) Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by technologes
such as Near Field Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.
c) SmartVending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending machines monitors its
predictivemaintenance.
operations and send the data to cloud which can be used for

6) Logistics:
backed by cloud can provide first
a) Route generation & scheduling: JoT based system be scaled upto serve a large
Tesponse to the route generation queries
and can
transportationnetwork.
vehicles inreal-time.
b) Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations ofmonitoring
IoT based shipment systems use sensors Such as
C) Shipment Monitoring: where it can bp
conditions and send data to cloud,
temp, humidity, to monitor the
analyzed to detect foodspoilage. devices for collecting data
Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systenms use on-board IoT
d) RPMetc..) and status of various
vehicle subsystems.
operaions(speed,
on Vehicle
7) Agriculture:
moisture amount insoil.
a) Smart Irrigation: to detemine
improveproductivity.
b) Green House Control: to
8) Industry:
a) Machine diagnosis andprognosis
b) Indoor Air QualityMonitoring
9) Health and LifeStyle:
a) Health & FitnessMonitoring
b) WearableElectronics
 54 Domain Specifie loTs

2.1 Introductlon
including (but not
etof Things (loT) applications span a wide range of domainsindutry, sgriculture
0 homes, cities, environment, energysystems, retail, logistics,applications for each
and health. This chapter provides an overview of various types of oT
is guided through detailed implementations
of these domains. In the later chapters the resder
of several of these applications.

2.2 Home Automation

2.2.1 Smart Lighting
energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient
Smar lighting for homes helps insaving lights when needed. Key enabling technologies
conditions and switching on/off or dimming the
(such as LED lights) and IP-enabled lights. For
for smart lighting include solid state lightingand temporal characteristics can be configured
solid state lighting solutions both spectralSmart lighting solutions for home achieve
energy
to adapt illumination to various needs, and their environments and controlling the lights
Savings by sensing the human movements connected lights can be controlled remotely
accordingly. Wireless-enabled and Internet sensors for
loT applications such as a mobile or web application. Smart lights with changing
from (by
OCcupancy, temperature, lux level, etc,,
can be configured to adapt the lighting to provide a
sensed, in order
the ambient conditions
the light intensity, color, ctc.) based on lighting system is presented that is embedded with
LED
good ambiance. In [19] controllable distributed smart wireless sensor network to optimize
ambient intelligence gathered from a state lighting
more efficient and user-oriented. A solid
and control the lighting system to be that provides
on a wireless sensor network
model is described in [20] and implemented dynamically adjusting luminary brightness
services for sensing illumination changes and provide a case study on a smart lighting
according to user preferences. In chapter-9
we
system.

2.2.2 Smart Appllances

TVs, refrigerators, music systems,
Modern homes have a number of appliances such as
appliances can be cumbersome, with
washer/dryers, etc. Managing and controlling these
remote controls. Smart appliances make the
each appliance having its own controls orinformation
management easier and also provide status
to the users remotely. For example,
and notify when the washing/drying
smart washer/dryers that can be controlled remotely temperature remotely and can
cycle is complete. Smart thermostats allow controlling thekeep track of the items stored
can
learn the user preferences [22]. Smart refrigerators an item is low on stock. Smart
(using RFID tags)and send updates to the users
when
Bahga &Madisetl, O 2015
 56
22 Home Automation
Intérnet on a local
videos and movies from the
TVs alloWs users to search and stream weather updates and
other
fetch news,
storage drive, search TV channel schedules and open source automation platformfor
coDtent from the Internet. OpenRemote [21] is an works with standardIhardware.
h
bomes and buildings. OpenRemote is platform agnostic and
appliances using mobile or web applications.
With OpenRemote, users can control various manages scheduling and
OpenRemote comprises of three components a Controller that
both configurations
runtime integration between devices, a Designer that allows you to create allow you to
for the controller and create user interface designs and Control Panels that
control system 1or Sart
erdct with devices and control them. An IoT-based appliance
nes 15 described in (23], that uses a smart central controller to set up
a wircles$ Sensor
and actuator network and control modules for appliances.

Smart lightng Smart Applances SimolefFire Demcto

Sman Thermasat ntruplon Detection

Figure 2.1: Applications of IoT for homes

Internet of Things -A Hands-On Approach

 Domain Specifie loTs
56

2.2.3 Intruslon Detectlonn sensors aid

sensors(sseh
as PIR
Home intrusion detection systems use security cameras and SMS or
form of an
can be in the
door sensors) to detect intrusions and raise alerts. Alerts image
an
alerts such as deteetion
an email sent to the user. Advanced systemss can even send detailed
controlled
intrusion
grab or a short video clip sent as an email attachment. Acloud geo-location of
esch
where the
system is described in [24] that uses location-aware services, cloud. In
and stored in the
node of ahome automation system nis independently detectedneighbors (who are usingthe
the event of intrusions, the cloud services alert the accurate detection system
bnsed on
intrusion
home automation system) or local police, In (25], an processing torecognize the intrusion
UPnP technology is described. The system uses image (UPnP-based) instant
Universal-Plug-and-Play

system.
and extract the intrusion subject and generate study on an intrusion detection
messaging for alerts, In chapter-9 we provide a case
2.2.4 Smoke/Gas Detectors an early
to detectsmoke that is typically
buildings
Smoke detectors are installed in homes anddetection, ionization or air sampling techniques to
signals to a fire alarm
sign of fire. Smoke detectors use opticaldetectors can be in the form of monoxide
detect smoke. Alerts raised1by smokepresence of harnful gases such as carbon
System. Gas detectors can
detect the
smokelgas detector [22]
can raise alerts in
smat
(CO, iquid petroleum
gas (LPG), etc. A an SMS or email to the
user or the
where the problem is, send or battery-low,
human voice describing
provide visual feedback on its status (healthy,
and gives visual
local fire safety department system that detects gas leakage and smoke and
ofa
etc.). In [26), the design
level indication, is described.

2.3 Cities
2.3.1 Smart Parking consuming and
rush hours in crowded cities can be time
Finding a parking space
during additional traffic
blindly searching for parking spaces create
frustrating. Furthermore, drivers convenient for
make the search for parking space easier and
congestion. Smart parking of empty parking
are powered by IoT systems that detect the mumber
drivers, Smartparking Internet to smart parking application back-ends.
over the
slots and send the information drivers from smart-phones, tablets and in-car
accessed by th¹
These applications can be sensors are used for each parking slot, to
detect
parking,
navigation systemns. In smart information is aggregated by a
local controller
occupied. This
whether the slot isempty or al. describe latest
the database. In [29), Polycarpou et,
and then sent over the Internet to parking reservation and dynamic pricing schemes.
monitoring,
trends in parking availability
ERON RBahga &Madisettl, © 2015
 57
2.3 Cities
system basedon
wireless sensor
Design and implementation of Ta prototypesmart parking automated guidance, and
herwork technology with features like remote parking monitoring, provide a case study
parking reservation mechanism is describedin (30]. In chapter-9 we
on a smart parking
system.bles
Structuri eafth ontori Suvellance
Emertency Services
Lankage detton)
IFin, Gas Lask, Wter

Sart Lghng8
Soart Parkin

Figure 2.2: Applications of loT for cities

2.3.2 Smart Llghtingás

sitary gbr x eb
Smart lighting systems for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving
to an IEA report [27], lighting is responsible for 19% of global energy. According
electricity use and around
6% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Smart lighting allows lighting to be
controlled and also adaptive to the ambient conditions. Smart lights connected todynamically
the Internet
can be controlled remotely to configure lighting schedules and lighting intensity, Custom
lighting configurations can be set for different situations such as a foggy day, a festival,
etc. Smart lights equipped with sensors can communicate with other lights and exchange
information on the sensed ambient conditions to adapt the lighting. Castro et. al. [28]
describethe need for smart lightingsystem in smart cities, smart lighting features and how
to developinteroperable smart lightingsolutions.
internet of Things AHands-On Approach
 Domain Speife loTe
58

2.3.3 Smart Roads

travef time
Smart roads equipped with sensors cHn provide information on driving condition,
andaccidents
Soch
estimates and alerts in case of poor drivingt Conditions, traffic congestions
traffc jams.
Information
information can help in making the roads safer and help in reducing
to cloud-based applications
and
via Internet
sensed from the roads can be communicated subscribe tosuch applications. In (31)a
social media and disseminated tothe drivers who for improvíng driving safety
network nodes passengers with a
distributed and autonomous system of sensor the drivers and
on public roads in proposed. The system can provide orafew dozen
meters ahead of them
consistent view of the road situation a few hundred early enough.
miles away, so that they can react to potential dangers
2.3.4 Structural Health Monitoring the vibration
of sensors to monitor
use a network these sensors
Structural Health Monitoring systems The data collected from
and buildings.analyzing
levels in the structures such as bridgesstructures.
detect
the data it is possible to the
health of the By
to assess thebreakdowns, structure and also calculate
Is analyzed mechanical locate the damages to a given in the
Cracks and such systemns, advance warnings can be structural
structure. Using effect removal based
remaining life of the structure, An environmental structural
case of imminent
failure of the
environment is proposed
in 32]. Since
scheme in an loT which are powered by
health monitoring number of wireless sensor nodes
systems use large harvesting technologies
to harvesting
health monitoring exploring energy
researchers are wind [33, 34].
traditional batteries,
mechanical vibrations, sunlight, and
ambient energy, such as

2.3.5 Surveillance required to ensure

and events in cities is
Surveillance of
infrastructure, public
transport
infrastructure comprising
of large number of
surveillance video
wide be created. The
safety and security. Cityconnected video surveillance cameras can storage solutions.
distributed and Internet aggregated in cloud-based scalable
cameras can be search for patterns or
specific
feeds from surveillance applications can be developed to that
Cloud-based video analytics system is described
feeds. In [35] a start city surveillance
events from the yideo
datastores.
leverages benefits of cloud

2.3.6 Emergency Response as buildings,

infrastructure in cities such
the critical
used for monitoring systems for fire
loT systems can be transport and power substations. IoT minimizing
public
gas and water pipelines, leakage detection can help in generating alerts and
detection, gas and water
a B a h g a &Madiseti,
© 201s
 59
24 Environment

infrastructure monitorine
the critical infrastructure. loT systems for critical sensos, Using
their effects on collected from large number of
and sharing of information audio, video feeds
enable aggregation multi-modal information such as sensor data,
cloud-based architectures, generated by
analyzed in near real-time to detect adyerse events. Response to alerts
can be evacuations
alerts sent to the public, re-routing of traffic, response
such systems can be in the form ofAttwood
of the affected areas, etc. In [361 et, al, describe critical infrastructure
emergency services is
frimework for smart cities. A Traffic Management System for
traffic lights, changing
described in [37]. The system adapts by dynamícally adjusting applying cssential
eted ariving policies, recommending behavior change to drivers, and
security controls. Such systems can reduce the latency of emergency services for venicies
such as ambulances and police cars while minimizing disruption of regular trafic.

2.4 Environment
2.4.1 Weather Monitoring
lo1-based weather monitoring systemns can collect data from a number of sensor atached
(such as temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.) and send the data to
and storage back-ends. The data collected in the cloud can then becloud-based
analyzed
applications
by cloud-based applications. Weather alerts can be sent to and visualized
the subscribed users from such
applications. AirPi [38]
is a weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of
uploading information about temperature, humidity, recording and
air
carbon monoxide, nitrogen diOxide and smoke level to the pressure, light levels, UV levels,
weather monitoring system is described that is integrated Internet. In (39], apervasive
variables like humidity, temperature and air quality during with buses to measure weather
the bus path. In [40], a weather
monitoring system based on wireless sensor
acase study on a weather monitoring system.networks is described. In chapter-9 we provide

2.4.2 Air Pollution MonitoringF AL f

IoT based air pollution monitoring systems can monitor emission of
NO, NO,etc.) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and harmful gases (CO, Co,
meteorological
collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions controlsensors. The
approaches.
In [41], a real-time air quality monitoring system is presented that comprises of
distributed monitoring stations that communicate via wireless with aback-end serverseveral
using
machine-to-machine communication. In [42], an air pollution system is described that
integrates a single-chip microcontroller, several air pollution sensors, GPRS-Modem, and a
GPS module, In chapter-9 we provide acase study on an air pollution monitoring system.

Internet of Things -AHands-On Approach

 60
Domain Speoifle loTs

Weather Mentorlng
egiA Polution Montorine Nolse Poltnketoriee

River Flood Detection

Forert reDetecton

environment
C ioure 2.3: Applications of IoT for

bmebek C
E
Pollution Monitoring
2.4.3 Nolse cities have increased and
even become
development, noise levels in humans ue to
Due to growing urban pollution can cause health hazards for
alarmingly high in some
cities. Noise
monitoring can help in generating noise maps
stress. Noise pollution urban planning and
making
sleep disruption and the policy makers in noise
cities, Urban noise maps can help areas, schools and parks, IoT based
for
to control noise levels near residential monitoring stations that are deployed at
policies of noise servers
monitoring systems use a number from the stations is collected on
pollution noise levels noise maps. In (43],
a
places in a city. The data on aggregated to generate
different serious
The collecteddata is then that the city suffered from
cloud. revealed
or in the
study for a city is presented which application is described that allows the
noise mapping design of smart phone where all generated
[44], the server
noise pollution. In measure noise levels and send to a
central
continuously
users to © 2015
Bahga &Madisetti,
ttosiq
 61

map.
28 Ensray noise
visualization

meaningfl

Imappedto
a
nfeisation is aggregated and
There can be
life.
and human and
244 Forest Fire Detectlon
eruptions
resources, property volcanic
natural negligence,
damage. loT
Frest fires ean cause damage to ightening,
human minimizing the
different
different causes of forest fires including forest fires can helpin deployed at
sperks from rock falls, Early detection of number of monitoring nodeson ambient
conditions

based foret fre detection systems use a collects measurements

detection of
forest
locations in a forest. Each monitoring node early
system for estimates
humidity, light levels, etc. Asy forest fire and
inchuding temperature, of a potential detection
system
ires is described in [45] that provides early warning In [46], a forest fire detection
the scale and intensity of the fire if it materializes. system uses multi-criteria

data
based on wireless sensor networks in presented. The(ANN). The ANN fuses sensing infrared
which is implemented by the artificial neural network temperature,
humidity,

coresponding to multiple attributes of a forest fire (such as

and visible light) to detect forest fires.
2.4.5 Rlver Floods Detectlon and human
human resources
River floods can cause extensiye damage to the natural and the river levels to rise and
life. River floods occur due to continuous rainfall which cause
of foods can be given by monitoring ie
fow rates to increase rapidly. Early wamings monitoring system use a number of sensor
water level and flow rate. IoT based river food
sensors) and flow rate (using the iow
nodes that monitor the water level (using ultrasonic nodes is aggregated in a server or in
velocity sensors). Data from a number of such sensor
Monitoring applications raise alerts when rapid increase in water level and floW
the cloud. river and
detected. In [47], a river flood monitoring system in described that measures
ate is [48], a
nodes equipped with different sensors. In
weather conditions through wireless sensor a
monitoring is described. The system includes
motes-based sensor network for river flood mocule
video recorder module, and data processing
water level monitoring module, network raw data, predicted data, and video feed.
flood information in the form of
that provides

2.5 Energy
go
2.5.1 Smart Gridsab aacas ôsytla electrical grid that collects
communications network integrated with the and
Smart Grid is a data about power transmission, distribution,
near-real-time
and analyzes data captured in provides predictive information and recommendations
technology Smart
consumption. Smart Grid customers on how best to manage power.
suppliers, and their
to utilities, their
Hands-On Approach
Internet of Things A
 62
Domain Specile loTs

Grids collect data regarding

(instantaneous or predictive), electricity conversion(eentralized
storage (or generation or distributed), eonsumption
of energy into other forms), distribution
and equipment health data. Smart grids use high- speed, fully integrated, two-way 8
communication technologies for real--time information and power exchange. By using loT
based sensing and mcasurement technologies,the health of equipment and the integrity of
e gnd can be evaluated. Smart meters can capture almost real-time consumpion, remotely
conirol the consumption of electricity and remotely switch off supply when required. Power
therts can be prevented using smart metering, By analyzing the data on power generation,
transmission and consumption smart girds can improve efficiency throughout the electre
system. Storage collection and analysis of smarts grids data in the cloud can help in dynamic
Paaton of system operations, maintenance, and planning. Cloud-based monitoring of
Smart grids data can improve energy usage levels via energy fecdback to users coupled with
real-time pricing information, Real-time demand response and management strategies can
be used for lowering pealk demand and overall load via appliance control and energy storage
mechanisMs. Condition monitoring data collected from power generation and transmission
Systems can help in detecting faults and predicting outages. In [49], application of loT in
smart grid power transmission is described.

2.5.2 Renewable Energy Systems

Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources (such as solar and wind),
integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability and reliability problems. Variable
output produces local voltage swings that can impáct power quality. Existing grids were
designed to handle power flows from centralized generation sources to the loads through
transmission and distribution lines. Whendistributed renewable energy sources are integrated
into the grid, they create power bi-directional power flows for which the grids were not
originally designed. loT based systems integratedwith the transformers at the point of
interconnection measure the clectrical variablesand howmuch poweris fed into the grid. To
ensure the grid stability, one solution isto simplycut offthe overproduction. For wind energy
systems, closed-loop controls can beusedto egulatethe voltage at pointof interconnection
which coordinate wind turbine outputs and provides reactivepower support [52).
2.5.3 Prognostics
Energy systems (smart grids, powerplants, wind turbinefarms,for instance) have alarge
number of criticalcomponents that must function correcily so that the systems can perform
their operations correctly. For example, a wind turbine has a number of critical components,
e.g, bearings, tuming gears, for instance, that must be monitored carefully as wear and tear
in such critical components or sudden change in operating conditions of the machines can

s
t 0Bahga &Madisetti, ©2015
 63
2.5 Energy

Sart Grld

Renewable Enery otegrton Prognostic Health Management

da iFigure 2.4: Applications of IoT for energy

systems

result in failures. In systems such as power grids, boldzns-n

real-time information is collected using
specialized electrical sensors called Phasor Measturement Units
The information received from PMUs must be monitored in (PMU) at the substations.
real-time for estimating the
state of the system and for predicting failures. Energy systems have
that gatherreal-time maintenance data continuously for condition thousands of sensors
monitoring failure
prediction purposes. loT based prognostic real-time health management systems and can predict
performance of machines or energy systens by analyzing the extent of deviation of a system
from its nomal operating profiles. Analyzing massive amounts of maintenance data collected
from sensors in energy systems and equipment can provide predictions for the impending
failures (potentiallyin real-time) so that their reliability and availability can be improved.
Prognostic health management systems have been developed for different energy systems.
OpenPDC [50] is asetof applications for processing ofstreaming time-series data collected
from Phasor Measurement Units(PMUs) in real-time. Ageneric framework for storage,
processingandanalysisof massive machine maintenance data, collectedfrom alarge number

Internet of Things -A Hands-On Approach

64 Domain Specific loTs

of sensors embedded in industrial machines, in acloud computingenvironment was proposea

in [51].

2.6 Retail
2.6.1 Inventory Management
recent years with
Inventory management for retail has become increasingly important in theadditional storage
result in
he growing competition. While over-stocking of products canlead to loss of revenue. lo
under-stocking can
Cpenses and risk (in case of perishables),
help in inventory management
Systems using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags can to the products allow them
tags attached
and maintaining the right inventory levels. RFIDlevels can be determined accurately and
tobe tracked in real-time so that the inventorv Tracking can be done using RPID
low on stock can be replenished.
products which are
the warehouse. loT systems enable remote
readers attached to the retail store shelves or in
inventory using the data collected by the RFID readers. In (53], an RFID
monitoring of materials is described.
data-based inventory management
system for time-sensitive

2.6.2 Smart Payments

as contact-less payments powered by technologies such as
Smart payment solutions such (NFC)is a set of
communication (NFC) and Bluetooh. Near field communication
Near field communicate with each other by bringing
smart-phones and other devices to
standards for store the credit card information in
by touching them. Customers can
them into proximity or by bringing the smart-phones near the
smart-phones and make payments
their NFC-enabled combination with Bluetooh, where NFC
(which
point of sale terminals. NFC maybe used in
initial pairing of devices to establisha Bluetooh connection while
offers low speeds) initiates
transfer takes place over Bluetooh. The applications of NFC for contact-less
the actual data
payments are described in [54, 55],

2.6.3 Smart Vending Machines

remote monitoring of inventory
Smart vending machines connected to the Internet allow
contact-less payments using NFC.
levels, elastic pricing of products, promotions, and
vending machines allow user
Smart-phone applications that communicate with smart
moves from one vending
preferences to be remembered and learned with time. When a user
machine, a user specific
machine to the other and pairs the smart-phone with the yending products. Sensors in
favorite
interface is presented. Users can save their preferences and
data to thecloudwhich can
a smart vending machine monitor its operations andsend the
communicate with other
be used for predictive maintenance. Smart vending machines can
Bahga &Madisetti, @) 2015
 65
2.7 Logistics
inventorylevels so
that the customers
share their For
vending machines in their vicinityand Out of stock in a machine,
product goes ot
can be routed to the nearest machinein case a date nears.
can reduce the price as the expiry
perishable items, the smartt vending machines on thepurchase history and
based
New products can be recommended to the customers
preferences. hn
Shnact Shoppin Applicatons
Inventory Monttorin

Smart Payment

k
d s n Figure 2.5: Applications of loT for retail

2.7 Logistics
2.7.1 Route Generation &Scheduling
sources which
Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected from multiple
collecting large amount of
is processed to provide new services to the stakeholders, By

Internet of Things AHands-On Approach

 66
Domain Specific loTs
data from various sources and processing the data into useful
information, data-driven
transportation systems can provide new services such as advanced route guidance (62,
63], dynamic vehicle routing [64). anticipatíng CUstomer demands for pickup and delivery
problem, for instance. Route generation and scheduling systems can generate end-to-ena
routes using combination of route patterns and transportation modes and feasible schedules
based on the availability of vehicles, As the transportation network growsS in size and
complexity, the number of possible route combinations increases exponentially. IoT based
systems backed by the cloud can provide fast response to the route generation queries and
can be scaled up to serve a large transportation network.

2.7.2 Fleet Tracking

Vehicle fleet tracking systems Use GPS technology to track the locations of the vehicles in
real-time. Cloud-based Aeet tracking systems can be scaled up on demand to handie large
number of vehicles. Alerts can be generated in case of deviations in planned routes. The
vehicle locations and routes data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting bottlenecks
in the supply chain such as traffic congestions on routes, assignments and generation of
alternative routes, and supply chain optimization. In (58], a fleet tracking system for
commercial vehicles is described. The system can analyze messages sent fromn the
vehicles
data, so that
to identify unexpected incidents and discrepancies between actual and planned
remedial actions can be taken.

2.7.3 Shipment Monitoring

the conditions
Shipment monitoring solutions for transportation systems allow monitoring monitored
can be
inside containers, For example, containers carrying fresh food produce
to prevent spoilage of food. loT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors, such as
conditions inside the containers
temperature, pressure, humidity, for instance, to monitor the
and send the data to the cloud, where it can be analyzed to detect food spoilage. The analysis
container and food truck
and interpretation of data on the environmental conditions in the
Therefore, it is possible
positioning can enable more effective routing decisions in real time.
budget before it gets
to take remedial measures such as the food that has a limited time driver and the
be raised to the
rotten can be re-routed to a closer destinations, alerts can
allowed
distributor about the transit conditions, such as container temperature exceeding the
corective actions
limit, humidity levels going out of the allowed limit, for instance, and real-ime fresh
for
can be taken before the food gets damaged. A cloud-based framework
fragile products,vibration
food supply tracking and monitoring was proposed in [61]. Forgyroscope
levels during shipments can be tracked using accelerometer and sensors attached
conditions
to loT devices, In [(59], a system for monitoring container integrity and operating
KanCIBahga &Madiseti, 2015
 67

27 Logistics

Fleet Tracking
Shipment Monitoring

Reote Vehicle Diagnostics

Figure 2.6: Applications of loT for logistics

is described. The system monitors the vibration pattens of acontainer and its contents
to reveal information related to its operating environment and integrity during transport,
handling and storage.
2.7.4 Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
Remote vehicle diagnostic systems can detect faults in the vehicles or warn of impending
faults. These diagnostic systems use on-board loT devices for collecting data on vehicle
operation (such as speed, engine RPM, coolent temperature, fault code number) and status of
various vehicle sub-systems. Such data can be captured by integratingon-board diagnostic
systems with loT devices using protocols such as CAN bus. Modern commercial vehicles
support on-board diagnostic (OBD) standards such as OBD-IL OBD systems provide
real-time data on the status of vehicle sub-systems and diagnostic trouble codes which
allow rapidBy identifying the faults in the vehicle. loT based vehicle diagnosticsystems can
generate
send the vehicle data to centralized servers or the cloud where it can be analyzed to
diagnostics and early
alerts and suggest remedial actions. In (60], a real-time online vehicle
on-board vehicle diagnostics
fault estimation system is described. The system makes use of

Internet of Things -AHands-On Approach